The purpose of the present study was to study the tectonics of the Yellow Sea. Although oilgas exploration has been undertaken for more than 30 years in the southern Yellow Sea, the exploration progress has achieved l...The purpose of the present study was to study the tectonics of the Yellow Sea. Although oilgas exploration has been undertaken for more than 30 years in the southern Yellow Sea, the exploration progress has achieved little. There are three tectonic periods with near N-S trending shortening and compression （260-200 Ma, 135-52 Ma and 23-0.78 Ma） and three tectonic periods with near E-W trending shortening and compression （200-135 Ma, 52--23 Ma and 0.78 Ma） at the Yellow Sea and adjacent areas during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The lndosinian tectonic period is the collision period between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze Plates, which formed the basic tectonic framework for the Yellow Sea area. There were strong intraplate deformations during the Yanshanian （200-135 Ma） and Sichuanian （135-52 Ma） periods with different tectonic models, which are also the main formation periods for endogenic metallic mineral deposits around the Yellow Sea. The three tectonic periods during the Cenozoic affect important influences for forming oil-gas reservoirs. The Eocene-Oligocene （52-23 Ma） is the main forming period for oil-gas sources. The Miocene-Early Pleistocene （23-0.78 Ma） was a period of favorable passage for oil-gas migration along NNE trending faults. Since the Middle Pleistocene （0.78 Ma） the NNE trending faults are closed and make good conditions for the reservation of oil-gas. The authors suggest that we pay more attention to the oil-gas exploration at the intersections between the NNE trending existing faults and Paleogene- Neogene systems in the southern Yellow Sea area.展开更多
Fluid inclusions are commonly observed in various stages during the diagenetic evolution and the generation, migration and arcumulation of hydrocarbons in LowerPermian carbonate rocks in the Xichang Basin, providing d...Fluid inclusions are commonly observed in various stages during the diagenetic evolution and the generation, migration and arcumulation of hydrocarbons in LowerPermian carbonate rocks in the Xichang Basin, providing direct physico-chemical evidencefor the process. Altogether seven stages can be recognized, i.e., the penecontemporaneous, early and mid-late diagenetic stages, the epidiagenetic stage and the eary, middleand late reburying stages. Karst and dissolution pores and structural fissures developedduring the epidiagenetic and reburying stages constitute the major reservoirs for hydrocarbon accumulation. Oil generation and migration began in the early reburying stagein Late Permian time and decloped to its climax in the middle reburying stage in theTriassic period, followed by extensive generation and migration of natural gases duringthe late stage of reburying in tbe Jurassic and later periods. The generation, migrationand accumulation of hydrocarbons are closely related to Hercynian basalt eruption andIndosinian and Yenshanian tecto-magmatism.展开更多
Studies of organic inclusions from the offshore oil and gas fields provide much information about the number of times, temperature, depth, time and phase state of oil\|gas migration, as well as about the composition o...Studies of organic inclusions from the offshore oil and gas fields provide much information about the number of times, temperature, depth, time and phase state of oil\|gas migration, as well as about the composition of organic inclusions. On the basis of the type, character, composition and distribution of organic inclusions in the Zhu\|Ⅲ Depression at the Pearl River Mouth, information can be developed about the source rocks of oil and gas, and their evolution and migration.展开更多
The Neogene Shawan Formation in the Chepaizi Uplift of the Junggar Basin(NW China)has obtained high oil flow,demonstrating a good potential for oil and gas exploration.The multi-source hydrocarbon generation backgroun...The Neogene Shawan Formation in the Chepaizi Uplift of the Junggar Basin(NW China)has obtained high oil flow,demonstrating a good potential for oil and gas exploration.The multi-source hydrocarbon generation background and strong tectonic activity have led to the simultaneous production of heavy oil and light oil from multi-layer in the area,which makes it very difficult to identify oil origins,presently,the hot debate on the oil origins needs to be clarified.In this paper,due to the selective consumption of different types of compounds in crude oils by severe and intense biodegradation,the commonly used oilsource correlation tools are ineffective or may produce misleading results,this study adopted a biomarker recovery method based on the principle of mass conservation that uses the sum of the mass of the residual biomarkers and their corresponding biodegradation products to obtain the mass of the original biomarkers,improving the reliability of oil origins determination.Based on the nature and occurrence of crude oils,the investigated oils are subdivided into three types,Group A,Group B and Group C.Group A,light oils occurred mainly in lower structure Neogene Shawan Formation in the western Chepaizi Uplift,while Group B,heavy oils occurred mainly in higher structure Neogene Shawan Formation in the western Chepaizi Uplift.The two types of crude oils may come from the mixed source of Jurassic Badaowan Formation source rocks(J_(1)b)and Paleogene Anjihaihe Formation source rocks(E_(2-3)a)in the Sikeshu Sag,and Jurassic Badaowan Formation source rocks(J_(1)b)are the main source of crude oils.Group C,heavy oils occurred mainly in Neogene Shawan Formation in the eastern Chepaizi Uplift,showing good correlation with the Permian(P_(1)f and P_(2)w)source rocks in the Shawan Sag.At the same time,by combining stable carbon isotope and parameters related to triaromatic steroids,the accuracy of the oilsource correlation results by biomarker recovery method was further verified.展开更多
Many reefs of the Late Paleozoic have been discovered recently in the Hinggan-lnner Mongolia area. These reefs clearly are geographically extensive, and possess distinctive features and well-developed reef-facies. The...Many reefs of the Late Paleozoic have been discovered recently in the Hinggan-lnner Mongolia area. These reefs clearly are geographically extensive, and possess distinctive features and well-developed reef-facies. They have been found to contain five reef-building communities and were constructed in four periods. Colonial coral-algal reefs at Aohan and Chifeng represent a warm shallow-sea in the Carboniferous. Different reefs in the Xiwu Banner were formed in three periods： early Late Carboniferous, late Late Carboniferous and Early Permian. These reefs were built in warm sea conditions. Their buildup types include colonial coral frameworks, algae-buildings and lime-mud mounds. Bryozoan reefs in the Zhalaite and Dongwu banners were built in the late Middle Permian and thrived in a cold shallow-sea. All reefs grew independently on two kinds of sedimentary platforms, carbonate and carbonate-clastic mixed platforms. Four reef-forming periods occurred later from south to north, along a collisional course between the North China Plate and the Siberian Plate. These reefs can be arranged into three ＇reef-links＇ or reef zones that extend along plate margins. Among these, the Aohan-Chifeng reef-link indicates a northern margin of the North China Plate, the Zhalaite-Dongwu reef-link marks a southern margin of the Siberian Plate, and the Xiwu-Beishan reef-link reflects the former existence of some inter-plates. The strata of each reef-facies are thick and contain rich asphalt deposits. Overlapping and heteropic layers are very thick and contain dark oil/gas-rich horizons; TOC analyses verify that most of these are good hydrocarbon source rocks. This study shows that the study area is an excellent candidate for oil-gas exploration.展开更多
The concurrent exploration of shale oil wells in the Gulong Sag of the Songliao Basin has uncovered promising hydrocarbon shows in the Fuyu pay zone of the Lower Cretaceous Quantou Formation.To assess the hydrocarbon ...The concurrent exploration of shale oil wells in the Gulong Sag of the Songliao Basin has uncovered promising hydrocarbon shows in the Fuyu pay zone of the Lower Cretaceous Quantou Formation.To assess the hydrocarbon exploration potential of the Fuyu pay zone,this study systematically analyzes the main controlling factors for hydrocarbon accumulation,including source rock conditions,reservoir characteristics and migration capacity,in the deep area of the Gulong Sag,using seismic,drilling and core data,and reveals the hydrocarbon enrichment mechanism and accumulation model.The results indicate that the source rocks in the first member of Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation(Qing-1 Member)in the Gulong Sag are widely distributed,characterized by high quality,large area,high maturity and high hydrocarbon generation intensity,providing an ample oil source for the Fuyu pay zone.The Fuyu pay zone in the Gulong Sag features multi-phase channel sand bodies and beach-bar sands that are laterally superimposed and vertically stacked,forming large-scale sand-rich reservoir assemblages,which provide the storage space for tight oil enrichment.Influenced by overpressure pore preservation and dissolution-enhanced porosity,the porosity of the Fuyu pay zone can reach up to 13%,meeting the reservoir conditions necessary for large-scale tight oil enrichment.The episodic opening of hydrocarbon-source connected faults during the hydrocarbon expulsion period,combined with source-reservoir pressure differentials,drives the efficient charging and enrichment of hydrocarbons into the underlying tight reservoirs.The hydrocarbon accumulation model of the Fuyu pay zone is summarized as“source-reservoir juxtaposition,overpressure charging,lateral source-reservoir connection+vertical fault-directed bidirectional hydrocarbon supply,continuous sand body distribution,and large-scale enrichment in fault-horst belts”.A new insight for the deep area of the Gulong Sag is proposed as being sand-rich,having superior reservoirs,and being oil-rich.This insight guided the deployment of three risk exploration wells.The Well HT1H achieved a high-yield industrial oil flow rate of 35.27 t/d during testing,discovering light tight oil with low density and low viscosity.Through horizontal well volumetric fracturing treatment,the Well HT1H achieved the first high-yield breakthrough of tight oil in the deep area of the Gulong Sag,confirming the presence of geological conditions for large-scale hydrocarbon accumulation in this area.This expands the potential for hundred-million-ton tight oil resource additions in the Songliao Basin and deepens the theoretical understanding of continental tight oil accumulation.展开更多
Time flows with no stop,and seasons change in swift succession.As we bid farewell to 2025 and welcome the Spring Festival of 2026,the Editorial Office of Petroleum Exploration and Development extends our most heartfel...Time flows with no stop,and seasons change in swift succession.As we bid farewell to 2025 and welcome the Spring Festival of 2026,the Editorial Office of Petroleum Exploration and Development extends our most heartfelt gratitude and sincerest New Year wishes to our editorial board members,experts,authors,readers,and friends from all sectors.展开更多
Oil and gas resources serve as the driving force for economic and social development.This rapid development of science and technology has accelerated the exploration,development,and utilization of oil and gas resource...Oil and gas resources serve as the driving force for economic and social development.This rapid development of science and technology has accelerated the exploration,development,and utilization of oil and gas resources,and thus led to spurts in related research.However,the research trends in global oil and gas exploration vary with the progress of science and technology as well as social demands.Accordingly,they are not easily captured.This study explores the research trends in global oil and gas exploration through the bibliometric analysis of 3460 articles on oil and gas exploration collected from the Web of Science database and published from 2013 to 2023.The research hotspots,objects,regional distribution,methods,and evaluation methods in oil and gas exploration are analyzed,and the direction of development of oil and gas exploration is presented on this basis.The research characteristics of four major countries or regions related to oil and gas exploration were further investigated and compared.The results show that the number of publications on oil and gas exploration research has been continuously increasing in the past decade,with China ranking the top in terms of publications.Given the continuously evolving global energy demand,exploration of unconventional oil and gas,application of digital technology,deep and emerging regional resource exploration,and environmentally friendly and low-carbon source exploration will be future research hotspots.展开更多
The most common aspect of water conveyance tunnel construction is the use of horizontal and sub-horizontal exploration drilling of headings of a tunnel to predict geology and groundwater conditions.The instability of ...The most common aspect of water conveyance tunnel construction is the use of horizontal and sub-horizontal exploration drilling of headings of a tunnel to predict geology and groundwater conditions.The instability of boreholes,extreme loss of circulation,and high-head inflow are also common in fractured strata,which often inhibit completion of probe holes and the reliability of coring,packer testing,and grouting tests.Casing,consequently,is a significant enabling technology to stabilize fractured intervals and has a hydraulic isolation under coupled mechanical and hydrogeological disturbances.The review is a synthesis of research and engineering experience on methods of casing to be used in horizontal drilling of fractured rock masses used in the exploration of water conveyance tunnels.The geological and working environment is initially outlined with a focus on fracture-adaptable instability processes and the special goings on of underground drilling,such as the restricted workspace,cuttings difficult to move,and fast movement of the competent and crushed regions.Types of casing systems are then listed,including both standard threaded steel strings and telescopic programs,and more specialized casing system types,including expandable casing,swellable sealing elements,and external casing packers.Special focus is made on the sealing of annulus in horizontal holes,wherein slurry loss,gravity segregation,and non-uniform borehole geometry usually worsen isolation.Lastly,the article suggests adaptive choice of strategy according to real-time drilling reaction,and research priorities,such as tunnel-specific performance measurements,coupled hydro-mechanical modelling,and field trials of sophisticated sealing material and data-driven choice making.展开更多
The integration of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Machine Learning(ML)into groundwater exploration and water resources management has emerged as a transformative approach to addressing global water challenges.This rev...The integration of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Machine Learning(ML)into groundwater exploration and water resources management has emerged as a transformative approach to addressing global water challenges.This review explores key AI and ML concepts,methodologies,and their applications in hydrology,focusing on groundwater potential mapping,water quality prediction,and groundwater level forecasting.It discusses various data acquisition techniques,including remote sensing,geospatial analysis,and geophysical surveys,alongside preprocessing methods that are essential for enhancing model accuracy.The study highlights AI-driven solutions in water distribution,allocation optimization,and realtime resource management.Despite their advantages,the application of AI and ML in water sciences faces several challenges,including data scarcity,model reliability,and the integration of these tools with traditional water management systems.Ethical and regulatory concerns also demand careful consideration.The paper also outlines future research directions,emphasizing the need for improved data collection,interpretable models,real-time monitoring capabilities,and interdisciplinary collaboration.By leveraging AI and ML advancements,the water sector can enhance decision-making,optimize resource distribution,and support the development of sustainable water management strategies.展开更多
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)plays a prominent role in various fields,and autonomous navigation is a crucial component of UAV intelligence.Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)has expanded the research avenues for addressin...Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)plays a prominent role in various fields,and autonomous navigation is a crucial component of UAV intelligence.Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)has expanded the research avenues for addressing challenges in autonomous navigation.Nonetheless,challenges persist,including getting stuck in local optima,consuming excessive computations during action space exploration,and neglecting deterministic experience.This paper proposes a noise-driven enhancement strategy.In accordance with the overall learning phases,a global noise control method is designed,while a differentiated local noise control method is developed by analyzing the exploration demands of four typical situations encountered by UAV during navigation.Both methods are integrated into a dual-model for noise control to regulate action space exploration.Furthermore,noise dual experience replay buffers are designed to optimize the rational utilization of both deterministic and noisy experience.In uncertain environments,based on the Twin Delay Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(TD3)algorithm with Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)network and Priority Experience Replay(PER),a Noise-Driven Enhancement Priority Memory TD3(NDE-PMTD3)is developed.We established a simulation environment to compare different algorithms,and the performance of the algorithms is analyzed in various scenarios.The training results indicate that the proposed algorithm accelerates the convergence speed and enhances the convergence stability.In test experiments,the proposed algorithm successfully and efficiently performs autonomous navigation tasks in diverse environments,demonstrating superior generalization results.展开更多
In 2025,the global rare earth exploration and development sector achieved breakthroughs across multiple fronts.Projects advanced intensively across the Americas,Oceania,Africa,and Europe,with significant growth in res...In 2025,the global rare earth exploration and development sector achieved breakthroughs across multiple fronts.Projects advanced intensively across the Americas,Oceania,Africa,and Europe,with significant growth in resources,continuous emergence of new deposits,and strong impetus injected into the industry by technological innovation and policy support.The global rare earth resource supply pattern was further optimized (Table 1).1.Fruitful results in resource growth and new deposit discoveriesBrazil emerged as a core region for resource growth.The Colossus rare earth deposit saw a 150%increase in resources and announced its first reserve estimate.The Caldeira rare earth deposit’s resource estimate grew by 50%.The combined ore resources in the Caladão rare earth deposit’s Zones A and B reached 5.72×10~8 tonnes,with a total rare earth oxide(TREO) grade of 0.1506%,concurrently hosting 2.29×10~4tonnes of gallium metal resources.展开更多
So far, more than 150 marine oil-gas fields have been found onshore and offshore about 350. The marine source rocks are mainly Paleozoic and Mesozoic onshore whereas Tertiary offshore. Three genetic categories of oil-...So far, more than 150 marine oil-gas fields have been found onshore and offshore about 350. The marine source rocks are mainly Paleozoic and Mesozoic onshore whereas Tertiary offshore. Three genetic categories of oil-gas reservoirs have been defined for the marine reservoirs in China： primary reservoirs, secondary reservoirs and hydrocarbon-regeneration reservoirs. And three exploration prospects have also been suggested： （1） Primary reservoirs prospects, which are chiefly distributed in many Tertiary basins of the South China Sea （SCS）, the Tertiary shelf basins of the East China Sea （ECS） and the Paleozoic of Tarim basin, Sichuan basin and Ordos basin. To explore large-middle-scale even giant oil-gas fields should chiefly be considered in this category reservoirs. These basins are the most hopeful areas to explore marine oil-gas fields in China, among which especially many Tertiary basins of the SCS should be strengthened to explore. （2） Secondary reservoirs prospects, which are mainly distributed in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic of the Tarim basin, Sichuan basin, Qiangtang basin and Chuxiong basin in western China, of which exploration potential is less than that of the primary reservoirs. （3） Hydrocarbon-regeneration reservoirs prospects, which are chiefly distributed in the Bohai Bay basin, North Jiangsu-South Yellow Sea basin, southern North China basin, Jianghan basin, South Poyang basin in eastern China and the Tarim basin in western China, of which source rocks are generally the Paleozoic. And the reservoirs formed by late-stage （always Cenozoic） secondary hydrocarbon generation of the Paleozoic source rocks should mainly be considered to explore, among which middle-small and small oil-gas fields are the chief exploration targets. As a result of higher thermal evolution of Paleozoic and Mesozoic source rocks, the marine reservoirs onshore are mainly gas fields, and so far marine oil fields have only been found in the Tarim basin. No other than establishing corresponding marine oil-gas exploration and development strategy and policy, sufficiently enhancing cognition to the particularity and complexity of China＇s marine petroleum geology, and applying new thoughts, new theories and new technologies, at the same time tackling some key technologies, it is possible to fast and effectually exploit and utilize the potential huge marine oil-gas resources of China.展开更多
Large-scale oil exploration has been done and large quantities of oil-gas fields have been found in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea for more than 20 years. The tectonic oil-gas pools are the main type....Large-scale oil exploration has been done and large quantities of oil-gas fields have been found in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea for more than 20 years. The tectonic oil-gas pools are the main type. With the exploration to be deepened, looking for atectonic oil-gas pools is listed in China's exploration strategy. There are advantages for the forming of atectonic oil-gas pools in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea. Because the level of water has been frequently changing within all historical periods, lithozones are changed alternately in both vertical and lateral directions and formed lithologic deposition especially at low water level stages, such as the low-lying fans of basin-floor fans and slope fans. Due to frequent tectonic movement within all historical periods, many structural surfaces and structural unconformities were formed. At the same time, they also formed many kinds of structural unconformity oil-gas pools. According to our exploration and research, the promising areas of atectonic reservoirs within marine basins include: (1) the basin-floor fan of the deep water district, such as the central depression of the Southeast Qiong basin and Baiyun sag in the Zhujiangkou basin; (2) the frontal area of the large ancient delta, such as the Lingao structural belt in the Yingge Sea basin and Huizhou sag in the Zhujiangkou basin; (3) the unconformity pinchout belt or denudation belt in the slope area and the uplift area, for instance, the Yingdong slope belt in the Yingge Sea basin and Yacheng 13-1 structural belt in the southeast Qiong basin. All this proves that the prospects for atectonic oil-gas pools in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea are very broad.展开更多
Having a good oil-generation condition, the Lower Cretaceous Xinminbao Group is the main oil-generation bed in the Huahai Depression. Although the Huahai-Jinta Basin has an exploration history of about 21 years, and h...Having a good oil-generation condition, the Lower Cretaceous Xinminbao Group is the main oil-generation bed in the Huahai Depression. Although the Huahai-Jinta Basin has an exploration history of about 21 years, and has numerous oil indications, little advance has been made on oil exploration. Based on a synthetical study of geological data, and by using many methods such as apatite fission track, fluid inclusion, vitrinite reflectance展开更多
Based on the results of researches and applications for many years, it has been discovered that new methods and techniques for geochemical exploration of oil and gas such as δC, altered carbonate, Hg in absorption ph...Based on the results of researches and applications for many years, it has been discovered that new methods and techniques for geochemical exploration of oil and gas such as δC, altered carbonate, Hg in absorption phase, Ks, Fe2+, δ13C, fluorescence in two and three dimensions, and N2 and O2 in heat release can give full play in the following five fields: (1) optimization of the favourable target or hollow zones and structural zones in a region; (2) evaluation of oil traps and delineation of prospective oil and gas areas; (3) prediction of deep-seated oil-bearing horizons; (4) evaluation of the genesis of oil and gas geochemical anomalies and determination of the types of oil and gas accumulations; (5) forecast of the burial depths of oil and gas pools.展开更多
Bubbles play crucial roles in various fields,including naval and ocean engineering,chemical engineering,and biochemical engineering.Numerous theoretical analyses,numerical simulations,and experimental studies have bee...Bubbles play crucial roles in various fields,including naval and ocean engineering,chemical engineering,and biochemical engineering.Numerous theoretical analyses,numerical simulations,and experimental studies have been conducted to reveal the mysteries of bubble motion and its mechanisms.These efforts have significantly advanced research in bubble dynamics,where theoretical study is an efficient method for bubble motion prediction.Since Lord Rayleigh introduced the theoretical model of single-bubble motion in incompressible fluid in 1917,theoretical studies have been pivotal in understanding bubble dynamics.This study provides a comprehensive review of the development and applicability of theoretical studies in bubble dynamics using typical theoretical bubble models across different periods as a focal point and an overview of bubble theory applications in underwater explosion,marine cavitation,and seismic exploration.This study aims to serve as a reference and catalyst for further advancements in theoretical analysis and practical applications of bubble theory across marine fields.展开更多
Embodied visual exploration is critical for building intelligent visual agents. This paper presents the neural exploration with feature-based visual odometry and tracking-failure-reduction policy(Ne OR), a framework f...Embodied visual exploration is critical for building intelligent visual agents. This paper presents the neural exploration with feature-based visual odometry and tracking-failure-reduction policy(Ne OR), a framework for embodied visual exploration that possesses the efficient exploration capabilities of deep reinforcement learning(DRL)-based exploration policies and leverages feature-based visual odometry(VO) for more accurate mapping and positioning results. An improved local policy is also proposed to reduce tracking failures of feature-based VO in weakly textured scenes through a refined multi-discrete action space, keyframe fusion, and an auxiliary task. The experimental results demonstrate that Ne OR has better mapping and positioning accuracy compared to other entirely learning-based exploration frameworks and improves the robustness of feature-based VO by significantly reducing tracking failures in weakly textured scenes.展开更多
The Zijinshan ore field located in southwestern Fujian Province,China,is a representative porphyry-epithermal ore system hosting diverse mineralization types(Mao et al.,2013).The ore field comprises of the Zijinshan h...The Zijinshan ore field located in southwestern Fujian Province,China,is a representative porphyry-epithermal ore system hosting diverse mineralization types(Mao et al.,2013).The ore field comprises of the Zijinshan highsulfidation Cu-Au deposit,the Luoboling porphyry Cu-Mo deposit,the transitional style Cu deposit(Longjiangting and Wuziqilong)and the Yueyang low-sulfidation Agpolymetallic deposit(Zhang,2013;Zhang et al.,2003)展开更多
Based on the analysis of surface geological survey,exploratory well,gravity-magnetic-electric and seismic data,and through mapping the sedimentary basin and its peripheral orogenic belts together,this paper explores s...Based on the analysis of surface geological survey,exploratory well,gravity-magnetic-electric and seismic data,and through mapping the sedimentary basin and its peripheral orogenic belts together,this paper explores systematically the boundary,distribution,geological structure,and tectonic attributes of the Ordos prototype basin in the geological historical periods.The results show that the Ordos block is bounded to the west by the Engorwusu Fault Zone,to the east by the Taihangshan Mountain Piedmont Fault Zone,to the north by the Solonker-Xilamuron Suture Zone,and to the south by the Shangnan-Danfeng Suture Zone.The Ordos Basin boundary was the plate tectonic boundary during the Middle Proterozoic to Paleozoic,and the intra-continental deformation boundary in the Meso-Cenozoic.The basin survived as a marine cratonic basin covering the entire Ordos block during the Middle Proterozoic to Ordovician,a marine-continental transitional depression basin enclosed by an island arc uplift belt at the plate margin during the Carboniferous to Permian,a unified intra-continental lacustrine depression basin in the Triassic,and an intra-continental cratonic basin circled by a rift system in the Cenozoic.The basin scope has been decreasing till the present.The large,widespread prototype basin controlled the exploration area far beyond the present-day sedimentary basin boundary,with multiple target plays vertically.The Ordos Basin has the characteristics of a whole petroleum(or deposition)system.The Middle Proterozoic wide-rift system as a typical basin under the overlying Phanerozoic basin and the Cambrian-Ordovician passive margin basin and intra-cratonic depression in the deep-sited basin will be the important successions for oil and gas exploration in the coming years.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40674046)
文摘The purpose of the present study was to study the tectonics of the Yellow Sea. Although oilgas exploration has been undertaken for more than 30 years in the southern Yellow Sea, the exploration progress has achieved little. There are three tectonic periods with near N-S trending shortening and compression （260-200 Ma, 135-52 Ma and 23-0.78 Ma） and three tectonic periods with near E-W trending shortening and compression （200-135 Ma, 52--23 Ma and 0.78 Ma） at the Yellow Sea and adjacent areas during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The lndosinian tectonic period is the collision period between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze Plates, which formed the basic tectonic framework for the Yellow Sea area. There were strong intraplate deformations during the Yanshanian （200-135 Ma） and Sichuanian （135-52 Ma） periods with different tectonic models, which are also the main formation periods for endogenic metallic mineral deposits around the Yellow Sea. The three tectonic periods during the Cenozoic affect important influences for forming oil-gas reservoirs. The Eocene-Oligocene （52-23 Ma） is the main forming period for oil-gas sources. The Miocene-Early Pleistocene （23-0.78 Ma） was a period of favorable passage for oil-gas migration along NNE trending faults. Since the Middle Pleistocene （0.78 Ma） the NNE trending faults are closed and make good conditions for the reservation of oil-gas. The authors suggest that we pay more attention to the oil-gas exploration at the intersections between the NNE trending existing faults and Paleogene- Neogene systems in the southern Yellow Sea area.
文摘Fluid inclusions are commonly observed in various stages during the diagenetic evolution and the generation, migration and arcumulation of hydrocarbons in LowerPermian carbonate rocks in the Xichang Basin, providing direct physico-chemical evidencefor the process. Altogether seven stages can be recognized, i.e., the penecontemporaneous, early and mid-late diagenetic stages, the epidiagenetic stage and the eary, middleand late reburying stages. Karst and dissolution pores and structural fissures developedduring the epidiagenetic and reburying stages constitute the major reservoirs for hydrocarbon accumulation. Oil generation and migration began in the early reburying stagein Late Permian time and decloped to its climax in the middle reburying stage in theTriassic period, followed by extensive generation and migration of natural gases duringthe late stage of reburying in tbe Jurassic and later periods. The generation, migrationand accumulation of hydrocarbons are closely related to Hercynian basalt eruption andIndosinian and Yenshanian tecto-magmatism.
文摘Studies of organic inclusions from the offshore oil and gas fields provide much information about the number of times, temperature, depth, time and phase state of oil\|gas migration, as well as about the composition of organic inclusions. On the basis of the type, character, composition and distribution of organic inclusions in the Zhu\|Ⅲ Depression at the Pearl River Mouth, information can be developed about the source rocks of oil and gas, and their evolution and migration.
基金co-funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42372160,42072172)。
文摘The Neogene Shawan Formation in the Chepaizi Uplift of the Junggar Basin(NW China)has obtained high oil flow,demonstrating a good potential for oil and gas exploration.The multi-source hydrocarbon generation background and strong tectonic activity have led to the simultaneous production of heavy oil and light oil from multi-layer in the area,which makes it very difficult to identify oil origins,presently,the hot debate on the oil origins needs to be clarified.In this paper,due to the selective consumption of different types of compounds in crude oils by severe and intense biodegradation,the commonly used oilsource correlation tools are ineffective or may produce misleading results,this study adopted a biomarker recovery method based on the principle of mass conservation that uses the sum of the mass of the residual biomarkers and their corresponding biodegradation products to obtain the mass of the original biomarkers,improving the reliability of oil origins determination.Based on the nature and occurrence of crude oils,the investigated oils are subdivided into three types,Group A,Group B and Group C.Group A,light oils occurred mainly in lower structure Neogene Shawan Formation in the western Chepaizi Uplift,while Group B,heavy oils occurred mainly in higher structure Neogene Shawan Formation in the western Chepaizi Uplift.The two types of crude oils may come from the mixed source of Jurassic Badaowan Formation source rocks(J_(1)b)and Paleogene Anjihaihe Formation source rocks(E_(2-3)a)in the Sikeshu Sag,and Jurassic Badaowan Formation source rocks(J_(1)b)are the main source of crude oils.Group C,heavy oils occurred mainly in Neogene Shawan Formation in the eastern Chepaizi Uplift,showing good correlation with the Permian(P_(1)f and P_(2)w)source rocks in the Shawan Sag.At the same time,by combining stable carbon isotope and parameters related to triaromatic steroids,the accuracy of the oilsource correlation results by biomarker recovery method was further verified.
基金supported by the Geological Survey of China (Grant No. 1212010782004)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41072021)
文摘Many reefs of the Late Paleozoic have been discovered recently in the Hinggan-lnner Mongolia area. These reefs clearly are geographically extensive, and possess distinctive features and well-developed reef-facies. They have been found to contain five reef-building communities and were constructed in four periods. Colonial coral-algal reefs at Aohan and Chifeng represent a warm shallow-sea in the Carboniferous. Different reefs in the Xiwu Banner were formed in three periods： early Late Carboniferous, late Late Carboniferous and Early Permian. These reefs were built in warm sea conditions. Their buildup types include colonial coral frameworks, algae-buildings and lime-mud mounds. Bryozoan reefs in the Zhalaite and Dongwu banners were built in the late Middle Permian and thrived in a cold shallow-sea. All reefs grew independently on two kinds of sedimentary platforms, carbonate and carbonate-clastic mixed platforms. Four reef-forming periods occurred later from south to north, along a collisional course between the North China Plate and the Siberian Plate. These reefs can be arranged into three ＇reef-links＇ or reef zones that extend along plate margins. Among these, the Aohan-Chifeng reef-link indicates a northern margin of the North China Plate, the Zhalaite-Dongwu reef-link marks a southern margin of the Siberian Plate, and the Xiwu-Beishan reef-link reflects the former existence of some inter-plates. The strata of each reef-facies are thick and contain rich asphalt deposits. Overlapping and heteropic layers are very thick and contain dark oil/gas-rich horizons; TOC analyses verify that most of these are good hydrocarbon source rocks. This study shows that the study area is an excellent candidate for oil-gas exploration.
基金Supported by the PetroChina Oil,Gas and New Energy Division Science and Technology Special Project(2023YQX10102)。
文摘The concurrent exploration of shale oil wells in the Gulong Sag of the Songliao Basin has uncovered promising hydrocarbon shows in the Fuyu pay zone of the Lower Cretaceous Quantou Formation.To assess the hydrocarbon exploration potential of the Fuyu pay zone,this study systematically analyzes the main controlling factors for hydrocarbon accumulation,including source rock conditions,reservoir characteristics and migration capacity,in the deep area of the Gulong Sag,using seismic,drilling and core data,and reveals the hydrocarbon enrichment mechanism and accumulation model.The results indicate that the source rocks in the first member of Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation(Qing-1 Member)in the Gulong Sag are widely distributed,characterized by high quality,large area,high maturity and high hydrocarbon generation intensity,providing an ample oil source for the Fuyu pay zone.The Fuyu pay zone in the Gulong Sag features multi-phase channel sand bodies and beach-bar sands that are laterally superimposed and vertically stacked,forming large-scale sand-rich reservoir assemblages,which provide the storage space for tight oil enrichment.Influenced by overpressure pore preservation and dissolution-enhanced porosity,the porosity of the Fuyu pay zone can reach up to 13%,meeting the reservoir conditions necessary for large-scale tight oil enrichment.The episodic opening of hydrocarbon-source connected faults during the hydrocarbon expulsion period,combined with source-reservoir pressure differentials,drives the efficient charging and enrichment of hydrocarbons into the underlying tight reservoirs.The hydrocarbon accumulation model of the Fuyu pay zone is summarized as“source-reservoir juxtaposition,overpressure charging,lateral source-reservoir connection+vertical fault-directed bidirectional hydrocarbon supply,continuous sand body distribution,and large-scale enrichment in fault-horst belts”.A new insight for the deep area of the Gulong Sag is proposed as being sand-rich,having superior reservoirs,and being oil-rich.This insight guided the deployment of three risk exploration wells.The Well HT1H achieved a high-yield industrial oil flow rate of 35.27 t/d during testing,discovering light tight oil with low density and low viscosity.Through horizontal well volumetric fracturing treatment,the Well HT1H achieved the first high-yield breakthrough of tight oil in the deep area of the Gulong Sag,confirming the presence of geological conditions for large-scale hydrocarbon accumulation in this area.This expands the potential for hundred-million-ton tight oil resource additions in the Songliao Basin and deepens the theoretical understanding of continental tight oil accumulation.
文摘Time flows with no stop,and seasons change in swift succession.As we bid farewell to 2025 and welcome the Spring Festival of 2026,the Editorial Office of Petroleum Exploration and Development extends our most heartfelt gratitude and sincerest New Year wishes to our editorial board members,experts,authors,readers,and friends from all sectors.
文摘Oil and gas resources serve as the driving force for economic and social development.This rapid development of science and technology has accelerated the exploration,development,and utilization of oil and gas resources,and thus led to spurts in related research.However,the research trends in global oil and gas exploration vary with the progress of science and technology as well as social demands.Accordingly,they are not easily captured.This study explores the research trends in global oil and gas exploration through the bibliometric analysis of 3460 articles on oil and gas exploration collected from the Web of Science database and published from 2013 to 2023.The research hotspots,objects,regional distribution,methods,and evaluation methods in oil and gas exploration are analyzed,and the direction of development of oil and gas exploration is presented on this basis.The research characteristics of four major countries or regions related to oil and gas exploration were further investigated and compared.The results show that the number of publications on oil and gas exploration research has been continuously increasing in the past decade,with China ranking the top in terms of publications.Given the continuously evolving global energy demand,exploration of unconventional oil and gas,application of digital technology,deep and emerging regional resource exploration,and environmentally friendly and low-carbon source exploration will be future research hotspots.
文摘The most common aspect of water conveyance tunnel construction is the use of horizontal and sub-horizontal exploration drilling of headings of a tunnel to predict geology and groundwater conditions.The instability of boreholes,extreme loss of circulation,and high-head inflow are also common in fractured strata,which often inhibit completion of probe holes and the reliability of coring,packer testing,and grouting tests.Casing,consequently,is a significant enabling technology to stabilize fractured intervals and has a hydraulic isolation under coupled mechanical and hydrogeological disturbances.The review is a synthesis of research and engineering experience on methods of casing to be used in horizontal drilling of fractured rock masses used in the exploration of water conveyance tunnels.The geological and working environment is initially outlined with a focus on fracture-adaptable instability processes and the special goings on of underground drilling,such as the restricted workspace,cuttings difficult to move,and fast movement of the competent and crushed regions.Types of casing systems are then listed,including both standard threaded steel strings and telescopic programs,and more specialized casing system types,including expandable casing,swellable sealing elements,and external casing packers.Special focus is made on the sealing of annulus in horizontal holes,wherein slurry loss,gravity segregation,and non-uniform borehole geometry usually worsen isolation.Lastly,the article suggests adaptive choice of strategy according to real-time drilling reaction,and research priorities,such as tunnel-specific performance measurements,coupled hydro-mechanical modelling,and field trials of sophisticated sealing material and data-driven choice making.
文摘The integration of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Machine Learning(ML)into groundwater exploration and water resources management has emerged as a transformative approach to addressing global water challenges.This review explores key AI and ML concepts,methodologies,and their applications in hydrology,focusing on groundwater potential mapping,water quality prediction,and groundwater level forecasting.It discusses various data acquisition techniques,including remote sensing,geospatial analysis,and geophysical surveys,alongside preprocessing methods that are essential for enhancing model accuracy.The study highlights AI-driven solutions in water distribution,allocation optimization,and realtime resource management.Despite their advantages,the application of AI and ML in water sciences faces several challenges,including data scarcity,model reliability,and the integration of these tools with traditional water management systems.Ethical and regulatory concerns also demand careful consideration.The paper also outlines future research directions,emphasizing the need for improved data collection,interpretable models,real-time monitoring capabilities,and interdisciplinary collaboration.By leveraging AI and ML advancements,the water sector can enhance decision-making,optimize resource distribution,and support the development of sustainable water management strategies.
基金the Collaborative Innovation Project of Shanghai,China for the financial support。
文摘Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)plays a prominent role in various fields,and autonomous navigation is a crucial component of UAV intelligence.Deep Reinforcement Learning(DRL)has expanded the research avenues for addressing challenges in autonomous navigation.Nonetheless,challenges persist,including getting stuck in local optima,consuming excessive computations during action space exploration,and neglecting deterministic experience.This paper proposes a noise-driven enhancement strategy.In accordance with the overall learning phases,a global noise control method is designed,while a differentiated local noise control method is developed by analyzing the exploration demands of four typical situations encountered by UAV during navigation.Both methods are integrated into a dual-model for noise control to regulate action space exploration.Furthermore,noise dual experience replay buffers are designed to optimize the rational utilization of both deterministic and noisy experience.In uncertain environments,based on the Twin Delay Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(TD3)algorithm with Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)network and Priority Experience Replay(PER),a Noise-Driven Enhancement Priority Memory TD3(NDE-PMTD3)is developed.We established a simulation environment to compare different algorithms,and the performance of the algorithms is analyzed in various scenarios.The training results indicate that the proposed algorithm accelerates the convergence speed and enhances the convergence stability.In test experiments,the proposed algorithm successfully and efficiently performs autonomous navigation tasks in diverse environments,demonstrating superior generalization results.
文摘In 2025,the global rare earth exploration and development sector achieved breakthroughs across multiple fronts.Projects advanced intensively across the Americas,Oceania,Africa,and Europe,with significant growth in resources,continuous emergence of new deposits,and strong impetus injected into the industry by technological innovation and policy support.The global rare earth resource supply pattern was further optimized (Table 1).1.Fruitful results in resource growth and new deposit discoveriesBrazil emerged as a core region for resource growth.The Colossus rare earth deposit saw a 150%increase in resources and announced its first reserve estimate.The Caldeira rare earth deposit’s resource estimate grew by 50%.The combined ore resources in the Caladão rare earth deposit’s Zones A and B reached 5.72×10~8 tonnes,with a total rare earth oxide(TREO) grade of 0.1506%,concurrently hosting 2.29×10~4tonnes of gallium metal resources.
文摘So far, more than 150 marine oil-gas fields have been found onshore and offshore about 350. The marine source rocks are mainly Paleozoic and Mesozoic onshore whereas Tertiary offshore. Three genetic categories of oil-gas reservoirs have been defined for the marine reservoirs in China： primary reservoirs, secondary reservoirs and hydrocarbon-regeneration reservoirs. And three exploration prospects have also been suggested： （1） Primary reservoirs prospects, which are chiefly distributed in many Tertiary basins of the South China Sea （SCS）, the Tertiary shelf basins of the East China Sea （ECS） and the Paleozoic of Tarim basin, Sichuan basin and Ordos basin. To explore large-middle-scale even giant oil-gas fields should chiefly be considered in this category reservoirs. These basins are the most hopeful areas to explore marine oil-gas fields in China, among which especially many Tertiary basins of the SCS should be strengthened to explore. （2） Secondary reservoirs prospects, which are mainly distributed in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic of the Tarim basin, Sichuan basin, Qiangtang basin and Chuxiong basin in western China, of which exploration potential is less than that of the primary reservoirs. （3） Hydrocarbon-regeneration reservoirs prospects, which are chiefly distributed in the Bohai Bay basin, North Jiangsu-South Yellow Sea basin, southern North China basin, Jianghan basin, South Poyang basin in eastern China and the Tarim basin in western China, of which source rocks are generally the Paleozoic. And the reservoirs formed by late-stage （always Cenozoic） secondary hydrocarbon generation of the Paleozoic source rocks should mainly be considered to explore, among which middle-small and small oil-gas fields are the chief exploration targets. As a result of higher thermal evolution of Paleozoic and Mesozoic source rocks, the marine reservoirs onshore are mainly gas fields, and so far marine oil fields have only been found in the Tarim basin. No other than establishing corresponding marine oil-gas exploration and development strategy and policy, sufficiently enhancing cognition to the particularity and complexity of China＇s marine petroleum geology, and applying new thoughts, new theories and new technologies, at the same time tackling some key technologies, it is possible to fast and effectually exploit and utilize the potential huge marine oil-gas resources of China.
文摘Large-scale oil exploration has been done and large quantities of oil-gas fields have been found in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea for more than 20 years. The tectonic oil-gas pools are the main type. With the exploration to be deepened, looking for atectonic oil-gas pools is listed in China's exploration strategy. There are advantages for the forming of atectonic oil-gas pools in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea. Because the level of water has been frequently changing within all historical periods, lithozones are changed alternately in both vertical and lateral directions and formed lithologic deposition especially at low water level stages, such as the low-lying fans of basin-floor fans and slope fans. Due to frequent tectonic movement within all historical periods, many structural surfaces and structural unconformities were formed. At the same time, they also formed many kinds of structural unconformity oil-gas pools. According to our exploration and research, the promising areas of atectonic reservoirs within marine basins include: (1) the basin-floor fan of the deep water district, such as the central depression of the Southeast Qiong basin and Baiyun sag in the Zhujiangkou basin; (2) the frontal area of the large ancient delta, such as the Lingao structural belt in the Yingge Sea basin and Huizhou sag in the Zhujiangkou basin; (3) the unconformity pinchout belt or denudation belt in the slope area and the uplift area, for instance, the Yingdong slope belt in the Yingge Sea basin and Yacheng 13-1 structural belt in the southeast Qiong basin. All this proves that the prospects for atectonic oil-gas pools in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea are very broad.
基金the Second National Oil-Gas Resources Evaluation Item of Oil-Gas General Company in China.
文摘Having a good oil-generation condition, the Lower Cretaceous Xinminbao Group is the main oil-generation bed in the Huahai Depression. Although the Huahai-Jinta Basin has an exploration history of about 21 years, and has numerous oil indications, little advance has been made on oil exploration. Based on a synthetical study of geological data, and by using many methods such as apatite fission track, fluid inclusion, vitrinite reflectance
文摘Based on the results of researches and applications for many years, it has been discovered that new methods and techniques for geochemical exploration of oil and gas such as δC, altered carbonate, Hg in absorption phase, Ks, Fe2+, δ13C, fluorescence in two and three dimensions, and N2 and O2 in heat release can give full play in the following five fields: (1) optimization of the favourable target or hollow zones and structural zones in a region; (2) evaluation of oil traps and delineation of prospective oil and gas areas; (3) prediction of deep-seated oil-bearing horizons; (4) evaluation of the genesis of oil and gas geochemical anomalies and determination of the types of oil and gas accumulations; (5) forecast of the burial depths of oil and gas pools.
文摘Bubbles play crucial roles in various fields,including naval and ocean engineering,chemical engineering,and biochemical engineering.Numerous theoretical analyses,numerical simulations,and experimental studies have been conducted to reveal the mysteries of bubble motion and its mechanisms.These efforts have significantly advanced research in bubble dynamics,where theoretical study is an efficient method for bubble motion prediction.Since Lord Rayleigh introduced the theoretical model of single-bubble motion in incompressible fluid in 1917,theoretical studies have been pivotal in understanding bubble dynamics.This study provides a comprehensive review of the development and applicability of theoretical studies in bubble dynamics using typical theoretical bubble models across different periods as a focal point and an overview of bubble theory applications in underwater explosion,marine cavitation,and seismic exploration.This study aims to serve as a reference and catalyst for further advancements in theoretical analysis and practical applications of bubble theory across marine fields.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.62202137)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2023M730599)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No.LMS25F020009)。
文摘Embodied visual exploration is critical for building intelligent visual agents. This paper presents the neural exploration with feature-based visual odometry and tracking-failure-reduction policy(Ne OR), a framework for embodied visual exploration that possesses the efficient exploration capabilities of deep reinforcement learning(DRL)-based exploration policies and leverages feature-based visual odometry(VO) for more accurate mapping and positioning results. An improved local policy is also proposed to reduce tracking failures of feature-based VO in weakly textured scenes through a refined multi-discrete action space, keyframe fusion, and an auxiliary task. The experimental results demonstrate that Ne OR has better mapping and positioning accuracy compared to other entirely learning-based exploration frameworks and improves the robustness of feature-based VO by significantly reducing tracking failures in weakly textured scenes.
基金financially supported by Zijin Mining Group(No.01612216)the Ministry of Natural Resources,China(No.ZKKJ202426)。
文摘The Zijinshan ore field located in southwestern Fujian Province,China,is a representative porphyry-epithermal ore system hosting diverse mineralization types(Mao et al.,2013).The ore field comprises of the Zijinshan highsulfidation Cu-Au deposit,the Luoboling porphyry Cu-Mo deposit,the transitional style Cu deposit(Longjiangting and Wuziqilong)and the Yueyang low-sulfidation Agpolymetallic deposit(Zhang,2013;Zhang et al.,2003)
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42330810)Major Science and Technology Project of PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company(ZDZX2021-01).
文摘Based on the analysis of surface geological survey,exploratory well,gravity-magnetic-electric and seismic data,and through mapping the sedimentary basin and its peripheral orogenic belts together,this paper explores systematically the boundary,distribution,geological structure,and tectonic attributes of the Ordos prototype basin in the geological historical periods.The results show that the Ordos block is bounded to the west by the Engorwusu Fault Zone,to the east by the Taihangshan Mountain Piedmont Fault Zone,to the north by the Solonker-Xilamuron Suture Zone,and to the south by the Shangnan-Danfeng Suture Zone.The Ordos Basin boundary was the plate tectonic boundary during the Middle Proterozoic to Paleozoic,and the intra-continental deformation boundary in the Meso-Cenozoic.The basin survived as a marine cratonic basin covering the entire Ordos block during the Middle Proterozoic to Ordovician,a marine-continental transitional depression basin enclosed by an island arc uplift belt at the plate margin during the Carboniferous to Permian,a unified intra-continental lacustrine depression basin in the Triassic,and an intra-continental cratonic basin circled by a rift system in the Cenozoic.The basin scope has been decreasing till the present.The large,widespread prototype basin controlled the exploration area far beyond the present-day sedimentary basin boundary,with multiple target plays vertically.The Ordos Basin has the characteristics of a whole petroleum(or deposition)system.The Middle Proterozoic wide-rift system as a typical basin under the overlying Phanerozoic basin and the Cambrian-Ordovician passive margin basin and intra-cratonic depression in the deep-sited basin will be the important successions for oil and gas exploration in the coming years.
