The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of soot particles in C2H4/CO2/O2/N2 com- bustion at equivalence ratio of 3.0-5.0. As the oxidant is switched from conventional air to CO2/O2/N2 mixture, ...The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of soot particles in C2H4/CO2/O2/N2 com- bustion at equivalence ratio of 3.0-5.0. As the oxidant is switched from conventional air to CO2/O2/N2 mixture, the key species C2H2, C3H3 responsible for formation of first aromatic ring, the apical aromatics and 4zring aromatics total production rate all decrease greatly. In addition, with CO2 mole fraction from 0.2 to 0.5 in the mixture, the soot particle number density, volume fraction, surface area density, which are three most important parameters to soot oarticle orooertv, are suooressed obviously. Furthermore, the increasing content of C02 in the oxidizer influences mostly H, OH radical concentrations by two reactins CO ＋ OH == CO2＋ H and H ＋ O2===O＋ OH, and the procluction rate ofvo reactions declined, which revealed that C02 in mixture has an inhibiting ef- fect on soot particle generation.展开更多
The coupled chemo-mechanical impact of supercritical CO_(2)-H_(2)O(ScCO_(2)-H_(2)O)reactions on fracture geometry and nonlinear flow regimes in deep shale under confining pressures remains inadequately quantified.This...The coupled chemo-mechanical impact of supercritical CO_(2)-H_(2)O(ScCO_(2)-H_(2)O)reactions on fracture geometry and nonlinear flow regimes in deep shale under confining pressures remains inadequately quantified.This study systematically investigates the effects of ScCO_(2)-H_(2)O-shale interactions on fracture morphology and flow properties under confining pressures from 15 MPa to 40 MPa by integrating XRD(X-ray diffraction),micro-CT,3D surface profilometry,and multistage steady-state flow experiments.The results demonstrate that ScCO_(2)-H_(2)O exposure drives pyrite/feldspar dissolution and localized clay precipitation,resulting in fracture branching and macroscopic aperture regularization.Critically,confining pressure dictates the net hydraulic response:under low confining pressure(15-25 MPa),dissolution dominates,enhancing permeability,flow efficiency(Q/VP),and pre-linear flow behavior(n<1).At high confining pressures(30-40 MPa)mechanical compaction and mineral precipitation amplify flow resistance,shifting the flow regime toward quasi-linear behavior,as inertial effects become negligible compared to dominant viscous forces and increased flow resistance.Confining pressure thus critically mediates the dissolution-precipitation balance during ScCO_(2)-H_(2)O treatment,with an optimal window of 15-25 MPa identified for enhancing conductivity while minimizing clogging risk.These findings provide a quantitative framework for predicting stress-dependent flow evolution in chemically altered shale fractures.展开更多
Zn-based thermal charging devices,utilizing the synergistic effect of ion thermoextraction and thermodiffusion,are able to efficiently convert thermal energy into electrical energy and storage in the devices,making th...Zn-based thermal charging devices,utilizing the synergistic effect of ion thermoextraction and thermodiffusion,are able to efficiently convert thermal energy into electrical energy and storage in the devices,making them a highly promising technology for low-grade heat recovery and utilization.However,the low output power density and energy conversion efficiency resulted by the slow diffusion kinetics of Zn^(2+)hinder their development.Herein,we present a highperformance thermal charging cell design using Zn^(2+)/NH_(4)^(+)hybrid ion electrolyte,which not only maintains the high output voltage of the Zn-based thermoelectric system,but also significantly enhances the output power density due to the fast diffusion kinetics of NH_(4)^(+).Based on this strategy,the thermal charging cell displays a high thermopower of 12.5 mV K^(-1)and an excellent normalized power density of 19.6 mW m^(-2)K^(-2)at a temperature difference of 35 K.The Carnot-relative efficiency is as high as 12.74%.Moreover,it can operate continuously for over 72 h when the temperature difference persists,achieving a balance between thermoelectric conversion and output.This work provides a simple and effective strategy for the design of high-performance thermal charging cells for low-grade heat conversion and utilization.展开更多
为探究稻茬小麦深施肥“一基一追”机艺融合技术的增产增效减排机制,2021—2024年在长江下游南通稻茬麦区开展大田试验。试验采用缓释掺混肥料(SRF,N∶P_(2)O_(5)∶K_(2)O=26∶12∶12)和普通尿素(U,46%N),结合自主研发的2BFGK-12(6)260...为探究稻茬小麦深施肥“一基一追”机艺融合技术的增产增效减排机制,2021—2024年在长江下游南通稻茬麦区开展大田试验。试验采用缓释掺混肥料(SRF,N∶P_(2)O_(5)∶K_(2)O=26∶12∶12)和普通尿素(U,46%N),结合自主研发的2BFGK-12(6)260全秸秆茬地洁区旋耕智能施肥播种机和3ZF-4(200)中耕追肥机,设置7种施肥模式(30 cm+15 cm宽窄行种植):以尿素4次分施(N 240 kg hm^(-2),基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥=5∶1∶2∶2,窄行基施,追肥全田撒施)为对照(CK);减氮15%(N 204 kg hm^(-2))条件下设置6种处理:M_(1)(100%SRF窄行基施);M_(2)(60%SRF窄行基施+40%U拔节期窄行撒施);M_(3)(60%SRF窄行基施+40%U返青期宽行条施);M_(4)(60%SRF窄行基施+40%SRF返青期窄行撒施);M_(5)(60%SRF窄行基施+40%SRF返青期宽行条施);M_(4+5)(60%SRF窄行基施+20%SRF返青期宽行条施+20%SRF返青期窄行撒施)。研究比较不同施肥模式对小麦产量效益、根系形态生理、氮素利用效率及N_(2)O排放的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,M_(2)~M_(5)处理提高了小麦产量(4.0%~19.0%)和经济效益(13.7%~35.7%),其中M_(4)和M_(5)处理表现最优,分别增产14.1%和19.0%,经济效益提升34.5%和35.7%。这些处理明显改善了根系特性(根干重密度增加9.7%~111.8%,根系活力和氧化力分别提高6.8%~52.0%和4.2%~44.2%),降低N_(2)O累积排放量22.6%~34.5%,提高0~20 cm土层硝态氮含量11.2%~40.0%。在氮素利用方面,M_(2)~M_(5)处理均提高了籽粒氮素积累量、花后氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率,氮肥利用效率指标(包括偏生产力、农学效率和表观利用率)分别显著提升了22.4%~40.0%、29.7%~74.3%和9.41~18.77个百分点。值得注意的是,M_(4)和M_(5)处理表现出最优的综合效益:N_(2)O累积排放量降幅最大(分别达27.0%和34.5%),氮肥表观利用率2季均维持在43.0%以上(均值分别为43.5%和46.8%),同时在生育后期保持较高的根系活性和耕层无机氮含量。相比之下,M_(1)处理虽然实现了最大的N_(2)O减排效果(降幅35.9%),但导致减产10.4%和经济效益下降10.8%,且氮肥利用效率呈现不稳定的年际变化特征。而优化处理M_(4+5)进一步改善了根系形态生理特性,并提高氮肥表观利用率和籽粒氮素积累量。综上,减氮15%条件下(N 204 kg hm^(-2)),缓混肥2次施用处理(M_(4)和M_(5))能实现产量、经济效益、氮肥利用效率和N_(2)O减排的协同提高,并以追肥深施处理(M_(5))效应更强。本研究为稻茬小麦缓释肥减氮优化高效应用提供重要理论依据。展开更多
Long-term manure application has the potential to alleviate soil acidification, and increase carbon sequestration and nutrient availability, thus improving cropland fertility. However, the mechanisms behind greenhouse...Long-term manure application has the potential to alleviate soil acidification, and increase carbon sequestration and nutrient availability, thus improving cropland fertility. However, the mechanisms behind greenhouse gas N_(2)O emissions from acidic soil mediated by long-term manure application remain poorly understood. Herein, we investigated N_(2)O emission and its linkage with gross N mineralization and nitrification rates, as well as nitrifying and denitrifying microbes in an acidic upland soil subjected to 36-year fertilization treatments, including an unfertilized control(CK), inorganic fertilizer(F), 2× rate of inorganic fertilizer(2F), manure(M), and the combination of inorganic fertilizer and manure(FM) treatments. Compared to the CK treatment(1.34 μg N kg^(-1) d^(-1)), fertilization strongly increased N_(2)O emissions by 34-fold on average, with more pronounced increases in the manure-amendment(10.6-169 μg N kg^(-1) d^(-1)) than those in the inorganic fertilizer treatments(3.26-5.51 μg N kg^(-1) d^(-1)). The manure amendment-stimulated N_(2)O emissions were highly associated with increased soil pH, mean weight diameter of soil aggregates, substrate availability(e.g., particulate organic carbon, NO_(3)^(-)and available phosphorus), gross N mineralization rates, denitrifier abundances and the(nirK+nirS)/nosZ ratio. These findings suggest that the increased N_(2)O emissions primarily resulted from alleviated acidification, increased substrate availability and improved soil structure, thus enhancing microbial N mineralization and favoring N_(2)O^(-)producing denitrifiers over N_(2)O consumers. Moreover, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) rather than ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) positively correlated with soil NO_(3)^(-)concentration and N_(2)O emissions, indicating that nitrification indirectly contributed to N_(2)O production by supplying NO_(3)^(-)for denitrification. Collectively, manure amendment potentially stimulates N_(2)O emissions, primarily resulting from alleviated soil acidification and increased substrate availability, thus enhancing N mineralization and denitrifier-mediated N_(2)O production. Our findings suggest that consideration should be given to the greenhouse gas budgets of agricultural ecosystems when applying manure for managing the pH and fertility of acidic soils.展开更多
基金＊ Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （51176181）, the National Basle Research of China （2012CB719704）, and the National Key Technology Research and Development Program Of China （2011BAK07B01）.
文摘The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of soot particles in C2H4/CO2/O2/N2 com- bustion at equivalence ratio of 3.0-5.0. As the oxidant is switched from conventional air to CO2/O2/N2 mixture, the key species C2H2, C3H3 responsible for formation of first aromatic ring, the apical aromatics and 4zring aromatics total production rate all decrease greatly. In addition, with CO2 mole fraction from 0.2 to 0.5 in the mixture, the soot particle number density, volume fraction, surface area density, which are three most important parameters to soot oarticle orooertv, are suooressed obviously. Furthermore, the increasing content of C02 in the oxidizer influences mostly H, OH radical concentrations by two reactins CO ＋ OH == CO2＋ H and H ＋ O2===O＋ OH, and the procluction rate ofvo reactions declined, which revealed that C02 in mixture has an inhibiting ef- fect on soot particle generation.
基金support from the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(Grant No.2023RC1021)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(Grant No.2025YFHZ0323).-。
文摘The coupled chemo-mechanical impact of supercritical CO_(2)-H_(2)O(ScCO_(2)-H_(2)O)reactions on fracture geometry and nonlinear flow regimes in deep shale under confining pressures remains inadequately quantified.This study systematically investigates the effects of ScCO_(2)-H_(2)O-shale interactions on fracture morphology and flow properties under confining pressures from 15 MPa to 40 MPa by integrating XRD(X-ray diffraction),micro-CT,3D surface profilometry,and multistage steady-state flow experiments.The results demonstrate that ScCO_(2)-H_(2)O exposure drives pyrite/feldspar dissolution and localized clay precipitation,resulting in fracture branching and macroscopic aperture regularization.Critically,confining pressure dictates the net hydraulic response:under low confining pressure(15-25 MPa),dissolution dominates,enhancing permeability,flow efficiency(Q/VP),and pre-linear flow behavior(n<1).At high confining pressures(30-40 MPa)mechanical compaction and mineral precipitation amplify flow resistance,shifting the flow regime toward quasi-linear behavior,as inertial effects become negligible compared to dominant viscous forces and increased flow resistance.Confining pressure thus critically mediates the dissolution-precipitation balance during ScCO_(2)-H_(2)O treatment,with an optimal window of 15-25 MPa identified for enhancing conductivity while minimizing clogging risk.These findings provide a quantitative framework for predicting stress-dependent flow evolution in chemically altered shale fractures.
基金supported by the Leading Edge Technology of Jiangsu Province(BK20222009-X.Z.,BK20202008-X.Z.)Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)National Undergraduate Innovation Training Program of NUAA(202410287179Y).
文摘Zn-based thermal charging devices,utilizing the synergistic effect of ion thermoextraction and thermodiffusion,are able to efficiently convert thermal energy into electrical energy and storage in the devices,making them a highly promising technology for low-grade heat recovery and utilization.However,the low output power density and energy conversion efficiency resulted by the slow diffusion kinetics of Zn^(2+)hinder their development.Herein,we present a highperformance thermal charging cell design using Zn^(2+)/NH_(4)^(+)hybrid ion electrolyte,which not only maintains the high output voltage of the Zn-based thermoelectric system,but also significantly enhances the output power density due to the fast diffusion kinetics of NH_(4)^(+).Based on this strategy,the thermal charging cell displays a high thermopower of 12.5 mV K^(-1)and an excellent normalized power density of 19.6 mW m^(-2)K^(-2)at a temperature difference of 35 K.The Carnot-relative efficiency is as high as 12.74%.Moreover,it can operate continuously for over 72 h when the temperature difference persists,achieving a balance between thermoelectric conversion and output.This work provides a simple and effective strategy for the design of high-performance thermal charging cells for low-grade heat conversion and utilization.
文摘为探究稻茬小麦深施肥“一基一追”机艺融合技术的增产增效减排机制,2021—2024年在长江下游南通稻茬麦区开展大田试验。试验采用缓释掺混肥料(SRF,N∶P_(2)O_(5)∶K_(2)O=26∶12∶12)和普通尿素(U,46%N),结合自主研发的2BFGK-12(6)260全秸秆茬地洁区旋耕智能施肥播种机和3ZF-4(200)中耕追肥机,设置7种施肥模式(30 cm+15 cm宽窄行种植):以尿素4次分施(N 240 kg hm^(-2),基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥=5∶1∶2∶2,窄行基施,追肥全田撒施)为对照(CK);减氮15%(N 204 kg hm^(-2))条件下设置6种处理:M_(1)(100%SRF窄行基施);M_(2)(60%SRF窄行基施+40%U拔节期窄行撒施);M_(3)(60%SRF窄行基施+40%U返青期宽行条施);M_(4)(60%SRF窄行基施+40%SRF返青期窄行撒施);M_(5)(60%SRF窄行基施+40%SRF返青期宽行条施);M_(4+5)(60%SRF窄行基施+20%SRF返青期宽行条施+20%SRF返青期窄行撒施)。研究比较不同施肥模式对小麦产量效益、根系形态生理、氮素利用效率及N_(2)O排放的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,M_(2)~M_(5)处理提高了小麦产量(4.0%~19.0%)和经济效益(13.7%~35.7%),其中M_(4)和M_(5)处理表现最优,分别增产14.1%和19.0%,经济效益提升34.5%和35.7%。这些处理明显改善了根系特性(根干重密度增加9.7%~111.8%,根系活力和氧化力分别提高6.8%~52.0%和4.2%~44.2%),降低N_(2)O累积排放量22.6%~34.5%,提高0~20 cm土层硝态氮含量11.2%~40.0%。在氮素利用方面,M_(2)~M_(5)处理均提高了籽粒氮素积累量、花后氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率,氮肥利用效率指标(包括偏生产力、农学效率和表观利用率)分别显著提升了22.4%~40.0%、29.7%~74.3%和9.41~18.77个百分点。值得注意的是,M_(4)和M_(5)处理表现出最优的综合效益:N_(2)O累积排放量降幅最大(分别达27.0%和34.5%),氮肥表观利用率2季均维持在43.0%以上(均值分别为43.5%和46.8%),同时在生育后期保持较高的根系活性和耕层无机氮含量。相比之下,M_(1)处理虽然实现了最大的N_(2)O减排效果(降幅35.9%),但导致减产10.4%和经济效益下降10.8%,且氮肥利用效率呈现不稳定的年际变化特征。而优化处理M_(4+5)进一步改善了根系形态生理特性,并提高氮肥表观利用率和籽粒氮素积累量。综上,减氮15%条件下(N 204 kg hm^(-2)),缓混肥2次施用处理(M_(4)和M_(5))能实现产量、经济效益、氮肥利用效率和N_(2)O减排的协同提高,并以追肥深施处理(M_(5))效应更强。本研究为稻茬小麦缓释肥减氮优化高效应用提供重要理论依据。
基金financially supported by the National Science & Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Project of China (2021FY100501)the Youth Innovation of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Y2023QC16)。
文摘Long-term manure application has the potential to alleviate soil acidification, and increase carbon sequestration and nutrient availability, thus improving cropland fertility. However, the mechanisms behind greenhouse gas N_(2)O emissions from acidic soil mediated by long-term manure application remain poorly understood. Herein, we investigated N_(2)O emission and its linkage with gross N mineralization and nitrification rates, as well as nitrifying and denitrifying microbes in an acidic upland soil subjected to 36-year fertilization treatments, including an unfertilized control(CK), inorganic fertilizer(F), 2× rate of inorganic fertilizer(2F), manure(M), and the combination of inorganic fertilizer and manure(FM) treatments. Compared to the CK treatment(1.34 μg N kg^(-1) d^(-1)), fertilization strongly increased N_(2)O emissions by 34-fold on average, with more pronounced increases in the manure-amendment(10.6-169 μg N kg^(-1) d^(-1)) than those in the inorganic fertilizer treatments(3.26-5.51 μg N kg^(-1) d^(-1)). The manure amendment-stimulated N_(2)O emissions were highly associated with increased soil pH, mean weight diameter of soil aggregates, substrate availability(e.g., particulate organic carbon, NO_(3)^(-)and available phosphorus), gross N mineralization rates, denitrifier abundances and the(nirK+nirS)/nosZ ratio. These findings suggest that the increased N_(2)O emissions primarily resulted from alleviated acidification, increased substrate availability and improved soil structure, thus enhancing microbial N mineralization and favoring N_(2)O^(-)producing denitrifiers over N_(2)O consumers. Moreover, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) rather than ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) positively correlated with soil NO_(3)^(-)concentration and N_(2)O emissions, indicating that nitrification indirectly contributed to N_(2)O production by supplying NO_(3)^(-)for denitrification. Collectively, manure amendment potentially stimulates N_(2)O emissions, primarily resulting from alleviated soil acidification and increased substrate availability, thus enhancing N mineralization and denitrifier-mediated N_(2)O production. Our findings suggest that consideration should be given to the greenhouse gas budgets of agricultural ecosystems when applying manure for managing the pH and fertility of acidic soils.
