In this paper,we consider the maximal positive definite solution of the nonlinear matrix equation.By using the idea of Algorithm 2.1 in ZHANG(2013),a new inversion-free method with a stepsize parameter is proposed to ...In this paper,we consider the maximal positive definite solution of the nonlinear matrix equation.By using the idea of Algorithm 2.1 in ZHANG(2013),a new inversion-free method with a stepsize parameter is proposed to obtain the maximal positive definite solution of nonlinear matrix equation X+A^(*)X|^(-α)A=Q with the case 0<α≤1.Based on this method,a new iterative algorithm is developed,and its convergence proof is given.Finally,two numerical examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
This paper aims to explore and quantify the nonlinear vibration response of tri-directional functionally graded sandwich(3D-FGSW)plates partially supported by a Pasternak foundation(PF)subjected to blast loading(BL).A...This paper aims to explore and quantify the nonlinear vibration response of tri-directional functionally graded sandwich(3D-FGSW)plates partially supported by a Pasternak foundation(PF)subjected to blast loading(BL).A key objective is to develop a computationally efficient finite element framework capable of accurately capturing the complex behavior of 3D-FGSW plates.The studied configuration features a two-dimensional functionally graded material(2D-FGM)core between two threedimensional functionally graded material(3D-FGM)face layers.Nonlinear geometric effects,including mid-plane stretching,are modeled using von K arm an-type assumptions,and the governing equations are formulated via Hamilton's principle within an improved first-order shear deformation theory(iFSDT).The accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed method are validated through comparison with existing benchmark solutions.Subsequently,a comprehensive parametric study is carried out to examine the effects of geometric dimensions,material properties,foundation sizes,and boundary conditions(BCs)on the nonlinear vibration of 3D-FGSW plates.The findings of this work are expected to provide valuable insights for the design and manufacturing of advanced sandwich structures subjected to BL.展开更多
The bipartite containment control problem for heterogeneous nonlinear multi-agent systems(HNMASs)within multi-group networks under signed digraphs is investigated,where the first-order and second-order nonlinear dynam...The bipartite containment control problem for heterogeneous nonlinear multi-agent systems(HNMASs)within multi-group networks under signed digraphs is investigated,where the first-order and second-order nonlinear dynamic agents belong to distinct groups.Interactions are cooperative-antagonistic within each group and sign-in-degree balanced across the inter-groups.Firstly,a state feedback control protocol is designed to ensure that the trajectories of followers in diverse groups can converge to distinct convex hulls formed by their corresponding leaders,respectively.As an extension,the bipartite control problem with time-variant formation for the multi-agent system(MAS)is also considered,and a corresponding control protocol with formation compensation vectors is given.Finally,in view of Lyapunov stability theory and matrix inequality,the sufficient conditions for realizing the bipartite containment control are obtained,and several simulations are provided to verify the validity of the above methods.展开更多
The goal of this paper is to investigate the long-time dynamics of solutions to a Kirchhoff type suspension bridge equation with nonlinear damping and memory term.For this problem we establish the well-posedness and e...The goal of this paper is to investigate the long-time dynamics of solutions to a Kirchhoff type suspension bridge equation with nonlinear damping and memory term.For this problem we establish the well-posedness and existence of uniform attractor under some suitable assumptions on the nonlinear term g(u),the nonlinear damping f(u_(t))and the external force h(x,t).Specifically,the asymptotic compactness of the semigroup is verified by the energy reconstruction method.展开更多
Trajectory tracking for nonlinear robotic systems remains a fundamental yet challenging problem in control engineering,particularly when both precision and efficiency must be ensured.Conventional control methods are o...Trajectory tracking for nonlinear robotic systems remains a fundamental yet challenging problem in control engineering,particularly when both precision and efficiency must be ensured.Conventional control methods are often effective for stabilization but may not directly optimize long-term performance.To address this limitation,this study develops an integrated framework that combines optimal control principles with reinforcement learning for a single-link robotic manipulator.The proposed scheme adopts an actor–critic structure,where the critic network approximates the value function associated with the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation,and the actor network generates near-optimal control signals in real time.This dual adaptation enables the controller to refine its policy online without explicit system knowledge.Stability of the closed-loop system is analyzed through Lyapunov theory,ensuring boundedness of the tracking error.Numerical simulations on the single-link manipulator demonstrate that themethod achieves accurate trajectory followingwhile maintaining lowcontrol effort.The results further showthat the actor–critic learning mechanism accelerates convergence of the control policy compared with conventional optimization-based strategies.This work highlights the potential of reinforcement learning integrated with optimal control for robotic manipulators and provides a foundation for future extensions to more complex multi-degree-of-freedom systems.The proposed controller is further validated in a physics-based virtual Gazebo environment,demonstrating stable adaptation and real-time feasibility.展开更多
The equilibrium dynamics and nonlinear rheology of unentangled polymer blends remain inadequately understood,especially regarding the influence of short-chain matrix length N_(S) on the structure and rheological behav...The equilibrium dynamics and nonlinear rheology of unentangled polymer blends remain inadequately understood,especially regarding the influence of short-chain matrix length N_(S) on the structure and rheological behavior of dispersed long chains.Using molecular dynamics simulations based on the Kremer-Grest model,we systematically explore the N_(S)-dependence of static conformations,equilibrium dynamics,and nonlinear shear responses in unentangled long-chain/short-chain polymer blends.Our results demonstrate a decoupling between the static and dynamic sensitivity to N_(S):while the static chain size,R_g,follows Flory theory with slight swelling at small N_(S) due to incomplete excluded volume screening,the diffusion coefficient,D,and the relaxation time,τ_(0),exhibit a strong,non-monotonic N_(S)-dependence,transitioning from monomeric friction dominance at small N_(S) to collective segmental rearrangement at large N_(S).Additionally,we observe partial decoupling between the viscous and normal stress responses:while the zero-shear viscosity,η,is strongly N_(S)-dependent,the first and second normal stress coefficients,Ψ_(1) and Ψ_(2),collapse onto universal curves when scaled by the dimensionless shear rate,γτ_(0),suggesting a common mechanism of orientation and stretching.Under shear,long chains compress in the vorticity direction λ_(z)~Wi^(-0.2),which reduces collision frequency and contributes to shear thinning,while the scaling of weaker orientation resistance m_(G)~Wi^(0.35)reflects hydrodynamic screening by the short-chain matrix.These findings highlight the limitations of single-chain models and emphasize the necessity of considering N_(S)-dependent matrix dynamics and flow-induced structural changes in understanding the rheology of unentangled polymer blends.展开更多
The flow of a tetra-hybrid Casson nanofluid(Al_(2)O_(3)-CuO-TiO_(2)-Ag/H_(2)O)over a nonlinear stretching sheet is investigated.The Buongiorno model is used to account for thermophoresis and Brownian motion,while ther...The flow of a tetra-hybrid Casson nanofluid(Al_(2)O_(3)-CuO-TiO_(2)-Ag/H_(2)O)over a nonlinear stretching sheet is investigated.The Buongiorno model is used to account for thermophoresis and Brownian motion,while thermal radiation is incorporated to examine its influence on the thermal boundary layer.The governing partial differential equations(PDEs)are reduced to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations(ODEs)with fully non-dimensional similarity transformations involving all independent variables.To solve the obtained highly nonlinear system of differential equations,a novel Clique polynomial collocation method is applied.The analysis focuses on the effects of the Casson parameter,power index,radiation parameter,thermophoresis parameter,Brownian motion parameter,and Lewis number.The key findings show that thermal radiation intensifies the thermal boundary layer,the Casson parameter reduces the velocity,and the Lewis number suppresses the concentration with direct relevance to polymer processing,coating flows,electronic cooling,and biomedical applications.展开更多
Magnetorheological(MR)bearings,with their field-controllable rheological properties,offer new possibilities for control of rotor instabilities.However,their nonlinear dynamic behaviors and the underlying physical mech...Magnetorheological(MR)bearings,with their field-controllable rheological properties,offer new possibilities for control of rotor instabilities.However,their nonlinear dynamic behaviors and the underlying physical mechanisms governing these instabilities remain insufficiently understood.This work develops a coupled MR bearingrotor system model,where the oil film force is derived from a novel bilinear constitutive equation to capture the field-sensitive shear behaviors of MR fluids.Complex nonlinear dynamic behaviors including period doubling,quasi-period,and chaos are revealed,which emerge from the interaction between oil film vortex dynamics and magnetic excitation.The critical instability mechanism is identified from the evolution of intrinsic dynamic characteristics of MR bearings.When the whirl speed within the oil film reaches approximately half of the rotor speed,the damping force balances the destabilizing force,thereby defining a critical threshold beyond which the system transitions to instability.This threshold can be effectively tuned by adjusting the excitation current,which modifies the yield stress of MR fluids and consequently regulates the damping force.As a result,the nonlinear vibrations of oil whirl and whip can be suppressed,and the system stability can be significantly enhanced.These findings provide both theoretical insight and practical guidance for the design and control of MR bearing supported rotor systems.展开更多
In this paper,we present a finite volume trigonometric weighted essentially non-oscillatory(TWENO)scheme to solve nonlinear degenerate parabolic equations that may exhibit non-smooth solutions.The present method is de...In this paper,we present a finite volume trigonometric weighted essentially non-oscillatory(TWENO)scheme to solve nonlinear degenerate parabolic equations that may exhibit non-smooth solutions.The present method is developed using the trigonometric scheme,which is based on zero,first,and second moments,and the direct discontinuous Galerkin(DDG)flux is used to discretize the diffusion term.Moreover,the DDG method directly applies the weak form of the parabolic equation to each computational cell,which can better capture the characteristics of the solution,especially the discontinuous solution.Meanwhile,the third-order TVD-Runge-Kutta method is applied for temporal discretization.Finally,the effectiveness and stability of the method constructed in this paper are evaluated through numerical tests.展开更多
Achieving non-centrosymmetric(NCS) configurations in ABX3-type hybrid halides remains a critical challenge for nonlinear optical(NLO) materials due to the conflicting requirements of high second-harmonic generation(SH...Achieving non-centrosymmetric(NCS) configurations in ABX3-type hybrid halides remains a critical challenge for nonlinear optical(NLO) materials due to the conflicting requirements of high second-harmonic generation(SHG) response,wide bandgap,and phase-matching capabilities.Herein,we propose a triplesite modulation strategy by synergistically tailoring the A-site cations(2-methylimidazole cation/1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole cation),B-site metals(Sn^(2+)/Pb^(2+)),and X-site halogens(Cl/Br),which effectively disrupts lattice symmetry and enables NCS crystallization.Our results demonstrate a strong SHG response,an expanded optical bandgap and increased birefringence.The optimized compound C_(6)H_(11)N_(2)PbCl_(3) exhibits a moderately strong SHG efficiency of 3.8 × KDP,a wide bandgap(3.87 eV),and enhanced birefringence(0.139@1064 nm),surpassing majority hybrid NLO materials.The innovative anionic framework introduced here broadens the scope of hybrid NLO crystals,facilitating the integration of various aromatic heterocyclic cations.This research provides a robust strategic framework for the development of advanced NLO materials.展开更多
Traditional dynamic analysis of mechanical structures,often limited to individual beams or plates,fails to fully capture their dynamic behaviors.In systems where space and mass are constrained,such as the battery supp...Traditional dynamic analysis of mechanical structures,often limited to individual beams or plates,fails to fully capture their dynamic behaviors.In systems where space and mass are constrained,such as the battery support structures in electric aircraft,conventional absorbers and isolators are insufficient for effective vibration control.This study simplifies the battery support structure of electric aircraft as an integrated composite beam consisting of three interconnected beams,and investigated its structural dynamics properties and nonlinear vibration control under thermal conditions caused by battery heat.The nonlinear vibration control is performed using the Nitinol steel wire ropes(Ni Ti-ST),with nonlinear damping properties.The natural frequencies of system are determined using the Rayleigh-Ritz technique.Theoretical results are validated through both Finite Element Method(FEM)and hammer tests.Moreover,the dynamic equations are derived using the Lagrange method and discretized via the Galerkin Truncation Method(GTM).The Harmonic Balance Method(HBM)is used to evaluate the vibration responses of the integrated model,with further verification through the Runge-Kutta Method(RKM).The experiments are conducted to corroborate the theoretical analysis.The results show that the system frequency changes in stages with the increase of the stiffness of the integrated composite beam connection.Especially in the case of varying environments,as the temperature increases,the frequency of system will first increase to a certain maximum value and then gradually decrease.Furthermore,the NiTi-ST effectively reduces vibration in the integrated composite beam,particularly under varying temperatures and external excitations.展开更多
Transforming urban spatial structures to promote green and low-carbon development is an effective strategy.Although prior studies have examined the impact of urban polycentricity on carbon emissions and economic devel...Transforming urban spatial structures to promote green and low-carbon development is an effective strategy.Although prior studies have examined the impact of urban polycentricity on carbon emissions and economic development,research on its role in the synergistic relationship between these factors regarding carbon emission efficiency is limited.Furthermore,existing literature often overlooks nonlinear effects and interactions with other urban variables.This paper analyzed data from 295 Chinese cities in 2020,calculating urban population polycentricity,population dispersion indices,and carbon emission efficiency.Utilizing local spatial autocorrelation tools,we reveal interactions among urban population polycentricity,dispersion,carbon emissions,and carbon emission efficiency.We then employ a gradient boosting decision tree model(GBDT)to explore nonlinear and synergistic effects of polycentric urbanization.Key findings include:1)polycentric urbanization in Chinese cities exhibits significant spatial differentiation characteristics.The Polycentricity index is relatively high in economically developed eastern coastal regions with an overall low level,carbon emissions are concentrated in industrialized north-central cities and some Yangtze River Delta hubs,and carbon emission efficiency is the highest in the Yangtze River Delta while relatively low in Northeast China;there are significant spatially heterogeneous interaction characteristics among population polycentricity,population dispersion,carbon emissions,and carbon emission efficiency.2)Urban population polycentricity contributes 9.42%to total carbon emissions and 6.24%to carbon emission efficiency.3)The polycentricity index has a nonlinear impact on carbon emissions and carbon emission efficiency:no significant effect when below 0.50 or above 0.55,increased carbon emissions in 0.50-0.53,and reduced carbon emissions with improved efficiency in 0.53-0.55.4)The polycentricity index has an interaction effect with other variables;specifically,when the polycentricity index is between 0.53 and 0.55,its interaction with urban gross domestic product(GDP),urban population,urban built-up area,green coverage rate in built-up areas,urban technological expenditure,and the proportion of the output value of the secondary industry will reduce carbon emissions and improve carbon emission efficiency.These findings enhance the understanding of urban spatial structures and carbon emissions,providing valuable insights for policymakers in developing green and low-carbon strategies.展开更多
In this work,the Hierarchical Quadrature Element Method(HQEM)formulation of geometrically exact shells is proposed and applied for geometrically nonlinear analyses of both isotropic and laminated shells.The stress res...In this work,the Hierarchical Quadrature Element Method(HQEM)formulation of geometrically exact shells is proposed and applied for geometrically nonlinear analyses of both isotropic and laminated shells.The stress resultant formulation is developed within the HQEM framework,consequently significantly simplifying the computations of residual force and stiffness matrix.The present formulation inherently avoids shear and membrane locking,benefiting from its high-order approximation property.Furthermore,HQEM’s independent nodal distribution capability conveniently supports local p-refinement and flexibly facilitates mesh generation in various structural configurations through the combination of quadrilateral and triangular elements.Remarkably,in lateral buckling analysis,the HQEM outperforms the weak-form quadrilateral element(QEM)in accuracy with identical nodal degrees of freedom(three displacements and two rotations).Under high-load nonlinear response,the QEM exhibits a maximum relative deviation of approximately 9.5%from the reference,while the HQEM remains closely aligned with the benchmark results.In addition,for the cantilever beam under tip moment,HQEM produces virtually no out-of-plane deviation,compared to a slight deviation of 0.00001 with QEM,confirming its superior numerical reliability.In summary,the method demonstrates high accuracy,superior convergence,and robustness in handling large rotations and complex post-buckling behaviors across a series of benchmark problems.展开更多
The coupled chemo-mechanical impact of supercritical CO_(2)-H_(2)O(ScCO_(2)-H_(2)O)reactions on fracture geometry and nonlinear flow regimes in deep shale under confining pressures remains inadequately quantified.This...The coupled chemo-mechanical impact of supercritical CO_(2)-H_(2)O(ScCO_(2)-H_(2)O)reactions on fracture geometry and nonlinear flow regimes in deep shale under confining pressures remains inadequately quantified.This study systematically investigates the effects of ScCO_(2)-H_(2)O-shale interactions on fracture morphology and flow properties under confining pressures from 15 MPa to 40 MPa by integrating XRD(X-ray diffraction),micro-CT,3D surface profilometry,and multistage steady-state flow experiments.The results demonstrate that ScCO_(2)-H_(2)O exposure drives pyrite/feldspar dissolution and localized clay precipitation,resulting in fracture branching and macroscopic aperture regularization.Critically,confining pressure dictates the net hydraulic response:under low confining pressure(15-25 MPa),dissolution dominates,enhancing permeability,flow efficiency(Q/VP),and pre-linear flow behavior(n<1).At high confining pressures(30-40 MPa)mechanical compaction and mineral precipitation amplify flow resistance,shifting the flow regime toward quasi-linear behavior,as inertial effects become negligible compared to dominant viscous forces and increased flow resistance.Confining pressure thus critically mediates the dissolution-precipitation balance during ScCO_(2)-H_(2)O treatment,with an optimal window of 15-25 MPa identified for enhancing conductivity while minimizing clogging risk.These findings provide a quantitative framework for predicting stress-dependent flow evolution in chemically altered shale fractures.展开更多
We investigate the alpha helical protein structure characterized by fourth-order interspine coupling,focusing on a three-coupled fourth-order nonlinear Schr??dinger system.We introduce a generalized Darboux transforma...We investigate the alpha helical protein structure characterized by fourth-order interspine coupling,focusing on a three-coupled fourth-order nonlinear Schr??dinger system.We introduce a generalized Darboux transformation,departing from the classical Darboux transformation.Based on this,we construct the two-and three-degenerate soliton solutions and four-degenerate asymptotic soliton solutions.Based on the asymptotic analysis,we find that the amplitudes of interacting solitons are retained upon the interactions.Elastic interactions between two degenerate solitons exhibiting four curve-type asymptotic solitons are depicted.When the lattice parameterβchanges,the velocities of the two degenerate solitons also change.Elastic interaction among three degenerate solitons comprising four curve-type asymptotic solitons and two line-type solitons is presented.Interaction among one soliton and two degenerate solitons with different velocities is shown.Elastic interaction among four degenerate solitons comprising eight curve-type asymptotic solitons is also presented.Interaction among two two-degenerate solitons with two spectral parameters is shown.The relative distance between two asymptotic solitons exhibits logarithmic growth with|t|,where t represents the retarded time.Acceleration of soliton separation decays exponentially with relative distance,and eventually approaches zero.Phase shifts depend on t.展开更多
In the era of big data and artificial intelligence,optical neural networks(ONNs)have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional electronic approaches,offering superior parallelism,ultrafast processing speeds,a...In the era of big data and artificial intelligence,optical neural networks(ONNs)have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional electronic approaches,offering superior parallelism,ultrafast processing speeds,and high energy efficiency[1-3].However,a major bottleneck in the practical implementation of ONNs is the absence of effective nonlinear activation functions.Self-driven photodetectors have emerged as versatile optical to electrical converters,opening innovative avenues for energy-effective and flexibly integrated activation functions in ONNs through their reconfigurable optoelectronic nonlinearity.展开更多
Dear Editor,This letter investigates the fuzzy prescribed-time control(PTC)problem for a class of uncertain pure feedback nonlinear systems.Firstly,a novel prescribed-time stability lemma is introduced,which plays a c...Dear Editor,This letter investigates the fuzzy prescribed-time control(PTC)problem for a class of uncertain pure feedback nonlinear systems.Firstly,a novel prescribed-time stability lemma is introduced,which plays a critical role in stability analysis.Unlike existing PTC algorithms,where the nonlinear functions are typically known or satisfy a linear growth condition,our approach does not require such assumptions.To address these unknown factors,fuzzy logic systems(FLSs)are employed.Based on the new prescribed-time stability lemma,it is proven that the controller and all system states converge to the origin within the prescribed time and remain there.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is validated through a simulation example.展开更多
Honeycomb structures of shape memory alloy(SMA)have become one of the most promising materials for flexible skins of morphing aircraft due to their excellent mechanical properties.However,due to the nonlinear material...Honeycomb structures of shape memory alloy(SMA)have become one of the most promising materials for flexible skins of morphing aircraft due to their excellent mechanical properties.However,due to the nonlinear material and geometric large deformation,the SMA honeycomb exhibits significant and complex nonlinearity in the skin and there is a lack of relevant previous research.In this paper,the nonlinear properties of the SMA honeycomb structure with arbitrary geometry are investigated for the first time for large deformation flexible skin applications by theoretical and experimental analysis.Firstly,a novel theoretical model of SMA honeycomb structure considering both material and geometric nonlinearity is proposed,and the corresponding calculation method of nonlinear governing equations is given based upon the shooting method and Runge–Kutta method.Then,the tensile behaviors of four kinds of SMA honeycomb structures,i.e.,U-type,V-type,cosine-type,and trapezoid-type,are analyzed and predicted by the proposed theoretical model and compared with the finite element analysis(FEA)results.Moreover,the tensile experiments were carried out by stretching U-type and V-type honeycomb structures to a global strain of 60%and 40%,respectively,to perform large deformation analysis and verify the theoretical model.Finally,experimental verification and finite element validation show that the curves of the theoretical model results,experimental results,and simulation results are in good agreement,illustrating the generalizability and accuracy of the proposed theoretical model.The theoretical model and experimental investigations in this paper are considered to provide an effective foundation for analyzing and predicting the mechanical behavior of SMA honeycomb flexible skins with large extensional deformations.展开更多
A nonlinear multi-scale interaction(NMI)model was proposed and developed by the first author for nearly 30 years to represent the evolution of atmospheric blocking.In this review paper,we first review the creation and...A nonlinear multi-scale interaction(NMI)model was proposed and developed by the first author for nearly 30 years to represent the evolution of atmospheric blocking.In this review paper,we first review the creation and development of the NMI model and then emphasize that the NMI model represents a new tool for identifying the basic physics of how climate change influences mid-to-high latitude weather extremes.The building of the NMI model took place over three main periods.In the 1990s,a nonlinear Schr?dinger(NLS)equation model was presented to describe atmospheric blocking as a wave packet;however,it could not depict the lifetime(10-20 days)of atmospheric blocking.In the 2000s,we proposed an NMI model of atmospheric blocking in a uniform basic flow by making a scale-separation assumption and deriving an eddyforced NLS equation.This model succeeded in describing the life cycle of atmospheric blocking.In the 2020s,the NMI model was extended to include the impact of a changing climate mainly by altering the basic zonal winds and the magnitude of the meridional background potential vorticity gradient(PVy).Model results show that when PVy is smaller,blocking has a weaker dispersion and a stronger nonlinearity,so blocking can be more persistent and have a larger zonal scale and weaker eastward movement,thus favoring stronger weather extremes.However,when PVy is much smaller and below a critical threshold under much stronger winter Arctic warming of global warming,atmospheric blocking becomes locally less persistent and shows a much stronger westward movement,which acts to inhibit local cold extremes.Such a case does not happen in summer under global warming because PVy fails to fall below the critical threshold.Thus,our theory indicates that global warming can render summer-blocking anticyclones and mid-to-high latitude heatwaves more persistent,intense,and widespread.展开更多
In order to obtain a lower frequency band gap,this paper proposes a novel locally resonant meta-beam incorporating a softening nonlinear factor.An improved camroller structure is designed in this meta-beam to achieve ...In order to obtain a lower frequency band gap,this paper proposes a novel locally resonant meta-beam incorporating a softening nonlinear factor.An improved camroller structure is designed in this meta-beam to achieve the softening nonlinear stiffness of the local oscillators.Firstly,based on Hamilton's principle and the Galerkin method,the control equations for the coupled system are established.The theoretical band gap boundary is then derived with the modal analysis method.The theoretical results reveal that the band gap of the meta-beam shifts towards lower frequencies due to the presence of a softening nonlinear factor,distinguishing it from both linear metamaterials and those with hardening nonlinear characteristics.Then,the vibration attenuation characteristics of a finite size meta-beam are investigated through numerical calculation,and are verified by the theoretical results.Furthermore,parameter studies indicate that the reasonable design of the local oscillator parameters based on lightweight principles helps to achieve further broadband and efficient vibration reduction in the low-frequency region.Finally,a prototype of the meta-beam is fabricated and assembled,and the formations of the low-frequency band gap and the amplitude-induced band gap phenomenon are verified through experiments.展开更多
基金Supported in part by Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi(2023GXNSFAA026246)in part by the Central Government's Guide to Local Science and Technology Development Fund(GuikeZY23055044)in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62363003)。
文摘In this paper,we consider the maximal positive definite solution of the nonlinear matrix equation.By using the idea of Algorithm 2.1 in ZHANG(2013),a new inversion-free method with a stepsize parameter is proposed to obtain the maximal positive definite solution of nonlinear matrix equation X+A^(*)X|^(-α)A=Q with the case 0<α≤1.Based on this method,a new iterative algorithm is developed,and its convergence proof is given.Finally,two numerical examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
文摘This paper aims to explore and quantify the nonlinear vibration response of tri-directional functionally graded sandwich(3D-FGSW)plates partially supported by a Pasternak foundation(PF)subjected to blast loading(BL).A key objective is to develop a computationally efficient finite element framework capable of accurately capturing the complex behavior of 3D-FGSW plates.The studied configuration features a two-dimensional functionally graded material(2D-FGM)core between two threedimensional functionally graded material(3D-FGM)face layers.Nonlinear geometric effects,including mid-plane stretching,are modeled using von K arm an-type assumptions,and the governing equations are formulated via Hamilton's principle within an improved first-order shear deformation theory(iFSDT).The accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed method are validated through comparison with existing benchmark solutions.Subsequently,a comprehensive parametric study is carried out to examine the effects of geometric dimensions,material properties,foundation sizes,and boundary conditions(BCs)on the nonlinear vibration of 3D-FGSW plates.The findings of this work are expected to provide valuable insights for the design and manufacturing of advanced sandwich structures subjected to BL.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12071370)。
文摘The bipartite containment control problem for heterogeneous nonlinear multi-agent systems(HNMASs)within multi-group networks under signed digraphs is investigated,where the first-order and second-order nonlinear dynamic agents belong to distinct groups.Interactions are cooperative-antagonistic within each group and sign-in-degree balanced across the inter-groups.Firstly,a state feedback control protocol is designed to ensure that the trajectories of followers in diverse groups can converge to distinct convex hulls formed by their corresponding leaders,respectively.As an extension,the bipartite control problem with time-variant formation for the multi-agent system(MAS)is also considered,and a corresponding control protocol with formation compensation vectors is given.Finally,in view of Lyapunov stability theory and matrix inequality,the sufficient conditions for realizing the bipartite containment control are obtained,and several simulations are provided to verify the validity of the above methods.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11961059,1210502)the University Innovation Project of Gansu Province(Grant No.2023B-062)the Gansu Province Basic Research Innovation Group Project(Grant No.23JRRA684).
文摘The goal of this paper is to investigate the long-time dynamics of solutions to a Kirchhoff type suspension bridge equation with nonlinear damping and memory term.For this problem we establish the well-posedness and existence of uniform attractor under some suitable assumptions on the nonlinear term g(u),the nonlinear damping f(u_(t))and the external force h(x,t).Specifically,the asymptotic compactness of the semigroup is verified by the energy reconstruction method.
基金supported in part by the National Science and Technology Council under Grant NSTC 114-2221-E-027-104.
文摘Trajectory tracking for nonlinear robotic systems remains a fundamental yet challenging problem in control engineering,particularly when both precision and efficiency must be ensured.Conventional control methods are often effective for stabilization but may not directly optimize long-term performance.To address this limitation,this study develops an integrated framework that combines optimal control principles with reinforcement learning for a single-link robotic manipulator.The proposed scheme adopts an actor–critic structure,where the critic network approximates the value function associated with the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation,and the actor network generates near-optimal control signals in real time.This dual adaptation enables the controller to refine its policy online without explicit system knowledge.Stability of the closed-loop system is analyzed through Lyapunov theory,ensuring boundedness of the tracking error.Numerical simulations on the single-link manipulator demonstrate that themethod achieves accurate trajectory followingwhile maintaining lowcontrol effort.The results further showthat the actor–critic learning mechanism accelerates convergence of the control policy compared with conventional optimization-based strategies.This work highlights the potential of reinforcement learning integrated with optimal control for robotic manipulators and provides a foundation for future extensions to more complex multi-degree-of-freedom systems.The proposed controller is further validated in a physics-based virtual Gazebo environment,demonstrating stable adaptation and real-time feasibility.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22341304,22303100 and 12205270)the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2023YFA1008800 and 2020YFA0713601)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDC0180303)。
文摘The equilibrium dynamics and nonlinear rheology of unentangled polymer blends remain inadequately understood,especially regarding the influence of short-chain matrix length N_(S) on the structure and rheological behavior of dispersed long chains.Using molecular dynamics simulations based on the Kremer-Grest model,we systematically explore the N_(S)-dependence of static conformations,equilibrium dynamics,and nonlinear shear responses in unentangled long-chain/short-chain polymer blends.Our results demonstrate a decoupling between the static and dynamic sensitivity to N_(S):while the static chain size,R_g,follows Flory theory with slight swelling at small N_(S) due to incomplete excluded volume screening,the diffusion coefficient,D,and the relaxation time,τ_(0),exhibit a strong,non-monotonic N_(S)-dependence,transitioning from monomeric friction dominance at small N_(S) to collective segmental rearrangement at large N_(S).Additionally,we observe partial decoupling between the viscous and normal stress responses:while the zero-shear viscosity,η,is strongly N_(S)-dependent,the first and second normal stress coefficients,Ψ_(1) and Ψ_(2),collapse onto universal curves when scaled by the dimensionless shear rate,γτ_(0),suggesting a common mechanism of orientation and stretching.Under shear,long chains compress in the vorticity direction λ_(z)~Wi^(-0.2),which reduces collision frequency and contributes to shear thinning,while the scaling of weaker orientation resistance m_(G)~Wi^(0.35)reflects hydrodynamic screening by the short-chain matrix.These findings highlight the limitations of single-chain models and emphasize the necessity of considering N_(S)-dependent matrix dynamics and flow-induced structural changes in understanding the rheology of unentangled polymer blends.
基金the UGC,New Delhi,India for financial assistance via the UGC-Junior Research Fellowship(CSIR-UGC NET JULY 2024)(Student ID:241610090610)。
文摘The flow of a tetra-hybrid Casson nanofluid(Al_(2)O_(3)-CuO-TiO_(2)-Ag/H_(2)O)over a nonlinear stretching sheet is investigated.The Buongiorno model is used to account for thermophoresis and Brownian motion,while thermal radiation is incorporated to examine its influence on the thermal boundary layer.The governing partial differential equations(PDEs)are reduced to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations(ODEs)with fully non-dimensional similarity transformations involving all independent variables.To solve the obtained highly nonlinear system of differential equations,a novel Clique polynomial collocation method is applied.The analysis focuses on the effects of the Casson parameter,power index,radiation parameter,thermophoresis parameter,Brownian motion parameter,and Lewis number.The key findings show that thermal radiation intensifies the thermal boundary layer,the Casson parameter reduces the velocity,and the Lewis number suppresses the concentration with direct relevance to polymer processing,coating flows,electronic cooling,and biomedical applications.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52575093 and 12202229)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2025M771368)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Nos.buctrc202405 and JD2522)。
文摘Magnetorheological(MR)bearings,with their field-controllable rheological properties,offer new possibilities for control of rotor instabilities.However,their nonlinear dynamic behaviors and the underlying physical mechanisms governing these instabilities remain insufficiently understood.This work develops a coupled MR bearingrotor system model,where the oil film force is derived from a novel bilinear constitutive equation to capture the field-sensitive shear behaviors of MR fluids.Complex nonlinear dynamic behaviors including period doubling,quasi-period,and chaos are revealed,which emerge from the interaction between oil film vortex dynamics and magnetic excitation.The critical instability mechanism is identified from the evolution of intrinsic dynamic characteristics of MR bearings.When the whirl speed within the oil film reaches approximately half of the rotor speed,the damping force balances the destabilizing force,thereby defining a critical threshold beyond which the system transitions to instability.This threshold can be effectively tuned by adjusting the excitation current,which modifies the yield stress of MR fluids and consequently regulates the damping force.As a result,the nonlinear vibrations of oil whirl and whip can be suppressed,and the system stability can be significantly enhanced.These findings provide both theoretical insight and practical guidance for the design and control of MR bearing supported rotor systems.
基金The Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China“RBF-Hermite difference scheme for the time-fractional kdv-Burgers equation”(2024D01C43)。
文摘In this paper,we present a finite volume trigonometric weighted essentially non-oscillatory(TWENO)scheme to solve nonlinear degenerate parabolic equations that may exhibit non-smooth solutions.The present method is developed using the trigonometric scheme,which is based on zero,first,and second moments,and the direct discontinuous Galerkin(DDG)flux is used to discretize the diffusion term.Moreover,the DDG method directly applies the weak form of the parabolic equation to each computational cell,which can better capture the characteristics of the solution,especially the discontinuous solution.Meanwhile,the third-order TVD-Runge-Kutta method is applied for temporal discretization.Finally,the effectiveness and stability of the method constructed in this paper are evaluated through numerical tests.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.22275052)Department of Science and Technology of Hubei Province (Nos.2025AFA111 and 2024CSA076)。
文摘Achieving non-centrosymmetric(NCS) configurations in ABX3-type hybrid halides remains a critical challenge for nonlinear optical(NLO) materials due to the conflicting requirements of high second-harmonic generation(SHG) response,wide bandgap,and phase-matching capabilities.Herein,we propose a triplesite modulation strategy by synergistically tailoring the A-site cations(2-methylimidazole cation/1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole cation),B-site metals(Sn^(2+)/Pb^(2+)),and X-site halogens(Cl/Br),which effectively disrupts lattice symmetry and enables NCS crystallization.Our results demonstrate a strong SHG response,an expanded optical bandgap and increased birefringence.The optimized compound C_(6)H_(11)N_(2)PbCl_(3) exhibits a moderately strong SHG efficiency of 3.8 × KDP,a wide bandgap(3.87 eV),and enhanced birefringence(0.139@1064 nm),surpassing majority hybrid NLO materials.The innovative anionic framework introduced here broadens the scope of hybrid NLO crystals,facilitating the integration of various aromatic heterocyclic cations.This research provides a robust strategic framework for the development of advanced NLO materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12272240)the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program,China(No.XLYC2203197)。
文摘Traditional dynamic analysis of mechanical structures,often limited to individual beams or plates,fails to fully capture their dynamic behaviors.In systems where space and mass are constrained,such as the battery support structures in electric aircraft,conventional absorbers and isolators are insufficient for effective vibration control.This study simplifies the battery support structure of electric aircraft as an integrated composite beam consisting of three interconnected beams,and investigated its structural dynamics properties and nonlinear vibration control under thermal conditions caused by battery heat.The nonlinear vibration control is performed using the Nitinol steel wire ropes(Ni Ti-ST),with nonlinear damping properties.The natural frequencies of system are determined using the Rayleigh-Ritz technique.Theoretical results are validated through both Finite Element Method(FEM)and hammer tests.Moreover,the dynamic equations are derived using the Lagrange method and discretized via the Galerkin Truncation Method(GTM).The Harmonic Balance Method(HBM)is used to evaluate the vibration responses of the integrated model,with further verification through the Runge-Kutta Method(RKM).The experiments are conducted to corroborate the theoretical analysis.The results show that the system frequency changes in stages with the increase of the stiffness of the integrated composite beam connection.Especially in the case of varying environments,as the temperature increases,the frequency of system will first increase to a certain maximum value and then gradually decrease.Furthermore,the NiTi-ST effectively reduces vibration in the integrated composite beam,particularly under varying temperatures and external excitations.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42571300)。
文摘Transforming urban spatial structures to promote green and low-carbon development is an effective strategy.Although prior studies have examined the impact of urban polycentricity on carbon emissions and economic development,research on its role in the synergistic relationship between these factors regarding carbon emission efficiency is limited.Furthermore,existing literature often overlooks nonlinear effects and interactions with other urban variables.This paper analyzed data from 295 Chinese cities in 2020,calculating urban population polycentricity,population dispersion indices,and carbon emission efficiency.Utilizing local spatial autocorrelation tools,we reveal interactions among urban population polycentricity,dispersion,carbon emissions,and carbon emission efficiency.We then employ a gradient boosting decision tree model(GBDT)to explore nonlinear and synergistic effects of polycentric urbanization.Key findings include:1)polycentric urbanization in Chinese cities exhibits significant spatial differentiation characteristics.The Polycentricity index is relatively high in economically developed eastern coastal regions with an overall low level,carbon emissions are concentrated in industrialized north-central cities and some Yangtze River Delta hubs,and carbon emission efficiency is the highest in the Yangtze River Delta while relatively low in Northeast China;there are significant spatially heterogeneous interaction characteristics among population polycentricity,population dispersion,carbon emissions,and carbon emission efficiency.2)Urban population polycentricity contributes 9.42%to total carbon emissions and 6.24%to carbon emission efficiency.3)The polycentricity index has a nonlinear impact on carbon emissions and carbon emission efficiency:no significant effect when below 0.50 or above 0.55,increased carbon emissions in 0.50-0.53,and reduced carbon emissions with improved efficiency in 0.53-0.55.4)The polycentricity index has an interaction effect with other variables;specifically,when the polycentricity index is between 0.53 and 0.55,its interaction with urban gross domestic product(GDP),urban population,urban built-up area,green coverage rate in built-up areas,urban technological expenditure,and the proportion of the output value of the secondary industry will reduce carbon emissions and improve carbon emission efficiency.These findings enhance the understanding of urban spatial structures and carbon emissions,providing valuable insights for policymakers in developing green and low-carbon strategies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12472194,12002018,11972004,11772031,11402015).
文摘In this work,the Hierarchical Quadrature Element Method(HQEM)formulation of geometrically exact shells is proposed and applied for geometrically nonlinear analyses of both isotropic and laminated shells.The stress resultant formulation is developed within the HQEM framework,consequently significantly simplifying the computations of residual force and stiffness matrix.The present formulation inherently avoids shear and membrane locking,benefiting from its high-order approximation property.Furthermore,HQEM’s independent nodal distribution capability conveniently supports local p-refinement and flexibly facilitates mesh generation in various structural configurations through the combination of quadrilateral and triangular elements.Remarkably,in lateral buckling analysis,the HQEM outperforms the weak-form quadrilateral element(QEM)in accuracy with identical nodal degrees of freedom(three displacements and two rotations).Under high-load nonlinear response,the QEM exhibits a maximum relative deviation of approximately 9.5%from the reference,while the HQEM remains closely aligned with the benchmark results.In addition,for the cantilever beam under tip moment,HQEM produces virtually no out-of-plane deviation,compared to a slight deviation of 0.00001 with QEM,confirming its superior numerical reliability.In summary,the method demonstrates high accuracy,superior convergence,and robustness in handling large rotations and complex post-buckling behaviors across a series of benchmark problems.
基金support from the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(Grant No.2023RC1021)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(Grant No.2025YFHZ0323).-。
文摘The coupled chemo-mechanical impact of supercritical CO_(2)-H_(2)O(ScCO_(2)-H_(2)O)reactions on fracture geometry and nonlinear flow regimes in deep shale under confining pressures remains inadequately quantified.This study systematically investigates the effects of ScCO_(2)-H_(2)O-shale interactions on fracture morphology and flow properties under confining pressures from 15 MPa to 40 MPa by integrating XRD(X-ray diffraction),micro-CT,3D surface profilometry,and multistage steady-state flow experiments.The results demonstrate that ScCO_(2)-H_(2)O exposure drives pyrite/feldspar dissolution and localized clay precipitation,resulting in fracture branching and macroscopic aperture regularization.Critically,confining pressure dictates the net hydraulic response:under low confining pressure(15-25 MPa),dissolution dominates,enhancing permeability,flow efficiency(Q/VP),and pre-linear flow behavior(n<1).At high confining pressures(30-40 MPa)mechanical compaction and mineral precipitation amplify flow resistance,shifting the flow regime toward quasi-linear behavior,as inertial effects become negligible compared to dominant viscous forces and increased flow resistance.Confining pressure thus critically mediates the dissolution-precipitation balance during ScCO_(2)-H_(2)O treatment,with an optimal window of 15-25 MPa identified for enhancing conductivity while minimizing clogging risk.These findings provide a quantitative framework for predicting stress-dependent flow evolution in chemically altered shale fractures.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2025QC30)。
文摘We investigate the alpha helical protein structure characterized by fourth-order interspine coupling,focusing on a three-coupled fourth-order nonlinear Schr??dinger system.We introduce a generalized Darboux transformation,departing from the classical Darboux transformation.Based on this,we construct the two-and three-degenerate soliton solutions and four-degenerate asymptotic soliton solutions.Based on the asymptotic analysis,we find that the amplitudes of interacting solitons are retained upon the interactions.Elastic interactions between two degenerate solitons exhibiting four curve-type asymptotic solitons are depicted.When the lattice parameterβchanges,the velocities of the two degenerate solitons also change.Elastic interaction among three degenerate solitons comprising four curve-type asymptotic solitons and two line-type solitons is presented.Interaction among one soliton and two degenerate solitons with different velocities is shown.Elastic interaction among four degenerate solitons comprising eight curve-type asymptotic solitons is also presented.Interaction among two two-degenerate solitons with two spectral parameters is shown.The relative distance between two asymptotic solitons exhibits logarithmic growth with|t|,where t represents the retarded time.Acceleration of soliton separation decays exponentially with relative distance,and eventually approaches zero.Phase shifts depend on t.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52422107,T2394471,and 62571319)Beijing Nova Program(20240484531)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M710074)and Open Research Fund Program of Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology(04410304023).
文摘In the era of big data and artificial intelligence,optical neural networks(ONNs)have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional electronic approaches,offering superior parallelism,ultrafast processing speeds,and high energy efficiency[1-3].However,a major bottleneck in the practical implementation of ONNs is the absence of effective nonlinear activation functions.Self-driven photodetectors have emerged as versatile optical to electrical converters,opening innovative avenues for energy-effective and flexibly integrated activation functions in ONNs through their reconfigurable optoelectronic nonlinearity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A20187,U22A2050)the Science Fund of Hebei Province(F2024203134,F2023203100)+3 种基金the Science and Technology Development Grant of Hebei Province(20311803D)Hebei Innovation Capability Improvement Plan project(22567619H)Basic Research Project of Shijiazhuang(241791007A)the China Scholarship Council(CSC 202308130190).
文摘Dear Editor,This letter investigates the fuzzy prescribed-time control(PTC)problem for a class of uncertain pure feedback nonlinear systems.Firstly,a novel prescribed-time stability lemma is introduced,which plays a critical role in stability analysis.Unlike existing PTC algorithms,where the nonlinear functions are typically known or satisfy a linear growth condition,our approach does not require such assumptions.To address these unknown factors,fuzzy logic systems(FLSs)are employed.Based on the new prescribed-time stability lemma,it is proven that the controller and all system states converge to the origin within the prescribed time and remain there.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is validated through a simulation example.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFB1708303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1808215 and 12072058)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(DUT20LK02).
文摘Honeycomb structures of shape memory alloy(SMA)have become one of the most promising materials for flexible skins of morphing aircraft due to their excellent mechanical properties.However,due to the nonlinear material and geometric large deformation,the SMA honeycomb exhibits significant and complex nonlinearity in the skin and there is a lack of relevant previous research.In this paper,the nonlinear properties of the SMA honeycomb structure with arbitrary geometry are investigated for the first time for large deformation flexible skin applications by theoretical and experimental analysis.Firstly,a novel theoretical model of SMA honeycomb structure considering both material and geometric nonlinearity is proposed,and the corresponding calculation method of nonlinear governing equations is given based upon the shooting method and Runge–Kutta method.Then,the tensile behaviors of four kinds of SMA honeycomb structures,i.e.,U-type,V-type,cosine-type,and trapezoid-type,are analyzed and predicted by the proposed theoretical model and compared with the finite element analysis(FEA)results.Moreover,the tensile experiments were carried out by stretching U-type and V-type honeycomb structures to a global strain of 60%and 40%,respectively,to perform large deformation analysis and verify the theoretical model.Finally,experimental verification and finite element validation show that the curves of the theoretical model results,experimental results,and simulation results are in good agreement,illustrating the generalizability and accuracy of the proposed theoretical model.The theoretical model and experimental investigations in this paper are considered to provide an effective foundation for analyzing and predicting the mechanical behavior of SMA honeycomb flexible skins with large extensional deformations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42150204 and 2288101)supported by the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX20230045)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M730279)。
文摘A nonlinear multi-scale interaction(NMI)model was proposed and developed by the first author for nearly 30 years to represent the evolution of atmospheric blocking.In this review paper,we first review the creation and development of the NMI model and then emphasize that the NMI model represents a new tool for identifying the basic physics of how climate change influences mid-to-high latitude weather extremes.The building of the NMI model took place over three main periods.In the 1990s,a nonlinear Schr?dinger(NLS)equation model was presented to describe atmospheric blocking as a wave packet;however,it could not depict the lifetime(10-20 days)of atmospheric blocking.In the 2000s,we proposed an NMI model of atmospheric blocking in a uniform basic flow by making a scale-separation assumption and deriving an eddyforced NLS equation.This model succeeded in describing the life cycle of atmospheric blocking.In the 2020s,the NMI model was extended to include the impact of a changing climate mainly by altering the basic zonal winds and the magnitude of the meridional background potential vorticity gradient(PVy).Model results show that when PVy is smaller,blocking has a weaker dispersion and a stronger nonlinearity,so blocking can be more persistent and have a larger zonal scale and weaker eastward movement,thus favoring stronger weather extremes.However,when PVy is much smaller and below a critical threshold under much stronger winter Arctic warming of global warming,atmospheric blocking becomes locally less persistent and shows a much stronger westward movement,which acts to inhibit local cold extremes.Such a case does not happen in summer under global warming because PVy fails to fall below the critical threshold.Thus,our theory indicates that global warming can render summer-blocking anticyclones and mid-to-high latitude heatwaves more persistent,intense,and widespread.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12172014,U224126412332001)。
文摘In order to obtain a lower frequency band gap,this paper proposes a novel locally resonant meta-beam incorporating a softening nonlinear factor.An improved camroller structure is designed in this meta-beam to achieve the softening nonlinear stiffness of the local oscillators.Firstly,based on Hamilton's principle and the Galerkin method,the control equations for the coupled system are established.The theoretical band gap boundary is then derived with the modal analysis method.The theoretical results reveal that the band gap of the meta-beam shifts towards lower frequencies due to the presence of a softening nonlinear factor,distinguishing it from both linear metamaterials and those with hardening nonlinear characteristics.Then,the vibration attenuation characteristics of a finite size meta-beam are investigated through numerical calculation,and are verified by the theoretical results.Furthermore,parameter studies indicate that the reasonable design of the local oscillator parameters based on lightweight principles helps to achieve further broadband and efficient vibration reduction in the low-frequency region.Finally,a prototype of the meta-beam is fabricated and assembled,and the formations of the low-frequency band gap and the amplitude-induced band gap phenomenon are verified through experiments.
