This paper uses a correlation dimension based nonlinear analysis approach to analyse the dynamics of network traffics with three different application protocols-HTTP, FTP and SMTP. First, the phase space is reconstruc...This paper uses a correlation dimension based nonlinear analysis approach to analyse the dynamics of network traffics with three different application protocols-HTTP, FTP and SMTP. First, the phase space is reconstructed and the embedding parameters are obtained by the mutual information method. Secondly, the correlation dimensions of three different traffics are calculated and the results of analysis have demonstrated that the dynamics of the three different application protocol traffics is different from each other in nature, i.e. HTTP and FTP traffics are chaotic, furthermore, the former is more complex than the later; on the other hand, SMTP traffic is stochastic. It is shown that correlation dimension approach is an efficient method to understand and to characterize the nonlinear dynamics of HTTP, FTP and SMTP protocol network traffics. This analysis provided insight into and a more accurate understanding of nonlinear dynamics of internet traffics which have a complex mixture of chaotic and stochastic components.展开更多
In the context of the rapid iteration of information technology,the Internet of Things(IoT)has established itself as a pivotal hub connecting the digital world and the physical world.Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),dee...In the context of the rapid iteration of information technology,the Internet of Things(IoT)has established itself as a pivotal hub connecting the digital world and the physical world.Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),deeply embedded in the perception layer architecture of the IoT,play a crucial role as“tactile nerve endings.”A vast number of micro sensor nodes are widely distributed in monitoring areas according to preset deployment strategies,continuously and accurately perceiving and collecting real-time data on environmental parameters such as temperature,humidity,light intensity,air pressure,and pollutant concentration.These data are transmitted to the IoT cloud platform through stable and reliable communication links,forming a massive and detailed basic data resource pool.By using cutting-edge big data processing algorithms,machine learning models,and artificial intelligence analysis tools,in-depth mining and intelligent analysis of these multi-source heterogeneous data are conducted to generate high-value-added decision-making bases.This precisely empowers multiple fields,including agriculture,medical and health care,smart home,environmental science,and industrial manufacturing,driving intelligent transformation and catalyzing society to move towards a new stage of high-quality development.This paper comprehensively analyzes the technical cores of the IoT and WSNs,systematically sorts out the advanced key technologies of WSNs and the evolution of their strategic significance in the IoT system,deeply explores the innovative application scenarios and practical effects of the two in specific vertical fields,and looks forward to the technological evolution trends.It provides a detailed and highly practical guiding reference for researchers,technical engineers,and industrial decision-makers.展开更多
With the increasing demand for marine exploration, underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) are prone to have the characteristics of large-scale, long term monitoring, and high data traffic load. Underwater media a...With the increasing demand for marine exploration, underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) are prone to have the characteristics of large-scale, long term monitoring, and high data traffic load. Underwater media access control (MAC) protocols, which allow multiple users to share the common medium fairly and efficiently, are essential for the performance of UASNs. However, the design of MAC protocols is confronted with the challenges of spatial unfairness, data eruption, and low energy efficiency. In this paper, we propose a novel data concurrent transmission (DCT) MAC protocol, which is able to exploit long propagation delay and conduct concurrent transmission. Specifically, we present the theoretical performance analysis of the proposed MAC protocol in detail and give an analytical solution of the success concurrent transmission probability between nodes. In addition, simulation results are provided to demonstrate that our proposed protocol is appropriate for UASNs and can significantly improve the performance in terms of network throughput and energy consumption. Finally, we give some typical future applications of UASNs and discuss the demands on MAC protocol design.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupoint application for post-stroke depression(PSD)by regulating gastrointestinal function.A secondary objective is to explore the potential mechanism underlying this ...Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupoint application for post-stroke depression(PSD)by regulating gastrointestinal function.A secondary objective is to explore the potential mechanism underlying this approach from the perspective of gut microbiota.Methods:This multicenter,randomized,double-blind(patients and assessors),placebo-controlled trial will enroll 80 patients with PSD,and include a 1-week run-in period,a 4-week treatment phase,and a 12-week follow-up.Eligible participants will randomly be assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the acupoint application or placebo(non-acupoint)groups.Treatments will be administered thrice weekly for 4 weeks.The primary outcome is change in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression(HAMD)score.Secondary outcomes include the Beck Depression Inventory(BDI),36-Item Short-Form Health Survey(SF-36),Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living,Social Adaptation Self-Evaluation Scale(SASS),and gut microbiota profiling.All outcomes will be assessed at baseline(prior to treatment),during treatment(weeks 2 and 4),and during follow-up(weeks 8,12,and 16).The Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale(TESS)will be used for evaluation throughout the 4-week treatment phase.Discussion:The results of this study will provide important evidence supporting a novel treatment strategy for PSD that targets gastrointestinal regulation,potentially informing future clinical practice.展开更多
This paper proposes Flex-QUIC,an AIempowered quick UDP Internet connections(QUIC)enhancement framework that addresses the challenge of degraded transmission efficiency caused by the static parameterization of acknowle...This paper proposes Flex-QUIC,an AIempowered quick UDP Internet connections(QUIC)enhancement framework that addresses the challenge of degraded transmission efficiency caused by the static parameterization of acknowledgment(ACK)mechanisms,loss detection,and forward error correction(FEC)in dynamic wireless networks.Unlike the standard QUIC protocol,Flex-QUIC systematically integrates machine learning across three critical modules to achieve high-efficiency operation.First,a contextual multi-armed bandit-based ACK adaptation mechanism optimizes the ACK ratio to reduce wireless channel contention.Second,the adaptive loss detection module utilizes a long short-term memory(LSTM)model to predict the reordering displacement for optimizing the packet reordering tolerance.Third,the FEC transmission scheme jointly adjusts the redundancy level based on the LSTM-predicted loss rate and congestion window state.Extensive evaluations across Wi-Fi,5G,and satellite network scenarios demonstrate that Flex-QUIC significantly improves throughput and latency reduction compared to the standard QUIC and other enhanced QUIC variants,highlighting its adaptability to diverse and dynamic network conditions.Finally,we further discuss open issues in deploying AI-native transport protocols.展开更多
Cognitive Radio Networks(CRNs)have become a successful platform in recent years for a diverse range of future systems,in particularly,industrial internet of things(IIoT)applications.In order to provide an efficient co...Cognitive Radio Networks(CRNs)have become a successful platform in recent years for a diverse range of future systems,in particularly,industrial internet of things(IIoT)applications.In order to provide an efficient connection among IIoT devices,CRNs enhance spectrum utilization by using licensed spectrum.However,the routing protocol in these networks is considered one of the main problems due to node mobility and time-variant channel selection.Specifically,the channel selection for routing protocol is indispensable in CRNs to provide an adequate adaptation to the Primary User(PU)activity and create a robust routing path.This study aims to construct a robust routing path by minimizing PU interference and routing delay to maximize throughput within the IIoT domain.Thus,a generic routing framework from a cross-layer perspective is investigated that intends to share the information resources by exploiting a recently proposed method,namely,Channel Availability Probability.Moreover,a novel cross-layer-oriented routing protocol is proposed by using a time-variant channel estimation technique.This protocol combines lower layer(Physical layer and Data Link layer)sensing that is derived from the channel estimation model.Also,it periodically updates and stores the routing table for optimal route decision-making.Moreover,in order to achieve higher throughput and lower delay,a new routing metric is presented.To evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol,network simulations have been conducted and also compared to the widely used routing protocols,as a benchmark.The simulation results of different routing scenarios demonstrate that our proposed solution outperforms the existing protocols in terms of the standard network performance metrics involving packet delivery ratio(with an improved margin of around 5–20%approximately)under varying numbers of PUs and cognitive users in Mobile Cognitive Radio Networks(MCRNs).Moreover,the cross-layer routing protocol successfully achieves high routing performance in finding a robust route,selecting the high channel stability,and reducing the probability of PU interference for continued communication.展开更多
The wireless application protocol （WAP） protocol is now the leading standard for information services on wireless terminals like digital mobile phones. By the use of WAP, wireless devices, like mobile phones, are po...The wireless application protocol （WAP） protocol is now the leading standard for information services on wireless terminals like digital mobile phones. By the use of WAP, wireless devices, like mobile phones, are possibly infected with virus and worms. Though up to now there is no such attack, as the usage of script languages increases, there is a chance of malicious code injection. This paper discusses the threats with current WAP protocol, and how changes in the protocol and the increase in its usage will enable entry of real viruses. Future threat scenarios are presented along with suggestions to avoid these problems.展开更多
Monitoring behaviour of the elderly and the disabled living alone has become a major public health problem in our modern societies. Among the various scientific aspects involved in the home monitoring field, we are in...Monitoring behaviour of the elderly and the disabled living alone has become a major public health problem in our modern societies. Among the various scientific aspects involved in the home monitoring field, we are interested in the study and the proposal of a solution allowing distributed sensor nodes to communicate with each other in an optimal way adapted to the specific application constraints. More precisely, we want to build a wireless network that consists of several short range sensor nodes exchanging data between them according to a communication protocol at MAC (Medium Access Control) level. This protocol must be able to optimize energy consumption, transmission time and loss of information. To achieve this objective, we have analyzed the advantages and the limitations of WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) technologies and communication protocols currently used in relation to the requirements of our application. Then we proposed a deterministic, adaptive and energy saving medium access method based on the IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer and a mesh topology. It ensures the message delivery time with strongly limited collision risk due to the spatial reuse of medium in the two-hop neighbourhood. This proposal was characterized by modelling and simulation using OPNET network simulator. Finally we implemented the proposed mechanisms on hardware devices and deployed a sensors network in real situation to verify the accuracy of the model and evaluate the proposal according to different test configurations.展开更多
LEACH (Low-Encrgy Adaptive Clustering Hi-erarchy) protocol is a basic clustering-based routing protocol of sensor networks. In this paper, we present the design of SLEACH, asecure extension for the LEACH protocol. We ...LEACH (Low-Encrgy Adaptive Clustering Hi-erarchy) protocol is a basic clustering-based routing protocol of sensor networks. In this paper, we present the design of SLEACH, asecure extension for the LEACH protocol. We divide SLEACH into four phases and fit inexpensivecryplp-graphic operations to each part of the protocol functionality to create an efficient,practical protocol. Then we give security analyses of SLEACH. Our security analyses show that ourschemeis robust against any external attacker or compromised nodes in the sensor network.展开更多
Airborne networks（ANs） are special types of ad hoc networks that can be used to enhance situational awareness, flight coordination and flight efficiency in civil and military aviation.Compared to ground networks, AN...Airborne networks（ANs） are special types of ad hoc networks that can be used to enhance situational awareness, flight coordination and flight efficiency in civil and military aviation.Compared to ground networks, ANs have some unique attributes including high node mobility, frequent topology changes, mechanical and aerodynamic constrains, strict safety requirements and harsh communication environment.Thus, the performance of conventional transmission control protocol（TCP） will be dramatically degraded in ANs.Aircraft commonly have two or more heterogeneous network interfaces which offer an opportunity to form multiple communication paths between any two nodes in ANs.To satisfy the communication requirements in ANs, we propose aeronautical multipath transport protocol（Aero MTP） for ANs, which effectively utilizes the available bandwidth and diversity provided by heterogeneous wireless paths.Aero MTP uses fountain codes as forward error correction（FEC） codes to recover from data loss and deploys a TCP-friendly rate-based congestion control mechanism for each path.Moreover, we design a packet allocation algorithm based on optimization to minimize the delivery time of blocks.The performance of Aero MTP is evaluated through OMNe T＋＋ simulations under a variety of test scenarios.Simulations demonstrate that Aero MTP is of great potential to be applied to ANs.展开更多
A dynamic protocol stack(DPS) for ad hoc networks, together with a protocol stack construction scheme that is modeled as a multiconstrained knapsack problem is proposed. Compared to the traditional static protocol sta...A dynamic protocol stack(DPS) for ad hoc networks, together with a protocol stack construction scheme that is modeled as a multiconstrained knapsack problem is proposed. Compared to the traditional static protocol stack, DPS operates in a dynamic and adaptive manner and is scalable to network condition changes. In addition, a protocol construction algorithm is proposed to dynamically construct of the protocol stack each network node. Simulation results show that, the processing and forwarding performance of our scheme is close to 1 Gb/s, and the performance of our algorithm is close to that of the classical algorithms with much lower complexity.展开更多
The network reliability is difficult to be evaluated because of the complex relationship among the network components.It can be quite different for different users running different applications on the same network.Th...The network reliability is difficult to be evaluated because of the complex relationship among the network components.It can be quite different for different users running different applications on the same network.This paper proposes a new concept and a model of application reliability.Different from the existing models that ignores the effects of applications,the proposed application reliability model considers the effects of different applications on the network performance and different types of network faults and makes the analysis of network components relationship possible.This paper also provides a method to evaluate the application reliability when the data flow satisfies Markov properties.Finally,a case study is presented to illustrate the proposed network reliability model and the analysis method.展开更多
Secure key distribution among classical parties is impossible both between two parties and in a network. In this paper, we present a quantum key distribution （QKD） protocol to distribute secure key bits among one qu...Secure key distribution among classical parties is impossible both between two parties and in a network. In this paper, we present a quantum key distribution （QKD） protocol to distribute secure key bits among one quantum party and numerous classical parties who have no quantum capacity. We prove that our protocol is completely robust, i.e., any eavesdropping attack should be detected with nonzero probability. Our calculations show that our protocol may be secure against Eve＇s symmetrically individual attack.展开更多
How to correctly acquire the appropriate features is a primary problem in network protocol recognition field.Aiming to avoid the trouble of artificially extracting features in traditional methods and improve recogniti...How to correctly acquire the appropriate features is a primary problem in network protocol recognition field.Aiming to avoid the trouble of artificially extracting features in traditional methods and improve recognition accuracy,a network protocol recognition method based on Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)is proposed.The method utilizes deep learning technique,and it processes network flows automatically.Firstly,normalization is performed on the intercepted network flows and they are mapped into two-dimensional matrix which will be used as the input of CNN.Then,an improved classification model named Ptr CNN is built,which can automatically extract the appropriate features of network protocols.Finally,the classification model is trained to recognize the network protocols.The proposed approach is compared with several machine learning methods.Experimental results show that the tailored CNN can not only improve protocol recognition accuracy but also ensure the fast convergence of classification model and reduce the classification time.展开更多
An efcient hop count route fnding approach for mobile ad hoc network is presented in this paper.It is an adaptive routing protocol that has a tradeof between transmission power and hop count for wireless ad hoc networ...An efcient hop count route fnding approach for mobile ad hoc network is presented in this paper.It is an adaptive routing protocol that has a tradeof between transmission power and hop count for wireless ad hoc networks.During the route fnding process,the node can dynamically assign transmission power to nodes along the route.The node who has received route request message compares its power with the threshold power value,and then selects a reasonable route according to discriminating algorithms.This algorithm is an efective solution scheme to wireless ad hoc networks through reasonably selected path to reduce network consumption.Simulation results indicate that the proposed protocol can deliver better performances with respect to energy consumption and end-to-end delay.展开更多
In wireless ad hoe network environments, every link is wireless and every node is mobile. Those features make data lost easily as well as multicasting inefficient and unreliable. Moreover, Efficient and reliable multi...In wireless ad hoe network environments, every link is wireless and every node is mobile. Those features make data lost easily as well as multicasting inefficient and unreliable. Moreover, Efficient and reliable multicast in wireless ad hoe network is a difficult issue. It is a major challenge to transmission delays and packet losses due to link changes of a multicast tree at the provision of high delivery ratio for each packet transmission in wireless ad hoe network environment. In this paler, we propose and evaluate Reliable Adaptive Multicast Protocol （RAMP） based on a relay node concept. Relay nodes are placed along the multieast tree. Data recovery is done between relay nodes. RAMP supports a reliable multicasting suitable for mobile ad hoe network by reducing the number of packet retransmissions. We compare RAMP with SRM （Scalable Reliable Multicast）. Simulation results show that the RAMP has high delivery ratio and low end-to-end delay for packet transmsission.展开更多
Remote tracking for mobile targets is one of the most important applications in wireless sensor networks （WSNs）. A target tracking protoco–exponential distributed predictive tracking （EDPT） is proposed. To reduce...Remote tracking for mobile targets is one of the most important applications in wireless sensor networks （WSNs）. A target tracking protoco–exponential distributed predictive tracking （EDPT） is proposed. To reduce energy waste and response time, an improved predictive algorithm–exponential smoothing predictive algorithm （ESPA） is presented. With the aid of an additive proportion and differential （PD） controller, ESPA decreases the system predictive delay effectively. As a recovery mechanism, an optimal searching radius （OSR） algorithm is applied to calculate the optimal radius of the recovery zone. The simulation results validate that the proposed EDPT protocol performes better in terms of track failed ratio, energy waste ratio and enlarged sensing nodes ratio, respectively.展开更多
In modern wireless communication network, the increased consumer demands for multi-type applications and high quality services have become a prominent trend, and put considerable pressure on the wireless network. In t...In modern wireless communication network, the increased consumer demands for multi-type applications and high quality services have become a prominent trend, and put considerable pressure on the wireless network. In that case, the Quality of Experience(Qo E) has received much attention and has become a key performance measurement for the application and service. In order to meet the users' expectations, the management of the resource is crucial in wireless network, especially the Qo E based resource allocation. One of the effective way for resource allocation management is accurate application identification. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning based method for application identification. We first analyse the requirement of managing Qo E for wireless communication, and review the limitation of the traditional identification methods. After that, a deep learning based method is proposed for automatically extracting the features and identifying the type of application. The proposed method is evaluated by using the practical wireless traffic data, and the experiments verify the effectiveness of our method.展开更多
As a named data-based clean-slate future Internet architecture,Content-Centric Networking(CCN)uses entirely different protocols and communication patterns from the host-to-host IP network.In CCN,communication is wholl...As a named data-based clean-slate future Internet architecture,Content-Centric Networking(CCN)uses entirely different protocols and communication patterns from the host-to-host IP network.In CCN,communication is wholly driven by the data consumer.Consumers must send Interest packets with the content name and not by the host’s network address.Its nature of in-network caching,Interest packets aggregation and hop-byhop communication poses unique challenges to provision of Internet applications,where traditional IP network no long works well.This paper presents a comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art application research activities related to CCN architecture.Our main aims in this survey are(a)to identify the advantages and drawbacks of CCN architectures for application provisioning;(b)to discuss the challenges and opportunities regarding service provisioning in CCN architectures;and(c)to further encourage deeper thinking about design principles for future Internet architectures from the perspective of upper-layer applications.展开更多
基金Project supported in part by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2007AA01Z480)
文摘This paper uses a correlation dimension based nonlinear analysis approach to analyse the dynamics of network traffics with three different application protocols-HTTP, FTP and SMTP. First, the phase space is reconstructed and the embedding parameters are obtained by the mutual information method. Secondly, the correlation dimensions of three different traffics are calculated and the results of analysis have demonstrated that the dynamics of the three different application protocol traffics is different from each other in nature, i.e. HTTP and FTP traffics are chaotic, furthermore, the former is more complex than the later; on the other hand, SMTP traffic is stochastic. It is shown that correlation dimension approach is an efficient method to understand and to characterize the nonlinear dynamics of HTTP, FTP and SMTP protocol network traffics. This analysis provided insight into and a more accurate understanding of nonlinear dynamics of internet traffics which have a complex mixture of chaotic and stochastic components.
文摘In the context of the rapid iteration of information technology,the Internet of Things(IoT)has established itself as a pivotal hub connecting the digital world and the physical world.Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),deeply embedded in the perception layer architecture of the IoT,play a crucial role as“tactile nerve endings.”A vast number of micro sensor nodes are widely distributed in monitoring areas according to preset deployment strategies,continuously and accurately perceiving and collecting real-time data on environmental parameters such as temperature,humidity,light intensity,air pressure,and pollutant concentration.These data are transmitted to the IoT cloud platform through stable and reliable communication links,forming a massive and detailed basic data resource pool.By using cutting-edge big data processing algorithms,machine learning models,and artificial intelligence analysis tools,in-depth mining and intelligent analysis of these multi-source heterogeneous data are conducted to generate high-value-added decision-making bases.This precisely empowers multiple fields,including agriculture,medical and health care,smart home,environmental science,and industrial manufacturing,driving intelligent transformation and catalyzing society to move towards a new stage of high-quality development.This paper comprehensively analyzes the technical cores of the IoT and WSNs,systematically sorts out the advanced key technologies of WSNs and the evolution of their strategic significance in the IoT system,deeply explores the innovative application scenarios and practical effects of the two in specific vertical fields,and looks forward to the technological evolution trends.It provides a detailed and highly practical guiding reference for researchers,technical engineers,and industrial decision-makers.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62171405in part by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars under Grant 62225114
文摘With the increasing demand for marine exploration, underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) are prone to have the characteristics of large-scale, long term monitoring, and high data traffic load. Underwater media access control (MAC) protocols, which allow multiple users to share the common medium fairly and efficiently, are essential for the performance of UASNs. However, the design of MAC protocols is confronted with the challenges of spatial unfairness, data eruption, and low energy efficiency. In this paper, we propose a novel data concurrent transmission (DCT) MAC protocol, which is able to exploit long propagation delay and conduct concurrent transmission. Specifically, we present the theoretical performance analysis of the proposed MAC protocol in detail and give an analytical solution of the success concurrent transmission probability between nodes. In addition, simulation results are provided to demonstrate that our proposed protocol is appropriate for UASNs and can significantly improve the performance in terms of network throughput and energy consumption. Finally, we give some typical future applications of UASNs and discuss the demands on MAC protocol design.
基金supported by the Chinese Medicine Development Fund,Hong Kong SAR,China(23B2/027A_R1)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81704198).
文摘Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of acupoint application for post-stroke depression(PSD)by regulating gastrointestinal function.A secondary objective is to explore the potential mechanism underlying this approach from the perspective of gut microbiota.Methods:This multicenter,randomized,double-blind(patients and assessors),placebo-controlled trial will enroll 80 patients with PSD,and include a 1-week run-in period,a 4-week treatment phase,and a 12-week follow-up.Eligible participants will randomly be assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the acupoint application or placebo(non-acupoint)groups.Treatments will be administered thrice weekly for 4 weeks.The primary outcome is change in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression(HAMD)score.Secondary outcomes include the Beck Depression Inventory(BDI),36-Item Short-Form Health Survey(SF-36),Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living,Social Adaptation Self-Evaluation Scale(SASS),and gut microbiota profiling.All outcomes will be assessed at baseline(prior to treatment),during treatment(weeks 2 and 4),and during follow-up(weeks 8,12,and 16).The Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale(TESS)will be used for evaluation throughout the 4-week treatment phase.Discussion:The results of this study will provide important evidence supporting a novel treatment strategy for PSD that targets gastrointestinal regulation,potentially informing future clinical practice.
基金supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China with Grant number 2019YFB1803400.
文摘This paper proposes Flex-QUIC,an AIempowered quick UDP Internet connections(QUIC)enhancement framework that addresses the challenge of degraded transmission efficiency caused by the static parameterization of acknowledgment(ACK)mechanisms,loss detection,and forward error correction(FEC)in dynamic wireless networks.Unlike the standard QUIC protocol,Flex-QUIC systematically integrates machine learning across three critical modules to achieve high-efficiency operation.First,a contextual multi-armed bandit-based ACK adaptation mechanism optimizes the ACK ratio to reduce wireless channel contention.Second,the adaptive loss detection module utilizes a long short-term memory(LSTM)model to predict the reordering displacement for optimizing the packet reordering tolerance.Third,the FEC transmission scheme jointly adjusts the redundancy level based on the LSTM-predicted loss rate and congestion window state.Extensive evaluations across Wi-Fi,5G,and satellite network scenarios demonstrate that Flex-QUIC significantly improves throughput and latency reduction compared to the standard QUIC and other enhanced QUIC variants,highlighting its adaptability to diverse and dynamic network conditions.Finally,we further discuss open issues in deploying AI-native transport protocols.
文摘Cognitive Radio Networks(CRNs)have become a successful platform in recent years for a diverse range of future systems,in particularly,industrial internet of things(IIoT)applications.In order to provide an efficient connection among IIoT devices,CRNs enhance spectrum utilization by using licensed spectrum.However,the routing protocol in these networks is considered one of the main problems due to node mobility and time-variant channel selection.Specifically,the channel selection for routing protocol is indispensable in CRNs to provide an adequate adaptation to the Primary User(PU)activity and create a robust routing path.This study aims to construct a robust routing path by minimizing PU interference and routing delay to maximize throughput within the IIoT domain.Thus,a generic routing framework from a cross-layer perspective is investigated that intends to share the information resources by exploiting a recently proposed method,namely,Channel Availability Probability.Moreover,a novel cross-layer-oriented routing protocol is proposed by using a time-variant channel estimation technique.This protocol combines lower layer(Physical layer and Data Link layer)sensing that is derived from the channel estimation model.Also,it periodically updates and stores the routing table for optimal route decision-making.Moreover,in order to achieve higher throughput and lower delay,a new routing metric is presented.To evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol,network simulations have been conducted and also compared to the widely used routing protocols,as a benchmark.The simulation results of different routing scenarios demonstrate that our proposed solution outperforms the existing protocols in terms of the standard network performance metrics involving packet delivery ratio(with an improved margin of around 5–20%approximately)under varying numbers of PUs and cognitive users in Mobile Cognitive Radio Networks(MCRNs).Moreover,the cross-layer routing protocol successfully achieves high routing performance in finding a robust route,selecting the high channel stability,and reducing the probability of PU interference for continued communication.
文摘The wireless application protocol （WAP） protocol is now the leading standard for information services on wireless terminals like digital mobile phones. By the use of WAP, wireless devices, like mobile phones, are possibly infected with virus and worms. Though up to now there is no such attack, as the usage of script languages increases, there is a chance of malicious code injection. This paper discusses the threats with current WAP protocol, and how changes in the protocol and the increase in its usage will enable entry of real viruses. Future threat scenarios are presented along with suggestions to avoid these problems.
文摘Monitoring behaviour of the elderly and the disabled living alone has become a major public health problem in our modern societies. Among the various scientific aspects involved in the home monitoring field, we are interested in the study and the proposal of a solution allowing distributed sensor nodes to communicate with each other in an optimal way adapted to the specific application constraints. More precisely, we want to build a wireless network that consists of several short range sensor nodes exchanging data between them according to a communication protocol at MAC (Medium Access Control) level. This protocol must be able to optimize energy consumption, transmission time and loss of information. To achieve this objective, we have analyzed the advantages and the limitations of WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) technologies and communication protocols currently used in relation to the requirements of our application. Then we proposed a deterministic, adaptive and energy saving medium access method based on the IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer and a mesh topology. It ensures the message delivery time with strongly limited collision risk due to the spatial reuse of medium in the two-hop neighbourhood. This proposal was characterized by modelling and simulation using OPNET network simulator. Finally we implemented the proposed mechanisms on hardware devices and deployed a sensors network in real situation to verify the accuracy of the model and evaluate the proposal according to different test configurations.
文摘LEACH (Low-Encrgy Adaptive Clustering Hi-erarchy) protocol is a basic clustering-based routing protocol of sensor networks. In this paper, we present the design of SLEACH, asecure extension for the LEACH protocol. We divide SLEACH into four phases and fit inexpensivecryplp-graphic operations to each part of the protocol functionality to create an efficient,practical protocol. Then we give security analyses of SLEACH. Our security analyses show that ourschemeis robust against any external attacker or compromised nodes in the sensor network.
文摘Airborne networks（ANs） are special types of ad hoc networks that can be used to enhance situational awareness, flight coordination and flight efficiency in civil and military aviation.Compared to ground networks, ANs have some unique attributes including high node mobility, frequent topology changes, mechanical and aerodynamic constrains, strict safety requirements and harsh communication environment.Thus, the performance of conventional transmission control protocol（TCP） will be dramatically degraded in ANs.Aircraft commonly have two or more heterogeneous network interfaces which offer an opportunity to form multiple communication paths between any two nodes in ANs.To satisfy the communication requirements in ANs, we propose aeronautical multipath transport protocol（Aero MTP） for ANs, which effectively utilizes the available bandwidth and diversity provided by heterogeneous wireless paths.Aero MTP uses fountain codes as forward error correction（FEC） codes to recover from data loss and deploys a TCP-friendly rate-based congestion control mechanism for each path.Moreover, we design a packet allocation algorithm based on optimization to minimize the delivery time of blocks.The performance of Aero MTP is evaluated through OMNe T＋＋ simulations under a variety of test scenarios.Simulations demonstrate that Aero MTP is of great potential to be applied to ANs.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2014ZX03006003)the ZTE Research and Development Fund
文摘A dynamic protocol stack(DPS) for ad hoc networks, together with a protocol stack construction scheme that is modeled as a multiconstrained knapsack problem is proposed. Compared to the traditional static protocol stack, DPS operates in a dynamic and adaptive manner and is scalable to network condition changes. In addition, a protocol construction algorithm is proposed to dynamically construct of the protocol stack each network node. Simulation results show that, the processing and forwarding performance of our scheme is close to 1 Gb/s, and the performance of our algorithm is close to that of the classical algorithms with much lower complexity.
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(4113074)
文摘The network reliability is difficult to be evaluated because of the complex relationship among the network components.It can be quite different for different users running different applications on the same network.This paper proposes a new concept and a model of application reliability.Different from the existing models that ignores the effects of applications,the proposed application reliability model considers the effects of different applications on the network performance and different types of network faults and makes the analysis of network components relationship possible.This paper also provides a method to evaluate the application reliability when the data flow satisfies Markov properties.Finally,a case study is presented to illustrate the proposed network reliability model and the analysis method.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 10774039)
文摘Secure key distribution among classical parties is impossible both between two parties and in a network. In this paper, we present a quantum key distribution （QKD） protocol to distribute secure key bits among one quantum party and numerous classical parties who have no quantum capacity. We prove that our protocol is completely robust, i.e., any eavesdropping attack should be detected with nonzero probability. Our calculations show that our protocol may be secure against Eve＇s symmetrically individual attack.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFB0802900).
文摘How to correctly acquire the appropriate features is a primary problem in network protocol recognition field.Aiming to avoid the trouble of artificially extracting features in traditional methods and improve recognition accuracy,a network protocol recognition method based on Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)is proposed.The method utilizes deep learning technique,and it processes network flows automatically.Firstly,normalization is performed on the intercepted network flows and they are mapped into two-dimensional matrix which will be used as the input of CNN.Then,an improved classification model named Ptr CNN is built,which can automatically extract the appropriate features of network protocols.Finally,the classification model is trained to recognize the network protocols.The proposed approach is compared with several machine learning methods.Experimental results show that the tailored CNN can not only improve protocol recognition accuracy but also ensure the fast convergence of classification model and reduce the classification time.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.60940010 and 61071073)Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China(No.20090061110043)
文摘An efcient hop count route fnding approach for mobile ad hoc network is presented in this paper.It is an adaptive routing protocol that has a tradeof between transmission power and hop count for wireless ad hoc networks.During the route fnding process,the node can dynamically assign transmission power to nodes along the route.The node who has received route request message compares its power with the threshold power value,and then selects a reasonable route according to discriminating algorithms.This algorithm is an efective solution scheme to wireless ad hoc networks through reasonably selected path to reduce network consumption.Simulation results indicate that the proposed protocol can deliver better performances with respect to energy consumption and end-to-end delay.
文摘In wireless ad hoe network environments, every link is wireless and every node is mobile. Those features make data lost easily as well as multicasting inefficient and unreliable. Moreover, Efficient and reliable multicast in wireless ad hoe network is a difficult issue. It is a major challenge to transmission delays and packet losses due to link changes of a multicast tree at the provision of high delivery ratio for each packet transmission in wireless ad hoe network environment. In this paler, we propose and evaluate Reliable Adaptive Multicast Protocol （RAMP） based on a relay node concept. Relay nodes are placed along the multieast tree. Data recovery is done between relay nodes. RAMP supports a reliable multicasting suitable for mobile ad hoe network by reducing the number of packet retransmissions. We compare RAMP with SRM （Scalable Reliable Multicast）. Simulation results show that the RAMP has high delivery ratio and low end-to-end delay for packet transmsission.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2010CB731800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60934003+2 种基金 60974123 60804010)the Hebei Provincial Educational Foundation of China (2008147)
文摘Remote tracking for mobile targets is one of the most important applications in wireless sensor networks （WSNs）. A target tracking protoco–exponential distributed predictive tracking （EDPT） is proposed. To reduce energy waste and response time, an improved predictive algorithm–exponential smoothing predictive algorithm （ESPA） is presented. With the aid of an additive proportion and differential （PD） controller, ESPA decreases the system predictive delay effectively. As a recovery mechanism, an optimal searching radius （OSR） algorithm is applied to calculate the optimal radius of the recovery zone. The simulation results validate that the proposed EDPT protocol performes better in terms of track failed ratio, energy waste ratio and enlarged sensing nodes ratio, respectively.
基金supported by NSAF under Grant(No.U1530117)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61471022 and No.61201156)
文摘In modern wireless communication network, the increased consumer demands for multi-type applications and high quality services have become a prominent trend, and put considerable pressure on the wireless network. In that case, the Quality of Experience(Qo E) has received much attention and has become a key performance measurement for the application and service. In order to meet the users' expectations, the management of the resource is crucial in wireless network, especially the Qo E based resource allocation. One of the effective way for resource allocation management is accurate application identification. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning based method for application identification. We first analyse the requirement of managing Qo E for wireless communication, and review the limitation of the traditional identification methods. After that, a deep learning based method is proposed for automatically extracting the features and identifying the type of application. The proposed method is evaluated by using the practical wireless traffic data, and the experiments verify the effectiveness of our method.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant 61671081in part by the Funds for International Cooperation and Exchange of NSFC under Grant 61720106007+2 种基金in part by the 111 Project under Grant B18008in part by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation under Grant 4172042in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant 2018XKJC01
文摘As a named data-based clean-slate future Internet architecture,Content-Centric Networking(CCN)uses entirely different protocols and communication patterns from the host-to-host IP network.In CCN,communication is wholly driven by the data consumer.Consumers must send Interest packets with the content name and not by the host’s network address.Its nature of in-network caching,Interest packets aggregation and hop-byhop communication poses unique challenges to provision of Internet applications,where traditional IP network no long works well.This paper presents a comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art application research activities related to CCN architecture.Our main aims in this survey are(a)to identify the advantages and drawbacks of CCN architectures for application provisioning;(b)to discuss the challenges and opportunities regarding service provisioning in CCN architectures;and(c)to further encourage deeper thinking about design principles for future Internet architectures from the perspective of upper-layer applications.
