AIM:To present the clinical outcomes in efficacy and safety of the Ahmed ClearPath®(ACP)250 mm2 model as well as our surgical technique.METHODS:Single-center prospective interventional study of uncontrolled glauc...AIM:To present the clinical outcomes in efficacy and safety of the Ahmed ClearPath®(ACP)250 mm2 model as well as our surgical technique.METHODS:Single-center prospective interventional study of uncontrolled glaucoma eyes undergoing ACP implantation,as a standalone procedure or in combination with cataract phacoemulsification.Intraocular pressure(IOP)was evaluated prior to surgery and 1wk,1,3,6mo and 1y postoperatively.In addition,the number of antiglaucoma drugs and intra and postoperative complications were assessed.RESULTS:A total of 30 eyes of 28 patients were included in the study.The patients were on average 72.8(13.4)years old and 53.6%were male.Totally 40%of the eyes had primary open angle glaucoma,16.7%had neovascular glaucoma,16.7%had pseudoexfoliative glaucoma,10%had glaucoma secondary to pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade,6.7%had aphakic glaucoma,6.7%had primary congenital glaucoma and 3.3%had pigmentary glaucoma.Before surgery mean IOP was 26.1(10.8)mm Hg and mean glaucoma medication use was 3.7(0.5).At 1,3,6 and 12mo mean IOP was 16.1,11.7,11.8 and 11.5 mm Hg,respectively.Mean glaucoma medication use was 1.9,1.5,1.2 and 1.2,respectively.At 1y,complete surgical success was found in 46.7%patients(n=14)and qualified success in 53.3%(n=16).There were no intraoperative complications.Postoperative complications include choroidal effusion(n=5),transient hyphema(n=2),early hypotony with shallow anterior chamber(n=2)and late hemorrhagic choroidal detachment(n=1).CONCLUSION:The ACP appears to be an efficient surgical option for treating refractory glaucoma,achieving good IOP control and decreasing medication burden.The results obtained at 6mo are an important prognostic factor for long-term outcomes.展开更多
The identification and optimization of mutations in nanobodies are crucial for enhancing their thera-peutic potential in disease prevention and control.However,this process is often complex and time-consuming,which li...The identification and optimization of mutations in nanobodies are crucial for enhancing their thera-peutic potential in disease prevention and control.However,this process is often complex and time-consuming,which limit its widespread application in practice.In this study,we developed a work-flow,named Evolutionary-Nanobody(EvoNB),to predict key mutation sites of nanobodies by combining protein language models(PLMs)and molecular dynamic(MD)simulations.By fine-tuning the ESM2 model on a large-scale nanobody dataset,the ability of EvoNB to capture specific sequence features of nanobodies was significantly enhanced.The fine-tuned EvoNB model demonstrated higher predictive accuracy in the conserved framework and highly variable complementarity-determining regions of nanobodies.Additionally,we selected four widely representative nanobodyeantigen complexes to verify the predicted effects of mutations.MD simulations analyzed the energy changes caused by these mu-tations to predict their impact on binding affinity to the targets.The results showed that multiple mu-tations screened by EvoNB significantly enhanced the binding affinity between nanobody and its target,further validating the potential of this workflow for designing and optimizing nanobody mutations.Additionally,sequence-based predictions are generally less dependent on structural absence,allowing them to be more easily integrated with tools for structural predictions,such as AlphaFold 3.Through mutation prediction and systematic analysis of key sites,we can quickly predict the most promising variants for experimental validation without relying on traditional evolutionary or selection processes.The EvoNB workflow provides an effective tool for the rapid optimization of nanobodies and facilitates the application of PLMs in the biomedical field.展开更多
Blended learning is an important practice of teaching reform in universities,which effectively integrates online and offline teaching resources.Through the participation of teachers in the learning process and helping...Blended learning is an important practice of teaching reform in universities,which effectively integrates online and offline teaching resources.Through the participation of teachers in the learning process and helping students construct knowledge,the teaching philosophy of“learning as the center”is realized,which plays an important role in improving the quality of teaching courses and cultivating professional talents.This article analyzes the problems in course teaching,proposes a hybrid teaching design strategy based on the ADDIO2OE model,analyzes the specific requirements of each stage,and conducts research and discussion to form a complete teaching model,aiming to deepen teaching reform and improve teaching quality.展开更多
Based on the hindcasts from five subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)models participating in the S2S Prediction Project,this study evaluates the performance of the multimodel ensemble(MME)approach in predicting the subseasona...Based on the hindcasts from five subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)models participating in the S2S Prediction Project,this study evaluates the performance of the multimodel ensemble(MME)approach in predicting the subseasonal precipitation anomalies during summer in China and reveals the contributions of possible driving factors.The results suggest that while single-model ensembles(SMEs)exhibit constrained predictive skills within a limited forecast lead time of three pentads,the MME illustrates an enhanced predictive skill at a lead time of up to four pentads,and even six pentads,in southern China.Based on both deterministic and probabilistic verification metrics,the MME consistently outperforms SMEs,with a more evident advantage observed in probabilistic forecasting.The superior performance of the MME is primarily attributable to the increase in ensemble size,and the enhanced model diversity is also a contributing factor.The reliability of probabilistic skill is largely improved due to the increase in ensemble members,while the resolution term does not exhibit consistent improvement.Furthermore,the Madden–Julian Oscillation(MJO)is revealed as the primary driving factor for the successful prediction of summer precipitation in China using the MME.The improvement by the MME is not solely attributable to the enhancement in the inherent predictive capacity of the MJO itself,but derives from its capability in capturing the more realistic relationship between the MJO and subseasonal precipitation anomalies in China.This study establishes a scientific foundation for acknowledging the advantageous predictive capability of the MME approach in subseasonal predictions of summer precipitation in China,and sheds light on further improving S2S predictions.展开更多
The objective of this work is to develop an innovative system(ROSGPT)that merges large language models(LLMs)with the robot operating system(ROS),facilitating natural language voice control of mobile robots.This integr...The objective of this work is to develop an innovative system(ROSGPT)that merges large language models(LLMs)with the robot operating system(ROS),facilitating natural language voice control of mobile robots.This integration aims to bridge the gap between human-robot interaction(HRI)and artificial intelligence(AI).ROSGPT integrates several subsystems,including speech recognition,prompt engineering,LLM and ROS,enabling seamless control of robots through human voice or text commands.The LLM component is optimized,with its performance refined from the open-source Llama2 model through fine-tuning and quantization procedures.Through extensive experiments conducted in both real-world and virtual environments,ROSGPT demonstrates its efficacy in meeting user requirements and delivering user-friendly interactive experiences.The system demonstrates versatility and adaptability through its ability to comprehend diverse user commands and execute corresponding tasks with precision and reliability,thereby showcasing its potential for various practical applications in robotics and AI.The demonstration video can be viewed at https://iklxo6z9yv.feishu.cn/docx/Lux3dmTDxoZ5YnxWJTZcxUCWnTh.展开更多
Characterized by special morphologic,geographic,hydrologic,and societal behaviors,the water resources management of the Mediterranean catchment often shows a higher level of complexity including security issues of wat...Characterized by special morphologic,geographic,hydrologic,and societal behaviors,the water resources management of the Mediterranean catchment often shows a higher level of complexity including security issues of water supply,inundation risks,and environment management under the perspective of climate change.To have a comprehensive understanding of the Mediterranean water-cycle system,a deterministic distributed hydrologic modeling approach has been developed and presented in this study based on an application in the Var catchment(2800 km^(2))located at the French Mediterranean region.A 1D and 2D coupled model of MIKE SHE and MIKE 11 has been set up under a series of hypotheses to represent the whole hydrologic and hydrodynamic processes including rainfall-runoff,snow-melting,channel flow,overland flow,and the water exchange between land surface and unsaturated/saturated zones.The developed model was first calibrated with 4 years daily records from 2008 to 2011,then to be validated and further run within hourly time interval to produce detailed representation of the catchment water-cycle from 2012 to 2014.The deterministic distributed modeling approach presented in this study is able to represent its complicated water-cycle and used for supporting the decision‐making process of the water resources management of the catchment.展开更多
An Interval Type-2(IT-2)fuzzy controller design approach is proposed in this research to simultaneously achievemultiple control objectives inNonlinearMulti-Agent Systems(NMASs),including formation,containment,and coll...An Interval Type-2(IT-2)fuzzy controller design approach is proposed in this research to simultaneously achievemultiple control objectives inNonlinearMulti-Agent Systems(NMASs),including formation,containment,and collision avoidance.However,inherent nonlinearities and uncertainties present in practical control systems contribute to the challenge of achieving precise control performance.Based on the IT-2 Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Model(T-SFM),the fuzzy control approach can offer a more effective solution for NMASs facing uncertainties.Unlike existing control methods for NMASs,the Formation and Containment(F-and-C)control problem with collision avoidance capability under uncertainties based on the IT-2 T-SFM is discussed for the first time.Moreover,an IT-2 fuzzy tracking control approach is proposed to solve the formation task for leaders in NMASs without requiring communication.This control scheme makes the design process of the IT-2 fuzzy Formation Controller(FC)more straightforward and effective.According to the communication interaction protocol,the IT-2 Containment Controller(CC)design approach is proposed for followers to ensure convergence into the region defined by the leaders.Leveraging the IT-2 T-SFM representation,the analysis methods developed for linear Multi-Agent Systems(MASs)are successfully extended to perform containment analysis without requiring the additional assumptions imposed in existing research.Notably,the IT-2 fuzzy tracking controller can also be applied in collision avoidance situations to track the desired trajectories calculated by the avoidance algorithm under the Artificial Potential Field(APF).Benefiting from the combination of vortex and source APFs,the leaders can properly adjust the system dynamics to prevent potential collision risk.Integrating the fuzzy theory and APFs avoidance algorithm,an IT-2 fuzzy controller design approach is proposed to achieve the F-and-C purposewhile ensuring collision avoidance capability.Finally,amulti-ship simulation is conducted to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the designed IT-2 fuzzy controller.展开更多
Foam plays a crucial role in conditioning the mechanical properties of coarse-grained soil during earth pressure balance shield tunneling.Experimental findings have shown that an appropriate foam injection ratio impro...Foam plays a crucial role in conditioning the mechanical properties of coarse-grained soil during earth pressure balance shield tunneling.Experimental findings have shown that an appropriate foam injection ratio improves the workability and compressibility of conditioned soil,while reducing its shear strength under undrained conditions.Understanding how foam operates in soil pores is essential for interpreting these phenomena.This study utilized a theoretical two-dimensional(2D)model to analyze the effects of gas saturation,gas-liquid interface,and gas dissolution on the undrained mechanical properties of foamconditioned soil.Based on these analyses,a constitutive equation was developed,using the transition void ratio,compression index and contact coefficient as key parameters to describe the relationships among vertical stress σ_(v),void ratio e_(c),and shear strengthτ.The undrained mechanical properties calculated by the 2D model align well with experimental observations,indicating that while foam enhances the bonding force between soil particles,both excessive and insufficient gas saturation,along with larger contact angles,notably undermine this enhancement,resulting in unsuitable workability.A gas saturation of 0.5-0.8 is recommended for soil conditioning.Under typical chamber pressures,the effects of gas-liquid interface and gas dissolution on compressibility and shear strength are negligible.The constitutive equation demonstrates excellent agreement with experimental data,and can well predict the variations in σ_(v)-e_(c)-τ.This study contributes to understanding the role of foam in soil pores,and the developed constitutive equation serves as a valuable reference for describing the undrained mechanical behavior of foam-conditioned coarse-grained soil.展开更多
The modeling ability of a stand-alone version of the Simple Biosphere Model 2（SiB2） was tested mainly through diagnosing the simulated latent heat（LE）,sensible heat（H）,CO2 flux,and air temperature at the Tongyu ...The modeling ability of a stand-alone version of the Simple Biosphere Model 2（SiB2） was tested mainly through diagnosing the simulated latent heat（LE）,sensible heat（H）,CO2 flux,and air temperature at the Tongyu field observation station（44°25＇N,122°52＇E,184 m elevation） of Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period（CEOP）,where the land cover is cropland and grassland.In the whole year of 2003,the canopy height and the leaf area index was variable.During non-growth period,the surface would become bare,while during the growth period,the canopy height could reach 2.0 m high over cropland and 0.8 m high over grassland,respectively,and max leaf area index could reach 4.2 and 2.4,respectively.The model was initialized with measurement and driven by half-hourly atmospheric observations.The simulation values for 2003 were compared against measurements.Results show that the model is of a good ability of simulating the hourly latent heat（LE）,sensible heat（H）,CO2 flux and temperature during the growth period.Moreover,the daily LE,H and CO2 flux simulated by SiB2 could reflect their yearly change reasonably.However,the model may overestimate the H generally.展开更多
文摘AIM:To present the clinical outcomes in efficacy and safety of the Ahmed ClearPath®(ACP)250 mm2 model as well as our surgical technique.METHODS:Single-center prospective interventional study of uncontrolled glaucoma eyes undergoing ACP implantation,as a standalone procedure or in combination with cataract phacoemulsification.Intraocular pressure(IOP)was evaluated prior to surgery and 1wk,1,3,6mo and 1y postoperatively.In addition,the number of antiglaucoma drugs and intra and postoperative complications were assessed.RESULTS:A total of 30 eyes of 28 patients were included in the study.The patients were on average 72.8(13.4)years old and 53.6%were male.Totally 40%of the eyes had primary open angle glaucoma,16.7%had neovascular glaucoma,16.7%had pseudoexfoliative glaucoma,10%had glaucoma secondary to pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade,6.7%had aphakic glaucoma,6.7%had primary congenital glaucoma and 3.3%had pigmentary glaucoma.Before surgery mean IOP was 26.1(10.8)mm Hg and mean glaucoma medication use was 3.7(0.5).At 1,3,6 and 12mo mean IOP was 16.1,11.7,11.8 and 11.5 mm Hg,respectively.Mean glaucoma medication use was 1.9,1.5,1.2 and 1.2,respectively.At 1y,complete surgical success was found in 46.7%patients(n=14)and qualified success in 53.3%(n=16).There were no intraoperative complications.Postoperative complications include choroidal effusion(n=5),transient hyphema(n=2),early hypotony with shallow anterior chamber(n=2)and late hemorrhagic choroidal detachment(n=1).CONCLUSION:The ACP appears to be an efficient surgical option for treating refractory glaucoma,achieving good IOP control and decreasing medication burden.The results obtained at 6mo are an important prognostic factor for long-term outcomes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.:92477103,22273023,12474285 and 22373116)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.:2019YFA0905200)+5 种基金Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.:23ZR1418200)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,China(Grant No.:CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0616)Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent SynthesesShanghai Future Discipline Program(Quantum Science and Tech-nology)Shanghai Municipal Education Commission’s“Artificial Intelligence-Driven Research Paradigm Reform and Discipline Advancement Program”the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘The identification and optimization of mutations in nanobodies are crucial for enhancing their thera-peutic potential in disease prevention and control.However,this process is often complex and time-consuming,which limit its widespread application in practice.In this study,we developed a work-flow,named Evolutionary-Nanobody(EvoNB),to predict key mutation sites of nanobodies by combining protein language models(PLMs)and molecular dynamic(MD)simulations.By fine-tuning the ESM2 model on a large-scale nanobody dataset,the ability of EvoNB to capture specific sequence features of nanobodies was significantly enhanced.The fine-tuned EvoNB model demonstrated higher predictive accuracy in the conserved framework and highly variable complementarity-determining regions of nanobodies.Additionally,we selected four widely representative nanobodyeantigen complexes to verify the predicted effects of mutations.MD simulations analyzed the energy changes caused by these mu-tations to predict their impact on binding affinity to the targets.The results showed that multiple mu-tations screened by EvoNB significantly enhanced the binding affinity between nanobody and its target,further validating the potential of this workflow for designing and optimizing nanobody mutations.Additionally,sequence-based predictions are generally less dependent on structural absence,allowing them to be more easily integrated with tools for structural predictions,such as AlphaFold 3.Through mutation prediction and systematic analysis of key sites,we can quickly predict the most promising variants for experimental validation without relying on traditional evolutionary or selection processes.The EvoNB workflow provides an effective tool for the rapid optimization of nanobodies and facilitates the application of PLMs in the biomedical field.
文摘Blended learning is an important practice of teaching reform in universities,which effectively integrates online and offline teaching resources.Through the participation of teachers in the learning process and helping students construct knowledge,the teaching philosophy of“learning as the center”is realized,which plays an important role in improving the quality of teaching courses and cultivating professional talents.This article analyzes the problems in course teaching,proposes a hybrid teaching design strategy based on the ADDIO2OE model,analyzes the specific requirements of each stage,and conducts research and discussion to form a complete teaching model,aiming to deepen teaching reform and improve teaching quality.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42175052 and U2442206)the Joint Research Project for Meteorological Capacity Improvement(Grant No.23NLTSQ007,23NLTSZ003)+2 种基金the Innovative Development Special Project of the China Meteorological Administration(Grant No.CXFZ2023J002)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFC3007700,2024YFC3013100)the China Meteorological Administration Youth Innovation Team(Grant No.CMA2024QN06)。
文摘Based on the hindcasts from five subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)models participating in the S2S Prediction Project,this study evaluates the performance of the multimodel ensemble(MME)approach in predicting the subseasonal precipitation anomalies during summer in China and reveals the contributions of possible driving factors.The results suggest that while single-model ensembles(SMEs)exhibit constrained predictive skills within a limited forecast lead time of three pentads,the MME illustrates an enhanced predictive skill at a lead time of up to four pentads,and even six pentads,in southern China.Based on both deterministic and probabilistic verification metrics,the MME consistently outperforms SMEs,with a more evident advantage observed in probabilistic forecasting.The superior performance of the MME is primarily attributable to the increase in ensemble size,and the enhanced model diversity is also a contributing factor.The reliability of probabilistic skill is largely improved due to the increase in ensemble members,while the resolution term does not exhibit consistent improvement.Furthermore,the Madden–Julian Oscillation(MJO)is revealed as the primary driving factor for the successful prediction of summer precipitation in China using the MME.The improvement by the MME is not solely attributable to the enhancement in the inherent predictive capacity of the MJO itself,but derives from its capability in capturing the more realistic relationship between the MJO and subseasonal precipitation anomalies in China.This study establishes a scientific foundation for acknowledging the advantageous predictive capability of the MME approach in subseasonal predictions of summer precipitation in China,and sheds light on further improving S2S predictions.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61601112)。
文摘The objective of this work is to develop an innovative system(ROSGPT)that merges large language models(LLMs)with the robot operating system(ROS),facilitating natural language voice control of mobile robots.This integration aims to bridge the gap between human-robot interaction(HRI)and artificial intelligence(AI).ROSGPT integrates several subsystems,including speech recognition,prompt engineering,LLM and ROS,enabling seamless control of robots through human voice or text commands.The LLM component is optimized,with its performance refined from the open-source Llama2 model through fine-tuning and quantization procedures.Through extensive experiments conducted in both real-world and virtual environments,ROSGPT demonstrates its efficacy in meeting user requirements and delivering user-friendly interactive experiences.The system demonstrates versatility and adaptability through its ability to comprehend diverse user commands and execute corresponding tasks with precision and reliability,thereby showcasing its potential for various practical applications in robotics and AI.The demonstration video can be viewed at https://iklxo6z9yv.feishu.cn/docx/Lux3dmTDxoZ5YnxWJTZcxUCWnTh.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFC3006702)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality(IS23117).
文摘Characterized by special morphologic,geographic,hydrologic,and societal behaviors,the water resources management of the Mediterranean catchment often shows a higher level of complexity including security issues of water supply,inundation risks,and environment management under the perspective of climate change.To have a comprehensive understanding of the Mediterranean water-cycle system,a deterministic distributed hydrologic modeling approach has been developed and presented in this study based on an application in the Var catchment(2800 km^(2))located at the French Mediterranean region.A 1D and 2D coupled model of MIKE SHE and MIKE 11 has been set up under a series of hypotheses to represent the whole hydrologic and hydrodynamic processes including rainfall-runoff,snow-melting,channel flow,overland flow,and the water exchange between land surface and unsaturated/saturated zones.The developed model was first calibrated with 4 years daily records from 2008 to 2011,then to be validated and further run within hourly time interval to produce detailed representation of the catchment water-cycle from 2012 to 2014.The deterministic distributed modeling approach presented in this study is able to represent its complicated water-cycle and used for supporting the decision‐making process of the water resources management of the catchment.
基金founded by the National Science and Technology Council of the Republic of China under contract NSTC113-2221-E-019-032.
文摘An Interval Type-2(IT-2)fuzzy controller design approach is proposed in this research to simultaneously achievemultiple control objectives inNonlinearMulti-Agent Systems(NMASs),including formation,containment,and collision avoidance.However,inherent nonlinearities and uncertainties present in practical control systems contribute to the challenge of achieving precise control performance.Based on the IT-2 Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Model(T-SFM),the fuzzy control approach can offer a more effective solution for NMASs facing uncertainties.Unlike existing control methods for NMASs,the Formation and Containment(F-and-C)control problem with collision avoidance capability under uncertainties based on the IT-2 T-SFM is discussed for the first time.Moreover,an IT-2 fuzzy tracking control approach is proposed to solve the formation task for leaders in NMASs without requiring communication.This control scheme makes the design process of the IT-2 fuzzy Formation Controller(FC)more straightforward and effective.According to the communication interaction protocol,the IT-2 Containment Controller(CC)design approach is proposed for followers to ensure convergence into the region defined by the leaders.Leveraging the IT-2 T-SFM representation,the analysis methods developed for linear Multi-Agent Systems(MASs)are successfully extended to perform containment analysis without requiring the additional assumptions imposed in existing research.Notably,the IT-2 fuzzy tracking controller can also be applied in collision avoidance situations to track the desired trajectories calculated by the avoidance algorithm under the Artificial Potential Field(APF).Benefiting from the combination of vortex and source APFs,the leaders can properly adjust the system dynamics to prevent potential collision risk.Integrating the fuzzy theory and APFs avoidance algorithm,an IT-2 fuzzy controller design approach is proposed to achieve the F-and-C purposewhile ensuring collision avoidance capability.Finally,amulti-ship simulation is conducted to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the designed IT-2 fuzzy controller.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51979144)the State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering(Grant No.SKLHSE-2024-B-02).
文摘Foam plays a crucial role in conditioning the mechanical properties of coarse-grained soil during earth pressure balance shield tunneling.Experimental findings have shown that an appropriate foam injection ratio improves the workability and compressibility of conditioned soil,while reducing its shear strength under undrained conditions.Understanding how foam operates in soil pores is essential for interpreting these phenomena.This study utilized a theoretical two-dimensional(2D)model to analyze the effects of gas saturation,gas-liquid interface,and gas dissolution on the undrained mechanical properties of foamconditioned soil.Based on these analyses,a constitutive equation was developed,using the transition void ratio,compression index and contact coefficient as key parameters to describe the relationships among vertical stress σ_(v),void ratio e_(c),and shear strengthτ.The undrained mechanical properties calculated by the 2D model align well with experimental observations,indicating that while foam enhances the bonding force between soil particles,both excessive and insufficient gas saturation,along with larger contact angles,notably undermine this enhancement,resulting in unsuitable workability.A gas saturation of 0.5-0.8 is recommended for soil conditioning.Under typical chamber pressures,the effects of gas-liquid interface and gas dissolution on compressibility and shear strength are negligible.The constitutive equation demonstrates excellent agreement with experimental data,and can well predict the variations in σ_(v)-e_(c)-τ.This study contributes to understanding the role of foam in soil pores,and the developed constitutive equation serves as a valuable reference for describing the undrained mechanical behavior of foam-conditioned coarse-grained soil.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2006CB400506)
文摘The modeling ability of a stand-alone version of the Simple Biosphere Model 2（SiB2） was tested mainly through diagnosing the simulated latent heat（LE）,sensible heat（H）,CO2 flux,and air temperature at the Tongyu field observation station（44°25＇N,122°52＇E,184 m elevation） of Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period（CEOP）,where the land cover is cropland and grassland.In the whole year of 2003,the canopy height and the leaf area index was variable.During non-growth period,the surface would become bare,while during the growth period,the canopy height could reach 2.0 m high over cropland and 0.8 m high over grassland,respectively,and max leaf area index could reach 4.2 and 2.4,respectively.The model was initialized with measurement and driven by half-hourly atmospheric observations.The simulation values for 2003 were compared against measurements.Results show that the model is of a good ability of simulating the hourly latent heat（LE）,sensible heat（H）,CO2 flux and temperature during the growth period.Moreover,the daily LE,H and CO2 flux simulated by SiB2 could reflect their yearly change reasonably.However,the model may overestimate the H generally.
