The purpose of this study is to investigate the Classification of Synoptic Circulation Patterns for Fog in the Urumqi Airport in Xinjiang, China. By using relevant climate statistical method, the hourly ground observa...The purpose of this study is to investigate the Classification of Synoptic Circulation Patterns for Fog in the Urumqi Airport in Xinjiang, China. By using relevant climate statistical method, the hourly ground observation data and four times per day and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data (1° × 1°) from 1985 to 2014 were analyzed. The results showed that: 1) The occurrence of fog significantly increased during 1985 and 2014;There are two stages of the airport fog in the 30 years, less-fog period (1985-2002) and more-fog period (2002-2014), the fog focused occurred in November to March of the following year, most in December and least in March;2) Based on Lamb-Jenkinson method, the dominant types of fog in Urumqi Airport are C, E, SE, W, A types (Among them, A, C, E, W, SE are the circulation types. C is Cyclone, A is Anti-cyclone, E is East, W is West, SE is Southeast), and the international distribution of each type is also different;3) The dominant types of persistence fog are A, C, E, SE types, A type appears in the afternoon to the nighttime, in the morning less frequent, on the other hand, C type is just the opposite;4) Atmospheric circulation characteristics for persistence fog profile can be divided into four series: A, C, E, SE series, and climatic characteristics in different series are different.展开更多
The Twain-Hu Basin(THB),located in Central China,serves as a key juncture where the northerly“polluted”airflows of the East Asian winter monsoon meet the southerly warm and humid airflows.Using the T-PCA(T-mode Prin...The Twain-Hu Basin(THB),located in Central China,serves as a key juncture where the northerly“polluted”airflows of the East Asian winter monsoon meet the southerly warm and humid airflows.Using the T-PCA(T-mode Principal Component Analysis)objective synoptic pattern classification,Flexible Particle-Weather Research and Forecasting(FLEXPARTWRF)model,and Random Forest model,we investigate the influences of synoptic circulations on regional transport,local accumulation,and chemical transformation of PM_(2.5)during heavy air pollution over the THB in January of 2015-2022.The results show that the transport-type synoptic pattern accounts for 65.16%of heavy PM_(2.5)pollution,indicating that regional transport of PM_(2.5)dominates the THB’s heavy air pollution.The PM_(2.5)/CO ratio is higher in the transport-type pattern and positively correlated with PM_(2.5)concentrations,reflecting a higher efficiency of chemical transformation to secondary PM_(2.5)in transport-type pollution compared with the accumulation-type pollution.Transport-type heavy PM_(2.5)pollution is predominantly influenced by upstream anomalous northerly and easterly airflows at the bottom of the high-pressure system,converging with the southern wind in the receptor area over the THB.Accumulation-type heavy pollution exhibits weak wind anomalies in central and eastern China under the control of a uniform pressure field.Furthermore,thermally-induced vertical circulations with sinking airflows in the middle and lower troposphere suppress the vertical air pollutant dispersions.The relative contributions of atmospheric factors for transport-type PM_(2.5)heavy pollution events are 38.0%for dynamical driver,26.8%for thermal driver,and 35.1%for chemical transformation,while in accumulation-type,the contribution rates are 33.9%,36.3%,and 29.7%,respectively.This study elucidates the influences of synoptic patterns on regional transport,local accumulation,and chemical transformation of PM_(2.5)for heavy air pollution,with implications for understanding changes of air quality in the receptor region of regional transport.展开更多
Based on the observational hourly precipitation data and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Reanalysis 5(ERA5)products from 2006 to 2020,22 rainstorm processes in the eastern foot of Helan Mo...Based on the observational hourly precipitation data and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Reanalysis 5(ERA5)products from 2006 to 2020,22 rainstorm processes in the eastern foot of Helan Mountain are objectively classified by using the hierarchical clustering method,and the circulation characteristics of different patterns are comparatively analyzed in this study.The results show that the occurrences of rainstorm processes in the eastern foot of Helan Mountain are most closely related to three circulation patterns.PatternsⅠandⅢmainly occur in July and August,with similar zonal circulations in synoptic backgrounds.Specifically,the South Asia high and the western Pacific subtropical high are stronger and more northward than those in normal years.The frontal systems in westerlies are inactive,while the water vapor from the ocean surface in the south is mainly transported to the rainstorm area by the southerly jet stream at 700 h Pa.The dynamic lifting anomalies are relatively weak,the instability of atmospheric stratification is anomalously strong,and thus the localized severe convective rainstorm is more significant.Comparatively,rainstorm processes of patternⅠare accompanied by stronger and deeper ascending motions,and the warm-sector rainstorm is more extreme.PatternⅢshows a stronger and deeper convective instability,accompanied by larger low-level moisture.Rainstorm processes of patternⅡmainly occur in early summer and early autumn,presenting a meridional circulation pattern of high in the east and low in the west in terms of geopotential height.Moreover,the two low-level jets transporting the water vapor northward from the ocean on the east of China encounter with the frontal systems in westerlies,which makes the ascending motion in patternⅡanomalously strong and deep.The relatively weak instability of atmospheric stratification causes weak convection and long-lasting precipitation formed by the confluence of cold air and warm air.This study may help improve rainstorm forecasting in arid regions.展开更多
In this study, the classification scheme developed by Jenkinson and Collison （1977） based on a typing scheme of Lamb （1950） is applied to obtain circulation types from the mean sea-level pressure on a monthly basi...In this study, the classification scheme developed by Jenkinson and Collison （1977） based on a typing scheme of Lamb （1950） is applied to obtain circulation types from the mean sea-level pressure on a monthly basis. Monthly mean sea-level pressure data from 1951 to 2002 are used to derive six circulation indices and to provide a circulation catalogue with 27 circulation types. Five major types （N, NW, C, CSW, and SW） which occurred most frequently are analyzed to reveal their relationships with the temperature of Harbin on various time scales. Stepwise multiple regression is used to reconstruct temperature anomaly. The monthly mean rainfall of all types occurring and the composite maps of three major types （C, CSW, and SW） relevant to Harbin＇s precipitation are studied. The results show that the dominant types in winter are types N and NW. types C, CSW, and SW occur frequently in summer. Types N and NW favor a negative temperature anomaly and correspond to less rainfall, while types C, CSW, and SW often induce a positive temperature anomaly and correspond to more rainfall. Moreover, a successful statistical model can be established with only one of the six indices and large-scale mean temperature. Using the model, 77.3% of the total variance in the temperature anomaly between 1951 and 2002 can be reconstructed. Type C has a close relationship with total rainfall and type C precipitation plays a major role in determining the total rainfall of Harbin in recent years. This classification scheme is a statistical downscaling model and its relationships with temperature and precipitation can be used to forecast regional climate.展开更多
雨滴谱作为可以直接描述雨滴尺寸、数量等特征的高频次观测资料,广泛应用到对不同天气、不同类型雨滴变化的精细化评估分析中。本研究利用2019~2022年陕西地区雨滴谱资料,分析了5种天气环流影响下陕西降水总体特征、暴雨过程和非暴雨过...雨滴谱作为可以直接描述雨滴尺寸、数量等特征的高频次观测资料,广泛应用到对不同天气、不同类型雨滴变化的精细化评估分析中。本研究利用2019~2022年陕西地区雨滴谱资料,分析了5种天气环流影响下陕西降水总体特征、暴雨过程和非暴雨过程滴谱特征以及对流降水和层云降水滴谱特征。研究结果表明,雨强>5mm h^(-1)的降水对过程总雨量贡献度在各环流之间差异明显,不同直径区间雨滴数浓度及降雨率的贡献程度不同是形成总体特征差异的主要原因,例如,西南气流型多为长时间高浓度小雨滴形成稳定降水,西北气流型多为短时间高浓度大雨滴形成强降水。不同环流暴雨与非暴雨降水之间的滴谱差异特征进一步增大,高雨强降水对雨滴谱参量有明显促进作用。雨滴数浓度随直径变化的特征显示,各环流天气暴雨过程中雨强>5 mm h^(-1)的对流降水雨滴数量比例和直径谱宽普遍高于非暴雨降水。各环流类型的对流降水之间和层云降水之间的质量加权平均直径(Dm)—标准化截距参数(Nw)分布范围、量级等特征接近,差别在于平均值点及大值区位置。对比昭苏、珠海及帕劳岛等类似地区对流降水特征,陕西大部分对流降水偏向海洋性对流降水特征,少数大陆性对流降水多出现在平直气流型和西北气流型天气中。本研究基于上述分析,在传统雷达反射率因子(Z)—降水率(R)经验关系的基础上,通过雨滴谱参数优化拟合了陕西各环流降水的Z–R估测降水关系式,有助于提升当地不同天气场景下雷达估测降水的准确率。展开更多
文摘The purpose of this study is to investigate the Classification of Synoptic Circulation Patterns for Fog in the Urumqi Airport in Xinjiang, China. By using relevant climate statistical method, the hourly ground observation data and four times per day and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data (1° × 1°) from 1985 to 2014 were analyzed. The results showed that: 1) The occurrence of fog significantly increased during 1985 and 2014;There are two stages of the airport fog in the 30 years, less-fog period (1985-2002) and more-fog period (2002-2014), the fog focused occurred in November to March of the following year, most in December and least in March;2) Based on Lamb-Jenkinson method, the dominant types of fog in Urumqi Airport are C, E, SE, W, A types (Among them, A, C, E, W, SE are the circulation types. C is Cyclone, A is Anti-cyclone, E is East, W is West, SE is Southeast), and the international distribution of each type is also different;3) The dominant types of persistence fog are A, C, E, SE types, A type appears in the afternoon to the nighttime, in the morning less frequent, on the other hand, C type is just the opposite;4) Atmospheric circulation characteristics for persistence fog profile can be divided into four series: A, C, E, SE series, and climatic characteristics in different series are different.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42075186 and 41830965).
文摘The Twain-Hu Basin(THB),located in Central China,serves as a key juncture where the northerly“polluted”airflows of the East Asian winter monsoon meet the southerly warm and humid airflows.Using the T-PCA(T-mode Principal Component Analysis)objective synoptic pattern classification,Flexible Particle-Weather Research and Forecasting(FLEXPARTWRF)model,and Random Forest model,we investigate the influences of synoptic circulations on regional transport,local accumulation,and chemical transformation of PM_(2.5)during heavy air pollution over the THB in January of 2015-2022.The results show that the transport-type synoptic pattern accounts for 65.16%of heavy PM_(2.5)pollution,indicating that regional transport of PM_(2.5)dominates the THB’s heavy air pollution.The PM_(2.5)/CO ratio is higher in the transport-type pattern and positively correlated with PM_(2.5)concentrations,reflecting a higher efficiency of chemical transformation to secondary PM_(2.5)in transport-type pollution compared with the accumulation-type pollution.Transport-type heavy PM_(2.5)pollution is predominantly influenced by upstream anomalous northerly and easterly airflows at the bottom of the high-pressure system,converging with the southern wind in the receptor area over the THB.Accumulation-type heavy pollution exhibits weak wind anomalies in central and eastern China under the control of a uniform pressure field.Furthermore,thermally-induced vertical circulations with sinking airflows in the middle and lower troposphere suppress the vertical air pollutant dispersions.The relative contributions of atmospheric factors for transport-type PM_(2.5)heavy pollution events are 38.0%for dynamical driver,26.8%for thermal driver,and 35.1%for chemical transformation,while in accumulation-type,the contribution rates are 33.9%,36.3%,and 29.7%,respectively.This study elucidates the influences of synoptic patterns on regional transport,local accumulation,and chemical transformation of PM_(2.5)for heavy air pollution,with implications for understanding changes of air quality in the receptor region of regional transport.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41965001)Program of Technology and Innovation for Leading Talents in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(2021GKLRLX05)。
文摘Based on the observational hourly precipitation data and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Reanalysis 5(ERA5)products from 2006 to 2020,22 rainstorm processes in the eastern foot of Helan Mountain are objectively classified by using the hierarchical clustering method,and the circulation characteristics of different patterns are comparatively analyzed in this study.The results show that the occurrences of rainstorm processes in the eastern foot of Helan Mountain are most closely related to three circulation patterns.PatternsⅠandⅢmainly occur in July and August,with similar zonal circulations in synoptic backgrounds.Specifically,the South Asia high and the western Pacific subtropical high are stronger and more northward than those in normal years.The frontal systems in westerlies are inactive,while the water vapor from the ocean surface in the south is mainly transported to the rainstorm area by the southerly jet stream at 700 h Pa.The dynamic lifting anomalies are relatively weak,the instability of atmospheric stratification is anomalously strong,and thus the localized severe convective rainstorm is more significant.Comparatively,rainstorm processes of patternⅠare accompanied by stronger and deeper ascending motions,and the warm-sector rainstorm is more extreme.PatternⅢshows a stronger and deeper convective instability,accompanied by larger low-level moisture.Rainstorm processes of patternⅡmainly occur in early summer and early autumn,presenting a meridional circulation pattern of high in the east and low in the west in terms of geopotential height.Moreover,the two low-level jets transporting the water vapor northward from the ocean on the east of China encounter with the frontal systems in westerlies,which makes the ascending motion in patternⅡanomalously strong and deep.The relatively weak instability of atmospheric stratification causes weak convection and long-lasting precipitation formed by the confluence of cold air and warm air.This study may help improve rainstorm forecasting in arid regions.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Fundation of China under Grant No.40375025 and Programme of the Ministry of Science and Technology (2001BA611B-01).
文摘In this study, the classification scheme developed by Jenkinson and Collison （1977） based on a typing scheme of Lamb （1950） is applied to obtain circulation types from the mean sea-level pressure on a monthly basis. Monthly mean sea-level pressure data from 1951 to 2002 are used to derive six circulation indices and to provide a circulation catalogue with 27 circulation types. Five major types （N, NW, C, CSW, and SW） which occurred most frequently are analyzed to reveal their relationships with the temperature of Harbin on various time scales. Stepwise multiple regression is used to reconstruct temperature anomaly. The monthly mean rainfall of all types occurring and the composite maps of three major types （C, CSW, and SW） relevant to Harbin＇s precipitation are studied. The results show that the dominant types in winter are types N and NW. types C, CSW, and SW occur frequently in summer. Types N and NW favor a negative temperature anomaly and correspond to less rainfall, while types C, CSW, and SW often induce a positive temperature anomaly and correspond to more rainfall. Moreover, a successful statistical model can be established with only one of the six indices and large-scale mean temperature. Using the model, 77.3% of the total variance in the temperature anomaly between 1951 and 2002 can be reconstructed. Type C has a close relationship with total rainfall and type C precipitation plays a major role in determining the total rainfall of Harbin in recent years. This classification scheme is a statistical downscaling model and its relationships with temperature and precipitation can be used to forecast regional climate.
文摘雨滴谱作为可以直接描述雨滴尺寸、数量等特征的高频次观测资料,广泛应用到对不同天气、不同类型雨滴变化的精细化评估分析中。本研究利用2019~2022年陕西地区雨滴谱资料,分析了5种天气环流影响下陕西降水总体特征、暴雨过程和非暴雨过程滴谱特征以及对流降水和层云降水滴谱特征。研究结果表明,雨强>5mm h^(-1)的降水对过程总雨量贡献度在各环流之间差异明显,不同直径区间雨滴数浓度及降雨率的贡献程度不同是形成总体特征差异的主要原因,例如,西南气流型多为长时间高浓度小雨滴形成稳定降水,西北气流型多为短时间高浓度大雨滴形成强降水。不同环流暴雨与非暴雨降水之间的滴谱差异特征进一步增大,高雨强降水对雨滴谱参量有明显促进作用。雨滴数浓度随直径变化的特征显示,各环流天气暴雨过程中雨强>5 mm h^(-1)的对流降水雨滴数量比例和直径谱宽普遍高于非暴雨降水。各环流类型的对流降水之间和层云降水之间的质量加权平均直径(Dm)—标准化截距参数(Nw)分布范围、量级等特征接近,差别在于平均值点及大值区位置。对比昭苏、珠海及帕劳岛等类似地区对流降水特征,陕西大部分对流降水偏向海洋性对流降水特征,少数大陆性对流降水多出现在平直气流型和西北气流型天气中。本研究基于上述分析,在传统雷达反射率因子(Z)—降水率(R)经验关系的基础上,通过雨滴谱参数优化拟合了陕西各环流降水的Z–R估测降水关系式,有助于提升当地不同天气场景下雷达估测降水的准确率。
