Natural gas hydrates widely accumulate in submarine sediments composed of clay minerals.However,due to the complex physiochemistry and micron-sized particles of clay minerals,their effects on methane hydrate(MH)format...Natural gas hydrates widely accumulate in submarine sediments composed of clay minerals.However,due to the complex physiochemistry and micron-sized particles of clay minerals,their effects on methane hydrate(MH)formation and dissociation are still in controversy.In this study,montmorillonite and illite were separately mixed with quartz sand to investigate their effects on MH formation and dissociation.The microstructure of synthesized samples was observed by cryo-SEM innovatively to understand the effects of montmorillonite and illite on MH phase transition in micron scale.Results show that montmorillonite and illite both show the inhibition on MH formation kinetics and water-to-hydrate conversion,and illite shows a stronger inhibition.The 10 wt%montmorillonite addition significantly retards MH formation rate,and the 20 wt%montmorillonite has a less inhibition on the rate.The increase of illite mass ratio(0-20 wt%)retards the rate of MH formation.As the content of clay minerals increase,the water-to-hydrate conversion decreases.Cryo-SEM images presented that montmorillonite aggregates separate as individual clusters while illite particles pack as face-to-face configuration under the interaction with water.The surface-overlapped illite aggregates would make sediments pack tightly,hinder the contact between gas and water,and result in the more significant inhibition on MH formation kinetics.Under the depressurization method,the addition of clay minerals facilitates MH dissociation rate.Physicochemical properties of clay minerals and MH distribution in the pore space lead to the faster dissociation rate in clay-containing sediments.The results of this study would provide beneficial guides on geological investigations and optimizing strategies of natural gas production in marine hydrate-bearing sediments.展开更多
Eggshells,a by-product of the food industry,represent a significant yet often overlooked waste stream.Given their vast production volume and inherent properties,eggshells have the potential to serve as a sustainable a...Eggshells,a by-product of the food industry,represent a significant yet often overlooked waste stream.Given their vast production volume and inherent properties,eggshells have the potential to serve as a sustainable and environmentally friendly co-fuel.Aiming to explore the co-combustion characteristics and kinetics of pulverized coal blended with eggshells and offer insights into their combined use as a renewable energy source,a systematic investigation was conducted to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of Shangwan bituminous coal,Shouyang anthracite coal,eggshell(ES)and their blends.Additionally,comprehensive experimental analyses were performed at different heating rates applying a non-isothermal thermogravimetric method.The findings revealed that the addition of ES enhanced the combustion efficiency.The combustion characteristics were significantly influenced by the ES content,with an optimal blend ratio identified for maximum combustion efficiency.To represent the thermal degradation experiments,random pore model and volume model were employed.Furthermore,activation energies and pre-exponential factors were determined.The random pore model demonstrated more superior performance compared to the volume model.The activation energies of all the samples ranged between 18.29 and 42.48 kJ/mol,with the lowest value observed for the sample containing 20 mass%ES.展开更多
Accurate prediction of the composition of pyrolysis products is the prerequisite for achieving directional regulation of organic-rich shale pyrolysis and conversion products.In this paper,the classical segmented pyrol...Accurate prediction of the composition of pyrolysis products is the prerequisite for achieving directional regulation of organic-rich shale pyrolysis and conversion products.In this paper,the classical segmented pyrolysis kinetics model and a new refined pyrolysis kinetics model were used to forecast the composition distribution of hydrocarbon generation products co-heated by supercritical water and medium and low maturity organic-rich shale.The prediction accuracy of the two reaction kinetics models for the composition of pyrolysis products of organic-rich shale was compared.The reaction path of hydrocarbon generation in centimeter sized organic-rich shale under the action of supercritical water was identified.The results show that the prediction accuracy of the classical segmented pyrolysis kinetics model was poor at the initial stage of the reaction,and gradually increased with increasing time.The prediction error can reach less than 25%when the reaction time was 12 h.The new refined model of reaction kinetics established is better than the classical reaction kinetics model in predicting the product distribution of pyrolysis oil and gas,and its prediction error is less than 14%in this paper.The reaction paths of hydrocarbon generation in centimeter sized organic-rich shale under supercritical water conversion mainly include organic-rich shale directly generates asphaltene and saturated hydrocarbon,asphaltene pyrolysis generates saturated hydrocarbon,aromatic hydrocarbon and resin,saturated hydrocarbon,aromatic hydrocarbon and resin polymerization generates asphaltene,and saturated hydrocarbon,resin and asphaltene generates gas.The reason for the difference of centimeter sized and millimeter sized medium and low maturity organic-rich shales hydrocarbon generation in supercritical water is that the increase of shale size promotes the reaction path of polymerization of saturated hydrocarbon and aromatic hydrocarbon to asphaltene.展开更多
This study prepared a class of RDX-based composite microspheres(RAF)containing ADN and FKM2602.The reaction kinetics of RAF composite microspheres were effectively improved by maintaining the system's high energy ...This study prepared a class of RDX-based composite microspheres(RAF)containing ADN and FKM2602.The reaction kinetics of RAF composite microspheres were effectively improved by maintaining the system's high energy and safety performance.In the close packing state,when the heating rate is rapid,the thermal stability of RAF composite microspheres is better than that of RDX;the close packing state will reduce the degree of freedom of RDX and ADN reaction but will increase the degree of freedom of RAF composite microsphere reaction.The thermal conductivity of RAF composite microspheres is close to that of RDX.In the ignition experiment,the flame of RAF composite microspheres can be maintained without the external heat source.Regarding safety,the H50of RAF composite microspheres was 274.04%higher than that of RDX.The detonation velocity of RAF composite microspheres is slightly higher than that of raw material RDX.Overall,these findings highlight the effectiveness of ADN in enhancing the reaction kinetics of RDX-based composites.展开更多
The vacuum volatilization kinetics of Pb in In-Pb solder was investigated.The results indicate a significant increase in the vacuum volatilization rates of Pb,25In-75Pb,40In-60Pb,and In with increasing temperatures fr...The vacuum volatilization kinetics of Pb in In-Pb solder was investigated.The results indicate a significant increase in the vacuum volatilization rates of Pb,25In-75Pb,40In-60Pb,and In with increasing temperatures from 923 to 1123 K,system pressure of 3 Pa and holding time of 30 min.The mass transfer coefficients and apparent activation energies of Pb and its alloys were determined at various temperatures.Additionally,a kinetics model was developed to describe Pb vacuum volatilization in high-temperature melts.It is obtained that the vapor mass transfer is the factor limiting the vacuum volatilization rates of Pb and In-Pb alloys under the above specified conditions.展开更多
Solid-state precipitation is an effective strategy for tuning the mechanical and functional properties of ad-vanced alloys.Structure design and modification necessitate good knowledge of the kinetic evolution of preci...Solid-state precipitation is an effective strategy for tuning the mechanical and functional properties of ad-vanced alloys.Structure design and modification necessitate good knowledge of the kinetic evolution of precipitates during fabrication,which is strongly correlated with defect concentration.For Fe-Ga alloys,giant magnetostriction can be induced by the precipitation of the nanoscale tetragonal L60 phase.By introducing quenched-in vacancies,we significantly enhance the magnetostriction of the aged Fe81Ga19 polycrystalline alloys to~305 ppm,which is close to the level of single crystals.Although vacancies were found to facilitate the generation of the L60 phase,their impact on the precipitation mechanism and kinetics has yet to be revealed.This study combined transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering(SANS)to investigate the precipitation of the L60 phase during the isothermal aging at 350 and 400℃,respectively.The evolution of L60 nanophase in morphology and number density in as-cast(AC)and liquid nitrogen quenched(LN)Fe81Ga19 alloys with aging time were quantitatively compared.Interestingly,the nucleation of the L60 phase proceeds progressively in AC while suddenly in LN specimens,indicating the homogenous to heterogeneous mechanism switching in-duced by concentrated vacancies.Moreover,excess vacancies can change the shape of nanoprecipitates and significantly accelerate the growth and coarsening kinetics.The magnetostrictive coefficient is opti-mized when the size(long-axis)of L60 precipitates lies between 100 and 110Åwith a number density between 3.2-4.3×10-7Å-3.Insight from this study validates the feasibility of achieving high magnetoe-lastic properties through precise manipulation of the nanostructure.展开更多
Dissolution kinetics of CaO·2Al_(2)O_(3)(CA_(2))particles in a synthetic CaO-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)steelmaking slag system have been investigated using the high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscope.Effects...Dissolution kinetics of CaO·2Al_(2)O_(3)(CA_(2))particles in a synthetic CaO-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)steelmaking slag system have been investigated using the high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscope.Effects of temperature(i.e.,1500,1550,and 1600℃)and slag composition on the dissolution time of CA_(2)particles are investigated,along with the time dependency of the projection area of the particle during the dissolution process.It is found that the dissolution rate was enhanced by either an increase in temperature or a decrease in slag viscosity.Moreover,a higher ratio of CaO/Al_(2)O_(3)(C/A)leads to an increased dissolution rate of CA_(2)particle at 1600℃.Thermodynamic calculations suggested the dissolution product,i.e.,melilite,formed on the surface of the CA_(2)particle during dissolution in slag with a C/A ratio of 3.8 at 1550℃.Scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry analysis of as-quenched samples confirmed the dissolution path of CA_(2)particles in slags with C/A ratios of 1.8 and 3.8 as well as the melilite formed on the surface of CA_(2)particle.The formation of this layer during the dissolution process was identified as a hindrance,impeding the dissolution of CA_(2)particle.A valuable reference for designing or/and choosing the composition of top slag for clean steel production is provided,especially using calcium treatment during the secondary refining process.展开更多
Replacing solid carbon with hydrogen gas in ferromanganese production presents a forward-thinking,sustainable solution to re-ducing the ferro-alloy industry’s carbon emissions.The HAlMan process,a groundbreaking and ...Replacing solid carbon with hydrogen gas in ferromanganese production presents a forward-thinking,sustainable solution to re-ducing the ferro-alloy industry’s carbon emissions.The HAlMan process,a groundbreaking and eco-friendly method,has been meticu-lously researched and scaled up from laboratory experiments to pilot tests,aiming to drastically cut CO_(2) emissions associated with ferro-manganese production.This innovative process could potentially reduce CO_(2) emissions by about 1.5 tonnes for every tonne of ferroman-ganese produced.In this study,a lab-scale vertical thermogravimetric furnace was used to carry out the pre-reduction of Nchwaning man-ganese ore,where direct reduction occurred with H_(2) gas under controlled isothermal conditions at 700,800,and 900℃.The results indic-ated that higher pre-reduction temperatures(800 and 900℃)effectively converted Fe_(2)O_(3) to metallic iron and Mn_(2)O_(3) to MnO.By continu-ously monitoring the mass changes during the reduction,both the rate and extent of reduction were assessed.A second-order reaction model was applied to validate the experimental outcomes of H_(2) reduction at various temperatures,showing apparent activation energies of 29.79 kJ/mol for dried ore and 61.71 kJ/mol for pre-calcined ore.The reduction kinetics displayed a strong dependence on temperature,with higher temperatures leading to quicker and more complete reductions.The kinetics analysis suggested that the chemical reaction at the gas-solid interface between hydrogen and the manganese ore is likely the rate-limiting step in this process.展开更多
Selecting the embryo with the highest implantation potential is a top priority in in-vitro fertilization(IVF)centers.Few studies have explored the relationship between day 5 blastocyst morphokinetics and implantation ...Selecting the embryo with the highest implantation potential is a top priority in in-vitro fertilization(IVF)centers.Few studies have explored the relationship between day 5 blastocyst morphokinetics and implantation outcomes[1].Despite numerous time-lapse studies,the findings often conflict due to differences in patient demographics,lab conditions,and protocols,such as oxygen concentration[2].Thus,there is ongoing debate regarding which parameters are most predictive of implantation.展开更多
The adsorption kinetics of polystyrene[1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium][bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate](PS[C_(4)mim][C272])towards V(V)in acidic leachate was explored under ultrasound.The effects of ultrasonic powe...The adsorption kinetics of polystyrene[1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium][bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate](PS[C_(4)mim][C272])towards V(V)in acidic leachate was explored under ultrasound.The effects of ultrasonic power and V(V)concentration on the adsorption performance of PS[C_(4)mim][C272]were investigated.The results showed that ultrasonic radiation significantly shortened the adsorption equilibrium time and improved the adsorption performance of PS[C_(4)mim][C272]compared with the conventional oscillation.At an ultrasonic power of 200 W,the equilibrium adsorption capacity of PS[C_(4)mim][C272]reached its maximum of 311.58 mg/g.The kinetic model fitting results showed that the adsorption process of PS[C_(4)mim][C272]strictly followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model under ultrasound.Analysis using the shrinking core model and the Weber−Morris model showed that the adsorption process of PS[C_(4)mim][C272]was primarily controlled by intra-particle diffusion mechanism.The adsorption isotherm model study showed that the Langmuir isotherm model could effectively fit the adsorption process of PS[C_(4)mim][C272]under ultrasound.展开更多
In this context,the present study proposes the use of microwave irradiation to improve the dehydration rate and efficiency of strontium hydroxide octahydrate(Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O)without introducing contaminants.Th...In this context,the present study proposes the use of microwave irradiation to improve the dehydration rate and efficiency of strontium hydroxide octahydrate(Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O)without introducing contaminants.This study revealed that the use of microwave irradiation to dehydrate Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O is feasible and surprisingly efficient.The effects of this approach on important parameters were investigated using response surface methodology(RSM).The results revealed that the microwave dehydration process follows a linear polynomial model.In addition,compared with the heating time and material thickness,the microwave-assisted dehydration of Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O is sensitive to the microwave power and not to the material mass.The relative dehydration percentage reached 99.99%when heated in a microwave oven at 950Wfor just 3 min.In contrast,a relative dehydration percentage of 94.6%was reached when heated in an electric furnace at 180℃for 120 min.The XRD spectra also revealed that most of the Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O transformed into Sr(OH)_(2)after dehydration via microwave irradiation,whereas a significant portion of the Sr(OH)_(2)·H_(2)O remained after conventional electric dehydration.The experimental data were fitted and analyzed via the thin-layer drying dynamics model,and the results indicated that the dehydrating behavior of Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O could be well described by the Page model.展开更多
A green environmental protection and enhanced leaching process was proposed to recover all elements from spent lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO_(4)) lithium batteries.In order to reduce the influence of Al impurity in th...A green environmental protection and enhanced leaching process was proposed to recover all elements from spent lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO_(4)) lithium batteries.In order to reduce the influence of Al impurity in the recovery process,NaOH was used to remove impurity.After impurity removal,the spent LiFePO_(4) cathode material was used as raw material under the H_(2)SO_(4) system,and the pressure oxidation leaching process was adopted to achieve the preferential leaching of lithium.The E-pH diagram of the Fe-P-Al-H_(2)O system can determine the stable region of each element in the recovery process of spent LiFePO_(4)Li-batteries.Under the optimal conditions(500 r·min^(-1),15 h,363.15 K,0.4 MPa,the liquid-solid ratio was 4:1 ml·g^(-1)and the acid-material ratio was 0.29),the leaching rate of Li was 99.24%,Fe,Al,and Ti were 0.10%,2.07%,and 0.03%,respectively.The Fe and P were precipitated and recovered as FePO_(4)·2H_(2)O.The kinetic analysis shows that the process of high-pressure acid leaching of spent LiFePO_(4) materials depends on the surface chemical reaction.Through the life cycle assessment(LCA)of the spent LiFePO_(4) whole recovery process,eight midpoint impact categories were selected to assess the impact of recovery process.The results can provide basic environmental information on production process for recycling industry.展开更多
To investigate the thermal decomposition behavior and reaction kinetics of bastnaesite in suspension roasting,the gas and solid products of bastnaesite roasted in N2 and air atmospheres were examined using a gas analy...To investigate the thermal decomposition behavior and reaction kinetics of bastnaesite in suspension roasting,the gas and solid products of bastnaesite roasted in N2 and air atmospheres were examined using a gas analyzer,X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS).Subsequently,the kinetic parameters of bastnaesite in the suspension roasting process were derived and calculated using the isothermal method.The results show that the decomposition product of bastnaesite in N_(2) is CeOF.However,once the roasting temperature exceeds 600℃,CO is generated in addition to CO_(2),and all the XRD diffraction peaks of CeOF are shifted to the right,indicating that CO_(2) can oxidize CeOF and lead to the transformation of Ce(Ⅲ) into Ce(Ⅳ).When roasted in air,the decomposition product CeOF can be completely converted to CeF3 and Ce_(7)O_(12) as it easily oxidizes.Additionally,the reaction rate of bastnaesite in air is higher than that of N_(2),and the starting reaction temperature is lower than that of N_(2).A large number of irregular cracks and holes appear on the surface of solid-phase products following suspension roasting,which are due to the thermal decomposition of bastnaesite that produces CO_(2) as well as the reconstruction of the lattice of the solid-phase products.The reaction kinetic model of bastnaesite roasted in N_(2)(temperature range 600-750℃) and air(temperatu re range 500-575℃) confo rms to the A_(3/2) model with the mechanism function G(α)=-ln(1-α)^(2/3),and the reaction activation energy is 59.78 kj/mol and lnA is 1.65 s^(-1) in N_(2) atmosphere.In air,the reaction activation energy is 100.30 kj/mol and lnA is 9.63 s^(-1).展开更多
Background: Dienogest is a potential treatment for pelvic pain associated with endometriosis, a condition of significant concern in gynaecology. The current study was conducted as a crossover-randomized bioequivalence...Background: Dienogest is a potential treatment for pelvic pain associated with endometriosis, a condition of significant concern in gynaecology. The current study was conducted as a crossover-randomized bioequivalence assessment of two oral Dienogest 2 mg formulations, aiming to provide valuable insights for healthcare professionals and researchers in this field. Objective: The primary aim of this research was to evaluate and compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics of Dienogest 2 mg tablets. Dinogest (Dienogest 2 mg) tablets, manufactured by Nuvista Pharma Limited in Bangladesh, and Visanne (Dienogest 2 mg) tablets, manufactured by Bayer Pharma in Germany, were the test and reference formulations, respectively. Materials and Method: The study was an open-label, balanced, randomized, two treatments, two sequences, two periods, two-way crossover, laboratory blind, single oral dose bioequivalence study conducted in healthy adult females under fasting conditions. The study was carried out on 13 healthy, non-pregnant female subjects, and all the subjects completed both study periods with a 15-day washout in between. Randomization was used to assign the test and reference formulations to the subjects. Following each oral administration, a series of blood samples were obtained at different time intervals from pre-dose to 72 hours post-dose and analyzed for Dienogest concentrations using a validated bio-analytical method. A standard non-compartmental model was used to analyze the pharmacokinetic parameters. The primary pharmacokinetic parameters were peak plasma drug concentration (C<sub>max</sub>), the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time t (AUC<sub>0–t</sub>), and AUC from t = 0 to infinity (AUC<sub>0–∞</sub>). The other PK parameters included time to reach C<sub>max</sub> (T<sub>max</sub>), terminal elimination rate constant (K<sub>el</sub>), and half-life (t<sub>1/2</sub>). Result: The ratios and 90% CI for the geometric mean test/reference were 95.53% (86.70% - 105.26%) for C<sub>max</sub>, 101.75% (95.42% - 108.49%) for AUC<sub>0</sub><sub>−</sub><sub>t</sub>, and 101.54% (95.59%% - 107.87%) for AUC<sub>0</sub><sub>−</sub><sub>∞</sub>. The formulations were bioequivalent since the 90% CIs for the geometric mean test/reference ratios were 80% to 125%, according to the predetermined range of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requirements. Conclusion: This single-dose investigation shows that the Dienogest test and reference formulations exhibited a rate and degree of absorption that met the regulatory requirements for bioequivalence.展开更多
N-formylation of amines,a class of synthetically important reactions,is typically conducted using metal catalysts that are relatively expensive or not readily available and usually needs harsh conditions to increase t...N-formylation of amines,a class of synthetically important reactions,is typically conducted using metal catalysts that are relatively expensive or not readily available and usually needs harsh conditions to increase the reaction efficiency.Here,an efficient continuous microflow strategy was developed for the gas-liquid visible-light photocatalytic N-formylation of piperidine,which achieved a reaction yield of 82.97%and a selectivity of>99%at 12 min using cheap organic dye photocatalyst under mild reaction conditions.The influence of essential parameters,including light intensity,temperature and equivalents of the gas,additive and photocatalyst,on the reaction yield was systematically studied.Furthermore,kinetic investigations were conducted,exhibiting the dependence of reaction rate and equilibrium yield of N-formylpiperidine on light intensity,temperature and photocatalyst equivalent.The microflow photocatalytic approach established in this work,which realized a markedly higher space-time yield than the conventional batch method(37.9 vs.0.212 mmol h-1 L-1),paves the way for the continuous,green and efficient synthesis of N-formamides.展开更多
The utilization of iron coke provides a green pathway for low-carbon ironmaking.To uncover the influence mechanism of iron ore on the behavior and kinetics of iron coke gasification,the effect of iron ore on the micro...The utilization of iron coke provides a green pathway for low-carbon ironmaking.To uncover the influence mechanism of iron ore on the behavior and kinetics of iron coke gasification,the effect of iron ore on the microstructure of iron coke was investigated.Furthermore,a comparative study of the gasification reactions between iron coke and coke was conducted through non-isothermal thermogravimetric method.The findings indicate that compared to coke,iron coke exhibits an augmentation in micropores and specific surface area,and the micropores further extend and interconnect.This provides more adsorption sites for CO_(2) molecules during the gasification process,resulting in a reduction in the initial gasification temperature of iron coke.Accelerating the heating rate in non-isothermal gasification can enhance the reactivity of iron coke.The metallic iron reduced from iron ore is embedded in the carbon matrix,reducing the orderliness of the carbon structure,which is primarily responsible for the heightened reactivity of the carbon atoms.The kinetic study indicates that the random pore model can effectively represent the gasification process of iron coke due to its rich pore structure.Moreover,as the proportion of iron ore increases,the activation energy for the carbon gasification gradually decreases,from 246.2 kJ/mol for coke to 192.5 kJ/mol for iron coke 15wt%.展开更多
Water contamination by tetracycline(TC)has emerged as an environmental concern owing to its widespread use and antibiotic resistance.Application of peracetic acid(PAA)in the water and wastewater treatment has recently...Water contamination by tetracycline(TC)has emerged as an environmental concern owing to its widespread use and antibiotic resistance.Application of peracetic acid(PAA)in the water and wastewater treatment has recently been proposed and demonstrated to be effective for TC abatement,yet the underlying reaction kinetics between the PAA and TC are not yet clear.To explore the reaction kinetics,the effect of solution pH on TC abatement by PAA is studied and the species-specific rate constants are calculated.The ability to donate and accept electrons for different species of TC and PAA is evaluated via density functional theory(DFT)calculations.The pH-dependent apparent second-order rate constants of TC abatement by PAA exhibits the parabolic shape with the maximum at p H 8.5(9.75 L mol^(-1)s^(-1)).This phenomenon is closely related to the speciation of TC and PAA,in which the reaction between PAAH and TTC^(2-)possesses the highest species-specific rate constants according to the kinetic simulation.Further DFT calculations suggest that the HOMO of TTCH^(+),TTC,TTC^(-),TTC^(2-)and the LUMO of PAAH and PAA-are–6.40,–6.26,–5.10,–4.94 e V and–0.24,0.60 e V,respectively.According to the DFT calculations,deprotonation of TC and PAA leads to an increase of the HOMO value of TC and the LUMO value of PAA.Furthermore,the HOMOTC–LUMOPAAvalues is in good agreement with the trend of species-specific rate constants,which can be used to evaluate the reactivity between PAA and TC with different species.This study provides the kinetic data and theoretical basis for the reaction of PAA and TC,which is critical for the application of PAA in the treatment of water and wastewater.展开更多
Aim: This dissection study was conducted to verify if the Myofascial kinetic lines, outlined in detail in humans and recently documented in horses, were present in dogs. These dynamic lines present rows of interconnec...Aim: This dissection study was conducted to verify if the Myofascial kinetic lines, outlined in detail in humans and recently documented in horses, were present in dogs. These dynamic lines present rows of interconnected muscles, myofascia and other fascia structures, which influence the biomechanics of the spine and limbs. Methods: Forty-two dogs of different breeds and genders were dissected, imaged, and videoed. Results: Similar kinetic lines were verified in the dog, as described in humans and horses, and additionally, three new branches of the lines were discovered. The kinetic lines described were three superficial lines: Dorsal, Ventral, and Lateral, which all started in the hindlimb and ended in the temporal and occipital regions. These lines act respectively in spinal extension, flexion, and lateral flexion. Three profound lines, which started in the tail and ended in the head. The Deep Dorsal Line followed the transversospinal myofascia. The Deep Ventral Line showed an additional start deep in the medial hind limb, continued in the hypaxial myofascia, and enveloped all the viscera. Also, the Deep Lateral Line started in the hindlimb but parted along the trunk in the deep lateral myofascial structures. Two helical lines crossed the midline two or three times and served to rotate the spine. The Functional Line established a sling from the axilla to the contralateral stifle and presented a new ipsilateral branch. The Spiral Line connected the head and the ipsilateral tarsus and additionally presented a new straight branch. The four front limb lines describe their motion: the Front Limb Protraction and Retraction, Adduction, and Abduction Lines. Conclusion: The canine lines mirrored the equine and human lines with exceptions due to differences in anatomy, foot posture, lumbosacral flexibility, and their biomechanical constitution as predator versus prey animals. Additionally, three new canine branches were verified and described.展开更多
A wide range of wastes can potentially be used to generate thermal and electrical energy.The co-combustion of several types of waste as part of water-containing waste-derived fuels is a promising method for their reco...A wide range of wastes can potentially be used to generate thermal and electrical energy.The co-combustion of several types of waste as part of water-containing waste-derived fuels is a promising method for their recovery.In this research,we use thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry to study the thermal behavior and kinetics of coal slime,biomass,waste oils,and blends on their basis.We also analyze the concentrations of gaseous emissions.The results show that biomass,oils,and coal slime significantly affect each other in the course of their co-combustion when added to slurry fuels.The preparation of coal-water slurry based on slime and water reduced the ignition and burnout temperature by up to 16%.Adding biomass and waste oils additionally stimulated the slurry ignition and burnout,which occurred at lower temperatures.Relative to dry coal slime,threshold ignition temperatures and burnout temperatures decreased by 6%–9%and 17%–25%,respectively.Also,the use of biomass and waste oils as part of slurries inhibited NOхand SO_(2)emission by 2.75 times.According to the kinetic analysis,added biomass and waste turbine oil provide a 28%–51%reduction in the activation energy as compared to a coal-water slurry without additives.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the effects of ammonia addition on ethylene counter-flow diffusion flames with different diluents on the fuel or oxidizer side,using kinetic analyses.A special emphasis was put on asses...This study aimed to investigate the effects of ammonia addition on ethylene counter-flow diffusion flames with different diluents on the fuel or oxidizer side,using kinetic analyses.A special emphasis was put on assessing the coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and CO_(2) on C2H4 combustion chemistry.The chemical effects could be evaluated by comparing fictitious inert NH_(3) or CO_(2) with normal active NH_(3) or CO_(2).The results revealed that the addition of NH_(3) decreased the mole fractions and production rates of key soot precursors,such as acetylene,propynyl,and benzene.When CO_(2) was used as the dilution gas,the coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and CO_(2) were affected by the chemical effects of CO_(2) to varying degrees.With the oxidizer-side CO_(2) addition,the coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and CO_(2) reduced the mole fractions of H,O,OH radicals,acetylene,propynyl,and benzene,while the effects differed from the fuel-side CO_(2) addition.The coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and CO_(2) also promoted the formation of aldehyde contaminants,such as acetaldehyde,to some extent,particularly with CO_(2) addition on the oxidizer side.展开更多
基金supported by the Key Research Program of the Institute of Geology&Geophysics,CAS(Grant No.IGGCAS-201903).
文摘Natural gas hydrates widely accumulate in submarine sediments composed of clay minerals.However,due to the complex physiochemistry and micron-sized particles of clay minerals,their effects on methane hydrate(MH)formation and dissociation are still in controversy.In this study,montmorillonite and illite were separately mixed with quartz sand to investigate their effects on MH formation and dissociation.The microstructure of synthesized samples was observed by cryo-SEM innovatively to understand the effects of montmorillonite and illite on MH phase transition in micron scale.Results show that montmorillonite and illite both show the inhibition on MH formation kinetics and water-to-hydrate conversion,and illite shows a stronger inhibition.The 10 wt%montmorillonite addition significantly retards MH formation rate,and the 20 wt%montmorillonite has a less inhibition on the rate.The increase of illite mass ratio(0-20 wt%)retards the rate of MH formation.As the content of clay minerals increase,the water-to-hydrate conversion decreases.Cryo-SEM images presented that montmorillonite aggregates separate as individual clusters while illite particles pack as face-to-face configuration under the interaction with water.The surface-overlapped illite aggregates would make sediments pack tightly,hinder the contact between gas and water,and result in the more significant inhibition on MH formation kinetics.Under the depressurization method,the addition of clay minerals facilitates MH dissociation rate.Physicochemical properties of clay minerals and MH distribution in the pore space lead to the faster dissociation rate in clay-containing sediments.The results of this study would provide beneficial guides on geological investigations and optimizing strategies of natural gas production in marine hydrate-bearing sediments.
基金sponsored by the Major Science and Technology Special Plan“Unveiling and Leading”Project of Shanxi Province(No.202201050201011)Major Science and Technology Projects of Anhui Province(No.202210700037)Special Funding for Science and Technology of China Minmetals Corporation(No.2021ZXD01).
文摘Eggshells,a by-product of the food industry,represent a significant yet often overlooked waste stream.Given their vast production volume and inherent properties,eggshells have the potential to serve as a sustainable and environmentally friendly co-fuel.Aiming to explore the co-combustion characteristics and kinetics of pulverized coal blended with eggshells and offer insights into their combined use as a renewable energy source,a systematic investigation was conducted to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of Shangwan bituminous coal,Shouyang anthracite coal,eggshell(ES)and their blends.Additionally,comprehensive experimental analyses were performed at different heating rates applying a non-isothermal thermogravimetric method.The findings revealed that the addition of ES enhanced the combustion efficiency.The combustion characteristics were significantly influenced by the ES content,with an optimal blend ratio identified for maximum combustion efficiency.To represent the thermal degradation experiments,random pore model and volume model were employed.Furthermore,activation energies and pre-exponential factors were determined.The random pore model demonstrated more superior performance compared to the volume model.The activation energies of all the samples ranged between 18.29 and 42.48 kJ/mol,with the lowest value observed for the sample containing 20 mass%ES.
基金support by the Basic Science Center Program of the Ordered Energy Conversion of the National Nature Science Foundation of China(NO.52488201)is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Accurate prediction of the composition of pyrolysis products is the prerequisite for achieving directional regulation of organic-rich shale pyrolysis and conversion products.In this paper,the classical segmented pyrolysis kinetics model and a new refined pyrolysis kinetics model were used to forecast the composition distribution of hydrocarbon generation products co-heated by supercritical water and medium and low maturity organic-rich shale.The prediction accuracy of the two reaction kinetics models for the composition of pyrolysis products of organic-rich shale was compared.The reaction path of hydrocarbon generation in centimeter sized organic-rich shale under the action of supercritical water was identified.The results show that the prediction accuracy of the classical segmented pyrolysis kinetics model was poor at the initial stage of the reaction,and gradually increased with increasing time.The prediction error can reach less than 25%when the reaction time was 12 h.The new refined model of reaction kinetics established is better than the classical reaction kinetics model in predicting the product distribution of pyrolysis oil and gas,and its prediction error is less than 14%in this paper.The reaction paths of hydrocarbon generation in centimeter sized organic-rich shale under supercritical water conversion mainly include organic-rich shale directly generates asphaltene and saturated hydrocarbon,asphaltene pyrolysis generates saturated hydrocarbon,aromatic hydrocarbon and resin,saturated hydrocarbon,aromatic hydrocarbon and resin polymerization generates asphaltene,and saturated hydrocarbon,resin and asphaltene generates gas.The reason for the difference of centimeter sized and millimeter sized medium and low maturity organic-rich shales hydrocarbon generation in supercritical water is that the increase of shale size promotes the reaction path of polymerization of saturated hydrocarbon and aromatic hydrocarbon to asphaltene.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(Grant No.202203021221120)The Open Fund of MCRI-Shannxi Laboratory of Energetic Materials(Grant No.204-J-2024-2622)。
文摘This study prepared a class of RDX-based composite microspheres(RAF)containing ADN and FKM2602.The reaction kinetics of RAF composite microspheres were effectively improved by maintaining the system's high energy and safety performance.In the close packing state,when the heating rate is rapid,the thermal stability of RAF composite microspheres is better than that of RDX;the close packing state will reduce the degree of freedom of RDX and ADN reaction but will increase the degree of freedom of RAF composite microsphere reaction.The thermal conductivity of RAF composite microspheres is close to that of RDX.In the ignition experiment,the flame of RAF composite microspheres can be maintained without the external heat source.Regarding safety,the H50of RAF composite microspheres was 274.04%higher than that of RDX.The detonation velocity of RAF composite microspheres is slightly higher than that of raw material RDX.Overall,these findings highlight the effectiveness of ADN in enhancing the reaction kinetics of RDX-based composites.
基金financially supported by the Fundamental Research Project of Yunnan Province,China(Nos.202301AW070020,202201AT070229,202105AC160091,202202AB080018).
文摘The vacuum volatilization kinetics of Pb in In-Pb solder was investigated.The results indicate a significant increase in the vacuum volatilization rates of Pb,25In-75Pb,40In-60Pb,and In with increasing temperatures from 923 to 1123 K,system pressure of 3 Pa and holding time of 30 min.The mass transfer coefficients and apparent activation energies of Pb and its alloys were determined at various temperatures.Additionally,a kinetics model was developed to describe Pb vacuum volatilization in high-temperature melts.It is obtained that the vapor mass transfer is the factor limiting the vacuum volatilization rates of Pb and In-Pb alloys under the above specified conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12275154)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(Project No.2021B1515140028)+1 种基金the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS(No.2020010)the National Key Research and Development Program of China,grant number(Nos.2021YFA1600701 and 2021YFB3501201).
文摘Solid-state precipitation is an effective strategy for tuning the mechanical and functional properties of ad-vanced alloys.Structure design and modification necessitate good knowledge of the kinetic evolution of precipitates during fabrication,which is strongly correlated with defect concentration.For Fe-Ga alloys,giant magnetostriction can be induced by the precipitation of the nanoscale tetragonal L60 phase.By introducing quenched-in vacancies,we significantly enhance the magnetostriction of the aged Fe81Ga19 polycrystalline alloys to~305 ppm,which is close to the level of single crystals.Although vacancies were found to facilitate the generation of the L60 phase,their impact on the precipitation mechanism and kinetics has yet to be revealed.This study combined transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering(SANS)to investigate the precipitation of the L60 phase during the isothermal aging at 350 and 400℃,respectively.The evolution of L60 nanophase in morphology and number density in as-cast(AC)and liquid nitrogen quenched(LN)Fe81Ga19 alloys with aging time were quantitatively compared.Interestingly,the nucleation of the L60 phase proceeds progressively in AC while suddenly in LN specimens,indicating the homogenous to heterogeneous mechanism switching in-duced by concentrated vacancies.Moreover,excess vacancies can change the shape of nanoprecipitates and significantly accelerate the growth and coarsening kinetics.The magnetostrictive coefficient is opti-mized when the size(long-axis)of L60 precipitates lies between 100 and 110Åwith a number density between 3.2-4.3×10-7Å-3.Insight from this study validates the feasibility of achieving high magnetoe-lastic properties through precise manipulation of the nanostructure.
基金the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)for funding this researchThis research used a high temperature confocal laser scanning microscope-VL2000DX-SVF17SP funded by Canada Foundation for Innovation John Evans Leaders Fund(CFI JELF,Project Number:32826),a PANalytical X’Pert diffraction instrument located at the Centre for crystal growth,Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research,and a scanning electron microscope-JEOL 6610 located at the Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy at McMaster University.W.Mu would like to acknowledge Swedish Iron and Steel Research Office(Jernkonteret),STINT and SSF for supporting the time for international collaboration research regarding clean steel.
文摘Dissolution kinetics of CaO·2Al_(2)O_(3)(CA_(2))particles in a synthetic CaO-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)steelmaking slag system have been investigated using the high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscope.Effects of temperature(i.e.,1500,1550,and 1600℃)and slag composition on the dissolution time of CA_(2)particles are investigated,along with the time dependency of the projection area of the particle during the dissolution process.It is found that the dissolution rate was enhanced by either an increase in temperature or a decrease in slag viscosity.Moreover,a higher ratio of CaO/Al_(2)O_(3)(C/A)leads to an increased dissolution rate of CA_(2)particle at 1600℃.Thermodynamic calculations suggested the dissolution product,i.e.,melilite,formed on the surface of the CA_(2)particle during dissolution in slag with a C/A ratio of 3.8 at 1550℃.Scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry analysis of as-quenched samples confirmed the dissolution path of CA_(2)particles in slags with C/A ratios of 1.8 and 3.8 as well as the melilite formed on the surface of CA_(2)particle.The formation of this layer during the dissolution process was identified as a hindrance,impeding the dissolution of CA_(2)particle.A valuable reference for designing or/and choosing the composition of top slag for clean steel production is provided,especially using calcium treatment during the secondary refining process.
基金the financial support from European Union’s Horizon Europe program HAlMan project (No. 101091936)
文摘Replacing solid carbon with hydrogen gas in ferromanganese production presents a forward-thinking,sustainable solution to re-ducing the ferro-alloy industry’s carbon emissions.The HAlMan process,a groundbreaking and eco-friendly method,has been meticu-lously researched and scaled up from laboratory experiments to pilot tests,aiming to drastically cut CO_(2) emissions associated with ferro-manganese production.This innovative process could potentially reduce CO_(2) emissions by about 1.5 tonnes for every tonne of ferroman-ganese produced.In this study,a lab-scale vertical thermogravimetric furnace was used to carry out the pre-reduction of Nchwaning man-ganese ore,where direct reduction occurred with H_(2) gas under controlled isothermal conditions at 700,800,and 900℃.The results indic-ated that higher pre-reduction temperatures(800 and 900℃)effectively converted Fe_(2)O_(3) to metallic iron and Mn_(2)O_(3) to MnO.By continu-ously monitoring the mass changes during the reduction,both the rate and extent of reduction were assessed.A second-order reaction model was applied to validate the experimental outcomes of H_(2) reduction at various temperatures,showing apparent activation energies of 29.79 kJ/mol for dried ore and 61.71 kJ/mol for pre-calcined ore.The reduction kinetics displayed a strong dependence on temperature,with higher temperatures leading to quicker and more complete reductions.The kinetics analysis suggested that the chemical reaction at the gas-solid interface between hydrogen and the manganese ore is likely the rate-limiting step in this process.
文摘Selecting the embryo with the highest implantation potential is a top priority in in-vitro fertilization(IVF)centers.Few studies have explored the relationship between day 5 blastocyst morphokinetics and implantation outcomes[1].Despite numerous time-lapse studies,the findings often conflict due to differences in patient demographics,lab conditions,and protocols,such as oxygen concentration[2].Thus,there is ongoing debate regarding which parameters are most predictive of implantation.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52074204)Key R&D Program of Zhejiang Province,China(No.2022C03061)。
文摘The adsorption kinetics of polystyrene[1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium][bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate](PS[C_(4)mim][C272])towards V(V)in acidic leachate was explored under ultrasound.The effects of ultrasonic power and V(V)concentration on the adsorption performance of PS[C_(4)mim][C272]were investigated.The results showed that ultrasonic radiation significantly shortened the adsorption equilibrium time and improved the adsorption performance of PS[C_(4)mim][C272]compared with the conventional oscillation.At an ultrasonic power of 200 W,the equilibrium adsorption capacity of PS[C_(4)mim][C272]reached its maximum of 311.58 mg/g.The kinetic model fitting results showed that the adsorption process of PS[C_(4)mim][C272]strictly followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model under ultrasound.Analysis using the shrinking core model and the Weber−Morris model showed that the adsorption process of PS[C_(4)mim][C272]was primarily controlled by intra-particle diffusion mechanism.The adsorption isotherm model study showed that the Langmuir isotherm model could effectively fit the adsorption process of PS[C_(4)mim][C272]under ultrasound.
基金supported by the Research Program of the Science and Technology Department of Guizhou Province(Qiankehe Jichu[2019]1418)the Research Program of Talented Scholars of Guizhou Institute of Technology(XJGC20190965).
文摘In this context,the present study proposes the use of microwave irradiation to improve the dehydration rate and efficiency of strontium hydroxide octahydrate(Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O)without introducing contaminants.This study revealed that the use of microwave irradiation to dehydrate Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O is feasible and surprisingly efficient.The effects of this approach on important parameters were investigated using response surface methodology(RSM).The results revealed that the microwave dehydration process follows a linear polynomial model.In addition,compared with the heating time and material thickness,the microwave-assisted dehydration of Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O is sensitive to the microwave power and not to the material mass.The relative dehydration percentage reached 99.99%when heated in a microwave oven at 950Wfor just 3 min.In contrast,a relative dehydration percentage of 94.6%was reached when heated in an electric furnace at 180℃for 120 min.The XRD spectra also revealed that most of the Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O transformed into Sr(OH)_(2)after dehydration via microwave irradiation,whereas a significant portion of the Sr(OH)_(2)·H_(2)O remained after conventional electric dehydration.The experimental data were fitted and analyzed via the thin-layer drying dynamics model,and the results indicated that the dehydrating behavior of Sr(OH)_(2)·8H_(2)O could be well described by the Page model.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51834008,52022109,52274307,and 21804319)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2901100)+1 种基金Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing(2462022QZDX008,2462021QNX2010,2462020YXZZ019 and 2462020YXZZ016)State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing(HON-KFKT2022-10).
文摘A green environmental protection and enhanced leaching process was proposed to recover all elements from spent lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO_(4)) lithium batteries.In order to reduce the influence of Al impurity in the recovery process,NaOH was used to remove impurity.After impurity removal,the spent LiFePO_(4) cathode material was used as raw material under the H_(2)SO_(4) system,and the pressure oxidation leaching process was adopted to achieve the preferential leaching of lithium.The E-pH diagram of the Fe-P-Al-H_(2)O system can determine the stable region of each element in the recovery process of spent LiFePO_(4)Li-batteries.Under the optimal conditions(500 r·min^(-1),15 h,363.15 K,0.4 MPa,the liquid-solid ratio was 4:1 ml·g^(-1)and the acid-material ratio was 0.29),the leaching rate of Li was 99.24%,Fe,Al,and Ti were 0.10%,2.07%,and 0.03%,respectively.The Fe and P were precipitated and recovered as FePO_(4)·2H_(2)O.The kinetic analysis shows that the process of high-pressure acid leaching of spent LiFePO_(4) materials depends on the surface chemical reaction.Through the life cycle assessment(LCA)of the spent LiFePO_(4) whole recovery process,eight midpoint impact categories were selected to assess the impact of recovery process.The results can provide basic environmental information on production process for recycling industry.
基金Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFC2905800)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52174242)。
文摘To investigate the thermal decomposition behavior and reaction kinetics of bastnaesite in suspension roasting,the gas and solid products of bastnaesite roasted in N2 and air atmospheres were examined using a gas analyzer,X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS).Subsequently,the kinetic parameters of bastnaesite in the suspension roasting process were derived and calculated using the isothermal method.The results show that the decomposition product of bastnaesite in N_(2) is CeOF.However,once the roasting temperature exceeds 600℃,CO is generated in addition to CO_(2),and all the XRD diffraction peaks of CeOF are shifted to the right,indicating that CO_(2) can oxidize CeOF and lead to the transformation of Ce(Ⅲ) into Ce(Ⅳ).When roasted in air,the decomposition product CeOF can be completely converted to CeF3 and Ce_(7)O_(12) as it easily oxidizes.Additionally,the reaction rate of bastnaesite in air is higher than that of N_(2),and the starting reaction temperature is lower than that of N_(2).A large number of irregular cracks and holes appear on the surface of solid-phase products following suspension roasting,which are due to the thermal decomposition of bastnaesite that produces CO_(2) as well as the reconstruction of the lattice of the solid-phase products.The reaction kinetic model of bastnaesite roasted in N_(2)(temperature range 600-750℃) and air(temperatu re range 500-575℃) confo rms to the A_(3/2) model with the mechanism function G(α)=-ln(1-α)^(2/3),and the reaction activation energy is 59.78 kj/mol and lnA is 1.65 s^(-1) in N_(2) atmosphere.In air,the reaction activation energy is 100.30 kj/mol and lnA is 9.63 s^(-1).
文摘Background: Dienogest is a potential treatment for pelvic pain associated with endometriosis, a condition of significant concern in gynaecology. The current study was conducted as a crossover-randomized bioequivalence assessment of two oral Dienogest 2 mg formulations, aiming to provide valuable insights for healthcare professionals and researchers in this field. Objective: The primary aim of this research was to evaluate and compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics of Dienogest 2 mg tablets. Dinogest (Dienogest 2 mg) tablets, manufactured by Nuvista Pharma Limited in Bangladesh, and Visanne (Dienogest 2 mg) tablets, manufactured by Bayer Pharma in Germany, were the test and reference formulations, respectively. Materials and Method: The study was an open-label, balanced, randomized, two treatments, two sequences, two periods, two-way crossover, laboratory blind, single oral dose bioequivalence study conducted in healthy adult females under fasting conditions. The study was carried out on 13 healthy, non-pregnant female subjects, and all the subjects completed both study periods with a 15-day washout in between. Randomization was used to assign the test and reference formulations to the subjects. Following each oral administration, a series of blood samples were obtained at different time intervals from pre-dose to 72 hours post-dose and analyzed for Dienogest concentrations using a validated bio-analytical method. A standard non-compartmental model was used to analyze the pharmacokinetic parameters. The primary pharmacokinetic parameters were peak plasma drug concentration (C<sub>max</sub>), the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time t (AUC<sub>0–t</sub>), and AUC from t = 0 to infinity (AUC<sub>0–∞</sub>). The other PK parameters included time to reach C<sub>max</sub> (T<sub>max</sub>), terminal elimination rate constant (K<sub>el</sub>), and half-life (t<sub>1/2</sub>). Result: The ratios and 90% CI for the geometric mean test/reference were 95.53% (86.70% - 105.26%) for C<sub>max</sub>, 101.75% (95.42% - 108.49%) for AUC<sub>0</sub><sub>−</sub><sub>t</sub>, and 101.54% (95.59%% - 107.87%) for AUC<sub>0</sub><sub>−</sub><sub>∞</sub>. The formulations were bioequivalent since the 90% CIs for the geometric mean test/reference ratios were 80% to 125%, according to the predetermined range of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requirements. Conclusion: This single-dose investigation shows that the Dienogest test and reference formulations exhibited a rate and degree of absorption that met the regulatory requirements for bioequivalence.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21808059)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.JKA01221712).
文摘N-formylation of amines,a class of synthetically important reactions,is typically conducted using metal catalysts that are relatively expensive or not readily available and usually needs harsh conditions to increase the reaction efficiency.Here,an efficient continuous microflow strategy was developed for the gas-liquid visible-light photocatalytic N-formylation of piperidine,which achieved a reaction yield of 82.97%and a selectivity of>99%at 12 min using cheap organic dye photocatalyst under mild reaction conditions.The influence of essential parameters,including light intensity,temperature and equivalents of the gas,additive and photocatalyst,on the reaction yield was systematically studied.Furthermore,kinetic investigations were conducted,exhibiting the dependence of reaction rate and equilibrium yield of N-formylpiperidine on light intensity,temperature and photocatalyst equivalent.The microflow photocatalytic approach established in this work,which realized a markedly higher space-time yield than the conventional batch method(37.9 vs.0.212 mmol h-1 L-1),paves the way for the continuous,green and efficient synthesis of N-formamides.
基金financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Nos.51974212 and 52274316)the China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgy Innovation Foundation(No.BWLCF202116)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Major Project of Wuhan(No.2023020302020572)the Foundation of Key Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education(No.FMRUlab23-04)。
文摘The utilization of iron coke provides a green pathway for low-carbon ironmaking.To uncover the influence mechanism of iron ore on the behavior and kinetics of iron coke gasification,the effect of iron ore on the microstructure of iron coke was investigated.Furthermore,a comparative study of the gasification reactions between iron coke and coke was conducted through non-isothermal thermogravimetric method.The findings indicate that compared to coke,iron coke exhibits an augmentation in micropores and specific surface area,and the micropores further extend and interconnect.This provides more adsorption sites for CO_(2) molecules during the gasification process,resulting in a reduction in the initial gasification temperature of iron coke.Accelerating the heating rate in non-isothermal gasification can enhance the reactivity of iron coke.The metallic iron reduced from iron ore is embedded in the carbon matrix,reducing the orderliness of the carbon structure,which is primarily responsible for the heightened reactivity of the carbon atoms.The kinetic study indicates that the random pore model can effectively represent the gasification process of iron coke due to its rich pore structure.Moreover,as the proportion of iron ore increases,the activation energy for the carbon gasification gradually decreases,from 246.2 kJ/mol for coke to 192.5 kJ/mol for iron coke 15wt%.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52170088)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2022J05064)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.ZQN-1118)。
文摘Water contamination by tetracycline(TC)has emerged as an environmental concern owing to its widespread use and antibiotic resistance.Application of peracetic acid(PAA)in the water and wastewater treatment has recently been proposed and demonstrated to be effective for TC abatement,yet the underlying reaction kinetics between the PAA and TC are not yet clear.To explore the reaction kinetics,the effect of solution pH on TC abatement by PAA is studied and the species-specific rate constants are calculated.The ability to donate and accept electrons for different species of TC and PAA is evaluated via density functional theory(DFT)calculations.The pH-dependent apparent second-order rate constants of TC abatement by PAA exhibits the parabolic shape with the maximum at p H 8.5(9.75 L mol^(-1)s^(-1)).This phenomenon is closely related to the speciation of TC and PAA,in which the reaction between PAAH and TTC^(2-)possesses the highest species-specific rate constants according to the kinetic simulation.Further DFT calculations suggest that the HOMO of TTCH^(+),TTC,TTC^(-),TTC^(2-)and the LUMO of PAAH and PAA-are–6.40,–6.26,–5.10,–4.94 e V and–0.24,0.60 e V,respectively.According to the DFT calculations,deprotonation of TC and PAA leads to an increase of the HOMO value of TC and the LUMO value of PAA.Furthermore,the HOMOTC–LUMOPAAvalues is in good agreement with the trend of species-specific rate constants,which can be used to evaluate the reactivity between PAA and TC with different species.This study provides the kinetic data and theoretical basis for the reaction of PAA and TC,which is critical for the application of PAA in the treatment of water and wastewater.
文摘Aim: This dissection study was conducted to verify if the Myofascial kinetic lines, outlined in detail in humans and recently documented in horses, were present in dogs. These dynamic lines present rows of interconnected muscles, myofascia and other fascia structures, which influence the biomechanics of the spine and limbs. Methods: Forty-two dogs of different breeds and genders were dissected, imaged, and videoed. Results: Similar kinetic lines were verified in the dog, as described in humans and horses, and additionally, three new branches of the lines were discovered. The kinetic lines described were three superficial lines: Dorsal, Ventral, and Lateral, which all started in the hindlimb and ended in the temporal and occipital regions. These lines act respectively in spinal extension, flexion, and lateral flexion. Three profound lines, which started in the tail and ended in the head. The Deep Dorsal Line followed the transversospinal myofascia. The Deep Ventral Line showed an additional start deep in the medial hind limb, continued in the hypaxial myofascia, and enveloped all the viscera. Also, the Deep Lateral Line started in the hindlimb but parted along the trunk in the deep lateral myofascial structures. Two helical lines crossed the midline two or three times and served to rotate the spine. The Functional Line established a sling from the axilla to the contralateral stifle and presented a new ipsilateral branch. The Spiral Line connected the head and the ipsilateral tarsus and additionally presented a new straight branch. The four front limb lines describe their motion: the Front Limb Protraction and Retraction, Adduction, and Abduction Lines. Conclusion: The canine lines mirrored the equine and human lines with exceptions due to differences in anatomy, foot posture, lumbosacral flexibility, and their biomechanical constitution as predator versus prey animals. Additionally, three new canine branches were verified and described.
基金supported by a grant from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia,Agreement No 075-152020-806 (Contract No 13.1902.21.0014)。
文摘A wide range of wastes can potentially be used to generate thermal and electrical energy.The co-combustion of several types of waste as part of water-containing waste-derived fuels is a promising method for their recovery.In this research,we use thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry to study the thermal behavior and kinetics of coal slime,biomass,waste oils,and blends on their basis.We also analyze the concentrations of gaseous emissions.The results show that biomass,oils,and coal slime significantly affect each other in the course of their co-combustion when added to slurry fuels.The preparation of coal-water slurry based on slime and water reduced the ignition and burnout temperature by up to 16%.Adding biomass and waste oils additionally stimulated the slurry ignition and burnout,which occurred at lower temperatures.Relative to dry coal slime,threshold ignition temperatures and burnout temperatures decreased by 6%–9%and 17%–25%,respectively.Also,the use of biomass and waste oils as part of slurries inhibited NOхand SO_(2)emission by 2.75 times.According to the kinetic analysis,added biomass and waste turbine oil provide a 28%–51%reduction in the activation energy as compared to a coal-water slurry without additives.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(52076110,52106160)Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(BK20200490,BK20220955)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(30923010208 and 30920031103).
文摘This study aimed to investigate the effects of ammonia addition on ethylene counter-flow diffusion flames with different diluents on the fuel or oxidizer side,using kinetic analyses.A special emphasis was put on assessing the coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and CO_(2) on C2H4 combustion chemistry.The chemical effects could be evaluated by comparing fictitious inert NH_(3) or CO_(2) with normal active NH_(3) or CO_(2).The results revealed that the addition of NH_(3) decreased the mole fractions and production rates of key soot precursors,such as acetylene,propynyl,and benzene.When CO_(2) was used as the dilution gas,the coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and CO_(2) were affected by the chemical effects of CO_(2) to varying degrees.With the oxidizer-side CO_(2) addition,the coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and CO_(2) reduced the mole fractions of H,O,OH radicals,acetylene,propynyl,and benzene,while the effects differed from the fuel-side CO_(2) addition.The coupled chemical effects of NH_(3) and CO_(2) also promoted the formation of aldehyde contaminants,such as acetaldehyde,to some extent,particularly with CO_(2) addition on the oxidizer side.
