The selection of an appropriate basic detonation wave flow field is crucial for improving the performance and geometric design of standing detonation vehicles.This paper employs a detailed chemical reaction model and ...The selection of an appropriate basic detonation wave flow field is crucial for improving the performance and geometric design of standing detonation vehicles.This paper employs a detailed chemical reaction model and solves the unsteady axisymmetric Euler equation to study the characteristics of the Axisymmetric Inward Turning Curved Detonation Wave(AIT-CDW)flow field and the parameters affecting the stability of the wave system structure of AIT-CDW flow field.The numerical results demonstrate a radial compression effect in the AIT-CDW flow field.This effect causes the detonation wave to have a shorter initiation length than oblique detonation wave flow field and the detonation wave angle to gradually increase with the flow direction postdetonation.The AIT-CDW flow field is confined space,making it prone to normal detonation waves when the detonation wave reflects from the wall.This phenomenon is detrimental to the stability of the wave system structure in the flow field.It has been observed that increasing the center body radius and decreasing the fuel equivalent ratio can effectively reduce the height of the normal detonation wave or even eliminate it.Additionally,a well-designed generatrix shape of the center body can enhance airflow,reduce choked flow,and promote the stability of the wave structure in the flow field.展开更多
This study investigates the inward flux events following sawtooth crashes in the edge of HL-2A neutral beam heated plasmas.We identified three distinct types of inward fluxes with varying magnitudes and durations,each...This study investigates the inward flux events following sawtooth crashes in the edge of HL-2A neutral beam heated plasmas.We identified three distinct types of inward fluxes with varying magnitudes and durations,each associated with unique plasma parameter fluctuations.Magnetic fluctuations,particularly the disruption of magnetic surface structures caused by sawtooth crashes,may play a significant role in modulating plasma dynamics.Moreover,the crossphase term and coherence between density and velocity fluctuations were found to be key factors in these flux events,with high coherence correlating with peak inward flux.These findings enhance the understanding of fluctuation-induced transport after sawtooth crashes and have implications for plasma confinement in fusion devices.展开更多
In the era of Metaverse and virtual reality(VR)/augmented reality(AR),capturing finger motion and force interactions is crucial for immersive human-machine interfaces.This study introduces a flexible electronic skin f...In the era of Metaverse and virtual reality(VR)/augmented reality(AR),capturing finger motion and force interactions is crucial for immersive human-machine interfaces.This study introduces a flexible electronic skin for the index finger,addressing coupled perception of both state and process in dynamic tactile sensing.The device integrates resistive and giant magnetoelastic sensors,enabling detection of surface pressure and finger joint bending.This e-skin identifies three phases of finger action:bending state,dynamic normal force and tangential force(sweeping).The system comprises resistive carbon nanotubes(CNT)/polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)films for bending sensing and magnetoelastic sensors(NdFeB particles,EcoFlex,and flexible coils)for pressure detection.The inward bending resistive sensor,based on self-assembled microstructures,exhibits directional specificity with a response time under 120 ms and bending sensitivity from 0°to 120°.The magnetoelastic sensors demonstrate specific responses to frequency and deformation magnitude,as well as sensitivity to surface roughness during sliding and material hardness.The system’s capability is demonstrated through tactile-based bread type and condition recognition,achieving 92%accuracy.This intelligent patch shows broad potential in enhancing interactions across various fields,from VR/AR interfaces and medical diagnostics to smart manufacturing and industrial automation.展开更多
Parvalbumin-positive(PV^(+))interneuron dysfunction is believed to be linked to autism spectrum disorder(ASD),a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social deficits and stereotypical behaviors.However,the mech...Parvalbumin-positive(PV^(+))interneuron dysfunction is believed to be linked to autism spectrum disorder(ASD),a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social deficits and stereotypical behaviors.However,the mechanisms behind PV^(+)interneuron dysfunction remain largely unclear.Here,we found that a deficiency of Biorientation Defective 1(Bod1)in PV^(+)interneurons led to an ASD-like phenotype in Pvalb-Cre;Bod1f/f mice.Mechanistically,we observed that Bod1 deficiency induced hypoactivity of PV^(+)interneurons and hyperactivity of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseⅡalpha(CaMKⅡα)neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex,as determined by whole-cell patch-clamp recording.Additionally,Bod1 deficiency decreased the power of highgamma oscillation,assessed by in vivo multi-channel electrophysiological recording.Furthermore,we found that Bod1 deficiency enhanced the inwardly rectifying K^(+)current,leading to an increase in the resting membrane potential of PV^(+)interneurons.Importantly,the gain-of-function of Bod1 improved social deficits and stereotypical behaviors in Pvalb-Cre;Bod1f/f mice.These findings provide mechanistic insights into the PV^(+)interneuron dysfunction and suggest new strategies for developing PV^(+)interneuron-targeted therapies for ASD.展开更多
Faith and well-being are the main concern of this paper. The connection between the two is discussed in three lessons that Soren Kierkegaard provides in his religious discourses What We Learn from the Lilies in the Fi...Faith and well-being are the main concern of this paper. The connection between the two is discussed in three lessons that Soren Kierkegaard provides in his religious discourses What We Learn from the Lilies in the Field and from the Birds of the Air. The importance of the connection between faith and well-being, especially within Kierkegaard＇s authorship, derives from his definition of a human being as a synthesis of the infinite and the finite, of the temporal and the eternal, of freedom and necessity. It is important to note that this synthesis is not yet a self, not yet an authentic human being. In order to become a self a deviation is needed, a split within this elementarysynthesis. Only upon achieving such split a new synthesis is reconstructed, the synthesis that amounts to an authentic selfhood. The believer who has stopped worrying over his/her mundane concerns, by shifting its existential gravity towards God, will then have to reconstruct a new synthesis. This new synthesis will resemble the fundamental one in almost every aspect. But the difference would lie in choosing God, in the believer＇s hidden inwardness. Faith＇s fruits of eternal happiness are attained strictly through the journey undertaken by the believer＇s inner self.展开更多
A design method based on tip to tail streamline tracing and osculating inward cone methods is discussed for designing the integrated Osculating Inward Cone Waverider Inlet（OICWI）. A practical geometrical constrained...A design method based on tip to tail streamline tracing and osculating inward cone methods is discussed for designing the integrated Osculating Inward Cone Waverider Inlet（OICWI）. A practical geometrical constrained experimental model of OICWI is designed based on the validated design method. It has a total contraction ratio of 4.61 and inner contraction ratio is 2.0. Wind-tunnel tests have been conducted for the OICWI model at free stream Mach number（Ma） of 4.0, 3.5 and 3.0 respectively. The experimental results show that the OICWI has high flow capture ratio and compression abilities. It can self-start at Ma= 3.5 and 4.0 and its flow capture ratio is 0.73 at Ma= 4.0, and Angle of Attack（AOA） 0°. The research results show that the OICWI has advantages of inward cone waverider and streamline tracing inlet. Present OICWI is a novel approach for waverider inlet integration studies and it will promote the use of waverider inlet integration configuration in the studies of airbreathing hypersonic vehicles.展开更多
Intensive studies have been carried out on generations of waverider geometry and hypersonic inlet geometry. However, integration efforts of waverider and related air-intake system are restricted majorly around the X43...Intensive studies have been carried out on generations of waverider geometry and hypersonic inlet geometry. However, integration efforts of waverider and related air-intake system are restricted majorly around the X43A-like or conical flow field induced configuration, which adopts mainly the two-dimensional air-breathing technology and limits the judicious visions of developing new aerodynamic profiles for hypersonic designers. A novel design approach for integrating the inward turning inlet with the traditional parameterized waverider is proposed. The proposed method is an alternative means to produce a compatible configuration by linking the off-the-shelf results on both traditional waverider techniques and inward turning inlet techniques. A series of geometry generations and optimization solutions is proposed to enhance the lift-to-drag ratio. A quantitative but efficient aerodynamic performance evaluation approach （the hypersonic flow panel method） with lower computational cost is employed to play the role of objective function for opti- mization purpose. The produced geometry compatibility with a computational fluid dynamics （CFD） solver is also verified for detailed flow field investigation. Optimization results and other numerical validations are obtained for the feasibility demonstration of the proposed method.展开更多
The Van Allen radiation belts are an extraordinary science discovery in the Earth magnetosphere and consist of two electron belts.The inner Van Allen belt contains electrons of 10s to 100s keV;the outer belt consists ...The Van Allen radiation belts are an extraordinary science discovery in the Earth magnetosphere and consist of two electron belts.The inner Van Allen belt contains electrons of 10s to 100s keV;the outer belt consists mainly of 0.1-10 MeV electrons.Their dynamics have been analyzed for decades.The newly-launched Van Allen Probes provide unprecedented opportunities to investigate the inner belt more thoroughly.Data from this advanced mission have allowed scientists to demonstrate that the inner belt was formed not only through inward transport of outer belt electrons but Cosmic Ray Albedo Neutron Decay(CRAND)has also played an important role.In addition,the inner belt electrons show energy-dependent variations and present“zebra stripe”structures in the energy spectrum.At the same time,scientists have further confirmed that the electrons in the inner radiation belt get lost through coulomb collision and wave-particle interaction.Despite these advances,important questions remain unanswered and require further investigation.The launch of Macao Science Satellite-1 mission,with its low inclination angle and low altitude orbit,will provide advanced radiation belt data for better understanding of the structure and dynamics of the inner electron radiation belt.展开更多
Slow inward currents are known as neuronal excitatory currents mediated by glutamate release and activation of neuronal extra synaptic N-met hyl-D-aspartate receptors with the contribution of astrocytes.These events a...Slow inward currents are known as neuronal excitatory currents mediated by glutamate release and activation of neuronal extra synaptic N-met hyl-D-aspartate receptors with the contribution of astrocytes.These events are significantly slower than the excitatory postsynaptic currents.Parameters of slow inward currents are determined by seve ral factors including the mechanisms of astrocytic activation and glutamate release,as well as the diffusion pathways from the release site towards the extra synaptic recepto rs.Astrocytes are stimulated by neuronal network activity,which in turn excite neurons,forming an astrocyte-neuron feedback loop.Mostly as a consequence of brain edema,astrocytic swelling can also induce slow inward currents under pathological conditions.There is a growing body of evidence on the roles of slow inward currents on a single neuron or local network level.These events often occur in synchro ny on neurons located in the same astrocytic domain.Besides synchronization of neuronal excitability,slow inward currents also set synaptic strength via eliciting timing-dependent synaptic plasticity.In addition,slow inward currents are also subject to non-synaptic plasticity triggered by long-la sting stimulation of the excitatory inputs.Of note,there might be important regionspecific differences in the roles and actions triggering slow inward currents.In greater networks,the pathophysiological roles of slow inward currents can be better understood than physiological ones.Slow inward currents are identified in the pathophysiological background of autism,as slow inward currents drive early hypersynchrony of the neural networks.Slow inward currents are significant contributors to paroxysmal depolarizational shifts/interictal spikes.These events are related to epilepsy,but also found in Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,and stroke,leading to the decline of cognitive functions.Events with features overlapping with slow inward currents(excitatory,N-methyl-Daspartate-receptor mediated currents with astrocytic contribution) as ischemic currents and spreading depolarization also have a well-known pathophysiological role in worsening consequences of stroke,traumatic brain injury,or epilepsy.One might assume that slow inward currents occurring with low frequency under physiological conditions might contribute to synaptic plasticity and memory formation.However,to state this,more experimental evidence from greater neuronal networks or the level of the individual is needed.In this review,I aimed to summarize findings on slow inward currents and to speculate on the potential functions of it.展开更多
The proprietary Chinese medicine preparation Kaiyu Granule is made of bupleurum, nutgrass ga- lingale rhizome, szechwan Iovage rhizome, turmeric root tuber, white peony alba, cape jasmine fruit fried semen ziziphi juj...The proprietary Chinese medicine preparation Kaiyu Granule is made of bupleurum, nutgrass ga- lingale rhizome, szechwan Iovage rhizome, turmeric root tuber, white peony alba, cape jasmine fruit fried semen ziziphi jujubae, and prepared liquorice root. It is a common recipe for the clinical treatment of depression in China. In this study, after 21 days of unpredictable stress exposure, Wistar rats exhibited similar behavioral changes to patients with depression. Moreover, G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K＋ channel 1 mRNA and protein expression were significantly reduced in rat hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions. However, G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K＋ channel 1 mRNA, protein expression, and rat behavior were clearly better after administration of 12, 8, or 4 g/kg of Kaiyu Granule when depression model rats underwent stress. 12 g/kg of Kaiyu Granule had the most obvious effects on the increased expression of G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K＋ channel 1 mRNA and protein in rat hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions. These results suggested that Kaiyu Granule improved depression by affecting G-protein-coupled inwardly recti- fying K＋ channel 1 expression in the rat hippocampus.展开更多
Objective To compare the influence of different sulfonylureas on the myocardial protection effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in isolated rat hearts, and ATP-sensitive potassium channel current (IKATP) of rat ve...Objective To compare the influence of different sulfonylureas on the myocardial protection effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in isolated rat hearts, and ATP-sensitive potassium channel current (IKATP) of rat ventricular myocytes. Methods Isolated Langendorff perfused rat hearts were randomly assigned to five groups: (1) control group, (2) IPC group, (3) IPC+glibenclamide (GLB, 10 μmol/L) group, (4) IPC+glimepiride (GLM, 10 μmol/L) group, (5) IPC+gliclazide (GLC, 50 μmol/L) group. IPC was defined as 3 cycles of 5-minute zero-flow global ischemia followed by 5-minute reperfusion. The haemodynamic parameters and the infarct size of each isolated heart were recorded. And the sarcolemmal IKATP of dissociated ventricular myocytes reperfused with 10 μmol/L GLB, 1 μmol/L GLM, and 1 μmol/L GLC was recorded with single-pipette whole-cell voltage clamp under simulated ischemic condition. Results The infarct sizes of rat hearts in IPC (23.7%±1.3%), IPC+GLM (24.6%±1.0%), and IPC+GLC (33.1%±1.3%) groups were all significantly smaller than that in control group (43.3%±1.8%; P<0.01, n=6). The infarct size of rat hearts in IPC+GLB group (40.4%±1.4%) was significantly larger than that in IPC group (P<0.01, n=6). Under simulated ischemic condition, GLB (10 μmol/L) decreased IKATP from 20.65±7.80 to 9.09±0.10 pA/pF (P<0.01, n=6), GLM (1 μmol/L) did not significantly inhibit IKATP (n=6), and GLC (1 μmol/L) decreased IKATP from 16.73±0.97 to 11.18±3.56 pA/pF(P<0.05, n=6). Conclusions GLM has less effect on myocardial protection of IPC than GLB and GLC. Blockage of sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive potassium channels in myocardium might play an important role in diminishing IPC-induced protection of GLM, GLB, and GLC.展开更多
In this paper,the influence of various field shapers and their shapes on the distribution of the magnetic flux densities and applied forces on the work-piece in the electromagnetic inward tube forming are studied nume...In this paper,the influence of various field shapers and their shapes on the distribution of the magnetic flux densities and applied forces on the work-piece in the electromagnetic inward tube forming are studied numerically using the FEA software MAXWELL.First the model was verified with experimental results and thereafter four kinds of field shapers(conical,cylindrical,concave and convex)were considered.Effects of their geometries,such as air gap between field shaper and tube work-piece,height of the step in single and multiple stepped field shaper on magnetic flux densities and magnetic pressures were studied.The results of this research can be applied to design field shaper,tube compression technology,and improve the efficiency of the coil.It is seen that magnetic force decreases if height of step in convex field shaper increases but effective forming region enlarges.Decreasing air gap has also a positive influence on magnetic field increase.Though the object of this research is limited to field shaper for inward tube forming,the results can also be applied to the field shaper for tube bulging.展开更多
Based on the data of 30 Chinese provinces for the period from 2004 to 2015,this paper expounds the carbon emissions effect of two-way foreign direct investment (FDI) from the perspective of scale effect and factor mar...Based on the data of 30 Chinese provinces for the period from 2004 to 2015,this paper expounds the carbon emissions effect of two-way foreign direct investment (FDI) from the perspective of scale effect and factor market distortions.This study uses Kaya identity to decompose carbon emission and construct simultaneous equations model to empirically examine the factor market distortion and the carbon emission scale effect of two-way FDI.The results show that the inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) increase regional carbon emission through scale effect and also exacerbates factor market distortion in China,whereas the outward FDI trends reduce carbon emission and reduces factor market distortions in China.The study also shows that human capital,research and development (R&D),trade openness,and capital accumulation are important determinants of two-way FDI.Therefore,the study proposes that IFDI policies should focus on acquiring green technologies.In addition,the domestic enterprises should be encouraged to participate in global business.展开更多
This paper is an attempt to investigate systematically fixed points of weakly inward maps by using some basic results from differential equations in Banach spaces. By investigating the Poincare operators for such diff...This paper is an attempt to investigate systematically fixed points of weakly inward maps by using some basic results from differential equations in Banach spaces. By investigating the Poincare operators for such differential equations, we establish a fixed point index theory for two classes of weakly inward maps.展开更多
We report multi-spacecraft observations of ULF waves from Van Allen Probes(RBSP), Magnetospheric Multiscale(MMS), Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorm(THEMIS), and Geostationary Operation...We report multi-spacecraft observations of ULF waves from Van Allen Probes(RBSP), Magnetospheric Multiscale(MMS), Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorm(THEMIS), and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites(GOES).On August 31, 2015, global-scale poloidal waves were observed in data from RBSP-B, GOES and THEMIS from L=4 to L=8 over a wide range of magnetic local time(MLT). The polarization states varied towards purely poloidal polarity. In two consecutive orbits over 18 hours, RBSP-A and RBSP-B recorded gradual variation of the polarization states of the poloidal waves; the ratio(|B_a|/|B_r|) decreased from 0.82 to 0.13. After the variation of polarization states, the poloidal ULF waves became very purely poloidal waves, localized in both L and MLT. We identify the poloidal wave as second harmonic mode with a large azimuthal wave number(m) of –232. From RBSP particle measurements we find evidence that the high-m poloidal waves during the polarization variations were powered by inward radial gradients and bump-on-tail ion distributions through the N=1 drift-bounce resonance. Most of the time, the dominant free energy source was inward radial gradients, compared with the positive gradient in the energy distribution of the bump-on-tail ion distributions.展开更多
AIM：To explore the role of prostaglandin F2α（PGF2α） on pacemaker activity in interstitial cells of Cajal（ICC）from mouse small intestine. METHODS：In this study,effects of PGF2αin the cultured ICC cells were in...AIM：To explore the role of prostaglandin F2α（PGF2α） on pacemaker activity in interstitial cells of Cajal（ICC）from mouse small intestine. METHODS：In this study,effects of PGF2αin the cultured ICC cells were investigated with patch clamp technology combined with Ca 2＋ image analysis. RESULTS：Externally applied PGF2α（10μmol/L）produced membrane depolarization in current-clamp mode and increased tonic inward pacemaker currents in voltage-clamp mode.The application of flufenamic acid（a non-selective cation channel inhibitor）or niflumic acid（aCl channel inhibitor）abolished the generation of pacemaker currents but only flufenamic acid inhibited the PGF2α-induced tonic inward currents.In addition,the tonic inward currents induced by PGF2αwere not inhibited by intracellular application of 5’-[-thio]diphosphate trilithium salt.Pretreatment with Ca 2＋ free solution, U-73122,an active phospholipase C inhibitor,and thapsigargin,a Ca 2＋ -ATPase inhibitor in endoplasmic reticulum,abolished the generation of pacemaker currents and suppressed the PGF2α-induced tonic inward currents.However,chelerythrine or calphostin C,protein kinase C inhibitors,did not block the PGF2α-induced effects on pacemaker currents.When recording intracellular Ca 2＋ （[Ca 2＋ ]i）concentration using fluo-3/AM,PGF2α broadly increased the spontaneous[Ca 2＋ ]i oscillations. CONCLUSION：These results suggest that PGF2αcan modulate pacemaker activity of ICC by acting non-selective action channels through phospholipase C-dependent pathway via[Ca2＋]i regulation展开更多
In this paper, we discuss the concept of fixed point curve for linear interpolations of weakly inward contractions and establish necessary condition for a nonex- pansive mapping to have approximate fixed point property.
This paper proposes a formally stronger set-valued Clarke's fixed point theorem. By this theorem we can improve a fixed point theorem for weakly inward contraction set-valued mapping of D. Dowing and W.A. Kirk.
Our previous study found that some trigeminal ganglion（TG） nerve endings in the inner walls of rat anterior chambers were mechanosensitive, and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1（TRPA1） was an essential mechan...Our previous study found that some trigeminal ganglion（TG） nerve endings in the inner walls of rat anterior chambers were mechanosensitive, and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1（TRPA1） was an essential mechanosensitive channel in the membrane. To address the effect of cannabinoids on the mechanosensitive TG nerve endings in the inner walls of anterior chambers of rat eye, we investigated the effect of the（R）-（＋）-WIN55, 212-2 mesylate salt（WIN）, a synthetic cannabinoid on their cell bodies in vitro. Rat TG neurons innervating the inner walls of the anterior chambers were labeled by 1,1＇-dilinoleyl-3,3,3＇,3＇-tetramethylindocarbocyanine, 4-chlorobenzenesulfona（FAST Di I）. Whole cell patch clamp was performed to record the currents induced by drugs and mechanical stimulation. Mechanical stimulation was applied to the neurons by buffer ejection. WIN evoked inward currents via TRPA1 activation in FAST Di I-labeled TG neurons. WIN enhanced mechanosensitive currents via TRPA1 activation in FAST Di I-labeled TG neurons. Our results indicate that cannabinoids can enhance the mechanosensitivity of TG endings in the inner walls of anterior chambers of rat eye via TRPA1 activation.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U20A2069,62376234 and 123B2037)the Advanced Aero-Power Innovation Workstation,China(No.HKCX2024-01-017)。
文摘The selection of an appropriate basic detonation wave flow field is crucial for improving the performance and geometric design of standing detonation vehicles.This paper employs a detailed chemical reaction model and solves the unsteady axisymmetric Euler equation to study the characteristics of the Axisymmetric Inward Turning Curved Detonation Wave(AIT-CDW)flow field and the parameters affecting the stability of the wave system structure of AIT-CDW flow field.The numerical results demonstrate a radial compression effect in the AIT-CDW flow field.This effect causes the detonation wave to have a shorter initiation length than oblique detonation wave flow field and the detonation wave angle to gradually increase with the flow direction postdetonation.The AIT-CDW flow field is confined space,making it prone to normal detonation waves when the detonation wave reflects from the wall.This phenomenon is detrimental to the stability of the wave system structure in the flow field.It has been observed that increasing the center body radius and decreasing the fuel equivalent ratio can effectively reduce the height of the normal detonation wave or even eliminate it.Additionally,a well-designed generatrix shape of the center body can enhance airflow,reduce choked flow,and promote the stability of the wave structure in the flow field.
基金support of these experiments.This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12405268,12175227,11875255,12375226,and 11975231)the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program of China(2022YFE03060003,2022YFE03100004)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WK2140000016)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M723066).
文摘This study investigates the inward flux events following sawtooth crashes in the edge of HL-2A neutral beam heated plasmas.We identified three distinct types of inward fluxes with varying magnitudes and durations,each associated with unique plasma parameter fluctuations.Magnetic fluctuations,particularly the disruption of magnetic surface structures caused by sawtooth crashes,may play a significant role in modulating plasma dynamics.Moreover,the crossphase term and coherence between density and velocity fluctuations were found to be key factors in these flux events,with high coherence correlating with peak inward flux.These findings enhance the understanding of fluctuation-induced transport after sawtooth crashes and have implications for plasma confinement in fusion devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12204271)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant No.JCYJ20220530141014032)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation program(Grant No.2022A1515011526),China.
文摘In the era of Metaverse and virtual reality(VR)/augmented reality(AR),capturing finger motion and force interactions is crucial for immersive human-machine interfaces.This study introduces a flexible electronic skin for the index finger,addressing coupled perception of both state and process in dynamic tactile sensing.The device integrates resistive and giant magnetoelastic sensors,enabling detection of surface pressure and finger joint bending.This e-skin identifies three phases of finger action:bending state,dynamic normal force and tangential force(sweeping).The system comprises resistive carbon nanotubes(CNT)/polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)films for bending sensing and magnetoelastic sensors(NdFeB particles,EcoFlex,and flexible coils)for pressure detection.The inward bending resistive sensor,based on self-assembled microstructures,exhibits directional specificity with a response time under 120 ms and bending sensitivity from 0°to 120°.The magnetoelastic sensors demonstrate specific responses to frequency and deformation magnitude,as well as sensitivity to surface roughness during sliding and material hardness.The system’s capability is demonstrated through tactile-based bread type and condition recognition,achieving 92%accuracy.This intelligent patch shows broad potential in enhancing interactions across various fields,from VR/AR interfaces and medical diagnostics to smart manufacturing and industrial automation.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFE0108600 to Y.M.L.)the National Natural Science Foundations of China(Grant Nos.82473918 and 82104162 to X.X.L.).
文摘Parvalbumin-positive(PV^(+))interneuron dysfunction is believed to be linked to autism spectrum disorder(ASD),a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social deficits and stereotypical behaviors.However,the mechanisms behind PV^(+)interneuron dysfunction remain largely unclear.Here,we found that a deficiency of Biorientation Defective 1(Bod1)in PV^(+)interneurons led to an ASD-like phenotype in Pvalb-Cre;Bod1f/f mice.Mechanistically,we observed that Bod1 deficiency induced hypoactivity of PV^(+)interneurons and hyperactivity of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseⅡalpha(CaMKⅡα)neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex,as determined by whole-cell patch-clamp recording.Additionally,Bod1 deficiency decreased the power of highgamma oscillation,assessed by in vivo multi-channel electrophysiological recording.Furthermore,we found that Bod1 deficiency enhanced the inwardly rectifying K^(+)current,leading to an increase in the resting membrane potential of PV^(+)interneurons.Importantly,the gain-of-function of Bod1 improved social deficits and stereotypical behaviors in Pvalb-Cre;Bod1f/f mice.These findings provide mechanistic insights into the PV^(+)interneuron dysfunction and suggest new strategies for developing PV^(+)interneuron-targeted therapies for ASD.
文摘Faith and well-being are the main concern of this paper. The connection between the two is discussed in three lessons that Soren Kierkegaard provides in his religious discourses What We Learn from the Lilies in the Field and from the Birds of the Air. The importance of the connection between faith and well-being, especially within Kierkegaard＇s authorship, derives from his definition of a human being as a synthesis of the infinite and the finite, of the temporal and the eternal, of freedom and necessity. It is important to note that this synthesis is not yet a self, not yet an authentic human being. In order to become a self a deviation is needed, a split within this elementarysynthesis. Only upon achieving such split a new synthesis is reconstructed, the synthesis that amounts to an authentic selfhood. The believer who has stopped worrying over his/her mundane concerns, by shifting its existential gravity towards God, will then have to reconstruct a new synthesis. This new synthesis will resemble the fundamental one in almost every aspect. But the difference would lie in choosing God, in the believer＇s hidden inwardness. Faith＇s fruits of eternal happiness are attained strictly through the journey undertaken by the believer＇s inner self.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51376192 and 91216303)
文摘A design method based on tip to tail streamline tracing and osculating inward cone methods is discussed for designing the integrated Osculating Inward Cone Waverider Inlet（OICWI）. A practical geometrical constrained experimental model of OICWI is designed based on the validated design method. It has a total contraction ratio of 4.61 and inner contraction ratio is 2.0. Wind-tunnel tests have been conducted for the OICWI model at free stream Mach number（Ma） of 4.0, 3.5 and 3.0 respectively. The experimental results show that the OICWI has high flow capture ratio and compression abilities. It can self-start at Ma= 3.5 and 4.0 and its flow capture ratio is 0.73 at Ma= 4.0, and Angle of Attack（AOA） 0°. The research results show that the OICWI has advantages of inward cone waverider and streamline tracing inlet. Present OICWI is a novel approach for waverider inlet integration studies and it will promote the use of waverider inlet integration configuration in the studies of airbreathing hypersonic vehicles.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.61004089)
文摘Intensive studies have been carried out on generations of waverider geometry and hypersonic inlet geometry. However, integration efforts of waverider and related air-intake system are restricted majorly around the X43A-like or conical flow field induced configuration, which adopts mainly the two-dimensional air-breathing technology and limits the judicious visions of developing new aerodynamic profiles for hypersonic designers. A novel design approach for integrating the inward turning inlet with the traditional parameterized waverider is proposed. The proposed method is an alternative means to produce a compatible configuration by linking the off-the-shelf results on both traditional waverider techniques and inward turning inlet techniques. A series of geometry generations and optimization solutions is proposed to enhance the lift-to-drag ratio. A quantitative but efficient aerodynamic performance evaluation approach （the hypersonic flow panel method） with lower computational cost is employed to play the role of objective function for opti- mization purpose. The produced geometry compatibility with a computational fluid dynamics （CFD） solver is also verified for detailed flow field investigation. Optimization results and other numerical validations are obtained for the feasibility demonstration of the proposed method.
基金supported by NSFC research grant 41974191China National Space Administration project D020303the National Key R&D Program of China 2020YFE0202100。
文摘The Van Allen radiation belts are an extraordinary science discovery in the Earth magnetosphere and consist of two electron belts.The inner Van Allen belt contains electrons of 10s to 100s keV;the outer belt consists mainly of 0.1-10 MeV electrons.Their dynamics have been analyzed for decades.The newly-launched Van Allen Probes provide unprecedented opportunities to investigate the inner belt more thoroughly.Data from this advanced mission have allowed scientists to demonstrate that the inner belt was formed not only through inward transport of outer belt electrons but Cosmic Ray Albedo Neutron Decay(CRAND)has also played an important role.In addition,the inner belt electrons show energy-dependent variations and present“zebra stripe”structures in the energy spectrum.At the same time,scientists have further confirmed that the electrons in the inner radiation belt get lost through coulomb collision and wave-particle interaction.Despite these advances,important questions remain unanswered and require further investigation.The launch of Macao Science Satellite-1 mission,with its low inclination angle and low altitude orbit,will provide advanced radiation belt data for better understanding of the structure and dynamics of the inner electron radiation belt.
基金funded by the National Research Developm ent and Innovation Office (NKFIH-K1468 73) (to BP)。
文摘Slow inward currents are known as neuronal excitatory currents mediated by glutamate release and activation of neuronal extra synaptic N-met hyl-D-aspartate receptors with the contribution of astrocytes.These events are significantly slower than the excitatory postsynaptic currents.Parameters of slow inward currents are determined by seve ral factors including the mechanisms of astrocytic activation and glutamate release,as well as the diffusion pathways from the release site towards the extra synaptic recepto rs.Astrocytes are stimulated by neuronal network activity,which in turn excite neurons,forming an astrocyte-neuron feedback loop.Mostly as a consequence of brain edema,astrocytic swelling can also induce slow inward currents under pathological conditions.There is a growing body of evidence on the roles of slow inward currents on a single neuron or local network level.These events often occur in synchro ny on neurons located in the same astrocytic domain.Besides synchronization of neuronal excitability,slow inward currents also set synaptic strength via eliciting timing-dependent synaptic plasticity.In addition,slow inward currents are also subject to non-synaptic plasticity triggered by long-la sting stimulation of the excitatory inputs.Of note,there might be important regionspecific differences in the roles and actions triggering slow inward currents.In greater networks,the pathophysiological roles of slow inward currents can be better understood than physiological ones.Slow inward currents are identified in the pathophysiological background of autism,as slow inward currents drive early hypersynchrony of the neural networks.Slow inward currents are significant contributors to paroxysmal depolarizational shifts/interictal spikes.These events are related to epilepsy,but also found in Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,and stroke,leading to the decline of cognitive functions.Events with features overlapping with slow inward currents(excitatory,N-methyl-Daspartate-receptor mediated currents with astrocytic contribution) as ischemic currents and spreading depolarization also have a well-known pathophysiological role in worsening consequences of stroke,traumatic brain injury,or epilepsy.One might assume that slow inward currents occurring with low frequency under physiological conditions might contribute to synaptic plasticity and memory formation.However,to state this,more experimental evidence from greater neuronal networks or the level of the individual is needed.In this review,I aimed to summarize findings on slow inward currents and to speculate on the potential functions of it.
基金supported by the New Drug Development Special-Purpose Foundation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine,No.2005 DIX027A
文摘The proprietary Chinese medicine preparation Kaiyu Granule is made of bupleurum, nutgrass ga- lingale rhizome, szechwan Iovage rhizome, turmeric root tuber, white peony alba, cape jasmine fruit fried semen ziziphi jujubae, and prepared liquorice root. It is a common recipe for the clinical treatment of depression in China. In this study, after 21 days of unpredictable stress exposure, Wistar rats exhibited similar behavioral changes to patients with depression. Moreover, G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K＋ channel 1 mRNA and protein expression were significantly reduced in rat hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions. However, G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K＋ channel 1 mRNA, protein expression, and rat behavior were clearly better after administration of 12, 8, or 4 g/kg of Kaiyu Granule when depression model rats underwent stress. 12 g/kg of Kaiyu Granule had the most obvious effects on the increased expression of G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K＋ channel 1 mRNA and protein in rat hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions. These results suggested that Kaiyu Granule improved depression by affecting G-protein-coupled inwardly recti- fying K＋ channel 1 expression in the rat hippocampus.
基金Supported by Research Project of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai (04DZ19507).
文摘Objective To compare the influence of different sulfonylureas on the myocardial protection effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in isolated rat hearts, and ATP-sensitive potassium channel current (IKATP) of rat ventricular myocytes. Methods Isolated Langendorff perfused rat hearts were randomly assigned to five groups: (1) control group, (2) IPC group, (3) IPC+glibenclamide (GLB, 10 μmol/L) group, (4) IPC+glimepiride (GLM, 10 μmol/L) group, (5) IPC+gliclazide (GLC, 50 μmol/L) group. IPC was defined as 3 cycles of 5-minute zero-flow global ischemia followed by 5-minute reperfusion. The haemodynamic parameters and the infarct size of each isolated heart were recorded. And the sarcolemmal IKATP of dissociated ventricular myocytes reperfused with 10 μmol/L GLB, 1 μmol/L GLM, and 1 μmol/L GLC was recorded with single-pipette whole-cell voltage clamp under simulated ischemic condition. Results The infarct sizes of rat hearts in IPC (23.7%±1.3%), IPC+GLM (24.6%±1.0%), and IPC+GLC (33.1%±1.3%) groups were all significantly smaller than that in control group (43.3%±1.8%; P<0.01, n=6). The infarct size of rat hearts in IPC+GLB group (40.4%±1.4%) was significantly larger than that in IPC group (P<0.01, n=6). Under simulated ischemic condition, GLB (10 μmol/L) decreased IKATP from 20.65±7.80 to 9.09±0.10 pA/pF (P<0.01, n=6), GLM (1 μmol/L) did not significantly inhibit IKATP (n=6), and GLC (1 μmol/L) decreased IKATP from 16.73±0.97 to 11.18±3.56 pA/pF(P<0.05, n=6). Conclusions GLM has less effect on myocardial protection of IPC than GLB and GLC. Blockage of sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive potassium channels in myocardium might play an important role in diminishing IPC-induced protection of GLM, GLB, and GLC.
文摘In this paper,the influence of various field shapers and their shapes on the distribution of the magnetic flux densities and applied forces on the work-piece in the electromagnetic inward tube forming are studied numerically using the FEA software MAXWELL.First the model was verified with experimental results and thereafter four kinds of field shapers(conical,cylindrical,concave and convex)were considered.Effects of their geometries,such as air gap between field shaper and tube work-piece,height of the step in single and multiple stepped field shaper on magnetic flux densities and magnetic pressures were studied.The results of this research can be applied to design field shaper,tube compression technology,and improve the efficiency of the coil.It is seen that magnetic force decreases if height of step in convex field shaper increases but effective forming region enlarges.Decreasing air gap has also a positive influence on magnetic field increase.Though the object of this research is limited to field shaper for inward tube forming,the results can also be applied to the field shaper for tube bulging.
文摘Based on the data of 30 Chinese provinces for the period from 2004 to 2015,this paper expounds the carbon emissions effect of two-way foreign direct investment (FDI) from the perspective of scale effect and factor market distortions.This study uses Kaya identity to decompose carbon emission and construct simultaneous equations model to empirically examine the factor market distortion and the carbon emission scale effect of two-way FDI.The results show that the inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) increase regional carbon emission through scale effect and also exacerbates factor market distortion in China,whereas the outward FDI trends reduce carbon emission and reduces factor market distortions in China.The study also shows that human capital,research and development (R&D),trade openness,and capital accumulation are important determinants of two-way FDI.Therefore,the study proposes that IFDI policies should focus on acquiring green technologies.In addition,the domestic enterprises should be encouraged to participate in global business.
文摘This paper is an attempt to investigate systematically fixed points of weakly inward maps by using some basic results from differential equations in Banach spaces. By investigating the Poincare operators for such differential equations, we establish a fixed point index theory for two classes of weakly inward maps.
基金supported by NNSFC grants 41574161,41731070,and 41574159the Strategic Pionner Program on Space Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences,grants XDA15052500 and XDA15350201
文摘We report multi-spacecraft observations of ULF waves from Van Allen Probes(RBSP), Magnetospheric Multiscale(MMS), Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorm(THEMIS), and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites(GOES).On August 31, 2015, global-scale poloidal waves were observed in data from RBSP-B, GOES and THEMIS from L=4 to L=8 over a wide range of magnetic local time(MLT). The polarization states varied towards purely poloidal polarity. In two consecutive orbits over 18 hours, RBSP-A and RBSP-B recorded gradual variation of the polarization states of the poloidal waves; the ratio(|B_a|/|B_r|) decreased from 0.82 to 0.13. After the variation of polarization states, the poloidal ULF waves became very purely poloidal waves, localized in both L and MLT. We identify the poloidal wave as second harmonic mode with a large azimuthal wave number(m) of –232. From RBSP particle measurements we find evidence that the high-m poloidal waves during the polarization variations were powered by inward radial gradients and bump-on-tail ion distributions through the N=1 drift-bounce resonance. Most of the time, the dominant free energy source was inward radial gradients, compared with the positive gradient in the energy distribution of the bump-on-tail ion distributions.
基金Supported by Research Fund from Chosun Hospital 2008
文摘AIM：To explore the role of prostaglandin F2α（PGF2α） on pacemaker activity in interstitial cells of Cajal（ICC）from mouse small intestine. METHODS：In this study,effects of PGF2αin the cultured ICC cells were investigated with patch clamp technology combined with Ca 2＋ image analysis. RESULTS：Externally applied PGF2α（10μmol/L）produced membrane depolarization in current-clamp mode and increased tonic inward pacemaker currents in voltage-clamp mode.The application of flufenamic acid（a non-selective cation channel inhibitor）or niflumic acid（aCl channel inhibitor）abolished the generation of pacemaker currents but only flufenamic acid inhibited the PGF2α-induced tonic inward currents.In addition,the tonic inward currents induced by PGF2αwere not inhibited by intracellular application of 5’-[-thio]diphosphate trilithium salt.Pretreatment with Ca 2＋ free solution, U-73122,an active phospholipase C inhibitor,and thapsigargin,a Ca 2＋ -ATPase inhibitor in endoplasmic reticulum,abolished the generation of pacemaker currents and suppressed the PGF2α-induced tonic inward currents.However,chelerythrine or calphostin C,protein kinase C inhibitors,did not block the PGF2α-induced effects on pacemaker currents.When recording intracellular Ca 2＋ （[Ca 2＋ ]i）concentration using fluo-3/AM,PGF2α broadly increased the spontaneous[Ca 2＋ ]i oscillations. CONCLUSION：These results suggest that PGF2αcan modulate pacemaker activity of ICC by acting non-selective action channels through phospholipase C-dependent pathway via[Ca2＋]i regulation
文摘In this paper, we discuss the concept of fixed point curve for linear interpolations of weakly inward contractions and establish necessary condition for a nonex- pansive mapping to have approximate fixed point property.
文摘This paper proposes a formally stronger set-valued Clarke's fixed point theorem. By this theorem we can improve a fixed point theorem for weakly inward contraction set-valued mapping of D. Dowing and W.A. Kirk.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81070727)
文摘Our previous study found that some trigeminal ganglion（TG） nerve endings in the inner walls of rat anterior chambers were mechanosensitive, and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1（TRPA1） was an essential mechanosensitive channel in the membrane. To address the effect of cannabinoids on the mechanosensitive TG nerve endings in the inner walls of anterior chambers of rat eye, we investigated the effect of the（R）-（＋）-WIN55, 212-2 mesylate salt（WIN）, a synthetic cannabinoid on their cell bodies in vitro. Rat TG neurons innervating the inner walls of the anterior chambers were labeled by 1,1＇-dilinoleyl-3,3,3＇,3＇-tetramethylindocarbocyanine, 4-chlorobenzenesulfona（FAST Di I）. Whole cell patch clamp was performed to record the currents induced by drugs and mechanical stimulation. Mechanical stimulation was applied to the neurons by buffer ejection. WIN evoked inward currents via TRPA1 activation in FAST Di I-labeled TG neurons. WIN enhanced mechanosensitive currents via TRPA1 activation in FAST Di I-labeled TG neurons. Our results indicate that cannabinoids can enhance the mechanosensitivity of TG endings in the inner walls of anterior chambers of rat eye via TRPA1 activation.
