The oral secretions of insect herbivores are complex mixtures of organic and inorganic solutes and enzymes that are deposited onto plant tissues during the feeding process.Some specific components of insect oral secre...The oral secretions of insect herbivores are complex mixtures of organic and inorganic solutes and enzymes that are deposited onto plant tissues during the feeding process.Some specific components of insect oral secretions have been shown to confer important functions in mediating plant–insect interactions at the molecular level.In this review,we examined the biochemical studies of insect oral secretions to summarize the current knowledge of their compositions.We then moved beyond the functional studies of components of oral secretions,and focused on the literature that pinpointed specific molecular targets of these compounds.Finally,we highlighted the investigations of oral secretion components in the context of insect physiology,which shed light on the potential evolutionary trajectory of these multi-functional molecules.展开更多
The interactions between plants and herbivorous insects are complex and involve multiple factors,driving species formation and leading to the beginning of co-evolution and diversification of plant and insect molecules...The interactions between plants and herbivorous insects are complex and involve multiple factors,driving species formation and leading to the beginning of co-evolution and diversification of plant and insect molecules.Various molecular processes regulate the interactions between plants and herbivorous insects.Here,we discuss the molecular patterns of plant perception of herbivorous insect feeding through activation of early signaling components,crosstalk of plant defense network composed of multiple plant hormones,and various adaptive changes in insect responses to plant defenses.Both plant defenses and insect counter-defenses are molecular adaptation processes to each other.Molecular models of plant-herbivorous insect interactions can more intuitively help us to understand the co-evolutionary arms race between plants and herbivorous insects.These results will provide detailed evidence to elucidate and enrich the interaction network of plant-herbivorous insects.展开更多
Sound contains mechanical signals that can promote physiological and biochemical changes in plants.Insects produce different sounds in the environment,which may be relevant to plant behavior.Thus,we evaluated whether ...Sound contains mechanical signals that can promote physiological and biochemical changes in plants.Insects produce different sounds in the environment,which may be relevant to plant behavior.Thus,we evaluated whether signaling cascades are regulated differently by ecological sounds and whether they trigger molecular responses following those produced by herbivorous insects.Soybean plants were treated with two different sounds:chewing herbivore and forest ambient.The responses were markedly distinct,indicating that sound signals may also trigger specific cascades.Enzymes involved in oxidative metabolism were responsive to both sounds,while salicylic acid(SA)was responsive only to the chewing sound.In contrast,lipoxygenase(LOX)activity and jasmonic acid(JA)did not change.Soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor gene(SKTI)and Bowman-Birk(BBI)genes,encoding for protease inhibitors,were induced by chewing sound.Chewing sound-induced high expression of the pathogenesis-related protein(PR1)gene,confirming the activation of SA-dependent cascades.In contrast,the sound treatments promoted modifications in different branches of the phenylpropanoid pathway,highlighting a tendency for increased flavonols for plants under chewing sounds.Accordingly,chewing sounds induced pathogenesis-related protein(PR10/Bet v-1)and gmFLS1 flavonol synthase(FLS1)genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and flavonols.Finally,our results propose that plants may recognize herbivores by their chewing sound and that different ecological sounds can trigger distinct signaling cascades.展开更多
Interaction among arthropods(insect-acarine)was investigated at all trophic levels in agro-ecosystem and affects the population dynamic and diversification of arthropod pests and intensity of natural enemy(parasitism)...Interaction among arthropods(insect-acarine)was investigated at all trophic levels in agro-ecosystem and affects the population dynamic and diversification of arthropod pests and intensity of natural enemy(parasitism)as well as stimulates the plant chemical defence.In the present study of two cropping periods,nutrient concentration and early infestation of plant-sucking pests are known to trigger different degrees of interactions(plant’s parameters)which potentially alert abundance and diversity of the insect pests.Clearer interaction and magnitude of impact could be assessed(multivariate analysis of variance(MANOVA)and redundancy analysis(RDA))and observed between arthropods(insect-acarine)community and plants’parameters from the strongest to the lowest effects.The two factors could have affected the community of insect-pests with various degrees of pressure effect and interaction that occurred naturally,thus leading to the predictable abundance of insect-acarine populations under eggplant leaves in response to plant physical characteristics(e.g.,size of leaves,number of leaves and plant height)and biochemical constituents(flavonoid,phenolic,peroxidase andβ-1,3-glucanase).Based on multivariate analyses of multitrophic interaction,MANOVA and RDA have the potential to elucidate the complex interaction among plant performance,abundance of pests and activity chemical defence compounds.Both analyses interpreted similar interactions of measured parameters in different ways.Whitefly population in this study was predictable by aphids,thrips and total phenolic contents in eggplant.Eggplant has capable defence systems against insect-acarine pests after stimulation(pre-infestation).In relation to IPM strategy,early stages of plant growth are known as susceptible periods for pests attack but the plant becomes more tolerant during the fruiting stage.展开更多
The effect of the wake of previous strokes on the aerodynamic forces of a flapping model insect wing is studied using the method of computational fluid dynamics. The wake effect is isolated by comparing the forces and...The effect of the wake of previous strokes on the aerodynamic forces of a flapping model insect wing is studied using the method of computational fluid dynamics. The wake effect is isolated by comparing the forces and flows of the starting stroke （when the wake has not developed） with those of a later stroke （when the wake has developed）. The following has been shown. （1） The wake effect may increase or decrease the lift and drag at the beginning of a half-stroke （downstroke or upstroke）, depending on the wing kinematics at stroke reversal. The reason for this is that at the beginning of the half-stroke, the wing “impinges” on the spanwise vorticity generated by the wing during stroke reversal and the distribution of the vorticity is sensitive to the wing kinematics at stroke reversal. （2） The wake effect decreases the lift and increases the drag in the rest part of the half-stroke. This is because the wing moves in a downwash field induced by previous half-stroke＇s starting vortex, tip vortices and attached leading edge vortex （these vortices form a downwash producing vortex ring）. （3） The wake effect decreases the mean lift by 6%-18% （depending on wing kinematics at stroke reversal） and slightly increases the mean drag. Therefore, it is detrimental to the aerodynamic performance of the flapping wing.展开更多
The interactions between herbivores and their host plants play a key role in ecological processes. Understanding the width and nature of these interactions is funda- mental to ecology and conservation. Recent research...The interactions between herbivores and their host plants play a key role in ecological processes. Understanding the width and nature of these interactions is funda- mental to ecology and conservation. Recent research on DNA-based inference of trophic associations suggests that the host range of phytophagous insects in the tropics may be wider than previously thought based on traditional observation. However, the reliability of molecular inference of ecological associations, still strongly dependent on PCR and thus exposed to the risk of contamination with environmental DNA, is under debate. Here, we explored alternative procedures to reduce the chance of amplification of external, nondiet DNA, including surface decontamination and analysis of mid/hind guts, comparing the results with those obtained using the standard protocol. We studied 261 specimens in eight species of Neotropical Chrysomelidae that yielded 316 psbA-trnH intergenic spacer sequences （cpDNA marker of putative diets） from unique and multiple-band PCR results. The taxonomic identity of these sequences was inferred using the automated pipeline BAGpipe, yielding results consistent with 31 plant families. Regardless of the proto- col used, a wide taxonomic spectrum of food was inferred for all chrysomelid species. Canonical Correspondence Analysis using these data revealed significant differences at- tributed mainly to species （expectedly, since they represent different ecologies）, but also to treatment （untreated vs. cleaned/gut samples） and PCR results （single vs. multiple bands）. Molecular identification of diets is not straightforward and, regardless of the species＇ niche breadth, combining approaches that reduce external contamination and studying multiple individuals per species may help increasing confidence in results.展开更多
基金received financial support from the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program,China(KQTD20180411143628272)the special funds for Science Technology Innovation and Industrial Development of Shenzhen Dapeng New District,China(PT202101-02)。
文摘The oral secretions of insect herbivores are complex mixtures of organic and inorganic solutes and enzymes that are deposited onto plant tissues during the feeding process.Some specific components of insect oral secretions have been shown to confer important functions in mediating plant–insect interactions at the molecular level.In this review,we examined the biochemical studies of insect oral secretions to summarize the current knowledge of their compositions.We then moved beyond the functional studies of components of oral secretions,and focused on the literature that pinpointed specific molecular targets of these compounds.Finally,we highlighted the investigations of oral secretion components in the context of insect physiology,which shed light on the potential evolutionary trajectory of these multi-functional molecules.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD1400200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272588,31972299).
文摘The interactions between plants and herbivorous insects are complex and involve multiple factors,driving species formation and leading to the beginning of co-evolution and diversification of plant and insect molecules.Various molecular processes regulate the interactions between plants and herbivorous insects.Here,we discuss the molecular patterns of plant perception of herbivorous insect feeding through activation of early signaling components,crosstalk of plant defense network composed of multiple plant hormones,and various adaptive changes in insect responses to plant defenses.Both plant defenses and insect counter-defenses are molecular adaptation processes to each other.Molecular models of plant-herbivorous insect interactions can more intuitively help us to understand the co-evolutionary arms race between plants and herbivorous insects.These results will provide detailed evidence to elucidate and enrich the interaction network of plant-herbivorous insects.
文摘Sound contains mechanical signals that can promote physiological and biochemical changes in plants.Insects produce different sounds in the environment,which may be relevant to plant behavior.Thus,we evaluated whether signaling cascades are regulated differently by ecological sounds and whether they trigger molecular responses following those produced by herbivorous insects.Soybean plants were treated with two different sounds:chewing herbivore and forest ambient.The responses were markedly distinct,indicating that sound signals may also trigger specific cascades.Enzymes involved in oxidative metabolism were responsive to both sounds,while salicylic acid(SA)was responsive only to the chewing sound.In contrast,lipoxygenase(LOX)activity and jasmonic acid(JA)did not change.Soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor gene(SKTI)and Bowman-Birk(BBI)genes,encoding for protease inhibitors,were induced by chewing sound.Chewing sound-induced high expression of the pathogenesis-related protein(PR1)gene,confirming the activation of SA-dependent cascades.In contrast,the sound treatments promoted modifications in different branches of the phenylpropanoid pathway,highlighting a tendency for increased flavonols for plants under chewing sounds.Accordingly,chewing sounds induced pathogenesis-related protein(PR10/Bet v-1)and gmFLS1 flavonol synthase(FLS1)genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and flavonols.Finally,our results propose that plants may recognize herbivores by their chewing sound and that different ecological sounds can trigger distinct signaling cascades.
文摘Interaction among arthropods(insect-acarine)was investigated at all trophic levels in agro-ecosystem and affects the population dynamic and diversification of arthropod pests and intensity of natural enemy(parasitism)as well as stimulates the plant chemical defence.In the present study of two cropping periods,nutrient concentration and early infestation of plant-sucking pests are known to trigger different degrees of interactions(plant’s parameters)which potentially alert abundance and diversity of the insect pests.Clearer interaction and magnitude of impact could be assessed(multivariate analysis of variance(MANOVA)and redundancy analysis(RDA))and observed between arthropods(insect-acarine)community and plants’parameters from the strongest to the lowest effects.The two factors could have affected the community of insect-pests with various degrees of pressure effect and interaction that occurred naturally,thus leading to the predictable abundance of insect-acarine populations under eggplant leaves in response to plant physical characteristics(e.g.,size of leaves,number of leaves and plant height)and biochemical constituents(flavonoid,phenolic,peroxidase andβ-1,3-glucanase).Based on multivariate analyses of multitrophic interaction,MANOVA and RDA have the potential to elucidate the complex interaction among plant performance,abundance of pests and activity chemical defence compounds.Both analyses interpreted similar interactions of measured parameters in different ways.Whitefly population in this study was predictable by aphids,thrips and total phenolic contents in eggplant.Eggplant has capable defence systems against insect-acarine pests after stimulation(pre-infestation).In relation to IPM strategy,early stages of plant growth are known as susceptible periods for pests attack but the plant becomes more tolerant during the fruiting stage.
基金The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10232010)the National Aeronautic Science Fund of China(03A51049)
文摘The effect of the wake of previous strokes on the aerodynamic forces of a flapping model insect wing is studied using the method of computational fluid dynamics. The wake effect is isolated by comparing the forces and flows of the starting stroke （when the wake has not developed） with those of a later stroke （when the wake has developed）. The following has been shown. （1） The wake effect may increase or decrease the lift and drag at the beginning of a half-stroke （downstroke or upstroke）, depending on the wing kinematics at stroke reversal. The reason for this is that at the beginning of the half-stroke, the wing “impinges” on the spanwise vorticity generated by the wing during stroke reversal and the distribution of the vorticity is sensitive to the wing kinematics at stroke reversal. （2） The wake effect decreases the lift and increases the drag in the rest part of the half-stroke. This is because the wing moves in a downwash field induced by previous half-stroke＇s starting vortex, tip vortices and attached leading edge vortex （these vortices form a downwash producing vortex ring）. （3） The wake effect decreases the mean lift by 6%-18% （depending on wing kinematics at stroke reversal） and slightly increases the mean drag. Therefore, it is detrimental to the aerodynamic performance of the flapping wing.
文摘The interactions between herbivores and their host plants play a key role in ecological processes. Understanding the width and nature of these interactions is funda- mental to ecology and conservation. Recent research on DNA-based inference of trophic associations suggests that the host range of phytophagous insects in the tropics may be wider than previously thought based on traditional observation. However, the reliability of molecular inference of ecological associations, still strongly dependent on PCR and thus exposed to the risk of contamination with environmental DNA, is under debate. Here, we explored alternative procedures to reduce the chance of amplification of external, nondiet DNA, including surface decontamination and analysis of mid/hind guts, comparing the results with those obtained using the standard protocol. We studied 261 specimens in eight species of Neotropical Chrysomelidae that yielded 316 psbA-trnH intergenic spacer sequences （cpDNA marker of putative diets） from unique and multiple-band PCR results. The taxonomic identity of these sequences was inferred using the automated pipeline BAGpipe, yielding results consistent with 31 plant families. Regardless of the proto- col used, a wide taxonomic spectrum of food was inferred for all chrysomelid species. Canonical Correspondence Analysis using these data revealed significant differences at- tributed mainly to species （expectedly, since they represent different ecologies）, but also to treatment （untreated vs. cleaned/gut samples） and PCR results （single vs. multiple bands）. Molecular identification of diets is not straightforward and, regardless of the species＇ niche breadth, combining approaches that reduce external contamination and studying multiple individuals per species may help increasing confidence in results.
