In modern society, a plastic part has its own important position. To the managers and decision makers in the field of plastic component, how to decide the manufacturing cost of the injection part or injection mold as...In modern society, a plastic part has its own important position. To the managers and decision makers in the field of plastic component, how to decide the manufacturing cost of the injection part or injection mold as quickly as possible is most valuable. Cost estimation formulae (CEF) are the most common method to evaluate the cost of injection part/mold, which is similar to our ordinary thinking. In this paper, a CEF method used by Dr. Weiyi Hu in Massachusetts University is first discussed. To the problems existed in the formulae, we propose an improved algorithm. This algorithm can be used to estimate the manufacturing cost of injection part/mold accurately in the early design stage.展开更多
Propofol(2,6-di-isopropylphenol) is a short-acting,intravenous sedative drug.^([1,2]) The pharmacologic mechanism of propofol is related to its agonistic effects on the gamma-amino butyric acid receptor.^([1-3]) Propo...Propofol(2,6-di-isopropylphenol) is a short-acting,intravenous sedative drug.^([1,2]) The pharmacologic mechanism of propofol is related to its agonistic effects on the gamma-amino butyric acid receptor.^([1-3]) Propofol injection pain(PIP) is well-known in the operating room and is commonly countered by the prophylactic administration of lidocaine.In anesthesia,PIP is encountered in 28%–90% of patients.^([4,5]) However,PIPprophylaxis does not seem to be efficacious in every population.^([6,7]) Whether procedural sedation and analgesia(PSA) in the emergency department(ED) warrants lidocaine administration is unclear.展开更多
Background:Penile augmentation through injectable substances is becoming increasingly common.A growing number of aesthetic clinics are developing penile enlargement procedures using various injectable materials.Althou...Background:Penile augmentation through injectable substances is becoming increasingly common.A growing number of aesthetic clinics are developing penile enlargement procedures using various injectable materials.Although these procedures are now performed in more controlled and medically supervised environments,their long-term outcomes remain poorly understood.The promotion of such medical treatments contributes to an increasing interest among adult males in self-injection as a method to alleviate psychological distress associated with penile size concerns.At the same time,access to injectable substances through unofficial or unregulated sources has become increasingly easy.Tor our knowledge,we report the first documented case of self-injection with Garamycin®(gentamicin)cream,contributing to the literature on the often multidisciplinary management of penile enlargement injections,a field still lacking well-established guidelines.Case Description:This case report describes a young patient who self-injected Garamycin®into the penis for the purpose of enlargement.He presented to our urology department with worsening symptoms,including severe and poorly tolerated pain.His primary request was prompt relief of pain while preserving,as much as possible,the aesthetic appearance and functional integrity of his penis.This case required a multi-stage surgical approach to salvage the penis and preserve both its structural integrity and functional outcome.Conclusions:To our knowledge,this case report documents the first reported instance of Garamycin®injection performed for the purpose of penile enlargement.It provides insight into the clinical course of such penile cream injections,demonstrates that a two-stage scrotal flap can achieve both functional and aesthetic outcomes,and highlights the importance of comprehensive management particularly addressing the traumatic impact of penile deformity secondary to inflammation and/or infection,as well as the body dysmorphic concerns often associated with these cases.展开更多
This paper presents the results of free-jet experiments conducted on an internal injection oblique detonation engine in a large-scale hypersonic shock tunnel.To overcome the challenges of non-uniform mixing and the fa...This paper presents the results of free-jet experiments conducted on an internal injection oblique detonation engine in a large-scale hypersonic shock tunnel.To overcome the challenges of non-uniform mixing and the failure of oblique detonation wave initiation when using liquid fuel,a combined strut-wall injection configuration was employed.Initiation was achieved by introducing a bump structure on the wedge.The results demonstrate that this strategy for mixing and initiation effectively establishes the oblique detonation wave combustion flow field.To further investigate the fuel mixing and initiation processes in the oblique detonation engine,three-dimensional numerical simulations consistent with the experimental conditions were carried out using the ReynoldsAveraged Navier-Stokes(RANS)method.The simulation results reveal that the high-speed gas flow generates shock waves as it passes through the central strut and transverse fuel jets.These shock waves are reflected by the wall,forming a series of shocks in the mixing section.The kerosene injected from the strut injectors does not react during the mixing phase.However,due to the influence of the high-temperature boundary layer,the kerosene injected through the wall undergoes precombustion.The separation zone upstream of the bump generates separation shock waves,allowing the multi-wave point to stabilize at a short distance from the leading edge of the wedge.展开更多
Powder-Fueled Water Ramjet Engine(PFWRE)is the most promising powerplant in underwater high-speed propulsion.However,the effect of powder injection mode on its performance and the mechanism of this effect are not well...Powder-Fueled Water Ramjet Engine(PFWRE)is the most promising powerplant in underwater high-speed propulsion.However,the effect of powder injection mode on its performance and the mechanism of this effect are not well understood.In this paper,a computational framework for multiphase combustion flow is developed and validated.Further,the effects of different injection schemes on flow combustion characteristics and engine performance are evaluated via simulation.Our findings indicate that the dominant recirculation zone in front of the primary water inlet delivers water vapor to the combustor head,providing the necessary oxidant for the ignition and combustion of Al particles.Changing the injection parameters directly affects the flame zone distribution and the ability of the recirculation zone to deliver water vapor,leading to variations in particle ignition delay.The engine combustion efficiency and specific impulse efficiency exhibit a negative correlation with injection height,peaking before declining with increased injection angle.It is shown that particle mixing degree and particle dispersion degree are closely related to engine performance.Enhanced particle mixing in front of the primary water inlet and particle dispersion behind the secondary water inlet are considered favorable approaches to improve engine performance,which promotes the particle combustion process and improves the heat-work conversion efficiency.展开更多
The increasing integration of cyber-physical components in Industry 4.0 water infrastructures has heightened the risk of false data injection(FDI)attacks,posing critical threats to operational integrity,resource manag...The increasing integration of cyber-physical components in Industry 4.0 water infrastructures has heightened the risk of false data injection(FDI)attacks,posing critical threats to operational integrity,resource management,and public safety.Traditional detection mechanisms often struggle to generalize across heterogeneous environments or adapt to sophisticated,stealthy threats.To address these challenges,we propose a novel evolutionary optimized transformer-based deep reinforcement learning framework(Evo-Transformer-DRL)designed for robust and adaptive FDI detection in smart water infrastructures.The proposed architecture integrates three powerful paradigms:a transformer encoder for modeling complex temporal dependencies in multivariate time series,a DRL agent for learning optimal decision policies in dynamic environments,and an evolutionary optimizer to fine-tune model hyper-parameters.This synergy enhances detection performance while maintaining adaptability across varying data distributions.Specifically,hyper-parameters of both the transformer and DRL modules are optimized using an improved grey wolf optimizer(IGWO),ensuring a balanced trade-off between detection accuracy and computational efficiency.The model is trained and evaluated on three realistic Industry 4.0 water datasets:secure water treatment(SWaT),water distribution(WADI),and battle of the attack detection algorithms(BATADAL),which capture diverse attack scenarios in smart treatment and distribution systems.Comparative analysis against state-of-the-art baselines including Transformer,DRL,bidirectional encoder representations from transformers(BERT),convolutional neural network(CNN),long short-term memory(LSTM),and support vector machines(SVM)demonstrates that our proposed Evo-Transformer-DRL framework consistently outperforms others in key metrics such as accuracy,recall,area under the curve(AUC),and execution time.Notably,it achieves a maximum detection accuracy of 99.19%,highlighting its strong generalization capability across different testbeds.These results confirm the suitability of our hybrid framework for real-world Industry 4.0 deployment,where rapid adaptation,scalability,and reliability are paramount for securing critical infrastructure systems.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the impact of anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH)levels on the outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)cycles in women of advanced age and also to explore the effect of age on the ICSI ...Objective:To investigate the impact of anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH)levels on the outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)cycles in women of advanced age and also to explore the effect of age on the ICSI results in patients with low AMH levels.Methods:This retrospective cohort study involved 143 infertile couples undergoing ICSI cycles at a fertility clinic in Iran from November 2021 to November 2023.Women aged<37 years with AMH<1 ng/mL and those aged≥37 years were included.A standardized ovarian stimulation protocol was followed,leading to oocyte retrieval and ICSI on mature oocytes.Key oocyte quality indexes,including the maturation rate,fertilization rate,and embryo quality metrics,were evaluated.Poisson regression analyses were also employed to investigate the association between AMH levels and oocyte quality parameters in the advanced age groups,as well as the association between age and oocyte quality parameters in patients with low AMH.Results:We analyzed 143 ICSI cycles from 143 infertile couples.The mean ages of the women and their partners were(38.2±4.7)years and(40.6±5.9)years,respectively,with a median(IQR)AMH level of 0.7(0.4–2.0)ng/mL.Younger women with low AMH levels(<1 ng/mL)showed significantly better outcomes in terms of the number of MⅡ oocytes[adjusted odds ratio(aOR)1.89,95%CI 1.31-2.71;P=0.001],fertilized(2PN)oocytes(aOR 1.97,95%CI 1.36-2.86;P<0.001),embryo number(aOR 2.16,95%CI 1.44-3.24;P<0.001),and embryos suitable for freezing(aOR 2.88,95%CI 1.80-4.61;P<0.001)compared to advanced-age women.Furthermore,among women of advanced age,those with normal AMH levels exhibited a significantly higher number of MⅡ oocyte(aOR 3.55,95%CI 2.31-5.44;P<0.001),fertilized(2PN)oocytes(aOR 3.54,95%CI 2.29-5.49;P<0.001),embryo number(aOR 3.89,95%CI 2.48-6.10;P<0.001),and embryos suitable for freezing(aOR 4.75,95%CI 2.79-8.09;P<0.001)compared to those with low AMH levels.Conclusions:AMH level is a significant predictor of oocyte and embryo number and quality in infertile women of advanced age undergoing ICSI cycles.Our findings suggest that maternal age markedly impacts the quality of oocytes and embryos in low AMHlevel patients.展开更多
Large language models(LLMs)have revolutionized AI applications across diverse domains.However,their widespread deployment has introduced critical security vulnerabilities,particularly prompt injection attacks that man...Large language models(LLMs)have revolutionized AI applications across diverse domains.However,their widespread deployment has introduced critical security vulnerabilities,particularly prompt injection attacks that manipulate model behavior through malicious instructions.Following Kitchenham’s guidelines,this systematic review synthesizes 128 peer-reviewed studies from 2022 to 2025 to provide a unified understanding of this rapidly evolving threat landscape.Our findings reveal a swift progression from simple direct injections to sophisticated multimodal attacks,achieving over 90%success rates against unprotected systems.In response,defense mechanisms show varying effectiveness:input preprocessing achieves 60%–80%detection rates and advanced architectural defenses demonstrate up to 95%protection against known patterns,though significant gaps persist against novel attack vectors.We identified 37 distinct defense approaches across three categories,but standardized evaluation frameworks remain limited.Our analysis attributes these vulnerabilities to fundamental LLM architectural limitations,such as the inability to distinguish instructions from data and attention mechanism vulnerabilities.This highlights critical research directions such as formal verification methods,standardized evaluation protocols,and architectural innovations for inherently secure LLM designs.展开更多
While Large Language Models(LLMs)possess the capability to perform a wide range of tasks,security attacks known as prompt injection and jailbreaking remain critical challenges.Existing defense approaches addressing th...While Large Language Models(LLMs)possess the capability to perform a wide range of tasks,security attacks known as prompt injection and jailbreaking remain critical challenges.Existing defense approaches addressing this problem face challenges such as the over-refusal of prompts that contain harmful vocabulary but are semantically benign,and the limited accuracy improvement inmachine learning-based approaches due to the ease of distinguishing benign prompts in existing datasets.Therefore,we propose a multi-LLM agent framework aimed at achieving both the accurate rejection of harmful prompts and appropriate responses to benign prompts.Distinct from prior studies,the proposed method adopts In-Context Learning(ICL)during the learning phase,presenting a novel approach that obviates the need for computationally expensive parameter updates required by conventional fine-tuning.To demonstrate the proposed method’s capability for rapid and easy deployment,this study targets LLMs with insufficient alignment.In the experiments,macro-averaged binary classification metrics were used to comprehensively evaluate harmfulness detection.Experimental results using three LLMs demonstrated that the proposed method achieved performance that surpassed four baselines across all evaluation metrics for the target LLMs,evidencing significant effectiveness with an average improvement of 16.6 points in F1-score compared to the vanilla models.The significance of this study lies in the proposal of a novel approach based on ICL that does not require parameter updates.This framework offers high sustainability in practical deployment,as it allows for the adaptive enhancement of detection performance against continuously evolving attack methods solely through the accumulation of logs,without the necessity of retraining the LLM itself.By mitigating the trade-off between safety and utility,this research contributes to the implementation of robust LLMs.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To assess the clinical effectiveness and safety of Danshen injection(丹参注射液)following immunosuppressive therapy in primary nephrotic syndrome(PNS)with acute kidney injury(AKI)patients.METHODS:PNS with AK...OBJECTIVE:To assess the clinical effectiveness and safety of Danshen injection(丹参注射液)following immunosuppressive therapy in primary nephrotic syndrome(PNS)with acute kidney injury(AKI)patients.METHODS:PNS with AKI patients selected from nephrotic syndrome inpatients between 2012 and 2022 were divided into two groups according to the treatment regimen:the DS group who were treated with the Danshen injection and the SC group who received supportive care.Propensity score matching was used to balance the confounding factors between the two groups.The outcomes were complete and partial renal function recovery for effectiveness analysis and severe bleeding events for safety analysis.Kaplan-Meier curves and logrank tests were used to compare cumulative recovery rates.Outcome risks were assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression models.RESULTS:The study enrolled 441 patients with PNS and AKI from a population of 3873 inpatients with nephrotic syndrome.Among them,95 received Danshen injection,and 346 received supportive care.After propensity score matching,95 patients in the DS group and 285 patients in the SC group were analyzed.No significant difference was observed in the complete recovery rate for the DS group vs SC group(72.9%vs 65.1%,P=0.130)at 6 months.Compared with the SC group,the DS group was associated with a significantly higher partial recovery rate(71.0%vs 37.5%,P=0.011)at 6 months and all recovery rates(93.4%vs 79.1%,P=0.006)at 6 months.CONCLUSION:In this real-world retrospective study of PNS with AKI patients,Danshen injection following immunosuppressive therapy and prophylactic anticoagulation with low molecular heparin significantly increased 6-month partial renal function recovery and had a safety profile.Further randomized clinical trials are warranted to confirm the benefit of Danshen(Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae)in these patients.展开更多
Objective:To explore the therapeutic effect of double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection in patients with acute secretory otitis media.Methods:A total of 84 patients with acute secr...Objective:To explore the therapeutic effect of double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection in patients with acute secretory otitis media.Methods:A total of 84 patients with acute secretory otitis media admitted to our hospital from June 2024 to June 2025 were selected and randomly divided into two groups by drawing lots.The control group(42 cases)was treated with the traditional single-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection method,while the observation group(42 cases)was treated with the double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection method.The therapeutic effects of the two groups were compared.Results:The overall treatment response rate,overall complication rate,time to symptom relief,and improvement in hearing threshold in the observation group were all superior to those in the control group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).Conclusion:For acute secretory otitis media,the treatment method of double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection demonstrates definite efficacy,significantly reducing the incidence of complications,accelerating symptom relief,and improving hearing function,making it worthy of promotion.展开更多
The evolution of stresses due to inhomogeneity in metal injection molding （MIM） parts during sintering was investigated. The sintering model of porous materials during densification process was developed based on th...The evolution of stresses due to inhomogeneity in metal injection molding （MIM） parts during sintering was investigated. The sintering model of porous materials during densification process was developed based on the continuum mechanics and thermal elasto-viseoplastic constitutive law. Model parameters were identified from the dilatometer sintering experiment. The real density distribution of green body was measured by X-ray computed tomography （CT）, which was regarded as the initial condition of sintering model. Numerical calculation of the above sintering model was carried out with the finite element soRware Abaqus, through the user-defined material mechanical behavior （UMAT）. The calculation results showed that shrinkages of low density regions were faster than those of high density regions during sintering, which led to internal stresses. Compressive stresses existed in high density regions and tensile stresses existed in low density regions. The densification of local regions depended on not only the initial density, but also the evolution of stresses during the sintering stage.展开更多
The two-dimensional steady-state discrete phase mathematical model is developed to analyze gas-particle flow and combustion characteristics of coal particles, as well as components concentration and temperature distri...The two-dimensional steady-state discrete phase mathematical model is developed to analyze gas-particle flow and combustion characteristics of coal particles, as well as components concentration and temperature distribu- tion of coal gas in the process of pulverized coal injection of blast furnace raceway. The results show that a great deal of coal gas discharges on the top of raceway away from the tuyere, and the residence time of coal particles in the re- gion of blowpipe and tuyere is 20 ms or so and 50 ms when it reaches raceway boundary. The pressure is the highest at the bottom of raceway and the maximal temperature is about 2 423 K. The char combustion is mainly carried out in the raceway and the maximum of char burn-out rate attains 3× 10-4 kg/s.展开更多
For most strip-like plastic injection molded parts, whose cross section size is much smaller than their length, the traditional Hele-Shaw model and three-dimensional model do not work well in the prediction of the war...For most strip-like plastic injection molded parts, whose cross section size is much smaller than their length, the traditional Hele-Shaw model and three-dimensional model do not work well in the prediction of the warpage be- cause of their special shape. A new solution was suggested in this work. The strip-like plastic part was regarded as a little-curved beam macrnscopically, and was divided into a few one-dimensional elements. On the section of each elemental node location, two-dimensional thermal finite element analysis was made to obtain the non- uniform thermal stress caused by the time difference of the solidification of the plastic melt in the mold. The stress relaxation, or equivalently, strain creep was dealt with by using a special computing model. On the bases of in-mold elastic stress, the final bending moment to the beam was obtained and the warpage was predict- ed in good a^reement with practical cases.展开更多
The linear isothermo-viscoelastic constitutive equation is established according to the principle of viscoelastic mechanics. Given the boundary conditions of the temperature field, the linear thermo-viscoelastic const...The linear isothermo-viscoelastic constitutive equation is established according to the principle of viscoelastic mechanics. Given the boundary conditions of the temperature field, the linear thermo-viscoelastic constitutive equation is established acording to the analysis of the thermorheologically simple. The stress analysis model is constructed on the base of some reasonable hypotheses which consider the restraint conditions of mold and the characteristics of injection molding in the post-filling stage. The mathematical model is calculated by the finite difference method. The results can help to predict the warpage of plastic products.展开更多
An integrated optimization strategy based on Kriging model and multi-objective particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm was constructed.As a new surrogate model technology,Kriging model has better fitting precision ...An integrated optimization strategy based on Kriging model and multi-objective particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm was constructed.As a new surrogate model technology,Kriging model has better fitting precision for nonlinear problem.The Kriging model was adopted to replace computer aided engineering(CAE) simulation as fitness function of multi-objective PSO algorithm,and the computation cost can be reduced greatly.By introducing multi-objective handling mechanism of crowding distance and mutation operator to multiobjective PSO algorithm,the entire Pareto front can be approximated better.It is shown that the multi-objective optimization strategy can get higher solving accuracy and computation efficiency under small sample.展开更多
This study investigated total warpage of a type of motorcycle seat support made of polypropylene（PP） during the entire process of injection molding and free-cooling after demolding. Finite element modeling（FEM） an...This study investigated total warpage of a type of motorcycle seat support made of polypropylene（PP） during the entire process of injection molding and free-cooling after demolding. Finite element modeling（FEM） analysis for injection molding and its associated thermal deformation was carried out in the study. The effects of processing parameters on warpage occurring in different stages were analyzed by Taguchi optimization method. It was found that packing pressure is the major factor that affects warpage in the injection stage, whereas cooling time is the major factor in free-cooling stage. From an overall evaluation, melt temperature affects the total warpage most, followed by cooling time, packing pressure, packing time and mold temperature. The result proved that optimum parameters for minimizing final warpage of the injected parts can be obtained only when the deformation in the entire manufacturing process is addressed in both molding and demolding stages.展开更多
In this study, it is attempted to give an insight into the injection processability of three self-prepared polymers from A to Z. This work presents material analysis, injection molding simulation, design of ex- perime...In this study, it is attempted to give an insight into the injection processability of three self-prepared polymers from A to Z. This work presents material analysis, injection molding simulation, design of ex- periments alongside considering all interaction effects of controlling parameters carefully for green biodegradable polymeric systems, including polylactic acid （PLA）, polylactic acid-thermoplastic poly- urethane （PLA-TPU） and polylactic acid-thermoplastic starch （PLA-TPS）. The experiments were carried out using injection molding simulation software Autodesk Moldflov~~ in order to minimize warpage and volumetric shrinkage for each of the mentioned systems. The analysis was conducted by changing five significant processing parameters, including coolant temperature, packing time, packing pressure, mold temperature and melt temperature. Taguchi＇s [.27 （35） orthogonal array was selected as an efficient method for design of simulations in order to consider the interaction effects of the parameters and reduce spu- rious simulations. Meanwhile, artificial neural network （ANN） was also used for pattern recognition and optimization through modifying the processing conditions. The Taguchi coupled analysis of variance （ANOVA） and ANN analysis resulted in definition of optimum levels for each factor by two completely different methods. According to the results, melting temperature, coolant temperature and packing time had significant influence on the shrinkage and warpage. The ANN optimal level selection for minimiza- tion of shrinkage and/or warpage is in good agreement with ANOVA optimal level selection results. This investigation indicates that PLA-TPU compound exhibits the highest resistance to warpage and shrink- age defects compared to the other studied compounds.展开更多
Objective： We aimed to determine the effect of neostigmine injections given at the Zusanli （ST 36） acupoint whentreating postpartum urinary retention. Methods： We conducted a systematic review to identify randomiz...Objective： We aimed to determine the effect of neostigmine injections given at the Zusanli （ST 36） acupoint whentreating postpartum urinary retention. Methods： We conducted a systematic review to identify randomized controlledtrials （RCTs） involving neostigmine injections given at the Zusanli （ST 36） acupoint for treating postpartum urinaryretention. We searched the Cochrane Library, Pubmed, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, VipDatabase, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database from the creation of the database to December 30, 2016. Bias riskassessment was performed using Revman 5.3 software from Cochrane based on the criteria set out in the CochraneHandbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, version 5.1.0. Results： Thirteen studies were included with 627participants in the treatment group and 584 participants in the control group. （1） Overall response rate： neostigmineinjections given at the Zusanli （ST 36） acupoint have a better curative effect than injections given in muscle, odds ratio（OR） = 8.74, 95% confidence interval （CI） [5.83, 13.10], Z = 10.49 （P 〈 0.001）; （2） Comparison of effects at differentdosages： （i） 0.5 mg of neostigmine Zusanli （ST 36） acupoint injection group has better effect than 1 mg of neostigmineintramuscular injection group, OR = 15.84, 95% CI [5.74, 43.72],Z = 5.34 （P 〈 0.001）, （ii） 0.5 mg of neostigmineinjection given at the Zusanli acupoint has a better curative effect than 0.5 mg of neostigmine injection given in muscle ,OR = 7.30, 95% CI [3.47, 15.34], Z = 5.24 （P 〈 0.001）; （iii） 1 mg of neostigmine injection at the Zusanli （ST 36）acupoint has better efficacy than 1 mg of neostigmine injection in muscle, OR = 7.76, 95% CI [4.46, 13.52], Z = 7.25 （P〈 0.001）. Conclusion： Neostigmine injections at the Zusanli （ST 36） acupoint have beneficial effects in treatingpostpartum urinary retention. However, the low quality of the studies included in the meta-analysis raises questions overthe reliability of the results. Further studies are still needed.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the effects of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab-chitosan nanoparticles on pathological morphology of retina and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)protein and VEGF mRNA i...AIM:To investigate the effects of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab-chitosan nanoparticles on pathological morphology of retina and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)protein and VEGF mRNA in the retina of diabetic rats.·METHODS:Seventy-two 3-month aged diabetic rats were randomly divided into 3 groups,each containing 24animals and 48 eyes.Both eyes of the rats in group A were injected into the vitreous at the pars plana with 3μL of physiological saline,while in groups B and C were injected with 3μL(75μg)of bevacizumab and 3μL of bevacizumab-chitosan nanoparticles(containing 75μg of bevacizumab),respectively.Immunohistochemistry was used to assess retinal angiogenesis,real-time PCR assay was used to analyze the expression of VEGF mRNA,and light microscopy was used to evaluate the morphology of retinal capillaries.·RESULTS:Real-time PCR assay revealed that the VEGF mRNA expression in the retina before injection was similar to 1 week after injection in group A(P】0.05),while the VEGF mRNA expression before injection significantly differed from those 4 and 8 weeks after injection(P【0.05).Retinal expression of VEGF protein and VEGF mRNA was inhibited 1 week and 4 weeks after injection(P【0.05)in group B,and the expression of VEGF protein and VEGF mRNA was obviously inhibited until 8 weeks after injection(P【0.05)in group C.Using multiple comparisons among group A,group B,and group C,the VEGF expression before injection was higher than at 1,4 and 8 weeks after injection(P【0.05).The amount of VEGF expression was higher 8 weeks after injection than 1 week or 4 weeks after injection,andalso higher 1 week after injection compared with 4 weeks after injection(P【0.05).No toxic effect on SD rats was observed with bevacizumab-chitosan nanoparticles injection alone.·CONCLUSION:The results offer a new approach for inhibiting angiogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and indicate that the intravitreal injection of bevacizumab inhibits VEGF expression in retina,and bevacizumabchitosan nanoparticles have a longer duration of action.展开更多
文摘In modern society, a plastic part has its own important position. To the managers and decision makers in the field of plastic component, how to decide the manufacturing cost of the injection part or injection mold as quickly as possible is most valuable. Cost estimation formulae (CEF) are the most common method to evaluate the cost of injection part/mold, which is similar to our ordinary thinking. In this paper, a CEF method used by Dr. Weiyi Hu in Massachusetts University is first discussed. To the problems existed in the formulae, we propose an improved algorithm. This algorithm can be used to estimate the manufacturing cost of injection part/mold accurately in the early design stage.
文摘Propofol(2,6-di-isopropylphenol) is a short-acting,intravenous sedative drug.^([1,2]) The pharmacologic mechanism of propofol is related to its agonistic effects on the gamma-amino butyric acid receptor.^([1-3]) Propofol injection pain(PIP) is well-known in the operating room and is commonly countered by the prophylactic administration of lidocaine.In anesthesia,PIP is encountered in 28%–90% of patients.^([4,5]) However,PIPprophylaxis does not seem to be efficacious in every population.^([6,7]) Whether procedural sedation and analgesia(PSA) in the emergency department(ED) warrants lidocaine administration is unclear.
文摘Background:Penile augmentation through injectable substances is becoming increasingly common.A growing number of aesthetic clinics are developing penile enlargement procedures using various injectable materials.Although these procedures are now performed in more controlled and medically supervised environments,their long-term outcomes remain poorly understood.The promotion of such medical treatments contributes to an increasing interest among adult males in self-injection as a method to alleviate psychological distress associated with penile size concerns.At the same time,access to injectable substances through unofficial or unregulated sources has become increasingly easy.Tor our knowledge,we report the first documented case of self-injection with Garamycin®(gentamicin)cream,contributing to the literature on the often multidisciplinary management of penile enlargement injections,a field still lacking well-established guidelines.Case Description:This case report describes a young patient who self-injected Garamycin®into the penis for the purpose of enlargement.He presented to our urology department with worsening symptoms,including severe and poorly tolerated pain.His primary request was prompt relief of pain while preserving,as much as possible,the aesthetic appearance and functional integrity of his penis.This case required a multi-stage surgical approach to salvage the penis and preserve both its structural integrity and functional outcome.Conclusions:To our knowledge,this case report documents the first reported instance of Garamycin®injection performed for the purpose of penile enlargement.It provides insight into the clinical course of such penile cream injections,demonstrates that a two-stage scrotal flap can achieve both functional and aesthetic outcomes,and highlights the importance of comprehensive management particularly addressing the traumatic impact of penile deformity secondary to inflammation and/or infection,as well as the body dysmorphic concerns often associated with these cases.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52006181)。
文摘This paper presents the results of free-jet experiments conducted on an internal injection oblique detonation engine in a large-scale hypersonic shock tunnel.To overcome the challenges of non-uniform mixing and the failure of oblique detonation wave initiation when using liquid fuel,a combined strut-wall injection configuration was employed.Initiation was achieved by introducing a bump structure on the wedge.The results demonstrate that this strategy for mixing and initiation effectively establishes the oblique detonation wave combustion flow field.To further investigate the fuel mixing and initiation processes in the oblique detonation engine,three-dimensional numerical simulations consistent with the experimental conditions were carried out using the ReynoldsAveraged Navier-Stokes(RANS)method.The simulation results reveal that the high-speed gas flow generates shock waves as it passes through the central strut and transverse fuel jets.These shock waves are reflected by the wall,forming a series of shocks in the mixing section.The kerosene injected from the strut injectors does not react during the mixing phase.However,due to the influence of the high-temperature boundary layer,the kerosene injected through the wall undergoes precombustion.The separation zone upstream of the bump generates separation shock waves,allowing the multi-wave point to stabilize at a short distance from the leading edge of the wedge.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22305053)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.3072024WD0201)。
文摘Powder-Fueled Water Ramjet Engine(PFWRE)is the most promising powerplant in underwater high-speed propulsion.However,the effect of powder injection mode on its performance and the mechanism of this effect are not well understood.In this paper,a computational framework for multiphase combustion flow is developed and validated.Further,the effects of different injection schemes on flow combustion characteristics and engine performance are evaluated via simulation.Our findings indicate that the dominant recirculation zone in front of the primary water inlet delivers water vapor to the combustor head,providing the necessary oxidant for the ignition and combustion of Al particles.Changing the injection parameters directly affects the flame zone distribution and the ability of the recirculation zone to deliver water vapor,leading to variations in particle ignition delay.The engine combustion efficiency and specific impulse efficiency exhibit a negative correlation with injection height,peaking before declining with increased injection angle.It is shown that particle mixing degree and particle dispersion degree are closely related to engine performance.Enhanced particle mixing in front of the primary water inlet and particle dispersion behind the secondary water inlet are considered favorable approaches to improve engine performance,which promotes the particle combustion process and improves the heat-work conversion efficiency.
文摘The increasing integration of cyber-physical components in Industry 4.0 water infrastructures has heightened the risk of false data injection(FDI)attacks,posing critical threats to operational integrity,resource management,and public safety.Traditional detection mechanisms often struggle to generalize across heterogeneous environments or adapt to sophisticated,stealthy threats.To address these challenges,we propose a novel evolutionary optimized transformer-based deep reinforcement learning framework(Evo-Transformer-DRL)designed for robust and adaptive FDI detection in smart water infrastructures.The proposed architecture integrates three powerful paradigms:a transformer encoder for modeling complex temporal dependencies in multivariate time series,a DRL agent for learning optimal decision policies in dynamic environments,and an evolutionary optimizer to fine-tune model hyper-parameters.This synergy enhances detection performance while maintaining adaptability across varying data distributions.Specifically,hyper-parameters of both the transformer and DRL modules are optimized using an improved grey wolf optimizer(IGWO),ensuring a balanced trade-off between detection accuracy and computational efficiency.The model is trained and evaluated on three realistic Industry 4.0 water datasets:secure water treatment(SWaT),water distribution(WADI),and battle of the attack detection algorithms(BATADAL),which capture diverse attack scenarios in smart treatment and distribution systems.Comparative analysis against state-of-the-art baselines including Transformer,DRL,bidirectional encoder representations from transformers(BERT),convolutional neural network(CNN),long short-term memory(LSTM),and support vector machines(SVM)demonstrates that our proposed Evo-Transformer-DRL framework consistently outperforms others in key metrics such as accuracy,recall,area under the curve(AUC),and execution time.Notably,it achieves a maximum detection accuracy of 99.19%,highlighting its strong generalization capability across different testbeds.These results confirm the suitability of our hybrid framework for real-world Industry 4.0 deployment,where rapid adaptation,scalability,and reliability are paramount for securing critical infrastructure systems.
文摘Objective:To investigate the impact of anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH)levels on the outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)cycles in women of advanced age and also to explore the effect of age on the ICSI results in patients with low AMH levels.Methods:This retrospective cohort study involved 143 infertile couples undergoing ICSI cycles at a fertility clinic in Iran from November 2021 to November 2023.Women aged<37 years with AMH<1 ng/mL and those aged≥37 years were included.A standardized ovarian stimulation protocol was followed,leading to oocyte retrieval and ICSI on mature oocytes.Key oocyte quality indexes,including the maturation rate,fertilization rate,and embryo quality metrics,were evaluated.Poisson regression analyses were also employed to investigate the association between AMH levels and oocyte quality parameters in the advanced age groups,as well as the association between age and oocyte quality parameters in patients with low AMH.Results:We analyzed 143 ICSI cycles from 143 infertile couples.The mean ages of the women and their partners were(38.2±4.7)years and(40.6±5.9)years,respectively,with a median(IQR)AMH level of 0.7(0.4–2.0)ng/mL.Younger women with low AMH levels(<1 ng/mL)showed significantly better outcomes in terms of the number of MⅡ oocytes[adjusted odds ratio(aOR)1.89,95%CI 1.31-2.71;P=0.001],fertilized(2PN)oocytes(aOR 1.97,95%CI 1.36-2.86;P<0.001),embryo number(aOR 2.16,95%CI 1.44-3.24;P<0.001),and embryos suitable for freezing(aOR 2.88,95%CI 1.80-4.61;P<0.001)compared to advanced-age women.Furthermore,among women of advanced age,those with normal AMH levels exhibited a significantly higher number of MⅡ oocyte(aOR 3.55,95%CI 2.31-5.44;P<0.001),fertilized(2PN)oocytes(aOR 3.54,95%CI 2.29-5.49;P<0.001),embryo number(aOR 3.89,95%CI 2.48-6.10;P<0.001),and embryos suitable for freezing(aOR 4.75,95%CI 2.79-8.09;P<0.001)compared to those with low AMH levels.Conclusions:AMH level is a significant predictor of oocyte and embryo number and quality in infertile women of advanced age undergoing ICSI cycles.Our findings suggest that maternal age markedly impacts the quality of oocytes and embryos in low AMHlevel patients.
基金supported by 2023 Higher Education Scientific Research Planning Project of China Society of Higher Education(No.23PG0408)2023 Philosophy and Social Science Research Programs in Jiangsu Province(No.2023SJSZ0993)+2 种基金Nantong Science and Technology Project(No.JC2023070)Key Project of Jiangsu Province Education Science 14th Five-Year Plan(Grant No.B-b/2024/02/41)the Open Fund of Advanced Cryptography and System Security Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province(Grant No.SKLACSS-202407).
文摘Large language models(LLMs)have revolutionized AI applications across diverse domains.However,their widespread deployment has introduced critical security vulnerabilities,particularly prompt injection attacks that manipulate model behavior through malicious instructions.Following Kitchenham’s guidelines,this systematic review synthesizes 128 peer-reviewed studies from 2022 to 2025 to provide a unified understanding of this rapidly evolving threat landscape.Our findings reveal a swift progression from simple direct injections to sophisticated multimodal attacks,achieving over 90%success rates against unprotected systems.In response,defense mechanisms show varying effectiveness:input preprocessing achieves 60%–80%detection rates and advanced architectural defenses demonstrate up to 95%protection against known patterns,though significant gaps persist against novel attack vectors.We identified 37 distinct defense approaches across three categories,but standardized evaluation frameworks remain limited.Our analysis attributes these vulnerabilities to fundamental LLM architectural limitations,such as the inability to distinguish instructions from data and attention mechanism vulnerabilities.This highlights critical research directions such as formal verification methods,standardized evaluation protocols,and architectural innovations for inherently secure LLM designs.
基金supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP23K28377,JP24H00714,JP25K15109,JP25K03190,JP25K03232,JP22K12157The Telecommunications Advancement Foundation.
文摘While Large Language Models(LLMs)possess the capability to perform a wide range of tasks,security attacks known as prompt injection and jailbreaking remain critical challenges.Existing defense approaches addressing this problem face challenges such as the over-refusal of prompts that contain harmful vocabulary but are semantically benign,and the limited accuracy improvement inmachine learning-based approaches due to the ease of distinguishing benign prompts in existing datasets.Therefore,we propose a multi-LLM agent framework aimed at achieving both the accurate rejection of harmful prompts and appropriate responses to benign prompts.Distinct from prior studies,the proposed method adopts In-Context Learning(ICL)during the learning phase,presenting a novel approach that obviates the need for computationally expensive parameter updates required by conventional fine-tuning.To demonstrate the proposed method’s capability for rapid and easy deployment,this study targets LLMs with insufficient alignment.In the experiments,macro-averaged binary classification metrics were used to comprehensively evaluate harmfulness detection.Experimental results using three LLMs demonstrated that the proposed method achieved performance that surpassed four baselines across all evaluation metrics for the target LLMs,evidencing significant effectiveness with an average improvement of 16.6 points in F1-score compared to the vanilla models.The significance of this study lies in the proposal of a novel approach based on ICL that does not require parameter updates.This framework offers high sustainability in practical deployment,as it allows for the adaptive enhancement of detection performance against continuously evolving attack methods solely through the accumulation of logs,without the necessity of retraining the LLM itself.By mitigating the trade-off between safety and utility,this research contributes to the implementation of robust LLMs.
基金Supported by Key Project of Science and Technology Program Coconstructed by the Science and Technology Department of the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China and Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province:A Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Danshen(Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae)in Treating Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Primary Nephrotic Syndrome(GZY-ZJ-KJ-23085)Basic Research Project of Wenzhou Science and Technology Bureau:the Mechanism of Hypoxia Induicible Factor-1 alpha Down-regulating Angiotensinconverting Enzyme 2 in Proximal Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells Leading to Brush Border Shedding in Early Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Sepsis(Y20240071)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To assess the clinical effectiveness and safety of Danshen injection(丹参注射液)following immunosuppressive therapy in primary nephrotic syndrome(PNS)with acute kidney injury(AKI)patients.METHODS:PNS with AKI patients selected from nephrotic syndrome inpatients between 2012 and 2022 were divided into two groups according to the treatment regimen:the DS group who were treated with the Danshen injection and the SC group who received supportive care.Propensity score matching was used to balance the confounding factors between the two groups.The outcomes were complete and partial renal function recovery for effectiveness analysis and severe bleeding events for safety analysis.Kaplan-Meier curves and logrank tests were used to compare cumulative recovery rates.Outcome risks were assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression models.RESULTS:The study enrolled 441 patients with PNS and AKI from a population of 3873 inpatients with nephrotic syndrome.Among them,95 received Danshen injection,and 346 received supportive care.After propensity score matching,95 patients in the DS group and 285 patients in the SC group were analyzed.No significant difference was observed in the complete recovery rate for the DS group vs SC group(72.9%vs 65.1%,P=0.130)at 6 months.Compared with the SC group,the DS group was associated with a significantly higher partial recovery rate(71.0%vs 37.5%,P=0.011)at 6 months and all recovery rates(93.4%vs 79.1%,P=0.006)at 6 months.CONCLUSION:In this real-world retrospective study of PNS with AKI patients,Danshen injection following immunosuppressive therapy and prophylactic anticoagulation with low molecular heparin significantly increased 6-month partial renal function recovery and had a safety profile.Further randomized clinical trials are warranted to confirm the benefit of Danshen(Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae)in these patients.
文摘Objective:To explore the therapeutic effect of double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection in patients with acute secretory otitis media.Methods:A total of 84 patients with acute secretory otitis media admitted to our hospital from June 2024 to June 2025 were selected and randomly divided into two groups by drawing lots.The control group(42 cases)was treated with the traditional single-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection method,while the observation group(42 cases)was treated with the double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection method.The therapeutic effects of the two groups were compared.Results:The overall treatment response rate,overall complication rate,time to symptom relief,and improvement in hearing threshold in the observation group were all superior to those in the control group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).Conclusion:For acute secretory otitis media,the treatment method of double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection demonstrates definite efficacy,significantly reducing the incidence of complications,accelerating symptom relief,and improving hearing function,making it worthy of promotion.
基金Project(2011CB606306)supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(FRF-TP-10-003B)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,ChinaProject(51274040)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The evolution of stresses due to inhomogeneity in metal injection molding （MIM） parts during sintering was investigated. The sintering model of porous materials during densification process was developed based on the continuum mechanics and thermal elasto-viseoplastic constitutive law. Model parameters were identified from the dilatometer sintering experiment. The real density distribution of green body was measured by X-ray computed tomography （CT）, which was regarded as the initial condition of sintering model. Numerical calculation of the above sintering model was carried out with the finite element soRware Abaqus, through the user-defined material mechanical behavior （UMAT）. The calculation results showed that shrinkages of low density regions were faster than those of high density regions during sintering, which led to internal stresses. Compressive stresses existed in high density regions and tensile stresses existed in low density regions. The densification of local regions depended on not only the initial density, but also the evolution of stresses during the sintering stage.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China and Shanghai Baosteel Group Co Ltd United Research Foundation(50374085)
文摘The two-dimensional steady-state discrete phase mathematical model is developed to analyze gas-particle flow and combustion characteristics of coal particles, as well as components concentration and temperature distribu- tion of coal gas in the process of pulverized coal injection of blast furnace raceway. The results show that a great deal of coal gas discharges on the top of raceway away from the tuyere, and the residence time of coal particles in the re- gion of blowpipe and tuyere is 20 ms or so and 50 ms when it reaches raceway boundary. The pressure is the highest at the bottom of raceway and the maximal temperature is about 2 423 K. The char combustion is mainly carried out in the raceway and the maximum of char burn-out rate attains 3× 10-4 kg/s.
基金Supported by the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(11432003)the Key Research Project for Henan Universities(15A430009)
文摘For most strip-like plastic injection molded parts, whose cross section size is much smaller than their length, the traditional Hele-Shaw model and three-dimensional model do not work well in the prediction of the warpage be- cause of their special shape. A new solution was suggested in this work. The strip-like plastic part was regarded as a little-curved beam macrnscopically, and was divided into a few one-dimensional elements. On the section of each elemental node location, two-dimensional thermal finite element analysis was made to obtain the non- uniform thermal stress caused by the time difference of the solidification of the plastic melt in the mold. The stress relaxation, or equivalently, strain creep was dealt with by using a special computing model. On the bases of in-mold elastic stress, the final bending moment to the beam was obtained and the warpage was predict- ed in good a^reement with practical cases.
文摘The linear isothermo-viscoelastic constitutive equation is established according to the principle of viscoelastic mechanics. Given the boundary conditions of the temperature field, the linear thermo-viscoelastic constitutive equation is established acording to the analysis of the thermorheologically simple. The stress analysis model is constructed on the base of some reasonable hypotheses which consider the restraint conditions of mold and the characteristics of injection molding in the post-filling stage. The mathematical model is calculated by the finite difference method. The results can help to predict the warpage of plastic products.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50873060)
文摘An integrated optimization strategy based on Kriging model and multi-objective particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm was constructed.As a new surrogate model technology,Kriging model has better fitting precision for nonlinear problem.The Kriging model was adopted to replace computer aided engineering(CAE) simulation as fitness function of multi-objective PSO algorithm,and the computation cost can be reduced greatly.By introducing multi-objective handling mechanism of crowding distance and mutation operator to multiobjective PSO algorithm,the entire Pareto front can be approximated better.It is shown that the multi-objective optimization strategy can get higher solving accuracy and computation efficiency under small sample.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.CDJZR12110072)
文摘This study investigated total warpage of a type of motorcycle seat support made of polypropylene（PP） during the entire process of injection molding and free-cooling after demolding. Finite element modeling（FEM） analysis for injection molding and its associated thermal deformation was carried out in the study. The effects of processing parameters on warpage occurring in different stages were analyzed by Taguchi optimization method. It was found that packing pressure is the major factor that affects warpage in the injection stage, whereas cooling time is the major factor in free-cooling stage. From an overall evaluation, melt temperature affects the total warpage most, followed by cooling time, packing pressure, packing time and mold temperature. The result proved that optimum parameters for minimizing final warpage of the injected parts can be obtained only when the deformation in the entire manufacturing process is addressed in both molding and demolding stages.
文摘In this study, it is attempted to give an insight into the injection processability of three self-prepared polymers from A to Z. This work presents material analysis, injection molding simulation, design of ex- periments alongside considering all interaction effects of controlling parameters carefully for green biodegradable polymeric systems, including polylactic acid （PLA）, polylactic acid-thermoplastic poly- urethane （PLA-TPU） and polylactic acid-thermoplastic starch （PLA-TPS）. The experiments were carried out using injection molding simulation software Autodesk Moldflov~~ in order to minimize warpage and volumetric shrinkage for each of the mentioned systems. The analysis was conducted by changing five significant processing parameters, including coolant temperature, packing time, packing pressure, mold temperature and melt temperature. Taguchi＇s [.27 （35） orthogonal array was selected as an efficient method for design of simulations in order to consider the interaction effects of the parameters and reduce spu- rious simulations. Meanwhile, artificial neural network （ANN） was also used for pattern recognition and optimization through modifying the processing conditions. The Taguchi coupled analysis of variance （ANOVA） and ANN analysis resulted in definition of optimum levels for each factor by two completely different methods. According to the results, melting temperature, coolant temperature and packing time had significant influence on the shrinkage and warpage. The ANN optimal level selection for minimiza- tion of shrinkage and/or warpage is in good agreement with ANOVA optimal level selection results. This investigation indicates that PLA-TPU compound exhibits the highest resistance to warpage and shrink- age defects compared to the other studied compounds.
文摘Objective： We aimed to determine the effect of neostigmine injections given at the Zusanli （ST 36） acupoint whentreating postpartum urinary retention. Methods： We conducted a systematic review to identify randomized controlledtrials （RCTs） involving neostigmine injections given at the Zusanli （ST 36） acupoint for treating postpartum urinaryretention. We searched the Cochrane Library, Pubmed, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, VipDatabase, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database from the creation of the database to December 30, 2016. Bias riskassessment was performed using Revman 5.3 software from Cochrane based on the criteria set out in the CochraneHandbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, version 5.1.0. Results： Thirteen studies were included with 627participants in the treatment group and 584 participants in the control group. （1） Overall response rate： neostigmineinjections given at the Zusanli （ST 36） acupoint have a better curative effect than injections given in muscle, odds ratio（OR） = 8.74, 95% confidence interval （CI） [5.83, 13.10], Z = 10.49 （P 〈 0.001）; （2） Comparison of effects at differentdosages： （i） 0.5 mg of neostigmine Zusanli （ST 36） acupoint injection group has better effect than 1 mg of neostigmineintramuscular injection group, OR = 15.84, 95% CI [5.74, 43.72],Z = 5.34 （P 〈 0.001）, （ii） 0.5 mg of neostigmineinjection given at the Zusanli acupoint has a better curative effect than 0.5 mg of neostigmine injection given in muscle ,OR = 7.30, 95% CI [3.47, 15.34], Z = 5.24 （P 〈 0.001）; （iii） 1 mg of neostigmine injection at the Zusanli （ST 36）acupoint has better efficacy than 1 mg of neostigmine injection in muscle, OR = 7.76, 95% CI [4.46, 13.52], Z = 7.25 （P〈 0.001）. Conclusion： Neostigmine injections at the Zusanli （ST 36） acupoint have beneficial effects in treatingpostpartum urinary retention. However, the low quality of the studies included in the meta-analysis raises questions overthe reliability of the results. Further studies are still needed.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81270979)Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology Foundation(No.08411962300)
文摘AIM:To investigate the effects of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab-chitosan nanoparticles on pathological morphology of retina and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)protein and VEGF mRNA in the retina of diabetic rats.·METHODS:Seventy-two 3-month aged diabetic rats were randomly divided into 3 groups,each containing 24animals and 48 eyes.Both eyes of the rats in group A were injected into the vitreous at the pars plana with 3μL of physiological saline,while in groups B and C were injected with 3μL(75μg)of bevacizumab and 3μL of bevacizumab-chitosan nanoparticles(containing 75μg of bevacizumab),respectively.Immunohistochemistry was used to assess retinal angiogenesis,real-time PCR assay was used to analyze the expression of VEGF mRNA,and light microscopy was used to evaluate the morphology of retinal capillaries.·RESULTS:Real-time PCR assay revealed that the VEGF mRNA expression in the retina before injection was similar to 1 week after injection in group A(P】0.05),while the VEGF mRNA expression before injection significantly differed from those 4 and 8 weeks after injection(P【0.05).Retinal expression of VEGF protein and VEGF mRNA was inhibited 1 week and 4 weeks after injection(P【0.05)in group B,and the expression of VEGF protein and VEGF mRNA was obviously inhibited until 8 weeks after injection(P【0.05)in group C.Using multiple comparisons among group A,group B,and group C,the VEGF expression before injection was higher than at 1,4 and 8 weeks after injection(P【0.05).The amount of VEGF expression was higher 8 weeks after injection than 1 week or 4 weeks after injection,andalso higher 1 week after injection compared with 4 weeks after injection(P【0.05).No toxic effect on SD rats was observed with bevacizumab-chitosan nanoparticles injection alone.·CONCLUSION:The results offer a new approach for inhibiting angiogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and indicate that the intravitreal injection of bevacizumab inhibits VEGF expression in retina,and bevacizumabchitosan nanoparticles have a longer duration of action.
