Background:Penile augmentation through injectable substances is becoming increasingly common.A growing number of aesthetic clinics are developing penile enlargement procedures using various injectable materials.Althou...Background:Penile augmentation through injectable substances is becoming increasingly common.A growing number of aesthetic clinics are developing penile enlargement procedures using various injectable materials.Although these procedures are now performed in more controlled and medically supervised environments,their long-term outcomes remain poorly understood.The promotion of such medical treatments contributes to an increasing interest among adult males in self-injection as a method to alleviate psychological distress associated with penile size concerns.At the same time,access to injectable substances through unofficial or unregulated sources has become increasingly easy.Tor our knowledge,we report the first documented case of self-injection with Garamycin®(gentamicin)cream,contributing to the literature on the often multidisciplinary management of penile enlargement injections,a field still lacking well-established guidelines.Case Description:This case report describes a young patient who self-injected Garamycin®into the penis for the purpose of enlargement.He presented to our urology department with worsening symptoms,including severe and poorly tolerated pain.His primary request was prompt relief of pain while preserving,as much as possible,the aesthetic appearance and functional integrity of his penis.This case required a multi-stage surgical approach to salvage the penis and preserve both its structural integrity and functional outcome.Conclusions:To our knowledge,this case report documents the first reported instance of Garamycin®injection performed for the purpose of penile enlargement.It provides insight into the clinical course of such penile cream injections,demonstrates that a two-stage scrotal flap can achieve both functional and aesthetic outcomes,and highlights the importance of comprehensive management particularly addressing the traumatic impact of penile deformity secondary to inflammation and/or infection,as well as the body dysmorphic concerns often associated with these cases.展开更多
This paper presents the results of free-jet experiments conducted on an internal injection oblique detonation engine in a large-scale hypersonic shock tunnel.To overcome the challenges of non-uniform mixing and the fa...This paper presents the results of free-jet experiments conducted on an internal injection oblique detonation engine in a large-scale hypersonic shock tunnel.To overcome the challenges of non-uniform mixing and the failure of oblique detonation wave initiation when using liquid fuel,a combined strut-wall injection configuration was employed.Initiation was achieved by introducing a bump structure on the wedge.The results demonstrate that this strategy for mixing and initiation effectively establishes the oblique detonation wave combustion flow field.To further investigate the fuel mixing and initiation processes in the oblique detonation engine,three-dimensional numerical simulations consistent with the experimental conditions were carried out using the ReynoldsAveraged Navier-Stokes(RANS)method.The simulation results reveal that the high-speed gas flow generates shock waves as it passes through the central strut and transverse fuel jets.These shock waves are reflected by the wall,forming a series of shocks in the mixing section.The kerosene injected from the strut injectors does not react during the mixing phase.However,due to the influence of the high-temperature boundary layer,the kerosene injected through the wall undergoes precombustion.The separation zone upstream of the bump generates separation shock waves,allowing the multi-wave point to stabilize at a short distance from the leading edge of the wedge.展开更多
Powder-Fueled Water Ramjet Engine(PFWRE)is the most promising powerplant in underwater high-speed propulsion.However,the effect of powder injection mode on its performance and the mechanism of this effect are not well...Powder-Fueled Water Ramjet Engine(PFWRE)is the most promising powerplant in underwater high-speed propulsion.However,the effect of powder injection mode on its performance and the mechanism of this effect are not well understood.In this paper,a computational framework for multiphase combustion flow is developed and validated.Further,the effects of different injection schemes on flow combustion characteristics and engine performance are evaluated via simulation.Our findings indicate that the dominant recirculation zone in front of the primary water inlet delivers water vapor to the combustor head,providing the necessary oxidant for the ignition and combustion of Al particles.Changing the injection parameters directly affects the flame zone distribution and the ability of the recirculation zone to deliver water vapor,leading to variations in particle ignition delay.The engine combustion efficiency and specific impulse efficiency exhibit a negative correlation with injection height,peaking before declining with increased injection angle.It is shown that particle mixing degree and particle dispersion degree are closely related to engine performance.Enhanced particle mixing in front of the primary water inlet and particle dispersion behind the secondary water inlet are considered favorable approaches to improve engine performance,which promotes the particle combustion process and improves the heat-work conversion efficiency.展开更多
The increasing integration of cyber-physical components in Industry 4.0 water infrastructures has heightened the risk of false data injection(FDI)attacks,posing critical threats to operational integrity,resource manag...The increasing integration of cyber-physical components in Industry 4.0 water infrastructures has heightened the risk of false data injection(FDI)attacks,posing critical threats to operational integrity,resource management,and public safety.Traditional detection mechanisms often struggle to generalize across heterogeneous environments or adapt to sophisticated,stealthy threats.To address these challenges,we propose a novel evolutionary optimized transformer-based deep reinforcement learning framework(Evo-Transformer-DRL)designed for robust and adaptive FDI detection in smart water infrastructures.The proposed architecture integrates three powerful paradigms:a transformer encoder for modeling complex temporal dependencies in multivariate time series,a DRL agent for learning optimal decision policies in dynamic environments,and an evolutionary optimizer to fine-tune model hyper-parameters.This synergy enhances detection performance while maintaining adaptability across varying data distributions.Specifically,hyper-parameters of both the transformer and DRL modules are optimized using an improved grey wolf optimizer(IGWO),ensuring a balanced trade-off between detection accuracy and computational efficiency.The model is trained and evaluated on three realistic Industry 4.0 water datasets:secure water treatment(SWaT),water distribution(WADI),and battle of the attack detection algorithms(BATADAL),which capture diverse attack scenarios in smart treatment and distribution systems.Comparative analysis against state-of-the-art baselines including Transformer,DRL,bidirectional encoder representations from transformers(BERT),convolutional neural network(CNN),long short-term memory(LSTM),and support vector machines(SVM)demonstrates that our proposed Evo-Transformer-DRL framework consistently outperforms others in key metrics such as accuracy,recall,area under the curve(AUC),and execution time.Notably,it achieves a maximum detection accuracy of 99.19%,highlighting its strong generalization capability across different testbeds.These results confirm the suitability of our hybrid framework for real-world Industry 4.0 deployment,where rapid adaptation,scalability,and reliability are paramount for securing critical infrastructure systems.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the impact of anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH)levels on the outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)cycles in women of advanced age and also to explore the effect of age on the ICSI ...Objective:To investigate the impact of anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH)levels on the outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)cycles in women of advanced age and also to explore the effect of age on the ICSI results in patients with low AMH levels.Methods:This retrospective cohort study involved 143 infertile couples undergoing ICSI cycles at a fertility clinic in Iran from November 2021 to November 2023.Women aged<37 years with AMH<1 ng/mL and those aged≥37 years were included.A standardized ovarian stimulation protocol was followed,leading to oocyte retrieval and ICSI on mature oocytes.Key oocyte quality indexes,including the maturation rate,fertilization rate,and embryo quality metrics,were evaluated.Poisson regression analyses were also employed to investigate the association between AMH levels and oocyte quality parameters in the advanced age groups,as well as the association between age and oocyte quality parameters in patients with low AMH.Results:We analyzed 143 ICSI cycles from 143 infertile couples.The mean ages of the women and their partners were(38.2±4.7)years and(40.6±5.9)years,respectively,with a median(IQR)AMH level of 0.7(0.4–2.0)ng/mL.Younger women with low AMH levels(<1 ng/mL)showed significantly better outcomes in terms of the number of MⅡ oocytes[adjusted odds ratio(aOR)1.89,95%CI 1.31-2.71;P=0.001],fertilized(2PN)oocytes(aOR 1.97,95%CI 1.36-2.86;P<0.001),embryo number(aOR 2.16,95%CI 1.44-3.24;P<0.001),and embryos suitable for freezing(aOR 2.88,95%CI 1.80-4.61;P<0.001)compared to advanced-age women.Furthermore,among women of advanced age,those with normal AMH levels exhibited a significantly higher number of MⅡ oocyte(aOR 3.55,95%CI 2.31-5.44;P<0.001),fertilized(2PN)oocytes(aOR 3.54,95%CI 2.29-5.49;P<0.001),embryo number(aOR 3.89,95%CI 2.48-6.10;P<0.001),and embryos suitable for freezing(aOR 4.75,95%CI 2.79-8.09;P<0.001)compared to those with low AMH levels.Conclusions:AMH level is a significant predictor of oocyte and embryo number and quality in infertile women of advanced age undergoing ICSI cycles.Our findings suggest that maternal age markedly impacts the quality of oocytes and embryos in low AMHlevel patients.展开更多
Large language models(LLMs)have revolutionized AI applications across diverse domains.However,their widespread deployment has introduced critical security vulnerabilities,particularly prompt injection attacks that man...Large language models(LLMs)have revolutionized AI applications across diverse domains.However,their widespread deployment has introduced critical security vulnerabilities,particularly prompt injection attacks that manipulate model behavior through malicious instructions.Following Kitchenham’s guidelines,this systematic review synthesizes 128 peer-reviewed studies from 2022 to 2025 to provide a unified understanding of this rapidly evolving threat landscape.Our findings reveal a swift progression from simple direct injections to sophisticated multimodal attacks,achieving over 90%success rates against unprotected systems.In response,defense mechanisms show varying effectiveness:input preprocessing achieves 60%–80%detection rates and advanced architectural defenses demonstrate up to 95%protection against known patterns,though significant gaps persist against novel attack vectors.We identified 37 distinct defense approaches across three categories,but standardized evaluation frameworks remain limited.Our analysis attributes these vulnerabilities to fundamental LLM architectural limitations,such as the inability to distinguish instructions from data and attention mechanism vulnerabilities.This highlights critical research directions such as formal verification methods,standardized evaluation protocols,and architectural innovations for inherently secure LLM designs.展开更多
While Large Language Models(LLMs)possess the capability to perform a wide range of tasks,security attacks known as prompt injection and jailbreaking remain critical challenges.Existing defense approaches addressing th...While Large Language Models(LLMs)possess the capability to perform a wide range of tasks,security attacks known as prompt injection and jailbreaking remain critical challenges.Existing defense approaches addressing this problem face challenges such as the over-refusal of prompts that contain harmful vocabulary but are semantically benign,and the limited accuracy improvement inmachine learning-based approaches due to the ease of distinguishing benign prompts in existing datasets.Therefore,we propose a multi-LLM agent framework aimed at achieving both the accurate rejection of harmful prompts and appropriate responses to benign prompts.Distinct from prior studies,the proposed method adopts In-Context Learning(ICL)during the learning phase,presenting a novel approach that obviates the need for computationally expensive parameter updates required by conventional fine-tuning.To demonstrate the proposed method’s capability for rapid and easy deployment,this study targets LLMs with insufficient alignment.In the experiments,macro-averaged binary classification metrics were used to comprehensively evaluate harmfulness detection.Experimental results using three LLMs demonstrated that the proposed method achieved performance that surpassed four baselines across all evaluation metrics for the target LLMs,evidencing significant effectiveness with an average improvement of 16.6 points in F1-score compared to the vanilla models.The significance of this study lies in the proposal of a novel approach based on ICL that does not require parameter updates.This framework offers high sustainability in practical deployment,as it allows for the adaptive enhancement of detection performance against continuously evolving attack methods solely through the accumulation of logs,without the necessity of retraining the LLM itself.By mitigating the trade-off between safety and utility,this research contributes to the implementation of robust LLMs.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To assess the clinical effectiveness and safety of Danshen injection(丹参注射液)following immunosuppressive therapy in primary nephrotic syndrome(PNS)with acute kidney injury(AKI)patients.METHODS:PNS with AK...OBJECTIVE:To assess the clinical effectiveness and safety of Danshen injection(丹参注射液)following immunosuppressive therapy in primary nephrotic syndrome(PNS)with acute kidney injury(AKI)patients.METHODS:PNS with AKI patients selected from nephrotic syndrome inpatients between 2012 and 2022 were divided into two groups according to the treatment regimen:the DS group who were treated with the Danshen injection and the SC group who received supportive care.Propensity score matching was used to balance the confounding factors between the two groups.The outcomes were complete and partial renal function recovery for effectiveness analysis and severe bleeding events for safety analysis.Kaplan-Meier curves and logrank tests were used to compare cumulative recovery rates.Outcome risks were assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression models.RESULTS:The study enrolled 441 patients with PNS and AKI from a population of 3873 inpatients with nephrotic syndrome.Among them,95 received Danshen injection,and 346 received supportive care.After propensity score matching,95 patients in the DS group and 285 patients in the SC group were analyzed.No significant difference was observed in the complete recovery rate for the DS group vs SC group(72.9%vs 65.1%,P=0.130)at 6 months.Compared with the SC group,the DS group was associated with a significantly higher partial recovery rate(71.0%vs 37.5%,P=0.011)at 6 months and all recovery rates(93.4%vs 79.1%,P=0.006)at 6 months.CONCLUSION:In this real-world retrospective study of PNS with AKI patients,Danshen injection following immunosuppressive therapy and prophylactic anticoagulation with low molecular heparin significantly increased 6-month partial renal function recovery and had a safety profile.Further randomized clinical trials are warranted to confirm the benefit of Danshen(Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae)in these patients.展开更多
Objective:To explore the therapeutic effect of double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection in patients with acute secretory otitis media.Methods:A total of 84 patients with acute secr...Objective:To explore the therapeutic effect of double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection in patients with acute secretory otitis media.Methods:A total of 84 patients with acute secretory otitis media admitted to our hospital from June 2024 to June 2025 were selected and randomly divided into two groups by drawing lots.The control group(42 cases)was treated with the traditional single-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection method,while the observation group(42 cases)was treated with the double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection method.The therapeutic effects of the two groups were compared.Results:The overall treatment response rate,overall complication rate,time to symptom relief,and improvement in hearing threshold in the observation group were all superior to those in the control group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).Conclusion:For acute secretory otitis media,the treatment method of double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection demonstrates definite efficacy,significantly reducing the incidence of complications,accelerating symptom relief,and improving hearing function,making it worthy of promotion.展开更多
Using natural gas(NG)as the primary fuel helps alleviate the fossil fuel crisis while reducing engine soot and nitrogen oxide(NO_(X))emissions.In this paper,the influences of a novel split injection concept on an NG h...Using natural gas(NG)as the primary fuel helps alleviate the fossil fuel crisis while reducing engine soot and nitrogen oxide(NO_(X))emissions.In this paper,the influences of a novel split injection concept on an NG high pressure direct injection(HPDI)engine are examined.Four typical split injection strategies,namely split pre-injection of pilot diesel(PD)and NG,split post-injection of PD and NG,split pre-injection of NG,and split post-injection of PD,were developed to investigate the influences on combustion and emissions.Results revealed that split pre injection of NG enhanced the atomization of PD,whereas the split post-injection of NG lowered the temperature in the core region of the PD spray,resulting in the deterioration of combustion.The effect of the split injection strategy on indicated thermal efficiency exceeded 7.5%.Split pre-injection was favorable to enhancing thermal efficiency,whereas split post-injection was not.Ignition delay,combustion duration,and premixed combustion time proportion were affected by injection strategies by 3.8%,50%,and 19.7%,respectively.Split pre-injection increased CH_(4) emission in the exhaust.Split post-injection,especially split post-injection of PD and NG,reduced the unburned CH_(4) emission by approximately 30%.When the split post-injection ratio was less than 30%,the trade-off between NO_(X) and soot was interrupted.The distribution range of hydroxyl radicals was expanded by pre-injection,and NO_(X) was generated in the region where the NG jet hit the wall.This paper provides valuable insights into the optimization of HPDI injection parameters.展开更多
BACKGROUND Knee osteoarthritis(OA)is a degenerative joint disease traditionally viewed through the lens of cartilage degradation.However,emerging evidence positions subchondral bone pathology-particularly bone marrow ...BACKGROUND Knee osteoarthritis(OA)is a degenerative joint disease traditionally viewed through the lens of cartilage degradation.However,emerging evidence positions subchondral bone pathology-particularly bone marrow lesions(BMLs)-as a key contributor to pain,progression,and structural deterioration.Mesenchymal stem cell exhaustion within the osteoarthritic subchondral zone further impairs intrinsic repair mechanisms,reinforcing the rationale for biologic interventions.AIM To evaluate the clinical efficacy of bone marrow aspirate concentrate(BMAC)therapy for knee OA,comparing subchondral vs intra-articular delivery routes,and elucidating the therapeutic impact on symptom relief and structural preservation.METHODS Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines,five clinical studies were included-comprising three randomized controlled trials and two prospective cohorts-with pooled data from 298 knees.Data on functional outcomes,imaging findings,and progression to total knee arthroplasty(TKA)were extracted and qualitatively synthesized.RESULTS Subchondral BMAC injections demonstrated superior improvements compared to intra-articular injection or placebo:Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score improved from 49.1±1.9 to 61.2±6.3 at 12 months(P<0.05),Knee Society Score increased from 57±12 to 87.3±12 at two years,and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index scores showed significant improvement favoring combined approaches.Magnetic resonance imaging analyses revealed mean BML volume regression of 2.1 cm3,with 80%of knees avoiding TKA over 13-year follow-up.Magnetic resonance imaging analyses revealed regression of BMLs and increased cartilage preservation in subchondral-treated knees.Long-term data indicated delayed progression to TKA and biomechanical improvements(e.g.,Hip-Knee-Ankle angle correction).No major adverse events were reported.CONCLUSION Targeting subchondral bone with BMAC addresses underlying OA pathology and may offer disease-modifying potential beyond symptom relief.These findings support a paradigm shift toward whole-joint biologic therapy,positioning the subchondral matrix as a therapeutic epicenter in OA management.展开更多
Wen-lin Gong1,Chuang Sha2,Gang Du1,Zhong-gui Shan3,Zhong-quan Qi3,Su-fang Zhou1,Nuo Yang1,4,Yong-xiang Zhao1,4.First published:21 June 2017;10(5):454-460.DOI:10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.05.004 The authors would like to corre...Wen-lin Gong1,Chuang Sha2,Gang Du1,Zhong-gui Shan3,Zhong-quan Qi3,Su-fang Zhou1,Nuo Yang1,4,Yong-xiang Zhao1,4.First published:21 June 2017;10(5):454-460.DOI:10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.05.004 The authors would like to correct an error in Figure 3 in which the flow cytometric scattergram of CD4/CD44 for the control group was erroneously used for the scattergram of CD8/CD44 for the PVIDSC group.The correct scattergram of CD8/CD44 for the PVIDSC group is provided below.The error does not affect the conclusion of the study.The authors apologize for the error and the inconvenience it might have caused to readers.展开更多
The long-term stability of CO_(2) storage represents a pivotal challenge in geological CO_(2) storage(CGS),particularly within deep saline aquifers characterized by complex fault-block systems.While the injection site...The long-term stability of CO_(2) storage represents a pivotal challenge in geological CO_(2) storage(CGS),particularly within deep saline aquifers characterized by complex fault-block systems.While the injection sites and rate under different fault structures will directly affect the CO_(2) storage effect and the risk of leakage.This study investigates the Gaoyou Sag in the Subei Basin,a representative fault-block reservoir,through an integrated numerical-experimental approach.A three-dimensional simulation model incorporating multiphase flow dynamics was developed to characterize subsurface CO_(2) transport and dissolution processes.A novel fault seal capacity evaluation framework was proposed,integrating three critical geological indices(fault throw/reservoir thickness/caprock thicknesses)with the coupling of formation physical properties,temperature,and pressure for the rational selection of injection sites and rates.The results show that Optimal storage performance is observed when the fault throw is lower than the reservoir and caprock thicknesses.Furthermore,higher temperature and pressure promote the dissolution and diffusion of CO_(2),while compared to the structural form of faults,the physical properties of faults have a more significant effect on CO_(2) leakage.The larger reservoir space and the presence of an interlayer reduce the risk of CO_(2) leakage,and augmenting storage potential.Decreasing the injection rate increases the proportion of dissolved CO_(2),thereby enhancing the safety of CO_(2) storage.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the impact of administration routes in establishing the Adriamycin(ADR)-induced chronic kidney disease(CKD)model.Using BALB/c mice,we compared the effects of conventional tail-vein inje...This study aimed to investigate the impact of administration routes in establishing the Adriamycin(ADR)-induced chronic kidney disease(CKD)model.Using BALB/c mice,we compared the effects of conventional tail-vein injection(TV10,10 mg/kg)to those of retro-orbital sinus(orbital vein)injection(OV10,10 mg/kg;OV8,8 mg/kg).The re-sults indicated that the OV10 group exhibited CKD pathology similar to the TV10 group,with both groups demonstrating significantly higher urinary albumin/creatinine ratio(p<0.05),tubular injury(p<0.05),and degree of renal fibrosis(p<0.05)than the OV8 group.No significant differences were observed between the OV10 and TV10 groups in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio,tubular injury,and degree of renal fibrosis.These findings demonstrated that retro-orbital administration of 10 mg/kg ADR in-duces comparable effects to conventional tail-vein administration.This technique's technical simplicity may improve experimental efficiency,reproducibility,and animal welfare in CKD research.In conclusion,this study validates the utility of retro-orbital injection in CKD model establishment,demonstrating its potential to standardize and improve the reliability of future CKD research protocols.展开更多
Dear Editor,The attacker is always going to intrude covertly networked control systems(NCSs)by dynamically changing false data injection attacks(FDIAs)strategy,while the defender try their best to resist attacks by de...Dear Editor,The attacker is always going to intrude covertly networked control systems(NCSs)by dynamically changing false data injection attacks(FDIAs)strategy,while the defender try their best to resist attacks by designing defense strategy on the basis of identifying attack strategy,maintaining stable operation of NCSs.To solve this attack-defense game problem,this letter investigates optimal secure control of NCSs under FDIAs.First,for the alterations of energy caused by false data,a novel attack-defense game model is constructed,which considers the changes of energy caused by the actions of the defender and attacker in the forward and feedback channels.展开更多
The occurrence time and magnitude of injection-induced seismicity are influenced by engineering factors,such as wellhead pressure,injection location,injection volume,and injection rate.Understanding the relationship b...The occurrence time and magnitude of injection-induced seismicity are influenced by engineering factors,such as wellhead pressure,injection location,injection volume,and injection rate.Understanding the relationship between injection operations and seismic magnitude is of great significance for optimizing industrial production and reducing earthquake disasters.Numerical simulation of hydromechanical coupling is a crucial method for studying injection-induced seismicity.However,few studies have explored the risk management measures for injection-induced seismicity from the perspective of engineering.How seismic magnitudes can be reduced through reasonable adjustments to injection operations in engineering remains unclear.Therefore,in this study,a 3D hydro-mechanical coupling model involving multiple faults and injection wells was established based on the geological background and well location of Fox Creek,Canada.Different injection schemes under multi-well and multi-fault conditions were studied,and a traffic light system was used to simulate and control the magnitudes under a multi-well injection scheme.Specifically,we simulated injection scenarios involving up to three wells and analyzed the response of five faults.We compared the maximum moment magnitude of different scenarios by controlling the same injection volume.The results revealed the effect and advantage of the multi-well scheme in reducing seismic magnitude.To reduce the risk of induced seismicity,utilizing far-fault operational wells to compensate for the effects of near-fault operational wells proves to be an efficient and cost-effective method,with potential for wide practical applications.展开更多
This study aims to understand the effect of injection rate on injection-induced fracture activation in granite.We performed water injection-induced slip tests on samples containing either a smooth or a rough fracture ...This study aims to understand the effect of injection rate on injection-induced fracture activation in granite.We performed water injection-induced slip tests on samples containing either a smooth or a rough fracture at four different injection rates under undrained conditions and monitored the acoustic emission(AE)signals during the tests.Experimental results reveal that the critical activation fluid pressure is related to the injection rate,pressure diffusion rate,stress state,and fracture roughness.For the smooth fracture,as the injection rate increases,the critical activation fluid pressure increases significantly,while the injection rate has little effect on the critical activation fluid pressure of the rough fracture.The quasi-static slip distance of fractures decreases as the injection rate increases,with rough fractures exhibiting a greater overall slip distance compared to smooth fractures.The number of AE events per unit sliding distance increases with the injection rate,while the global b value decreases.These results indicate that higher injection rates produce more large-magnitude AE events and more severe slip instability and asperity damage.We established a linkage between fluid injection volume,injection rate,and AE events using the seismogenic index(Σ).The smooth fracture exhibits a steadily increasingΣwith the elapse of injection time,and the rate of increase is higher at higher injection rates;while the rough fracture is featured by a fluctuatingΣ,signifying the intermittent occurrence of large-magnitude AE events associated with the damage of larger fracture asperities.Our results highlight the importance of fracture surface heterogeneity on injection-induced fracture activation and slip.展开更多
BACKGROUND A total of 100 patients diagnosed with mixed hemorrhoids from October 2022 to September 2023 in our hospital were randomly divided into groups by dice rolling and compared with the efficacy of different tre...BACKGROUND A total of 100 patients diagnosed with mixed hemorrhoids from October 2022 to September 2023 in our hospital were randomly divided into groups by dice rolling and compared with the efficacy of different treatment options.AIM To analyze the clinical effect and prognosis of mixed hemorrhoids treated with polidocanol injection combined with automatic elastic thread ligation operation(RPH).METHODS A total of 100 patients with mixed hemorrhoids who visited our hospital from October 2022 to September 2023 were selected and randomly divided into the control group(n=50)and the treatment group(n=50)by rolling the dice.The procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids(PPH)was adopted in the control group,while polidocanol foam injection+RPH was adopted in the treatment group.The therapeutic effects,operation time,wound healing time,hospital stay,pain situation(24 hours post-operative pain score,first defecation pain score),quality of life(QOL),incidence of complications(post-operative hemorrhage,edema,infection),incidence of anal stenosis 3 months post-operatively and recurrence rate 1 year post-operatively of the two groups were compared.RESULTS Compared with the control group,the total effective rate of treatment group was higher,and the difference was significant(P<0.05).The operation time/wound healing time/hospital stay in the treatment group were shorter than those in the control group(P<0.05).The pain scores at 24 hours after operation/first defecation pain score of the treatment group was significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).After surgery,the QOL scores of the two groups decreased,with the treatment group having higher scores than that of the control group(P<0.05).Compared with the control group,the incidence of postoperative complications in the treatment group was lower,and the difference was significant(P<0.05);However,there was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative bleeding between the two groups(P>0.05);There was no significant difference in the incidence of anal stenosis 3 months after operation and the recurrence rate 1 year after operation between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION For patients with mixed hemorrhoids,the therapeutic effect achieved by using polidocanol injection combined with RPH was better.The wounds of the patients healed faster,the postoperative pain was milder,QOL improved,and the incidence of complications was lower,and the short-term and long-term prognosis was good.展开更多
This study proposes and systematically evaluates an optimized integration of warm surface seawater injection with depressurization for the long-term exploitation of marine natural gas hydrates.By employing comprehensi...This study proposes and systematically evaluates an optimized integration of warm surface seawater injection with depressurization for the long-term exploitation of marine natural gas hydrates.By employing comprehensive multiphysics simulations guided by field data from hydrate production tests in the South China Sea,we pinpoint key operational parameters—such as injection rates,depths,and timings—that notably enhance production efficiency.The results indicate that a 3-phase hydrate reservoir transitions from a free-gas-dominated production stage to a hydrate-decomposition-dominated stage.Moderate warm seawater injection supplies additional heat during the hydrate decomposition phase,thereby enhancing stable production;however,excessively high injection rates can impede the depressurization process.Only injection at an appropriate depth simultaneously balances thermal supplementation and the pressure gradient,leading to higher overall productivity.A“depressurization-driven sensible-heat supply window”is introduced,highlighting that timely seawater injection following initial depressurization prolongs reservoir dissociation dynamics.In this study area,commencing seawater injection at 170 d of depressurization proved optimal.This optimized integration leverages clean and renewable thermal energy,providing essential insights into thermal supplementation strategies with significant implications for sustainable,economically feasible,and efficient commercial-scale hydrate production.展开更多
Hydrogen displays the potential to partially replace pulverized coal injection(PCI)in the blast furnace,and it can reduce CO_(2)emissions.In this paper,a three-dimensional mathematical model of hydrogen and pulverized...Hydrogen displays the potential to partially replace pulverized coal injection(PCI)in the blast furnace,and it can reduce CO_(2)emissions.In this paper,a three-dimensional mathematical model of hydrogen and pulverized coal co-injection in blast furnace tuyere was established through numerical simulation,and the effect of hydrogen injection and oxygen enrichment interaction on pulverized coal combustion and raceway smelting was investigated.The simulation results indicate that when the coal injection rate decreased from 36 to 30t/h and the hydrogen injection increased from 0 to 3600 m^(3)/h,the CO_(2)emissions decreased from 1860 to 1551 kg/t,which represents a16.6%reduction,and the pulverized coal burnout decreased from 70.1%to 63.7%.The heat released from hydrogen combustion can not only promote the volatilization of pulverized coal but also affect the combustion reaction between volatilization and oxygen,which resulted in a decrease in the temperature at the end of the raceway.Co-injection of hydrogen with PCI increased the wall temperature near the upper half part of the raceway and at the outlet of the tuyere,which required a high cooling efficiency to extend the service life of the blast furnace.The increase in oxygen level compensated for the decreased average temperature in the raceway due to hydrogen injection.The increase in the oxygen content by 3%while maintaining constant hydrogen and PCI injection rates increased the burnout and average raceway temperature by 4.2%and 43 K,respectively.The mole fraction of CO and H_(2) production increased by 0.04 and 0.02,respectively.Burnout can be improved through optimization of the particle size distribution of pulverized coal.展开更多
文摘Background:Penile augmentation through injectable substances is becoming increasingly common.A growing number of aesthetic clinics are developing penile enlargement procedures using various injectable materials.Although these procedures are now performed in more controlled and medically supervised environments,their long-term outcomes remain poorly understood.The promotion of such medical treatments contributes to an increasing interest among adult males in self-injection as a method to alleviate psychological distress associated with penile size concerns.At the same time,access to injectable substances through unofficial or unregulated sources has become increasingly easy.Tor our knowledge,we report the first documented case of self-injection with Garamycin®(gentamicin)cream,contributing to the literature on the often multidisciplinary management of penile enlargement injections,a field still lacking well-established guidelines.Case Description:This case report describes a young patient who self-injected Garamycin®into the penis for the purpose of enlargement.He presented to our urology department with worsening symptoms,including severe and poorly tolerated pain.His primary request was prompt relief of pain while preserving,as much as possible,the aesthetic appearance and functional integrity of his penis.This case required a multi-stage surgical approach to salvage the penis and preserve both its structural integrity and functional outcome.Conclusions:To our knowledge,this case report documents the first reported instance of Garamycin®injection performed for the purpose of penile enlargement.It provides insight into the clinical course of such penile cream injections,demonstrates that a two-stage scrotal flap can achieve both functional and aesthetic outcomes,and highlights the importance of comprehensive management particularly addressing the traumatic impact of penile deformity secondary to inflammation and/or infection,as well as the body dysmorphic concerns often associated with these cases.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52006181)。
文摘This paper presents the results of free-jet experiments conducted on an internal injection oblique detonation engine in a large-scale hypersonic shock tunnel.To overcome the challenges of non-uniform mixing and the failure of oblique detonation wave initiation when using liquid fuel,a combined strut-wall injection configuration was employed.Initiation was achieved by introducing a bump structure on the wedge.The results demonstrate that this strategy for mixing and initiation effectively establishes the oblique detonation wave combustion flow field.To further investigate the fuel mixing and initiation processes in the oblique detonation engine,three-dimensional numerical simulations consistent with the experimental conditions were carried out using the ReynoldsAveraged Navier-Stokes(RANS)method.The simulation results reveal that the high-speed gas flow generates shock waves as it passes through the central strut and transverse fuel jets.These shock waves are reflected by the wall,forming a series of shocks in the mixing section.The kerosene injected from the strut injectors does not react during the mixing phase.However,due to the influence of the high-temperature boundary layer,the kerosene injected through the wall undergoes precombustion.The separation zone upstream of the bump generates separation shock waves,allowing the multi-wave point to stabilize at a short distance from the leading edge of the wedge.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22305053)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.3072024WD0201)。
文摘Powder-Fueled Water Ramjet Engine(PFWRE)is the most promising powerplant in underwater high-speed propulsion.However,the effect of powder injection mode on its performance and the mechanism of this effect are not well understood.In this paper,a computational framework for multiphase combustion flow is developed and validated.Further,the effects of different injection schemes on flow combustion characteristics and engine performance are evaluated via simulation.Our findings indicate that the dominant recirculation zone in front of the primary water inlet delivers water vapor to the combustor head,providing the necessary oxidant for the ignition and combustion of Al particles.Changing the injection parameters directly affects the flame zone distribution and the ability of the recirculation zone to deliver water vapor,leading to variations in particle ignition delay.The engine combustion efficiency and specific impulse efficiency exhibit a negative correlation with injection height,peaking before declining with increased injection angle.It is shown that particle mixing degree and particle dispersion degree are closely related to engine performance.Enhanced particle mixing in front of the primary water inlet and particle dispersion behind the secondary water inlet are considered favorable approaches to improve engine performance,which promotes the particle combustion process and improves the heat-work conversion efficiency.
文摘The increasing integration of cyber-physical components in Industry 4.0 water infrastructures has heightened the risk of false data injection(FDI)attacks,posing critical threats to operational integrity,resource management,and public safety.Traditional detection mechanisms often struggle to generalize across heterogeneous environments or adapt to sophisticated,stealthy threats.To address these challenges,we propose a novel evolutionary optimized transformer-based deep reinforcement learning framework(Evo-Transformer-DRL)designed for robust and adaptive FDI detection in smart water infrastructures.The proposed architecture integrates three powerful paradigms:a transformer encoder for modeling complex temporal dependencies in multivariate time series,a DRL agent for learning optimal decision policies in dynamic environments,and an evolutionary optimizer to fine-tune model hyper-parameters.This synergy enhances detection performance while maintaining adaptability across varying data distributions.Specifically,hyper-parameters of both the transformer and DRL modules are optimized using an improved grey wolf optimizer(IGWO),ensuring a balanced trade-off between detection accuracy and computational efficiency.The model is trained and evaluated on three realistic Industry 4.0 water datasets:secure water treatment(SWaT),water distribution(WADI),and battle of the attack detection algorithms(BATADAL),which capture diverse attack scenarios in smart treatment and distribution systems.Comparative analysis against state-of-the-art baselines including Transformer,DRL,bidirectional encoder representations from transformers(BERT),convolutional neural network(CNN),long short-term memory(LSTM),and support vector machines(SVM)demonstrates that our proposed Evo-Transformer-DRL framework consistently outperforms others in key metrics such as accuracy,recall,area under the curve(AUC),and execution time.Notably,it achieves a maximum detection accuracy of 99.19%,highlighting its strong generalization capability across different testbeds.These results confirm the suitability of our hybrid framework for real-world Industry 4.0 deployment,where rapid adaptation,scalability,and reliability are paramount for securing critical infrastructure systems.
文摘Objective:To investigate the impact of anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH)levels on the outcomes of intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)cycles in women of advanced age and also to explore the effect of age on the ICSI results in patients with low AMH levels.Methods:This retrospective cohort study involved 143 infertile couples undergoing ICSI cycles at a fertility clinic in Iran from November 2021 to November 2023.Women aged<37 years with AMH<1 ng/mL and those aged≥37 years were included.A standardized ovarian stimulation protocol was followed,leading to oocyte retrieval and ICSI on mature oocytes.Key oocyte quality indexes,including the maturation rate,fertilization rate,and embryo quality metrics,were evaluated.Poisson regression analyses were also employed to investigate the association between AMH levels and oocyte quality parameters in the advanced age groups,as well as the association between age and oocyte quality parameters in patients with low AMH.Results:We analyzed 143 ICSI cycles from 143 infertile couples.The mean ages of the women and their partners were(38.2±4.7)years and(40.6±5.9)years,respectively,with a median(IQR)AMH level of 0.7(0.4–2.0)ng/mL.Younger women with low AMH levels(<1 ng/mL)showed significantly better outcomes in terms of the number of MⅡ oocytes[adjusted odds ratio(aOR)1.89,95%CI 1.31-2.71;P=0.001],fertilized(2PN)oocytes(aOR 1.97,95%CI 1.36-2.86;P<0.001),embryo number(aOR 2.16,95%CI 1.44-3.24;P<0.001),and embryos suitable for freezing(aOR 2.88,95%CI 1.80-4.61;P<0.001)compared to advanced-age women.Furthermore,among women of advanced age,those with normal AMH levels exhibited a significantly higher number of MⅡ oocyte(aOR 3.55,95%CI 2.31-5.44;P<0.001),fertilized(2PN)oocytes(aOR 3.54,95%CI 2.29-5.49;P<0.001),embryo number(aOR 3.89,95%CI 2.48-6.10;P<0.001),and embryos suitable for freezing(aOR 4.75,95%CI 2.79-8.09;P<0.001)compared to those with low AMH levels.Conclusions:AMH level is a significant predictor of oocyte and embryo number and quality in infertile women of advanced age undergoing ICSI cycles.Our findings suggest that maternal age markedly impacts the quality of oocytes and embryos in low AMHlevel patients.
基金supported by 2023 Higher Education Scientific Research Planning Project of China Society of Higher Education(No.23PG0408)2023 Philosophy and Social Science Research Programs in Jiangsu Province(No.2023SJSZ0993)+2 种基金Nantong Science and Technology Project(No.JC2023070)Key Project of Jiangsu Province Education Science 14th Five-Year Plan(Grant No.B-b/2024/02/41)the Open Fund of Advanced Cryptography and System Security Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province(Grant No.SKLACSS-202407).
文摘Large language models(LLMs)have revolutionized AI applications across diverse domains.However,their widespread deployment has introduced critical security vulnerabilities,particularly prompt injection attacks that manipulate model behavior through malicious instructions.Following Kitchenham’s guidelines,this systematic review synthesizes 128 peer-reviewed studies from 2022 to 2025 to provide a unified understanding of this rapidly evolving threat landscape.Our findings reveal a swift progression from simple direct injections to sophisticated multimodal attacks,achieving over 90%success rates against unprotected systems.In response,defense mechanisms show varying effectiveness:input preprocessing achieves 60%–80%detection rates and advanced architectural defenses demonstrate up to 95%protection against known patterns,though significant gaps persist against novel attack vectors.We identified 37 distinct defense approaches across three categories,but standardized evaluation frameworks remain limited.Our analysis attributes these vulnerabilities to fundamental LLM architectural limitations,such as the inability to distinguish instructions from data and attention mechanism vulnerabilities.This highlights critical research directions such as formal verification methods,standardized evaluation protocols,and architectural innovations for inherently secure LLM designs.
基金supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP23K28377,JP24H00714,JP25K15109,JP25K03190,JP25K03232,JP22K12157The Telecommunications Advancement Foundation.
文摘While Large Language Models(LLMs)possess the capability to perform a wide range of tasks,security attacks known as prompt injection and jailbreaking remain critical challenges.Existing defense approaches addressing this problem face challenges such as the over-refusal of prompts that contain harmful vocabulary but are semantically benign,and the limited accuracy improvement inmachine learning-based approaches due to the ease of distinguishing benign prompts in existing datasets.Therefore,we propose a multi-LLM agent framework aimed at achieving both the accurate rejection of harmful prompts and appropriate responses to benign prompts.Distinct from prior studies,the proposed method adopts In-Context Learning(ICL)during the learning phase,presenting a novel approach that obviates the need for computationally expensive parameter updates required by conventional fine-tuning.To demonstrate the proposed method’s capability for rapid and easy deployment,this study targets LLMs with insufficient alignment.In the experiments,macro-averaged binary classification metrics were used to comprehensively evaluate harmfulness detection.Experimental results using three LLMs demonstrated that the proposed method achieved performance that surpassed four baselines across all evaluation metrics for the target LLMs,evidencing significant effectiveness with an average improvement of 16.6 points in F1-score compared to the vanilla models.The significance of this study lies in the proposal of a novel approach based on ICL that does not require parameter updates.This framework offers high sustainability in practical deployment,as it allows for the adaptive enhancement of detection performance against continuously evolving attack methods solely through the accumulation of logs,without the necessity of retraining the LLM itself.By mitigating the trade-off between safety and utility,this research contributes to the implementation of robust LLMs.
基金Supported by Key Project of Science and Technology Program Coconstructed by the Science and Technology Department of the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China and Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province:A Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Danshen(Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae)in Treating Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Primary Nephrotic Syndrome(GZY-ZJ-KJ-23085)Basic Research Project of Wenzhou Science and Technology Bureau:the Mechanism of Hypoxia Induicible Factor-1 alpha Down-regulating Angiotensinconverting Enzyme 2 in Proximal Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells Leading to Brush Border Shedding in Early Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Sepsis(Y20240071)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To assess the clinical effectiveness and safety of Danshen injection(丹参注射液)following immunosuppressive therapy in primary nephrotic syndrome(PNS)with acute kidney injury(AKI)patients.METHODS:PNS with AKI patients selected from nephrotic syndrome inpatients between 2012 and 2022 were divided into two groups according to the treatment regimen:the DS group who were treated with the Danshen injection and the SC group who received supportive care.Propensity score matching was used to balance the confounding factors between the two groups.The outcomes were complete and partial renal function recovery for effectiveness analysis and severe bleeding events for safety analysis.Kaplan-Meier curves and logrank tests were used to compare cumulative recovery rates.Outcome risks were assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression models.RESULTS:The study enrolled 441 patients with PNS and AKI from a population of 3873 inpatients with nephrotic syndrome.Among them,95 received Danshen injection,and 346 received supportive care.After propensity score matching,95 patients in the DS group and 285 patients in the SC group were analyzed.No significant difference was observed in the complete recovery rate for the DS group vs SC group(72.9%vs 65.1%,P=0.130)at 6 months.Compared with the SC group,the DS group was associated with a significantly higher partial recovery rate(71.0%vs 37.5%,P=0.011)at 6 months and all recovery rates(93.4%vs 79.1%,P=0.006)at 6 months.CONCLUSION:In this real-world retrospective study of PNS with AKI patients,Danshen injection following immunosuppressive therapy and prophylactic anticoagulation with low molecular heparin significantly increased 6-month partial renal function recovery and had a safety profile.Further randomized clinical trials are warranted to confirm the benefit of Danshen(Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae)in these patients.
文摘Objective:To explore the therapeutic effect of double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection in patients with acute secretory otitis media.Methods:A total of 84 patients with acute secretory otitis media admitted to our hospital from June 2024 to June 2025 were selected and randomly divided into two groups by drawing lots.The control group(42 cases)was treated with the traditional single-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection method,while the observation group(42 cases)was treated with the double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection method.The therapeutic effects of the two groups were compared.Results:The overall treatment response rate,overall complication rate,time to symptom relief,and improvement in hearing threshold in the observation group were all superior to those in the control group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).Conclusion:For acute secretory otitis media,the treatment method of double-puncture tympanic membrane puncture and tympanic cavity drug injection demonstrates definite efficacy,significantly reducing the incidence of complications,accelerating symptom relief,and improving hearing function,making it worthy of promotion.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51909154)Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ship Intelligent Maintenance and Energy Efficiency(No.20DZ2252300).
文摘Using natural gas(NG)as the primary fuel helps alleviate the fossil fuel crisis while reducing engine soot and nitrogen oxide(NO_(X))emissions.In this paper,the influences of a novel split injection concept on an NG high pressure direct injection(HPDI)engine are examined.Four typical split injection strategies,namely split pre-injection of pilot diesel(PD)and NG,split post-injection of PD and NG,split pre-injection of NG,and split post-injection of PD,were developed to investigate the influences on combustion and emissions.Results revealed that split pre injection of NG enhanced the atomization of PD,whereas the split post-injection of NG lowered the temperature in the core region of the PD spray,resulting in the deterioration of combustion.The effect of the split injection strategy on indicated thermal efficiency exceeded 7.5%.Split pre-injection was favorable to enhancing thermal efficiency,whereas split post-injection was not.Ignition delay,combustion duration,and premixed combustion time proportion were affected by injection strategies by 3.8%,50%,and 19.7%,respectively.Split pre-injection increased CH_(4) emission in the exhaust.Split post-injection,especially split post-injection of PD and NG,reduced the unburned CH_(4) emission by approximately 30%.When the split post-injection ratio was less than 30%,the trade-off between NO_(X) and soot was interrupted.The distribution range of hydroxyl radicals was expanded by pre-injection,and NO_(X) was generated in the region where the NG jet hit the wall.This paper provides valuable insights into the optimization of HPDI injection parameters.
文摘BACKGROUND Knee osteoarthritis(OA)is a degenerative joint disease traditionally viewed through the lens of cartilage degradation.However,emerging evidence positions subchondral bone pathology-particularly bone marrow lesions(BMLs)-as a key contributor to pain,progression,and structural deterioration.Mesenchymal stem cell exhaustion within the osteoarthritic subchondral zone further impairs intrinsic repair mechanisms,reinforcing the rationale for biologic interventions.AIM To evaluate the clinical efficacy of bone marrow aspirate concentrate(BMAC)therapy for knee OA,comparing subchondral vs intra-articular delivery routes,and elucidating the therapeutic impact on symptom relief and structural preservation.METHODS Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines,five clinical studies were included-comprising three randomized controlled trials and two prospective cohorts-with pooled data from 298 knees.Data on functional outcomes,imaging findings,and progression to total knee arthroplasty(TKA)were extracted and qualitatively synthesized.RESULTS Subchondral BMAC injections demonstrated superior improvements compared to intra-articular injection or placebo:Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score improved from 49.1±1.9 to 61.2±6.3 at 12 months(P<0.05),Knee Society Score increased from 57±12 to 87.3±12 at two years,and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index scores showed significant improvement favoring combined approaches.Magnetic resonance imaging analyses revealed mean BML volume regression of 2.1 cm3,with 80%of knees avoiding TKA over 13-year follow-up.Magnetic resonance imaging analyses revealed regression of BMLs and increased cartilage preservation in subchondral-treated knees.Long-term data indicated delayed progression to TKA and biomechanical improvements(e.g.,Hip-Knee-Ankle angle correction).No major adverse events were reported.CONCLUSION Targeting subchondral bone with BMAC addresses underlying OA pathology and may offer disease-modifying potential beyond symptom relief.These findings support a paradigm shift toward whole-joint biologic therapy,positioning the subchondral matrix as a therapeutic epicenter in OA management.
文摘Wen-lin Gong1,Chuang Sha2,Gang Du1,Zhong-gui Shan3,Zhong-quan Qi3,Su-fang Zhou1,Nuo Yang1,4,Yong-xiang Zhao1,4.First published:21 June 2017;10(5):454-460.DOI:10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.05.004 The authors would like to correct an error in Figure 3 in which the flow cytometric scattergram of CD4/CD44 for the control group was erroneously used for the scattergram of CD8/CD44 for the PVIDSC group.The correct scattergram of CD8/CD44 for the PVIDSC group is provided below.The error does not affect the conclusion of the study.The authors apologize for the error and the inconvenience it might have caused to readers.
基金the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.8232044)the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing(No.2462023BJRC030).
文摘The long-term stability of CO_(2) storage represents a pivotal challenge in geological CO_(2) storage(CGS),particularly within deep saline aquifers characterized by complex fault-block systems.While the injection sites and rate under different fault structures will directly affect the CO_(2) storage effect and the risk of leakage.This study investigates the Gaoyou Sag in the Subei Basin,a representative fault-block reservoir,through an integrated numerical-experimental approach.A three-dimensional simulation model incorporating multiphase flow dynamics was developed to characterize subsurface CO_(2) transport and dissolution processes.A novel fault seal capacity evaluation framework was proposed,integrating three critical geological indices(fault throw/reservoir thickness/caprock thicknesses)with the coupling of formation physical properties,temperature,and pressure for the rational selection of injection sites and rates.The results show that Optimal storage performance is observed when the fault throw is lower than the reservoir and caprock thicknesses.Furthermore,higher temperature and pressure promote the dissolution and diffusion of CO_(2),while compared to the structural form of faults,the physical properties of faults have a more significant effect on CO_(2) leakage.The larger reservoir space and the presence of an interlayer reduce the risk of CO_(2) leakage,and augmenting storage potential.Decreasing the injection rate increases the proportion of dissolved CO_(2),thereby enhancing the safety of CO_(2) storage.
文摘This study aimed to investigate the impact of administration routes in establishing the Adriamycin(ADR)-induced chronic kidney disease(CKD)model.Using BALB/c mice,we compared the effects of conventional tail-vein injection(TV10,10 mg/kg)to those of retro-orbital sinus(orbital vein)injection(OV10,10 mg/kg;OV8,8 mg/kg).The re-sults indicated that the OV10 group exhibited CKD pathology similar to the TV10 group,with both groups demonstrating significantly higher urinary albumin/creatinine ratio(p<0.05),tubular injury(p<0.05),and degree of renal fibrosis(p<0.05)than the OV8 group.No significant differences were observed between the OV10 and TV10 groups in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio,tubular injury,and degree of renal fibrosis.These findings demonstrated that retro-orbital administration of 10 mg/kg ADR in-duces comparable effects to conventional tail-vein administration.This technique's technical simplicity may improve experimental efficiency,reproducibility,and animal welfare in CKD research.In conclusion,this study validates the utility of retro-orbital injection in CKD model establishment,demonstrating its potential to standardize and improve the reliability of future CKD research protocols.
基金supported in part by the National Science Foundation of China(62373240,62273224,U24A20259).
文摘Dear Editor,The attacker is always going to intrude covertly networked control systems(NCSs)by dynamically changing false data injection attacks(FDIAs)strategy,while the defender try their best to resist attacks by designing defense strategy on the basis of identifying attack strategy,maintaining stable operation of NCSs.To solve this attack-defense game problem,this letter investigates optimal secure control of NCSs under FDIAs.First,for the alterations of energy caused by false data,a novel attack-defense game model is constructed,which considers the changes of energy caused by the actions of the defender and attacker in the forward and feedback channels.
基金funded by the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20671)the Major Project of Inner Mongolia Science and Technology(2021ZD0034)the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering(No.Z021003)。
文摘The occurrence time and magnitude of injection-induced seismicity are influenced by engineering factors,such as wellhead pressure,injection location,injection volume,and injection rate.Understanding the relationship between injection operations and seismic magnitude is of great significance for optimizing industrial production and reducing earthquake disasters.Numerical simulation of hydromechanical coupling is a crucial method for studying injection-induced seismicity.However,few studies have explored the risk management measures for injection-induced seismicity from the perspective of engineering.How seismic magnitudes can be reduced through reasonable adjustments to injection operations in engineering remains unclear.Therefore,in this study,a 3D hydro-mechanical coupling model involving multiple faults and injection wells was established based on the geological background and well location of Fox Creek,Canada.Different injection schemes under multi-well and multi-fault conditions were studied,and a traffic light system was used to simulate and control the magnitudes under a multi-well injection scheme.Specifically,we simulated injection scenarios involving up to three wells and analyzed the response of five faults.We compared the maximum moment magnitude of different scenarios by controlling the same injection volume.The results revealed the effect and advantage of the multi-well scheme in reducing seismic magnitude.To reduce the risk of induced seismicity,utilizing far-fault operational wells to compensate for the effects of near-fault operational wells proves to be an efficient and cost-effective method,with potential for wide practical applications.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFB2390300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42172292)Yinlin Ji is grateful for the support by the Helmholtz Association's Initiative and Networking Fund for the Helmholtz Young Investigator Group ARES(Contract No.VH-NG-1516).
文摘This study aims to understand the effect of injection rate on injection-induced fracture activation in granite.We performed water injection-induced slip tests on samples containing either a smooth or a rough fracture at four different injection rates under undrained conditions and monitored the acoustic emission(AE)signals during the tests.Experimental results reveal that the critical activation fluid pressure is related to the injection rate,pressure diffusion rate,stress state,and fracture roughness.For the smooth fracture,as the injection rate increases,the critical activation fluid pressure increases significantly,while the injection rate has little effect on the critical activation fluid pressure of the rough fracture.The quasi-static slip distance of fractures decreases as the injection rate increases,with rough fractures exhibiting a greater overall slip distance compared to smooth fractures.The number of AE events per unit sliding distance increases with the injection rate,while the global b value decreases.These results indicate that higher injection rates produce more large-magnitude AE events and more severe slip instability and asperity damage.We established a linkage between fluid injection volume,injection rate,and AE events using the seismogenic index(Σ).The smooth fracture exhibits a steadily increasingΣwith the elapse of injection time,and the rate of increase is higher at higher injection rates;while the rough fracture is featured by a fluctuatingΣ,signifying the intermittent occurrence of large-magnitude AE events associated with the damage of larger fracture asperities.Our results highlight the importance of fracture surface heterogeneity on injection-induced fracture activation and slip.
文摘BACKGROUND A total of 100 patients diagnosed with mixed hemorrhoids from October 2022 to September 2023 in our hospital were randomly divided into groups by dice rolling and compared with the efficacy of different treatment options.AIM To analyze the clinical effect and prognosis of mixed hemorrhoids treated with polidocanol injection combined with automatic elastic thread ligation operation(RPH).METHODS A total of 100 patients with mixed hemorrhoids who visited our hospital from October 2022 to September 2023 were selected and randomly divided into the control group(n=50)and the treatment group(n=50)by rolling the dice.The procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids(PPH)was adopted in the control group,while polidocanol foam injection+RPH was adopted in the treatment group.The therapeutic effects,operation time,wound healing time,hospital stay,pain situation(24 hours post-operative pain score,first defecation pain score),quality of life(QOL),incidence of complications(post-operative hemorrhage,edema,infection),incidence of anal stenosis 3 months post-operatively and recurrence rate 1 year post-operatively of the two groups were compared.RESULTS Compared with the control group,the total effective rate of treatment group was higher,and the difference was significant(P<0.05).The operation time/wound healing time/hospital stay in the treatment group were shorter than those in the control group(P<0.05).The pain scores at 24 hours after operation/first defecation pain score of the treatment group was significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).After surgery,the QOL scores of the two groups decreased,with the treatment group having higher scores than that of the control group(P<0.05).Compared with the control group,the incidence of postoperative complications in the treatment group was lower,and the difference was significant(P<0.05);However,there was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative bleeding between the two groups(P>0.05);There was no significant difference in the incidence of anal stenosis 3 months after operation and the recurrence rate 1 year after operation between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION For patients with mixed hemorrhoids,the therapeutic effect achieved by using polidocanol injection combined with RPH was better.The wounds of the patients healed faster,the postoperative pain was milder,QOL improved,and the incidence of complications was lower,and the short-term and long-term prognosis was good.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2024YFB4206700)the Joint Geological Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U2244223)+5 种基金the China Scholarship Council Program(No.202404910533)the Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(No.2020B0301030003)the China Geological Survey Project(No.DD20211350)the Key Deployment Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.YJKYYQ20190043,ZDBS-LY-DQC003,KFZD-SW-422,and ZDRW-ZS-2021-3-1)the Scientific Research and Technology Development Project of China National Petroleum Corporation(No.2022DJ5503)the Supercomputing Laboratory,IGGCAS.
文摘This study proposes and systematically evaluates an optimized integration of warm surface seawater injection with depressurization for the long-term exploitation of marine natural gas hydrates.By employing comprehensive multiphysics simulations guided by field data from hydrate production tests in the South China Sea,we pinpoint key operational parameters—such as injection rates,depths,and timings—that notably enhance production efficiency.The results indicate that a 3-phase hydrate reservoir transitions from a free-gas-dominated production stage to a hydrate-decomposition-dominated stage.Moderate warm seawater injection supplies additional heat during the hydrate decomposition phase,thereby enhancing stable production;however,excessively high injection rates can impede the depressurization process.Only injection at an appropriate depth simultaneously balances thermal supplementation and the pressure gradient,leading to higher overall productivity.A“depressurization-driven sensible-heat supply window”is introduced,highlighting that timely seawater injection following initial depressurization prolongs reservoir dissociation dynamics.In this study area,commencing seawater injection at 170 d of depressurization proved optimal.This optimized integration leverages clean and renewable thermal energy,providing essential insights into thermal supplementation strategies with significant implications for sustainable,economically feasible,and efficient commercial-scale hydrate production.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51904026)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.06500108)。
文摘Hydrogen displays the potential to partially replace pulverized coal injection(PCI)in the blast furnace,and it can reduce CO_(2)emissions.In this paper,a three-dimensional mathematical model of hydrogen and pulverized coal co-injection in blast furnace tuyere was established through numerical simulation,and the effect of hydrogen injection and oxygen enrichment interaction on pulverized coal combustion and raceway smelting was investigated.The simulation results indicate that when the coal injection rate decreased from 36 to 30t/h and the hydrogen injection increased from 0 to 3600 m^(3)/h,the CO_(2)emissions decreased from 1860 to 1551 kg/t,which represents a16.6%reduction,and the pulverized coal burnout decreased from 70.1%to 63.7%.The heat released from hydrogen combustion can not only promote the volatilization of pulverized coal but also affect the combustion reaction between volatilization and oxygen,which resulted in a decrease in the temperature at the end of the raceway.Co-injection of hydrogen with PCI increased the wall temperature near the upper half part of the raceway and at the outlet of the tuyere,which required a high cooling efficiency to extend the service life of the blast furnace.The increase in oxygen level compensated for the decreased average temperature in the raceway due to hydrogen injection.The increase in the oxygen content by 3%while maintaining constant hydrogen and PCI injection rates increased the burnout and average raceway temperature by 4.2%and 43 K,respectively.The mole fraction of CO and H_(2) production increased by 0.04 and 0.02,respectively.Burnout can be improved through optimization of the particle size distribution of pulverized coal.
