The drying characteristics,physico-chemical and functional properties,as well as starch digestibility,of purple potato slices dried using different methods(such as,vacuum freeze-drying,VFD;hot-air drying,HAD;air-impin...The drying characteristics,physico-chemical and functional properties,as well as starch digestibility,of purple potato slices dried using different methods(such as,vacuum freeze-drying,VFD;hot-air drying,HAD;air-impingement jet drying,AIJD;and far-infrared assisted heat-pump drying,FIHPD)were investigated.Drying rate was the highest(3.0 g 100 g^-1 min^-1)using AIJD,followed by FIHPD and HAD,and the rate of VFD was the lowest one(0.3 g 100 g^-1 min^-1).Drying data were fitted to 12 thin-layer drying models,with the Midilli model giving the best predictions.Moreover,AIJD showed higher diffusivity(5.5×10^-10 m^2 s^–1)and energy efficiency(55 J g^-1)than any other drying method used in this study.With reference to the samples dried by VFD,the starch granules of the samples obtained by HAD,FIHPD,and AIJD exhibited different extent of disruption,which significantly increased their water absorption capacity,swelling power,and in vitro digestibility,but decreased the peak viscosity.The sample resulting from AIJD had the greatest water absorption capacity(7.9 g g^-1)and solubility(21.6%),but the smallest syneresis rate(48%).Good correlation coefficients(R^2>0.98)implied that the pseudofirst order kinetic model adequately described the rate and extent of starch digestion of dried potato flours.Samples from AIJD and FIHPD showed the highest digestibility percentages,reaching to 72.4 and 72.5%.Based on the drying rate,specific energy consumption,functional properties and digestibility,AIJD appeared to be quite effective and suitable to be transferred on the industry scale.展开更多
The drying kinetics of Roselle （Hibiscus sabdariffa L） of variety Terengganu （UMKL-1） and the quality attribution of Roselle were studied. The experiments were conducted using four different drying methods, includ...The drying kinetics of Roselle （Hibiscus sabdariffa L） of variety Terengganu （UMKL-1） and the quality attribution of Roselle were studied. The experiments were conducted using four different drying methods, including solar greenhouse drying （SD）, solar greenhouse with intermittent heat pump drying （SIHP）, hot air drying （HA） and heat pump drying （HP）. Among the four drying methods, HP achieved the highest drying rate at a range from 0.054 g H20-（g DM）-1. rain-1 to 0.212 g H20-（g DM）-1. rain 1 while SD had the lowest drying rate, measured at 0.042 g H2O. （g DM） 1.min- 1. The analysis on colour kinetics revealed that there is no significant colour loss （p 〉 0.05） observed from HP＇s dried Roselle. Greater amount of flavonoid compounds i.e. protocatechuic acid was found in SD and SIHP dried finished product whereas HP＇s dried Roselle contains higher percentage of catechin as compared to other drying methods.展开更多
Though several maize varieties have been developed and introduced over the years in Ghana, farmers still face challenges of access to quality seed maize. Among the major constraint is lack of proper drying systems to ...Though several maize varieties have been developed and introduced over the years in Ghana, farmers still face challenges of access to quality seed maize. Among the major constraint is lack of proper drying systems to guarantee quality of seed produced. As in most parts of Africa, drying of maize in the open, on bare ground along shoulders of roads is still a common practice in Ghana. In this study, a 5-tonne capacity hybrid solar biomass dryer was developed for drying maize for seed and food/feed in Ghana. Effect of air temperature in the dryer on the physiological quality and germination of maize kernels was investigated. Maize grains were dried in the open sun simulating farmers practice and using the dryer at 4 varying levels (L1, L2, L3 and L4) with corresponding heights (0.6 m, 1.2 m, 1.8 m and 2.4 m, respectively) from the ground. Harvested maize at 22.8% moisture content was dried at the varying levels until reaching the final desired moisture content of 12.8% ± 0.2% (wb). Results showed that, air temperatures in the dryer increased in accordance with height with lowest mean temperature of 44.4°C ± 4.6°C recorded at L1 and mean maximum of 52.8°C ± 5.4°C at L4. Drying temperatures recorded at L1 - L3 and ambient had no significant effect (p < 0.05) on kernel damage and viability. Drying conditions at L1-L3 were considered optimum (<50°C) for kernel drying compared to the topmost tray, L4. Kernel stress crack index (multiple and checked) was therefore reduced on average by 14% while kernel germination increased by 33%. This satisfies the dryer’s potential to be used for commercial drying of maize grains for seed production for smallholder farmers in Ghana.展开更多
Hydric properties evolution during drying differs from one product to another and has been the subject of various studies due to its crucial importance in modeling the drying process. The variation of these parameters...Hydric properties evolution during drying differs from one product to another and has been the subject of various studies due to its crucial importance in modeling the drying process. The variation of these parameters in the solid matrix and in time during the drying of Spirulina platensis has not known an advanced understanding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the evolution of the water content profile, the mass flow, the concentration gradient and the diffusion coefficient during the drying of Spirulina platensis taking into account the shrinkage. Modeling and experimental analysis (at 50°C and HR = 6%) by the cutting method a cylinder 20 mm in diameter and 40 mm thick were carried. The water content profiles of two different products grown in semi-industrial farms from Burkina Faso and France with initial water contents respectively of the range from 2.73 kgw/kgdb and 3.12 kgw/kgdb were determined. These profiles have been adjusted by a polynomial function. Identical water behavior is observed regardless of the origin of the samples. Water distribution is heterogeneous. Mass flow and concentration gradient are greater at the edge than inside the product. The water transport coefficient, ranging from 1.70 × 10?10 to 94 × 10?10 m2/s, is determined from a linear approach.展开更多
Industrially produced sodium water glasses were dried in climates with controlled temperature and humidity to transparent amorphous water containing sodium silicate materials. The water glasses had molar SiO2:Na2O rat...Industrially produced sodium water glasses were dried in climates with controlled temperature and humidity to transparent amorphous water containing sodium silicate materials. The water glasses had molar SiO2:Na2O ratios of 2.2, 3.3 and 3.9 and were dried up to 84 days at temperatures between 40°C and 95°C and water vapour pressures between 5 and 40 kPa. The materials approached final water concentrations which are equilibrium values and are controlled by the water vapour pressure of the atmosphere and the microstructure of the solids. The microstructure of the dried water glasses was characterized by atomic force microscopy. It has a nanosized substructure built up by the silicate colloids of the educts but deformed by capillary forces. In the final drying equilibrium, the water vapour pressure of the atmosphere in the drying cabinet is equal to the reduced vapour pressure of the capillary system built up by the silicate colloids. Their size scale can be explained by the deformation of colloidal aggregates due to capillary forces.展开更多
This present work solves the problem of initial shape influence on transfer during convective drying. A characteristic dimension is found for the cubic, cylindrical and spherical-shaped samples of the sweet potato. Th...This present work solves the problem of initial shape influence on transfer during convective drying. A characteristic dimension is found for the cubic, cylindrical and spherical-shaped samples of the sweet potato. This characteristic dimension corresponds to the diameter D for the sphere, to the edge a for the cube and the diameter = height D = H for the cylinder. Unlike the sphere where this characteristic dimension is perfect, the cubic and cylindrical shapes have space factors which are, among other things, angles and borders. By fixing the same characteristic dimensions, we end up with overlapping curves, showing identical and uniform transfers.展开更多
CeO_(2) based semiconductor are widely used in solar-driven photothermal catalytic dry reforming of methane(DRM)reaction,but still suffer from low activity and low light utilization efficiency.This study developed gra...CeO_(2) based semiconductor are widely used in solar-driven photothermal catalytic dry reforming of methane(DRM)reaction,but still suffer from low activity and low light utilization efficiency.This study developed graphite-CeO_(2) interfaces to enhance solar-driven photothermal catalytic DRM.Compared with carbon nanotubes-modified CeO_(2)(CeO_(2)-CNT),graphite-modified CeO_(2)(CeO_(2)-GRA)constructed graphite-CeO_(2) interfaces with distortion in CeO_(2),leading to the formation abundant oxygen vacancies.These graphite-CeO_(2) interfaces with oxygen vacancies enhanced optical absorption and promoted the generation and separation of photogenerated carriers.The high endothermic capacity of graphite elevated the catalyst surface temperature from 592.1−691.3℃,boosting light-to-thermal conversion.The synergy between photogenerated carriers and localized heat enabled Ni/CeO_(2)-GRA to achieve a CO production rate of 9985.6 mmol/(g·h)(vs 7192.4 mmol/(g·h)for Ni/CeO_(2))and a light-to-fuel efficiency of 21.8%(vs 13.8%for Ni/CeO_(2)).This work provides insights for designing graphite-semiconductor interfaces to advance photothermal catalytic efficiency.展开更多
In today's fast-paced modern life, whether for fitness training, outdoor adventures, or daily commutes, we all yearn for quick-dry apparel that can rapidly wick away moisture and keep our bodies dry and comfortabl...In today's fast-paced modern life, whether for fitness training, outdoor adventures, or daily commutes, we all yearn for quick-dry apparel that can rapidly wick away moisture and keep our bodies dry and comfortable. As a standout in functional textiles, quick-dry fabrics are becoming the top choice for more and more people, thanks to their exceptional moisture-wicking performance and rapid drying capabilities.展开更多
The design and development of solar dryers are crucial in regions with abundant solar energy,such as Bhopal,India,where seasonal variations significantly impact the efficiency of drying processes.The paper is focused ...The design and development of solar dryers are crucial in regions with abundant solar energy,such as Bhopal,India,where seasonal variations significantly impact the efficiency of drying processes.The paper is focused on employing a comprehensive mathematical model to predict the dryer’s performance in drying the materials such as banana slices.To enhance this model,Hyper Tuned Swarm Optimization with Gradient Tree(HT_SOGT)was utilized to accurately predict and determine the optimal size of the dryer dimensions considering various mathematical calculations for material drying.The predictive model considered the influence of seasonal fluctuations,ensuring an efficient drying process with an objective function to optimize the drying time of an average of 7 hrs throughout the year.Across all recorded ambient temperatures(ranging from 16.985○C to 31.4○C),the outlet temperature of the solar dryer is consistently higher,ranging from 39.085○C to 66.2○C.The results show that the optimized dryer design,based on HT_SOGT modelling,significantly improves drying efficiency of the materials across varying conditions,making it suitable for sustainable applications in agriculture and food processing industries in the Bhopal region.展开更多
To improve the controlled release ability,we prepared attapulgite into microspheres by spray drying.This research began with a thorough thermogravimetric analysis to optimize attapulgite's heat treatment for drug ...To improve the controlled release ability,we prepared attapulgite into microspheres by spray drying.This research began with a thorough thermogravimetric analysis to optimize attapulgite's heat treatment for drug loading.By advanced spray drying,attapulgite was transformed into microspheres,refining its drug release characteristics.Various parameters were examined,achieving optimal particle size and morphology at 25%solid content,2.5%dispersant,and 3% binder.Attapulgite microspheres demonstrated exceptional encapsulation efficiency,exceeding 95% for doxorubicin hydrochloride,highlighting their versatility in drug delivery.FTIR and XRD were used to predict changes in material properties after spray drying.Notably,cytotoxicity tests confirmed the high biocompatibility of attapulgite microspheres,devoid of cell death induction.Attapulgite microsphere loaded with doxorubicin enable sustained drug release and maintain killing ability against tumor cells.This study confirms the viability of spray dried attapulgite microspheres for efficient drug loading and delivery and provides insights for innovative drug delivery systems that utilize the unique properties of attapulgite to advance therapeutics.展开更多
The dynamics of the drying process of polymer solutions are important for the development of coatings and films.In the present work,digital holographic microscopy(DHM)was performed to capture the drying dynamics of po...The dynamics of the drying process of polymer solutions are important for the development of coatings and films.In the present work,digital holographic microscopy(DHM)was performed to capture the drying dynamics of poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)droplets using a gold nanoparticle tracer,where the heterogeneous flow field in different regions was illustrated.This demonstrates that the gold nanoparticles at either the center or the edge regions of the droplet exhibit anisotropic kinematic behavior.At early stage,Marangoni backflow causes gold nanoparticles to move towards the edge firstly,and the circles back towards the droplet center after arriving the contact line with a sudden increase in z axis for 10.4μm,indicating the scale of the upward-moving microscopic flow vortices.This phenomenon does not occur in water droplets in the absence of polymers.The gold nanoparticles underwent Brownian-like motion at the center of the PEO droplet or water droplet owing to the low perturbation of the flow field.At the late stage of pinning of the PEO droplets,the motion showed multiple reverses in the direction of the gold nanoparticles,indicating the complexity of the flow field.This study enhances the understanding of the drying dynamics of polymer solution droplets and offers valuable insights into the fabrication of surface materials.展开更多
To study the effects of fine-aggregates on the drying-shrinkage properties of concrete,two types of manufactured-sand and one type of natural sand(excluding<75μm particles)were selected for tests,and nine sets of ...To study the effects of fine-aggregates on the drying-shrinkage properties of concrete,two types of manufactured-sand and one type of natural sand(excluding<75μm particles)were selected for tests,and nine sets of concrete drying shrinkage tests were designed with three strength grade(C30,C40,and C50)as variables.By observing the drying-shrinkage deformation of the specimens over 360 days,the effects of fine-aggregate properties on the drying shrinkage properties of concrete of different strength grades were analyzed and a prediction model was developed.Compared with natural sand concrete,the development of drying shrinkage of manufactured-sand concrete exhibits the phenomenon of advancement.The apparent density of the fine-aggregate and the strength grade are the two main factors affecting the limit value of the drying shrinkage of concrete.With a reduction in the water absorption or apparent density of the fine-aggregate or the strength grade of concrete prepared using the same fine-aggregate,the prediction accuracy of the existing models decreases.According to the GL 2000 model,two coefficients-and-were introduced to propose a prediction model for the drying shrinkage of fine-aggregate concrete,which is applicable to different strength grades.展开更多
Background Feeding spray dried plasma(SDP)to weanling pigs improves growth,but there is a lack of research on how SDP impacts oxidative stress and inflammatory response in lactating sows,and performance of their pigle...Background Feeding spray dried plasma(SDP)to weanling pigs improves growth,but there is a lack of research on how SDP impacts oxidative stress and inflammatory response in lactating sows,and performance of their piglets after weaning.Therefore,an experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that sows fed a diet with SDP in late gestation and lactation have improved reproductive performance and reduced inflammation compared with sows fed no SDP.The second hypothesis was that pigs weaned from sows fed 0.5%SDP in lactation have reduced diarrhea incidence and improved growth performance during the initial 14 d of the nursery period regardless of dietary SDP.Results The percent of low vitality or starved pigs during lactation was less(P<0.05)from sows fed 0.5%dietary SDP compared with sows fed the diet without SDP.Dietary SDP did not influence oxidative stress markers in the plasma of sows,but serum cytokines increased(P<0.05)in sows fed the diet with 0.5%SDP compared with sows fed the diet without SDP.Pigs weaned from young sows fed no SDP or from mature sows fed 0 or 0.5%SDP had a greater gain to feed ratio when fed a phase 1 diet containing 6%SDP compared with pigs fed a diet without SDP,but the gain to feed ratio of pigs weaned from young sows fed 0.5%dietary SDP was not affected by dietary SDP in phase 1(interaction,P<0.05).Regardless of sow treatment,pigs fed a phase 1 diet with 6%SDP had greater(P<0.05)growth performance than pigs fed a phase 1 diet without SDP,and pigs fed the phase 1 diet with 6%SDP had reduced(P<0.05)diarrhea incidence in phase 1.Conclusions Feeding 0.5%dietary SDP to sows may reduce the number of mummified pigs and increase pig vitality during lactation,but adding 0.5%SDP to sow diets during lactation did not improve post-weaning performance of pigs fed a starter diet with 6%SDP.展开更多
Purpose–Severe scarcity of natural river sand(RS),exacerbated by environmental protection policies and extraction constraints,has significantly impacted aggregate supply for railway concrete.While manufactured sand(M...Purpose–Severe scarcity of natural river sand(RS),exacerbated by environmental protection policies and extraction constraints,has significantly impacted aggregate supply for railway concrete.While manufactured sand(MS)offers a substitute for RS in railway applications,its widespread adoption in high-strength railway prestressed structures is challenged by lack of drying shrinkage and creep research data on concrete.Design/methodology/approach–High-strength manufactured sand concrete(MSC)was prepared using MS with varying lithologies and stone powder contents.Its drying shrinkage and creep behaviors were evaluated in accordance with the Chinese standard GB/T 50082.The deformation mechanism was analyzed by combining nano-scratch testing.Findings–Compared to RS concrete,MSC from all tested lithologies showed higher drying shrinkage but lower creep deformation.The drying shrinkage rose steadily with increased stone powder content,while the creep strain displayed a distinct non-linear trend,decreasing first before rising.To prepare low-deformation MSC,select high-strength MS and limit stone powder content not greater 10%.Nano-scratch tests indicated that harder MS particles suppress microcracking at the interfacial transition zone(ITZ),improving the creep resistance.The predictive models for drying shrinkage and creep were also developed by incorporating coefficients for stone powder and lithology effects.Originality/value–These findings serve as a foundation for the application of MSC in railway prestressed structures,offering both theoretical and practical guidance.展开更多
Ni-based catalysts hold great potential in the light-driven dry reforming of methane(DRM)for syngas production due to their low cost and comparable catalytic performance to conventional noble-metal catalysts.However,t...Ni-based catalysts hold great potential in the light-driven dry reforming of methane(DRM)for syngas production due to their low cost and comparable catalytic performance to conventional noble-metal catalysts.However,the currently available Ni-based catalysts are confronted with low light-driven DRM efficiency and poor stability attributed to the coking.Herein,an atomically dispersed Ni-loaded CeO_(2)(Ni/CeO_(2))for light-drivenDRMis prepared by employing a polyol-mediated doping method to allow the high loading concentration of Ni on the CeO_(2),which overcomes the conventional atomically dispersed metal problem of low loading content.The atomically dispersed nature of the Ni can induce enormous CH4 activation sites for the reaction and photothermal effects for driving the reaction,while the CeO_(2) can facilitateCO_(2) activation.Therefore,the optimized atomically dispersed Ni-loaded CeO_(2) demonstrates an excellent light-drivenDRMperformance forH_(2)(626.5 mmol gcat^(-1) h^(-1))and CO(728.5 mmol gcat^(-1) h^(-1))production.More importantly,the optimized sample sustains its DRM performance after 100 h of continuous test,and such excellent stability of the presence of enormous Ni–O pairs can prevent the rapid conversion of CH_(x) intermediates into coke.This work demonstrates the meticulous design of non-noble metal catalysts for the lightdriven DRM with both high performance and stability.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the association between active corneal epithelial dendritic cells(CEDCs)and ocular pain in patients with dry eye disease(DED).METHODS:This cross-sectional study enrolled 67 DED patients,who were div...AIM:To investigate the association between active corneal epithelial dendritic cells(CEDCs)and ocular pain in patients with dry eye disease(DED).METHODS:This cross-sectional study enrolled 67 DED patients,who were divided into two groups based on numerical rating scale(NRS)scores:the mild pain group(n=44)and the moderate-to-severe pain group(n=23).In vivo confocal microscopy(IVCM)was used to image the subbasal layer of the central cornea.Corneal nerve characteristics were analyzed using ACCMetrics software,while CEDCs were quantified manually with Image J software.Regression and correlation analyses were performed to assess the impact of active CEDCs on ocular pain.Additionally,the Luminex method was employed to compare the concentrations of inflammation-related cytokines in tears between patients with≥2 CEDCs and those with<2 CEDCs.Differences in cytokine levels between the two groups were analyzed using Student’s t-test.RESULTS:The study included 44 eyes of 44 patients with mild ocular pain(12 males and 32 females)and 23 eyes of 23 patients with moderate-to-severe ocular pain(3 males and 20 females).The mean age was 36.2±13.5y in the mild pain group and 39.7±12.4y in the moderate to severe pain group.There were no significant differences in age or sex between the two groups(P=0.30;P=0.19).Multivariable regression analysis showed that older age[odds ratio(OR)=1.05,95%confidence interval(CI)1.00–1.11]and a higher number of CEDCs(OR=1.80,95%CI 1.17–2.76)were associated with ocular pain.Patients with≥2 CEDCs had significantly higher tear concentrations of interleukin(IL)-6(P<0.05),IL-8(P<0.05),and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α(P<0.05)compared to those with<2 active CEDCs.CONCLUSION:The findings suggest that infiltrating CEDCs in the corneal subbasal layer are a potential risk factor for ocular pain in DED.展开更多
Soil microorganisms and labile soil organic carbon(SOC)fractions are essential factors affecting greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in paddy fields.However,the effects of labile SOC fractions and microorganisms on GHG emiss...Soil microorganisms and labile soil organic carbon(SOC)fractions are essential factors affecting greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in paddy fields.However,the effects of labile SOC fractions and microorganisms on GHG emissions from flooding to drying after organic fertilizer replacing for chemical fertilizer remain unclear.Here,a long-term experiment was conducted with four treatments:chemical fertilization only(control),organic fertilizer substituting 25%of chemical N fertilizer(NM1),50%of chemical N fertilizer(NM2),and NM2combined with crop straw(NMS).GHG emissions were monitored,and soil samples were collected to determine labile SOC fractions and microorganisms.Results revealed the GHG emissions in the NM2 significantly increased by 196.88%from flooding to drying,mainly due to the higher CO_(2) emissions.The GHG emissions per kg of C input in NMS was the lowest with the value of 9.17.From flooding to drying,organic fertilizer application significantly increased the readily oxidizable organic carbon(ROC)contents and C lability;the NM2 and NMS dramatically increased the SOC and non-readily oxidizable organic carbon(NROC).The bacterial communities showed significant differences among different treatments in the flooding,while the significant difference was only found between the NMS and other treatments in the drying.From flooding to drying,changing soil moisture conditions causes C fractions and microbial communities to jointly affect carbon emissions,and the NMS promoted carbon sequestration and mitigated GHG emissions.Our findings highlight the importance of the labile SOC fractions and microorganisms linked to GHG emissions in paddy fields.展开更多
Onsite sanitation offers a sustainable alternative to centralized wastewater treatment;however,effective faecal sludge management is crucial for safe disposal and resource recovery.Among emerging treatment solutions,s...Onsite sanitation offers a sustainable alternative to centralized wastewater treatment;however,effective faecal sludge management is crucial for safe disposal and resource recovery.Among emerging treatment solutions,solar thermal drying holds significant promise to reduce sludge moisture content and enhance handling.Despite this potential,its application remains limited,with important knowledge gaps,particularly concerning the drying kinetics under different environmental and operational conditions.This study aims to fill these gaps by investigating the solar thermal drying behaviour of faecal sludge from ventilated improved pit latrines(VIPs)and urine-diverting dry toilets(UDs),with a specific focus on how air temperature and velocity influence drying performance.A bench-scale solar drying apparatus was used to investigate thin-layer sludge drying kinetics under controlled airflow conditions.The drying experiments were conducted at varying air temperatures(ambient,40℃,and 80℃)and velocities(0,0.5,and 1 m/s),where heated air was supplied via an electric resistance heater.Key drying parameters-including drying rate,critical moisture content,effective moisture diffusivity,and activation energy-were determined.Results showed that drying proceeded through a constant-rate period followed by a falling-rate period,with the critical moisture content ranging from 1.41 to 1.78 g/g db.Higher temperatures and airflow reduced the duration of the constant-rate phase,increased drying rates(0.31–0.99 g/g·min·m^(2)),and enhanced moisture diffusivity(4.56×10^(−9) to 1.52×10^(−8) m^(2)/s).Activation energy decreased with increased airflow,suggesting reduced temperature sensitivity.Thermal efficiency ranged from 14.6%to 35.1%,with solar energy contributing 73%–95% of total input.VIP sludge dried faster than UD sludge,which showed signs of surface crusting that limited moisture transfer.This research offers valuable insights into solar drying design and operation,providing scientific evidence to improve faecal sludge treatment strategies in decentralized sanitation systems.展开更多
基金supported by the Shanghai Municipal Agricultural Commission, China (2016NY001)
文摘The drying characteristics,physico-chemical and functional properties,as well as starch digestibility,of purple potato slices dried using different methods(such as,vacuum freeze-drying,VFD;hot-air drying,HAD;air-impingement jet drying,AIJD;and far-infrared assisted heat-pump drying,FIHPD)were investigated.Drying rate was the highest(3.0 g 100 g^-1 min^-1)using AIJD,followed by FIHPD and HAD,and the rate of VFD was the lowest one(0.3 g 100 g^-1 min^-1).Drying data were fitted to 12 thin-layer drying models,with the Midilli model giving the best predictions.Moreover,AIJD showed higher diffusivity(5.5×10^-10 m^2 s^–1)and energy efficiency(55 J g^-1)than any other drying method used in this study.With reference to the samples dried by VFD,the starch granules of the samples obtained by HAD,FIHPD,and AIJD exhibited different extent of disruption,which significantly increased their water absorption capacity,swelling power,and in vitro digestibility,but decreased the peak viscosity.The sample resulting from AIJD had the greatest water absorption capacity(7.9 g g^-1)and solubility(21.6%),but the smallest syneresis rate(48%).Good correlation coefficients(R^2>0.98)implied that the pseudofirst order kinetic model adequately described the rate and extent of starch digestion of dried potato flours.Samples from AIJD and FIHPD showed the highest digestibility percentages,reaching to 72.4 and 72.5%.Based on the drying rate,specific energy consumption,functional properties and digestibility,AIJD appeared to be quite effective and suitable to be transferred on the industry scale.
基金Supported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry(MOA),Malaysia(NER30001)
文摘The drying kinetics of Roselle （Hibiscus sabdariffa L） of variety Terengganu （UMKL-1） and the quality attribution of Roselle were studied. The experiments were conducted using four different drying methods, including solar greenhouse drying （SD）, solar greenhouse with intermittent heat pump drying （SIHP）, hot air drying （HA） and heat pump drying （HP）. Among the four drying methods, HP achieved the highest drying rate at a range from 0.054 g H20-（g DM）-1. rain-1 to 0.212 g H20-（g DM）-1. rain 1 while SD had the lowest drying rate, measured at 0.042 g H2O. （g DM） 1.min- 1. The analysis on colour kinetics revealed that there is no significant colour loss （p 〉 0.05） observed from HP＇s dried Roselle. Greater amount of flavonoid compounds i.e. protocatechuic acid was found in SD and SIHP dried finished product whereas HP＇s dried Roselle contains higher percentage of catechin as compared to other drying methods.
文摘Though several maize varieties have been developed and introduced over the years in Ghana, farmers still face challenges of access to quality seed maize. Among the major constraint is lack of proper drying systems to guarantee quality of seed produced. As in most parts of Africa, drying of maize in the open, on bare ground along shoulders of roads is still a common practice in Ghana. In this study, a 5-tonne capacity hybrid solar biomass dryer was developed for drying maize for seed and food/feed in Ghana. Effect of air temperature in the dryer on the physiological quality and germination of maize kernels was investigated. Maize grains were dried in the open sun simulating farmers practice and using the dryer at 4 varying levels (L1, L2, L3 and L4) with corresponding heights (0.6 m, 1.2 m, 1.8 m and 2.4 m, respectively) from the ground. Harvested maize at 22.8% moisture content was dried at the varying levels until reaching the final desired moisture content of 12.8% ± 0.2% (wb). Results showed that, air temperatures in the dryer increased in accordance with height with lowest mean temperature of 44.4°C ± 4.6°C recorded at L1 and mean maximum of 52.8°C ± 5.4°C at L4. Drying temperatures recorded at L1 - L3 and ambient had no significant effect (p < 0.05) on kernel damage and viability. Drying conditions at L1-L3 were considered optimum (<50°C) for kernel drying compared to the topmost tray, L4. Kernel stress crack index (multiple and checked) was therefore reduced on average by 14% while kernel germination increased by 33%. This satisfies the dryer’s potential to be used for commercial drying of maize grains for seed production for smallholder farmers in Ghana.
文摘Hydric properties evolution during drying differs from one product to another and has been the subject of various studies due to its crucial importance in modeling the drying process. The variation of these parameters in the solid matrix and in time during the drying of Spirulina platensis has not known an advanced understanding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the evolution of the water content profile, the mass flow, the concentration gradient and the diffusion coefficient during the drying of Spirulina platensis taking into account the shrinkage. Modeling and experimental analysis (at 50°C and HR = 6%) by the cutting method a cylinder 20 mm in diameter and 40 mm thick were carried. The water content profiles of two different products grown in semi-industrial farms from Burkina Faso and France with initial water contents respectively of the range from 2.73 kgw/kgdb and 3.12 kgw/kgdb were determined. These profiles have been adjusted by a polynomial function. Identical water behavior is observed regardless of the origin of the samples. Water distribution is heterogeneous. Mass flow and concentration gradient are greater at the edge than inside the product. The water transport coefficient, ranging from 1.70 × 10?10 to 94 × 10?10 m2/s, is determined from a linear approach.
文摘Industrially produced sodium water glasses were dried in climates with controlled temperature and humidity to transparent amorphous water containing sodium silicate materials. The water glasses had molar SiO2:Na2O ratios of 2.2, 3.3 and 3.9 and were dried up to 84 days at temperatures between 40°C and 95°C and water vapour pressures between 5 and 40 kPa. The materials approached final water concentrations which are equilibrium values and are controlled by the water vapour pressure of the atmosphere and the microstructure of the solids. The microstructure of the dried water glasses was characterized by atomic force microscopy. It has a nanosized substructure built up by the silicate colloids of the educts but deformed by capillary forces. In the final drying equilibrium, the water vapour pressure of the atmosphere in the drying cabinet is equal to the reduced vapour pressure of the capillary system built up by the silicate colloids. Their size scale can be explained by the deformation of colloidal aggregates due to capillary forces.
文摘This present work solves the problem of initial shape influence on transfer during convective drying. A characteristic dimension is found for the cubic, cylindrical and spherical-shaped samples of the sweet potato. This characteristic dimension corresponds to the diameter D for the sphere, to the edge a for the cube and the diameter = height D = H for the cylinder. Unlike the sphere where this characteristic dimension is perfect, the cubic and cylindrical shapes have space factors which are, among other things, angles and borders. By fixing the same characteristic dimensions, we end up with overlapping curves, showing identical and uniform transfers.
文摘CeO_(2) based semiconductor are widely used in solar-driven photothermal catalytic dry reforming of methane(DRM)reaction,but still suffer from low activity and low light utilization efficiency.This study developed graphite-CeO_(2) interfaces to enhance solar-driven photothermal catalytic DRM.Compared with carbon nanotubes-modified CeO_(2)(CeO_(2)-CNT),graphite-modified CeO_(2)(CeO_(2)-GRA)constructed graphite-CeO_(2) interfaces with distortion in CeO_(2),leading to the formation abundant oxygen vacancies.These graphite-CeO_(2) interfaces with oxygen vacancies enhanced optical absorption and promoted the generation and separation of photogenerated carriers.The high endothermic capacity of graphite elevated the catalyst surface temperature from 592.1−691.3℃,boosting light-to-thermal conversion.The synergy between photogenerated carriers and localized heat enabled Ni/CeO_(2)-GRA to achieve a CO production rate of 9985.6 mmol/(g·h)(vs 7192.4 mmol/(g·h)for Ni/CeO_(2))and a light-to-fuel efficiency of 21.8%(vs 13.8%for Ni/CeO_(2)).This work provides insights for designing graphite-semiconductor interfaces to advance photothermal catalytic efficiency.
文摘In today's fast-paced modern life, whether for fitness training, outdoor adventures, or daily commutes, we all yearn for quick-dry apparel that can rapidly wick away moisture and keep our bodies dry and comfortable. As a standout in functional textiles, quick-dry fabrics are becoming the top choice for more and more people, thanks to their exceptional moisture-wicking performance and rapid drying capabilities.
文摘The design and development of solar dryers are crucial in regions with abundant solar energy,such as Bhopal,India,where seasonal variations significantly impact the efficiency of drying processes.The paper is focused on employing a comprehensive mathematical model to predict the dryer’s performance in drying the materials such as banana slices.To enhance this model,Hyper Tuned Swarm Optimization with Gradient Tree(HT_SOGT)was utilized to accurately predict and determine the optimal size of the dryer dimensions considering various mathematical calculations for material drying.The predictive model considered the influence of seasonal fluctuations,ensuring an efficient drying process with an objective function to optimize the drying time of an average of 7 hrs throughout the year.Across all recorded ambient temperatures(ranging from 16.985○C to 31.4○C),the outlet temperature of the solar dryer is consistently higher,ranging from 39.085○C to 66.2○C.The results show that the optimized dryer design,based on HT_SOGT modelling,significantly improves drying efficiency of the materials across varying conditions,making it suitable for sustainable applications in agriculture and food processing industries in the Bhopal region.
基金Funded by the Major Special Projects of Technological Innovation of Hubei Province(No.2017ACA168)the Open Fund Project of Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park of Wuhan University of Technology(No.2021KF0012)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2021B1515120091)。
文摘To improve the controlled release ability,we prepared attapulgite into microspheres by spray drying.This research began with a thorough thermogravimetric analysis to optimize attapulgite's heat treatment for drug loading.By advanced spray drying,attapulgite was transformed into microspheres,refining its drug release characteristics.Various parameters were examined,achieving optimal particle size and morphology at 25%solid content,2.5%dispersant,and 3% binder.Attapulgite microspheres demonstrated exceptional encapsulation efficiency,exceeding 95% for doxorubicin hydrochloride,highlighting their versatility in drug delivery.FTIR and XRD were used to predict changes in material properties after spray drying.Notably,cytotoxicity tests confirmed the high biocompatibility of attapulgite microspheres,devoid of cell death induction.Attapulgite microsphere loaded with doxorubicin enable sustained drug release and maintain killing ability against tumor cells.This study confirms the viability of spray dried attapulgite microspheres for efficient drug loading and delivery and provides insights for innovative drug delivery systems that utilize the unique properties of attapulgite to advance therapeutics.
基金supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(No.2023B0101200006)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2024A1515011926)+1 种基金Fund of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates,Guangzhou 510640,China(South China University of Technology)(No.2023B1212060003)State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China(No.SKLAM008-2022)。
文摘The dynamics of the drying process of polymer solutions are important for the development of coatings and films.In the present work,digital holographic microscopy(DHM)was performed to capture the drying dynamics of poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)droplets using a gold nanoparticle tracer,where the heterogeneous flow field in different regions was illustrated.This demonstrates that the gold nanoparticles at either the center or the edge regions of the droplet exhibit anisotropic kinematic behavior.At early stage,Marangoni backflow causes gold nanoparticles to move towards the edge firstly,and the circles back towards the droplet center after arriving the contact line with a sudden increase in z axis for 10.4μm,indicating the scale of the upward-moving microscopic flow vortices.This phenomenon does not occur in water droplets in the absence of polymers.The gold nanoparticles underwent Brownian-like motion at the center of the PEO droplet or water droplet owing to the low perturbation of the flow field.At the late stage of pinning of the PEO droplets,the motion showed multiple reverses in the direction of the gold nanoparticles,indicating the complexity of the flow field.This study enhances the understanding of the drying dynamics of polymer solution droplets and offers valuable insights into the fabrication of surface materials.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China project(Nos.52108219 and U21A20150)the Lanzhou University of Technology Hongliu Outstanding Young Talent Program,China(No.04-062407)the Research on Quality Control Technology of High-performance Concrete Prepared by Manufactured Sand(No.2020Y21)。
文摘To study the effects of fine-aggregates on the drying-shrinkage properties of concrete,two types of manufactured-sand and one type of natural sand(excluding<75μm particles)were selected for tests,and nine sets of concrete drying shrinkage tests were designed with three strength grade(C30,C40,and C50)as variables.By observing the drying-shrinkage deformation of the specimens over 360 days,the effects of fine-aggregate properties on the drying shrinkage properties of concrete of different strength grades were analyzed and a prediction model was developed.Compared with natural sand concrete,the development of drying shrinkage of manufactured-sand concrete exhibits the phenomenon of advancement.The apparent density of the fine-aggregate and the strength grade are the two main factors affecting the limit value of the drying shrinkage of concrete.With a reduction in the water absorption or apparent density of the fine-aggregate or the strength grade of concrete prepared using the same fine-aggregate,the prediction accuracy of the existing models decreases.According to the GL 2000 model,two coefficients-and-were introduced to propose a prediction model for the drying shrinkage of fine-aggregate concrete,which is applicable to different strength grades.
基金support from APC LLC,Ankeny,IA,USA,is greatly appreciated.
文摘Background Feeding spray dried plasma(SDP)to weanling pigs improves growth,but there is a lack of research on how SDP impacts oxidative stress and inflammatory response in lactating sows,and performance of their piglets after weaning.Therefore,an experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that sows fed a diet with SDP in late gestation and lactation have improved reproductive performance and reduced inflammation compared with sows fed no SDP.The second hypothesis was that pigs weaned from sows fed 0.5%SDP in lactation have reduced diarrhea incidence and improved growth performance during the initial 14 d of the nursery period regardless of dietary SDP.Results The percent of low vitality or starved pigs during lactation was less(P<0.05)from sows fed 0.5%dietary SDP compared with sows fed the diet without SDP.Dietary SDP did not influence oxidative stress markers in the plasma of sows,but serum cytokines increased(P<0.05)in sows fed the diet with 0.5%SDP compared with sows fed the diet without SDP.Pigs weaned from young sows fed no SDP or from mature sows fed 0 or 0.5%SDP had a greater gain to feed ratio when fed a phase 1 diet containing 6%SDP compared with pigs fed a diet without SDP,but the gain to feed ratio of pigs weaned from young sows fed 0.5%dietary SDP was not affected by dietary SDP in phase 1(interaction,P<0.05).Regardless of sow treatment,pigs fed a phase 1 diet with 6%SDP had greater(P<0.05)growth performance than pigs fed a phase 1 diet without SDP,and pigs fed the phase 1 diet with 6%SDP had reduced(P<0.05)diarrhea incidence in phase 1.Conclusions Feeding 0.5%dietary SDP to sows may reduce the number of mummified pigs and increase pig vitality during lactation,but adding 0.5%SDP to sow diets during lactation did not improve post-weaning performance of pigs fed a starter diet with 6%SDP.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(award no.52408309)National Natural Science Foundation of China(award no.52438002).
文摘Purpose–Severe scarcity of natural river sand(RS),exacerbated by environmental protection policies and extraction constraints,has significantly impacted aggregate supply for railway concrete.While manufactured sand(MS)offers a substitute for RS in railway applications,its widespread adoption in high-strength railway prestressed structures is challenged by lack of drying shrinkage and creep research data on concrete.Design/methodology/approach–High-strength manufactured sand concrete(MSC)was prepared using MS with varying lithologies and stone powder contents.Its drying shrinkage and creep behaviors were evaluated in accordance with the Chinese standard GB/T 50082.The deformation mechanism was analyzed by combining nano-scratch testing.Findings–Compared to RS concrete,MSC from all tested lithologies showed higher drying shrinkage but lower creep deformation.The drying shrinkage rose steadily with increased stone powder content,while the creep strain displayed a distinct non-linear trend,decreasing first before rising.To prepare low-deformation MSC,select high-strength MS and limit stone powder content not greater 10%.Nano-scratch tests indicated that harder MS particles suppress microcracking at the interfacial transition zone(ITZ),improving the creep resistance.The predictive models for drying shrinkage and creep were also developed by incorporating coefficients for stone powder and lithology effects.Originality/value–These findings serve as a foundation for the application of MSC in railway prestressed structures,offering both theoretical and practical guidance.
基金financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFE0126500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52261135635.52372165,U23A2091,22150610467)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(2308085MB32)the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey(TUBITAK,122N434).
文摘Ni-based catalysts hold great potential in the light-driven dry reforming of methane(DRM)for syngas production due to their low cost and comparable catalytic performance to conventional noble-metal catalysts.However,the currently available Ni-based catalysts are confronted with low light-driven DRM efficiency and poor stability attributed to the coking.Herein,an atomically dispersed Ni-loaded CeO_(2)(Ni/CeO_(2))for light-drivenDRMis prepared by employing a polyol-mediated doping method to allow the high loading concentration of Ni on the CeO_(2),which overcomes the conventional atomically dispersed metal problem of low loading content.The atomically dispersed nature of the Ni can induce enormous CH4 activation sites for the reaction and photothermal effects for driving the reaction,while the CeO_(2) can facilitateCO_(2) activation.Therefore,the optimized atomically dispersed Ni-loaded CeO_(2) demonstrates an excellent light-drivenDRMperformance forH_(2)(626.5 mmol gcat^(-1) h^(-1))and CO(728.5 mmol gcat^(-1) h^(-1))production.More importantly,the optimized sample sustains its DRM performance after 100 h of continuous test,and such excellent stability of the presence of enormous Ni–O pairs can prevent the rapid conversion of CH_(x) intermediates into coke.This work demonstrates the meticulous design of non-noble metal catalysts for the lightdriven DRM with both high performance and stability.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82171022No.81974128).
文摘AIM:To investigate the association between active corneal epithelial dendritic cells(CEDCs)and ocular pain in patients with dry eye disease(DED).METHODS:This cross-sectional study enrolled 67 DED patients,who were divided into two groups based on numerical rating scale(NRS)scores:the mild pain group(n=44)and the moderate-to-severe pain group(n=23).In vivo confocal microscopy(IVCM)was used to image the subbasal layer of the central cornea.Corneal nerve characteristics were analyzed using ACCMetrics software,while CEDCs were quantified manually with Image J software.Regression and correlation analyses were performed to assess the impact of active CEDCs on ocular pain.Additionally,the Luminex method was employed to compare the concentrations of inflammation-related cytokines in tears between patients with≥2 CEDCs and those with<2 CEDCs.Differences in cytokine levels between the two groups were analyzed using Student’s t-test.RESULTS:The study included 44 eyes of 44 patients with mild ocular pain(12 males and 32 females)and 23 eyes of 23 patients with moderate-to-severe ocular pain(3 males and 20 females).The mean age was 36.2±13.5y in the mild pain group and 39.7±12.4y in the moderate to severe pain group.There were no significant differences in age or sex between the two groups(P=0.30;P=0.19).Multivariable regression analysis showed that older age[odds ratio(OR)=1.05,95%confidence interval(CI)1.00–1.11]and a higher number of CEDCs(OR=1.80,95%CI 1.17–2.76)were associated with ocular pain.Patients with≥2 CEDCs had significantly higher tear concentrations of interleukin(IL)-6(P<0.05),IL-8(P<0.05),and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α(P<0.05)compared to those with<2 active CEDCs.CONCLUSION:The findings suggest that infiltrating CEDCs in the corneal subbasal layer are a potential risk factor for ocular pain in DED.
基金the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42107247)the National Key Research and Development Project(No.2022YFD1901605)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(Nos.2025YFHZ0142 and 2024NSFSC0800)the Tobacco Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(No.SCYC202407)。
文摘Soil microorganisms and labile soil organic carbon(SOC)fractions are essential factors affecting greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in paddy fields.However,the effects of labile SOC fractions and microorganisms on GHG emissions from flooding to drying after organic fertilizer replacing for chemical fertilizer remain unclear.Here,a long-term experiment was conducted with four treatments:chemical fertilization only(control),organic fertilizer substituting 25%of chemical N fertilizer(NM1),50%of chemical N fertilizer(NM2),and NM2combined with crop straw(NMS).GHG emissions were monitored,and soil samples were collected to determine labile SOC fractions and microorganisms.Results revealed the GHG emissions in the NM2 significantly increased by 196.88%from flooding to drying,mainly due to the higher CO_(2) emissions.The GHG emissions per kg of C input in NMS was the lowest with the value of 9.17.From flooding to drying,organic fertilizer application significantly increased the readily oxidizable organic carbon(ROC)contents and C lability;the NM2 and NMS dramatically increased the SOC and non-readily oxidizable organic carbon(NROC).The bacterial communities showed significant differences among different treatments in the flooding,while the significant difference was only found between the NMS and other treatments in the drying.From flooding to drying,changing soil moisture conditions causes C fractions and microbial communities to jointly affect carbon emissions,and the NMS promoted carbon sequestration and mitigated GHG emissions.Our findings highlight the importance of the labile SOC fractions and microorganisms linked to GHG emissions in paddy fields.
基金funded by the Water Research Commission through the grant K5/2582 and the Gates Foundation through the grant OPP1170678.
文摘Onsite sanitation offers a sustainable alternative to centralized wastewater treatment;however,effective faecal sludge management is crucial for safe disposal and resource recovery.Among emerging treatment solutions,solar thermal drying holds significant promise to reduce sludge moisture content and enhance handling.Despite this potential,its application remains limited,with important knowledge gaps,particularly concerning the drying kinetics under different environmental and operational conditions.This study aims to fill these gaps by investigating the solar thermal drying behaviour of faecal sludge from ventilated improved pit latrines(VIPs)and urine-diverting dry toilets(UDs),with a specific focus on how air temperature and velocity influence drying performance.A bench-scale solar drying apparatus was used to investigate thin-layer sludge drying kinetics under controlled airflow conditions.The drying experiments were conducted at varying air temperatures(ambient,40℃,and 80℃)and velocities(0,0.5,and 1 m/s),where heated air was supplied via an electric resistance heater.Key drying parameters-including drying rate,critical moisture content,effective moisture diffusivity,and activation energy-were determined.Results showed that drying proceeded through a constant-rate period followed by a falling-rate period,with the critical moisture content ranging from 1.41 to 1.78 g/g db.Higher temperatures and airflow reduced the duration of the constant-rate phase,increased drying rates(0.31–0.99 g/g·min·m^(2)),and enhanced moisture diffusivity(4.56×10^(−9) to 1.52×10^(−8) m^(2)/s).Activation energy decreased with increased airflow,suggesting reduced temperature sensitivity.Thermal efficiency ranged from 14.6%to 35.1%,with solar energy contributing 73%–95% of total input.VIP sludge dried faster than UD sludge,which showed signs of surface crusting that limited moisture transfer.This research offers valuable insights into solar drying design and operation,providing scientific evidence to improve faecal sludge treatment strategies in decentralized sanitation systems.
