The promoter of NAR gene in Magnaporthe grisea was isolated and sequenced. The promoter sequences contained the "TATA" box, the "CAAT" box, and binding sites for fungal regulatory proteins. Program...The promoter of NAR gene in Magnaporthe grisea was isolated and sequenced. The promoter sequences contained the "TATA" box, the "CAAT" box, and binding sites for fungal regulatory proteins. Programs that predict promoter sequences in-dicated that promoter sequence lies between locations 430 and 857 of the NAR promoter fragment. GFP expression under the NAR promoter and NAR transcript analysis revealed that this promoter is activated primarily at the mycelial stage in the rice blast fungus and could be used to express native or extrinsic genes in the mycelia of the rice blast fungus.展开更多
Wastewater sludge creates a difficult environmental problem for many large cities.This study developed a three-phase innovative strategy for sludge treatment and reduction,including thermal hydrolysis,fungal fermentat...Wastewater sludge creates a difficult environmental problem for many large cities.This study developed a three-phase innovative strategy for sludge treatment and reduction,including thermal hydrolysis,fungal fermentation,and anaerobic digestion.Increasing the temperature during the treatment from 140 to 180℃ significantly improved the sludge reduction and organic release efficiencies(p<0.05,one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)for the triplicate experiments at each temperature).After two cycles of thermal hydrolysis,the overall volatile solid reduction ratios of the sludge were 36.6%,47.7%,and 58.5%for treatment at 140,160,and 180℃,respectively,and the total organic carbon(TOC)conversion efficiency reached 28.0%,38.0%,and 45.1%,respectively.The highest concentrations of carbohydrates and proteins were obtained at 160℃ in sludge liquor,whereas the amount of humic substances significantly increased for the treatment at 180℃(p<0.05,one-way ANOVA for the triplicate experiments at each temperature)due to the Maillard reaction.Fungal fermentation of the hydrolyzed sludge liquor with Aspergillus niger converted the waste organics to valuable fiber materials.The biomass concentration of fungal hyphae reached 1.30 and 1.27 g·L^(-1) in the liquor of sludge treated at 140 and 160C,corresponding to organic conversion ratios of 24.6%and 24.0%,respectively.The fungal hyphae produced from the sludge liquor can be readily used for making papers or similar value-added fibrous products.The paper sheets made of hyphae fibers had a dense structure and strong strength with a tensile strength of 10.75 N·m·g^(-1).Combining fungal fermentation and anaerobic digestion,the overall organic utilization efficiency can exceed 75%for the liquor of sludge treated at 160℃.展开更多
Rechargeable Li-S batteries(LSBs)are emerging as an important alternative to lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),owing to their high energy densities and low cost;yet sluggish redox kinetics of LiPSs results in inferior cycle...Rechargeable Li-S batteries(LSBs)are emerging as an important alternative to lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),owing to their high energy densities and low cost;yet sluggish redox kinetics of LiPSs results in inferior cycle life.Herein,we prepared multifunctional self-supporting hyphae carbon nanobelt(HCNB)as hosts by carbonization of hyphae balls of Rhizopus,which could increase the S loading of the cathode without sacrificing reaction kinetics.Trace platinum(Pt)nanoparticles were introduced into HCNBs(PtHCNBs)by ion-beam sputtering deposition.Based on the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses,the introduced trace Pt regulated the local electronic states of heteroatoms in HCNBs.Electrochemical kinetics investigation combined with operando Raman measurements revealed the accelerated reaction mechanics of sulfur species.Benefiting from the synergistic catalytic effect and the unique structures,the as-prepared PtHCNB/MWNCT/S cathodes delivered a stable capacity retention of 77%for 400 cycles at 0.5 C with a sulfur loading of 4.6 mg cm^(-2).More importantly,remarkable cycling performance was achieved with an high areal S loading of 7.6 mg cm^(-2).This finding offers a new strategy to prolong the cycle life of LSBs.展开更多
A pot experiment has been carried out under controlled conditions to study the possibility of applying the technique of in vivo staining for acid phosphatase activity on the roots of mycorrhizal plants and arbuscular ...A pot experiment has been carried out under controlled conditions to study the possibility of applying the technique of in vivo staining for acid phosphatase activity on the roots of mycorrhizal plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae. The pots had 5 compartments. The central root compartment was separated from the two adjacent hyphal compartments using nylon nets of 30 μm mesh, and the two hyphal compartments were separated from the two outermost compartments with 0.45 μm membranes. Red clover was grown in the root compartment and was either inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus mosseae or uninoculated. Sodium phytate was applied to all compartments. The results show that AMF can increase acid phosphatase activity of clover roots. The plant roots acquired deep red 'mycorrhizal prints'. The external hyphae also had obvious 'hyphal prints' on the test papers, indicating the ability of mycorrhizal hyphae to release acid phosphatase.展开更多
The research explored the effects of carbon, nitrogen and inorganic salt nutritional factors on Lactarius deliciosus hyphae as per solid culture. The optimal recipe of culture medium was selected by observing hypha de...The research explored the effects of carbon, nitrogen and inorganic salt nutritional factors on Lactarius deliciosus hyphae as per solid culture. The optimal recipe of culture medium was selected by observing hypha density and computing the growth index, which is the most suitable for hypha growth. The results indicated that glucose and peptone were optimal carbon and nitrogen for Lactarius deliciosus;MgSO4, CuSO4 and VB2 promoted hypha growth; FeSO4 and CoCl2 had inhibition effects. The orthogonal test concluded the optimal recipe contained glucose of 20 g/L, peptone of 1 g/L, KH2PO4 of 0.3 g/L, MgSO4 of 0.3 g/L, VB2 of 2 mg/L, and agar of 20 g/L, with original pH value adopted. After optimization, growth index of hyphae cultured at 28 ℃ was 4 055.9.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 30270049 and 30470064)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China (No. Y304211)
文摘The promoter of NAR gene in Magnaporthe grisea was isolated and sequenced. The promoter sequences contained the "TATA" box, the "CAAT" box, and binding sites for fungal regulatory proteins. Programs that predict promoter sequences in-dicated that promoter sequence lies between locations 430 and 857 of the NAR promoter fragment. GFP expression under the NAR promoter and NAR transcript analysis revealed that this promoter is activated primarily at the mycelial stage in the rice blast fungus and could be used to express native or extrinsic genes in the mycelia of the rice blast fungus.
基金This work was supported by the Shenzhen Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Council of the Shenzhen Government(JCYJ20170307153821435 and JCYJ20180508152004176)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51678333)+1 种基金the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Government(17261916,T21-711/16R)the Development and Reform Commission of Shenzhen Municipality(Urban Water Recycling and Environment Safety Program).
文摘Wastewater sludge creates a difficult environmental problem for many large cities.This study developed a three-phase innovative strategy for sludge treatment and reduction,including thermal hydrolysis,fungal fermentation,and anaerobic digestion.Increasing the temperature during the treatment from 140 to 180℃ significantly improved the sludge reduction and organic release efficiencies(p<0.05,one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)for the triplicate experiments at each temperature).After two cycles of thermal hydrolysis,the overall volatile solid reduction ratios of the sludge were 36.6%,47.7%,and 58.5%for treatment at 140,160,and 180℃,respectively,and the total organic carbon(TOC)conversion efficiency reached 28.0%,38.0%,and 45.1%,respectively.The highest concentrations of carbohydrates and proteins were obtained at 160℃ in sludge liquor,whereas the amount of humic substances significantly increased for the treatment at 180℃(p<0.05,one-way ANOVA for the triplicate experiments at each temperature)due to the Maillard reaction.Fungal fermentation of the hydrolyzed sludge liquor with Aspergillus niger converted the waste organics to valuable fiber materials.The biomass concentration of fungal hyphae reached 1.30 and 1.27 g·L^(-1) in the liquor of sludge treated at 140 and 160C,corresponding to organic conversion ratios of 24.6%and 24.0%,respectively.The fungal hyphae produced from the sludge liquor can be readily used for making papers or similar value-added fibrous products.The paper sheets made of hyphae fibers had a dense structure and strong strength with a tensile strength of 10.75 N·m·g^(-1).Combining fungal fermentation and anaerobic digestion,the overall organic utilization efficiency can exceed 75%for the liquor of sludge treated at 160℃.
基金partially supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52072099)Team program of the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China(No.TD2021E005)
文摘Rechargeable Li-S batteries(LSBs)are emerging as an important alternative to lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),owing to their high energy densities and low cost;yet sluggish redox kinetics of LiPSs results in inferior cycle life.Herein,we prepared multifunctional self-supporting hyphae carbon nanobelt(HCNB)as hosts by carbonization of hyphae balls of Rhizopus,which could increase the S loading of the cathode without sacrificing reaction kinetics.Trace platinum(Pt)nanoparticles were introduced into HCNBs(PtHCNBs)by ion-beam sputtering deposition.Based on the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses,the introduced trace Pt regulated the local electronic states of heteroatoms in HCNBs.Electrochemical kinetics investigation combined with operando Raman measurements revealed the accelerated reaction mechanics of sulfur species.Benefiting from the synergistic catalytic effect and the unique structures,the as-prepared PtHCNB/MWNCT/S cathodes delivered a stable capacity retention of 77%for 400 cycles at 0.5 C with a sulfur loading of 4.6 mg cm^(-2).More importantly,remarkable cycling performance was achieved with an high areal S loading of 7.6 mg cm^(-2).This finding offers a new strategy to prolong the cycle life of LSBs.
文摘A pot experiment has been carried out under controlled conditions to study the possibility of applying the technique of in vivo staining for acid phosphatase activity on the roots of mycorrhizal plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae. The pots had 5 compartments. The central root compartment was separated from the two adjacent hyphal compartments using nylon nets of 30 μm mesh, and the two hyphal compartments were separated from the two outermost compartments with 0.45 μm membranes. Red clover was grown in the root compartment and was either inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus mosseae or uninoculated. Sodium phytate was applied to all compartments. The results show that AMF can increase acid phosphatase activity of clover roots. The plant roots acquired deep red 'mycorrhizal prints'. The external hyphae also had obvious 'hyphal prints' on the test papers, indicating the ability of mycorrhizal hyphae to release acid phosphatase.
基金Supported by the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Jiangxi Agricultural University(09004659)~~
文摘The research explored the effects of carbon, nitrogen and inorganic salt nutritional factors on Lactarius deliciosus hyphae as per solid culture. The optimal recipe of culture medium was selected by observing hypha density and computing the growth index, which is the most suitable for hypha growth. The results indicated that glucose and peptone were optimal carbon and nitrogen for Lactarius deliciosus;MgSO4, CuSO4 and VB2 promoted hypha growth; FeSO4 and CoCl2 had inhibition effects. The orthogonal test concluded the optimal recipe contained glucose of 20 g/L, peptone of 1 g/L, KH2PO4 of 0.3 g/L, MgSO4 of 0.3 g/L, VB2 of 2 mg/L, and agar of 20 g/L, with original pH value adopted. After optimization, growth index of hyphae cultured at 28 ℃ was 4 055.9.
