Understanding the thermal safety evolution of lithium-ion batteries during high-temperature usage conditions bears significant implications for enhancing the safety management of aging batteries.This work investigates...Understanding the thermal safety evolution of lithium-ion batteries during high-temperature usage conditions bears significant implications for enhancing the safety management of aging batteries.This work investigates the thermal safety evolution mechanism of lithium-ion batteries during high-temperature aging.Similarities arise in the thermal safety evolution and degradation mechanisms for lithium-ion batteries undergoing cyclic aging and calendar aging.Employing multi-angle characterization analysis,the intricate mechanism governing the thermal safety evolution of lithium-ion batteries during high-temperature aging is clarified.Specifically,lithium plating serves as the pivotal factor contributing to the reduction in the self-heating initial temperature.Additionally,the crystal structure of the cathode induced by the dissolution of transition metals and the reductive gas generated during aging attacking the crystal structure of the cathode lead to a decrease in thermal runaway triggering temperature.Furthermore,the loss of active materials and active lithium during aging contributes to a decline in both the maximum temperature and the maximum temperature rise rate,ultimately indicating a decrease in the thermal hazards of aging batteries.展开更多
To mitigate the impact of interdiffusion reactions between the silicide slurry and Ta12W alloy substrate during vacuum sintering process on the oxidation resistance of the silicide coating,a micro-arc oxidation pretre...To mitigate the impact of interdiffusion reactions between the silicide slurry and Ta12W alloy substrate during vacuum sintering process on the oxidation resistance of the silicide coating,a micro-arc oxidation pretreatment was employed to construct a Ta_(2)O_(5)ceramic layer on the Ta12W alloy surface.Subsequently,a slurry spraying-vacuum sintering method was used to prepare a Si-Cr-Ti-Zr coating on the pretreated substrate.Comparative studies were conducted on the microstructure,phase composition,and isothermal oxidation resistance(at 1600℃)of the as-prepared coatings with and without the micro-arc oxidation ceramic layer.The results show that the Ta_(2)O_(5)layer prepared at 400 V is more continuous and has smaller pores than that prepared at 350 V.After microarc oxidation pretreatment,the Si-Cr-Ti-Zr coating on Ta12W alloy consists of three distinct layers:an upper layer dominated by Ti_(5)Si_(3),Ta_(5)Si_(3),and ZrSi;a middle layer dominated by TaSi_(2);a coating/substrate interfacial reaction layer dominated by Ta_(5)Si_(3).Both the Si-Cr-Ti-Zr coatings with and without the Ta_(2)O_(5)ceramic layer do not fail after isothermal oxidation at 1600℃for 5 h.Notably,the addition of the Ta2O5 ceramic layer reduces the high-temperature oxidation rate of the coating.展开更多
This study investigated the physicochemical properties,enzyme activities,volatile flavor components,microbial communities,and sensory evaluation of high-temperature Daqu(HTD)during the maturation process,and a standar...This study investigated the physicochemical properties,enzyme activities,volatile flavor components,microbial communities,and sensory evaluation of high-temperature Daqu(HTD)during the maturation process,and a standard system was established for comprehensive quality evaluation of HTD.There were obvious changes in the physicochemical properties,enzyme activities,and volatile flavor components at different storage periods,which affected the sensory evaluation of HTD to a certain extent.The results of high-throughput sequencing revealed significant microbial diversity,and showed that the bacterial community changed significantly more than did the fungal community.During the storage process,the dominant bacterial genera were Kroppenstedtia and Thermoascus.The correlation between dominant microorganisms and quality indicators highlighted their role in HTD quality.Lactococcus,Candida,Pichia,Paecilomyces,and protease activity played a crucial role in the formation of isovaleraldehyde.Acidic protease activity had the greatest impact on the microbial community.Moisture promoted isobutyric acid generation.Furthermore,the comprehensive quality evaluation standard system was established by the entropy weight method combined with multi-factor fuzzy mathematics.Consequently,this study provides innovative insights for comprehensive quality evaluation of HTD during storage and establishes a groundwork for scientific and rational storage of HTD and quality control of sauce-flavor Baijiu.展开更多
SKI family transcriptional corepressor 1(SKOR1also known as LbxCor1, Fussel15, or CORL1), is a member of the SKI family of proteins and is transcribed from a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 15 in humans, tha...SKI family transcriptional corepressor 1(SKOR1also known as LbxCor1, Fussel15, or CORL1), is a member of the SKI family of proteins and is transcribed from a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 15 in humans, that has a molecular weight of approximately 100 kDa. Skor1 is highly expressed in neurons in the central nervous system of both humans and rodents.展开更多
TiB_(2)coatings can significantly enhance the high-temperature oxidation resistance of molybdenum,which would broaden the application range of molybdenum and alloys thereof.However,traditional methods for preparing Ti...TiB_(2)coatings can significantly enhance the high-temperature oxidation resistance of molybdenum,which would broaden the application range of molybdenum and alloys thereof.However,traditional methods for preparing TiB_(2)coatings have disadvantages such as high equipment costs,complicated processes,and highly toxic gas emissions.This paper proposes an environmentally friendly method,which requires inexpensive equipment and simple processing,for preparing TiB_(2)coating on molybdenum via electrophoretic deposition within Na3AlF6-based molten salts.The produced TiB_(2)layer had an approximate thickness of 60μm and exhibited high density,outstanding hardness(38.2 GPa)and robust adhesion strength(51 N).Additionally,high-temperature oxidation experiments revealed that,at900℃,the TiB_(2)coating provided effective protection to the molybdenum substrate against oxidation for 3 h.This result indicates that the TiB_(2)coating prepared on molybdenum using molten salt electrophoretic deposition possesses good high-temperature oxidation resistance.展开更多
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are widely regarded as primary drivers of aging and are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases.The degeneration of motor neurons during aging is a critical pa...Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are widely regarded as primary drivers of aging and are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases.The degeneration of motor neurons during aging is a critical pathological factor contributing to the progression of sarcopenia.However,the morphological and functional changes in mitochondria and their interplay in the degeneration of the neuromuscular junction during aging remain poorly understood.A defined systematic search of the Pub Med,Web of Science and Embase databases(last accessed on October 30,2024)was conducted with search terms including'mitochondria','aging'and'NMJ'.Clinical and preclinical studies of mitochondrial dysfunction and neuromuscular junction degeneration during aging.Twentyseven studies were included in this systematic review.This systematic review provides a summary of morphological,functional and biological changes in neuromuscular junction,mitochondrial morphology,biosynthesis,respiratory chain function,and mitophagy during aging.We focus on the interactions and mechanisms underlying the relationship between mitochondria and neuromuscular junctions during aging.Aging is characterized by significant reductions in mitochondrial fusion/fission cycles,biosynthesis,and mitochondrial quality control,which may lead to neuromuscular junction dysfunction,denervation and poor physical performance.Motor nerve terminals that exhibit redox sensitivity are among the first to exhibit abnormalities,ultimately leading to an early decline in muscle strength through impaired neuromuscular junction transmission function.Parg coactivator 1 alpha is a crucial molecule that regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and modulates various pathways,including the mitochondrial respiratory chain,energy deficiency,oxidative stress,and inflammation.Mitochondrial dysfunction is correlated with neuromuscular junction denervation and acetylcholine receptor fragmentation,resulting in muscle atrophy and a decrease in strength during aging.Physical therapy,pharmacotherapy,and gene therapy can alleviate the structural degeneration and functional deterioration of neuromuscular junction by restoring mitochondrial function.Therefore,mitochondria are considered potential targets for preserving neuromuscular junction morphology and function during aging to treat sarcopenia.展开更多
Regenerative medicine is a promising therapeutic avenue for previously incurable diseases.As the risk of chronic and degenerative diseases significantly increases with age,the elderly population represents a major coh...Regenerative medicine is a promising therapeutic avenue for previously incurable diseases.As the risk of chronic and degenerative diseases significantly increases with age,the elderly population represents a major cohort for stem cell-based therapies.However,the regenerative potential of stem cells significantly decreases with advanced age and deteriorating health status of the donor.Therefore,the efficacy of autologous stem cell therapy is significantly compromised in older patients.To overcome these limitations,alternative strategies have been used to restore the age-and disease-depleted function of stem cells.These methods aim to restore the therapeutic efficacy of aged stem cells for autologous use.This article explores the effect of donor age and health status on the regenerative potential of stem cells.It further highlights the limitations of stem cell-based therapy for autologous treatment in the elderly.A comprehensive insight into the potential strategies to address the“age”and“disease”compromised regenerative potential of autologous stem cells is also presented.The information provided here serves as a valuable resource for physicians and patients for optimization of stem cellbased autologous therapy for aged patients.展开更多
The effects of artificial aging(T6)on the creep resistance with tensile stresses in the range of 50−80 MPa at 175℃were investigated for an extruded Mg−1.22Al−0.31Ca−0.44Mn(wt.%)alloy.The Guinier-Preston(G.P.)zones pr...The effects of artificial aging(T6)on the creep resistance with tensile stresses in the range of 50−80 MPa at 175℃were investigated for an extruded Mg−1.22Al−0.31Ca−0.44Mn(wt.%)alloy.The Guinier-Preston(G.P.)zones primarily precipitate in the sample aged at 200℃for 1 h(T6-200℃/1h),while the Al_(2)Ca phases mainly precipitate in the sample aged at 275℃for 8 h(T6-275℃/8h).The T6-200℃/1h sample exhibits excellent creep resistance,with a steady-state creep rate one order of magnitude lower than that of the T6-275℃/8h sample.The abnormally high stress exponent(~8.2)observed in the T6-200℃/1h sample is associated with the power-law breakdown mechanism.TEM analysis illuminates that the creep mechanism for the T6-200℃/1h sample is cross-slip between basal and prismatic dislocations,while the T6-275℃/8h sample exhibits a mixed mechanism of dislocation cross-slip and climb.Compared with the Al_(2)Ca phase,the dense G.P.zones effectively impede dislocation climb and glide during the creep process,demonstrating superior creep resistance of the T6-200℃/1h sample.展开更多
The aging process is an inexorable fact throughout our lives and is considered a major factor in develo ping neurological dysfunctions associated with cognitive,emotional,and motor impairments.Aging-associated neurode...The aging process is an inexorable fact throughout our lives and is considered a major factor in develo ping neurological dysfunctions associated with cognitive,emotional,and motor impairments.Aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive loss of neuronal structure and function.展开更多
High-temperature and short-time(HTST)solution heat treatment combined with non-isothermal aging(NIA)was employed to regulate the microstructure and properties of Al−4.5Mg−2.0Zn−0.3Ag alloy.Results indicate that HTST s...High-temperature and short-time(HTST)solution heat treatment combined with non-isothermal aging(NIA)was employed to regulate the microstructure and properties of Al−4.5Mg−2.0Zn−0.3Ag alloy.Results indicate that HTST solution heat treatment can not only retain partial deformation dislocations,but inhibit the recrystallization behavior and increase the proportion of low-angle grain boundaries(LAGBs).In the subsequent NIA process,HTST solution heat treatment combined with NIA is instrumental in restraining the degradation of dislocations and promoting precipitation of nano-scale T'-Mg_(32)(Al,Zn,Ag)49 phase,which improves the strength of the alloy greatly.In addition,a higher fraction of LAGBs and the discontinuous distribution of grain boundary precipitates caused by this novel technology meliorate the corrosion resistance of Al−4.5Mg−2.0Zn−0.3Ag alloy.展开更多
The aging of natural rubber(NR)at high temperatures will seriously affect its service lifetime in many key applications.In the present work,the changes in microstructure and mechanical properties of semi-efficient vul...The aging of natural rubber(NR)at high temperatures will seriously affect its service lifetime in many key applications.In the present work,the changes in microstructure and mechanical properties of semi-efficient vulcanized NR/carbon black(CB)vulcanizates during thermooxidative aging at high temperatures(150-200℃)and a moderate temperature(95℃)were compared.At high temperatures,a two-stage aging behavior,which was characteristic of a first rapid decline and then a continuous rise in the crosslinking density(ve),was identified and was found to be closely related to the depletion behavior of antioxidants.The surface cracking behavior observed in the second stage of high-temperature aging was discussed in terms of the grafting reaction of macromolecular radicals on CB particles and thermal expansion.In contrast,the aging of NR at moderate temperatures was much mild,which featured a continuous increase in ve and an oxidation mechanism dominated by peroxy radicals attacking double bonds.In general,the mechanical properties of NR vulcanizates during high-temperature aging depended on the competition effects of structural evolution in the crosslinked network and oxidation-induced chain scission.展开更多
Integrating different active substances through carriers and fully exerting their synergistic corrosion inhibition ability is an efficient anticor-rosion strategy.Biotemplate(diatomite)was used to integrate polyanilin...Integrating different active substances through carriers and fully exerting their synergistic corrosion inhibition ability is an efficient anticor-rosion strategy.Biotemplate(diatomite)was used to integrate polyaniline and sodium phosphate,an active antisepticfiller(PANI/DM/SP)was prepared in this work.Moreover,activefillers were combined with epoxy resins to prepare high-efficiency anti-corrosion coatings for mag-nesium alloy protection.The stability of the corrosion inhibitor(sodium phosphate)released by the activefiller was analyzed by establishing a mathematical model.Simultaneously,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests demonstrate excellent corrosion inhibition properties of activefillers and the impedance modulus of composite coatings was three orders of magnitude higher than that of the EP coating,due to the synergistic effect of each component of the activefiller.In addition,the mechanical properties of the composite coating were significantly improved,with tests showing a 51.31%increase in rub resistance and two grades of adhesion improvement(ASTM standard).The key of this work was to give full play to the slow-release characteristics of diatomite through scientific methods and promote the synergistic anticorrosion effect of sodium phosphate and polyaniline.展开更多
Currently,the design of high-temperature superconducting(HTS)maglev trains adopts a U-shaped track operation mode,and the height of the side track significantly impacts the train’s aerodynamic characteristics.In this...Currently,the design of high-temperature superconducting(HTS)maglev trains adopts a U-shaped track operation mode,and the height of the side track significantly impacts the train’s aerodynamic characteristics.In this study,we used computational fluid dynamics(CFD)methods,based on the 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)method and shear stress transport(SST)k-ωturbulence model,to deeply investigate the effects of the presence or absence of a U-shaped track and different side track heights(800,880,and 960 mm)on the pressure distribution,velocity distribution,and flow field structure of HTS maglev trains at a speed of 400 km/h under crosswinds.The numerical methods were verified using a scaled ICE-2 model wind tunnel test.First,the aerodynamic characteristics of the train under different wind direction angles with and without side tracks were studied.We found that the aerodynamic performance of the train is the most adverse when the wind direction angle is 90°.The presence of a U-shaped track can effectively reduce the lateral force,lift,and yawing moment of the train.The aerodynamic performance of the first suspension bogie at the bottom,which is the worst,will also be effectively improved.Next,the aerodynamic effects of different side track heights on the HTS maglev train were studied.An increase in side track height will reduce the lift and lateral force of the train,while the increase in drag is relatively small.Under the premise of ensuring passengers can conveniently alight,we found that a U-shaped track with a side track height of 960 mm has the best aerodynamic performance.The research findings offer a valuable reference for the engineering application and design of the track structure of HTS maglev train systems.展开更多
Geothermal energy is a clean and ecologically friendly energy source with significant potential. The temperature variations between the Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) cutter and the rock of the reservoir are th...Geothermal energy is a clean and ecologically friendly energy source with significant potential. The temperature variations between the Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) cutter and the rock of the reservoir are the key factors affecting the cutting performance when drilling through formations with thermally damaged rock. To better investigate the temperature rise, a series of rock samples treated at high temperatures (9–300℃) were broken with a PDC cutter. The performance of the PDC cutter on these samples was studied using cutting force sensors, high-speed photography, and the thermal infrared imager. Based on the experimental data, a new cutting force evaluation parameter, η, is suggested. The link between the cutting force and rock properties is discussed in detail. The present results indicate that the average cutting force of high-temperature-treated granite is 3–5 times that of the thermally damaged sandstone. Furthermore, a critical temperature for thermal damage has been identified in granite cutting at 100–200℃ and in sandstone at 100℃. This corresponds to the temperature at which interlayer water loss and thermal crack closure occur. The results also indicate that when the treatment temperature exceeds the critical threshold, both the cutting force and temperature rise exhibit more significant changes with increasing temperature. Additionally, the maximum temperature of the PDC cutter during granite cutting can reach 47.6 ℃, which is almost 34℃ higher than that of sandstone. Regarding debris size, granite is much less sensitive to the treatment temperature, showing only slight changes in debris size compared to sandstone as the treatment temperature increases. The increasing cutter-rock interface area can significantly reduce frictional heat generation while increasing the cutting force and enhancing the temperature rise. The parameter valuation of the newly defined parameter η, which is related to frictional heating, shows that the capacity of the thermal generation and the heat transfer change as the temperature rises at the cutter-rock interface. At last, the correlation analysis indicates that the cutting force of sandstone and granite is highly correlated with , E/σc and σt. This study serves as a theoretical support and technical guidance for cutting hot dry rock (HDR), which is of great significance to HDR drilling.展开更多
The effect of austenite aging at 823 K on the microstructures and martensitic transformation behavior of Co 46 Ni 27 Ga 27 alloy has been investigated using optical microscopy （OM）, transmission electron microscopy ...The effect of austenite aging at 823 K on the microstructures and martensitic transformation behavior of Co 46 Ni 27 Ga 27 alloy has been investigated using optical microscopy （OM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, X-ray diffraction analysis （XRD）, and differential scanning calorimeter （DSC）. The microstructure observation results show that the unaged Co 46 Ni 27 Ga 27 alloy is composed of the tetragonal nonmodulated martensite phase and face-centered cubic γ phase. It is found that a new nanosized fcc phase precipitates in the process of austenite aging, leading to the formation of metastable age-affected martensite around the precipitates with composition inhomogeneity. Two-stage reverse martensitic transformation occurs in the samples aged for 2 and 24 h due to the composition difference between the age-affected martensite and the original martensite. For the Co 46 Ni 27 Ga 27 alloy aged for 120 h, no reverse transformation can be detected due to the disappearance of the metastable age-affected martensite and the small latent heat of the original martensite. The martensitic transformation temperatures of the Co 46 Ni 27 Ga 27 alloy decrease with an increase in aging time.展开更多
While the enhancement of elastomer properties through nanofiller addition has been widely explored,developing high-performance elastomers for electrically insulating electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding material...While the enhancement of elastomer properties through nanofiller addition has been widely explored,developing high-performance elastomers for electrically insulating electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials using a simple approach remains crucial.In this study,high-performance composite silicone rubber(SR)elastomers were fabricated through a combination of straightforward physical mixing and chemical grafting approach.Specifically,the incorporation of components aluminum trioxide nanoparticles(n-Al_(2)O_(3))and reactive small molecule 2-isocyanoethyl acrylate(ICA)and 2-Amino-4-hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine(UPY)into SR significantly improved both the mechanical strength and ther-mal resistance of the composites due to the synergistic effects of nanoparticles and hydrogen bonding.In addition,as flexible electronics become more complex and miniaturised,there is an increasing demand for stretchable electrically insulating EMI shielding materials.Liquid metal(LM)with extreme fluidity is ideal for the preparation of stretchable EMI shielding materials.By introducing LM,we prepared a stretchable electrically insulating EMI shielding material with a sandwich structure using a simple mechanical sintering and lamination process,and the EMI shielding properties of the material remained stable before and after stretching.The modified insulating layer has excellent elasticity and thermal stability,which en-sures the normal use of the composite EMI shielding material under high temperatures and mechanical deformation conditions.This research provides valuable insights into the development of shielding materials with high-performance electrical insulation and strain-invariant EMI shielding behavior.展开更多
The deposition of mineral phases on the heat transfer surfaces of brown coal power plants may have a negative effect on power plant boilers. The paragenesis of these deposits contains information about the actual temp...The deposition of mineral phases on the heat transfer surfaces of brown coal power plants may have a negative effect on power plant boilers. The paragenesis of these deposits contains information about the actual temperature prevailed during the combustion of lignite, if the temperature-dependences of distinct mineral transformations or reactions are known. Here, we report results of a sintering study (to ?1100℃) with samples containing anhydrite, quartz, and gehlenite, which are typical components of Rhenish lignite ashes. Thermal decompositions and solid-state reactions were analyzed (1) in situ and (2) both in situ and after quenching using confocal hyperspectral Raman imaging. This novel application of confocal Raman spectroscopy provides temperature-and time-resolved, 2-dimensional information about sintering processes with a micrometer-scale resolution. In the course of the sintering experiments with anhydrite and quartz with a weight ratio of 2:1 both polymorphs wollastonite and pseudowollastonite were identified in situ at about 920 and 1000℃, respectively. The formation of pseudowollastonite was thus observed about 120℃ below the phase transition temperature, demonstrating that it can form metastably. In addition,α′L-Ca2SiO4 was identified at about 1100℃. In samples containing equal weight fractions of anhydrite and quartz that were quenched after firing for 9h at about 1100℃,β-Ca2SiO4 (larnite) crystallized as rims around anhydrite grains and in direct contact to wollastonite. We furthermore observed that, depending on the ratio between quartz and anhydrite, wollastonite replaced quartz grains between 920 and 1100℃., i.e., the higher the quartz content, the lower the formation temperature of wollastonite.展开更多
The principle of miniature isolated solid-state encapsulation technology of high-temperature pressure sensor and the structure of packaging are discussed, including static electricity bonding, stainless steel diaphrag...The principle of miniature isolated solid-state encapsulation technology of high-temperature pressure sensor and the structure of packaging are discussed, including static electricity bonding, stainless steel diaphragm selection and rippled design, laser welding, silicon oil infilling, isolation and other techniques used in sensor packaging, which can affect the performance of the sensor. By adopting stainless steel diaphragm and high-temperature silicon oil as isolation materials, not only the encapsulation of the sensor is as small as 15 mm in diameter and under 1 mA drive, its full range output is 72 mV and zero stability is 0.48% F.S/mon, but also the reliability of the sensor is improved and its application is widely broadened.展开更多
Aviation turbine engine oils require excellent thermal-oxidative stability because of their high-temperature environments.High-temperature bearing deposit testing is a mandatory method for measuring the thermal-oxidat...Aviation turbine engine oils require excellent thermal-oxidative stability because of their high-temperature environments.High-temperature bearing deposit testing is a mandatory method for measuring the thermal-oxidative performance of aviation lubricant oils,and the relevant apparatus was improved in the present study.Two different commercial aviation turbine engine oils were tested,one with standard performance(known as the SL oil)and the other with high thermal stability,and their thermal-oxidative stability characteristics were evaluated.After 100 h of high-temperature bearing testing,the SL oil was analyzed by using various analytical techniques to investigate its thermal-oxidative process in the bearing test,with its thermal-oxidative degradation mechanism also being discussed.The results indicate that the developed high-temperature bearing apparatus easily meets the test requirements of method 3410.1 in standard FED-STD-791D.The viscosity and total acid number(TAN)of the SL oil increased with the bearing test time,and various deposits were produced in the bearing test,with the micro-particles of the carbon deposits being sphere-like,rod-like,and sheet-like in appearance.The antioxidant additives in the oil were consumed very rapidly in the first 30 h of the bearing test,with N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine being consumed faster than dioctyldiphenylamine.Overall,the oil thermal-oxidative process involves very complex physical and chemical mechanisms.展开更多
Cf/Al composites and TiAl alloys were joined by laser ignited self-propagating high-temperature synthesis（SHS） with Ni-Al-Ti interlayer. The effect of Ti-Al content on interfacial microstructure and mechanical prope...Cf/Al composites and TiAl alloys were joined by laser ignited self-propagating high-temperature synthesis（SHS） with Ni-Al-Ti interlayer. The effect of Ti-Al content on interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints was investigated. Localized melt of the substrates occurred in the joints. γ-Ni0.35Al0.30Ti0.35, NiA l3 and Ni2Al3 reaction layers formed adjacent to the substrates. Joint flaws, such as pores and cracks, made the joint density decrease and worked as the fracture source, which led to the sharp decline of joint strength. Additive Ti-Al increased joint density and strengthened the interlayer adhesion to Cf/Al. The joint flaws could be controlled by changing the Ti-Al content. When the Ti-Al content was 0.1, the joint was free of cracks with high density and reached the maximum shear strength of 24.12 MPa.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Nos.52176199,and U20A20310)supported by the Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader(22XD1423800)。
文摘Understanding the thermal safety evolution of lithium-ion batteries during high-temperature usage conditions bears significant implications for enhancing the safety management of aging batteries.This work investigates the thermal safety evolution mechanism of lithium-ion batteries during high-temperature aging.Similarities arise in the thermal safety evolution and degradation mechanisms for lithium-ion batteries undergoing cyclic aging and calendar aging.Employing multi-angle characterization analysis,the intricate mechanism governing the thermal safety evolution of lithium-ion batteries during high-temperature aging is clarified.Specifically,lithium plating serves as the pivotal factor contributing to the reduction in the self-heating initial temperature.Additionally,the crystal structure of the cathode induced by the dissolution of transition metals and the reductive gas generated during aging attacking the crystal structure of the cathode lead to a decrease in thermal runaway triggering temperature.Furthermore,the loss of active materials and active lithium during aging contributes to a decline in both the maximum temperature and the maximum temperature rise rate,ultimately indicating a decrease in the thermal hazards of aging batteries.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(52071274)Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province(2023-YBGY-442)Science and Technology Nova Project-Innovative Talent Promotion Program of Shaanxi Province(2020KJXX-062)。
文摘To mitigate the impact of interdiffusion reactions between the silicide slurry and Ta12W alloy substrate during vacuum sintering process on the oxidation resistance of the silicide coating,a micro-arc oxidation pretreatment was employed to construct a Ta_(2)O_(5)ceramic layer on the Ta12W alloy surface.Subsequently,a slurry spraying-vacuum sintering method was used to prepare a Si-Cr-Ti-Zr coating on the pretreated substrate.Comparative studies were conducted on the microstructure,phase composition,and isothermal oxidation resistance(at 1600℃)of the as-prepared coatings with and without the micro-arc oxidation ceramic layer.The results show that the Ta_(2)O_(5)layer prepared at 400 V is more continuous and has smaller pores than that prepared at 350 V.After microarc oxidation pretreatment,the Si-Cr-Ti-Zr coating on Ta12W alloy consists of three distinct layers:an upper layer dominated by Ti_(5)Si_(3),Ta_(5)Si_(3),and ZrSi;a middle layer dominated by TaSi_(2);a coating/substrate interfacial reaction layer dominated by Ta_(5)Si_(3).Both the Si-Cr-Ti-Zr coatings with and without the Ta_(2)O_(5)ceramic layer do not fail after isothermal oxidation at 1600℃for 5 h.Notably,the addition of the Ta2O5 ceramic layer reduces the high-temperature oxidation rate of the coating.
文摘This study investigated the physicochemical properties,enzyme activities,volatile flavor components,microbial communities,and sensory evaluation of high-temperature Daqu(HTD)during the maturation process,and a standard system was established for comprehensive quality evaluation of HTD.There were obvious changes in the physicochemical properties,enzyme activities,and volatile flavor components at different storage periods,which affected the sensory evaluation of HTD to a certain extent.The results of high-throughput sequencing revealed significant microbial diversity,and showed that the bacterial community changed significantly more than did the fungal community.During the storage process,the dominant bacterial genera were Kroppenstedtia and Thermoascus.The correlation between dominant microorganisms and quality indicators highlighted their role in HTD quality.Lactococcus,Candida,Pichia,Paecilomyces,and protease activity played a crucial role in the formation of isovaleraldehyde.Acidic protease activity had the greatest impact on the microbial community.Moisture promoted isobutyric acid generation.Furthermore,the comprehensive quality evaluation standard system was established by the entropy weight method combined with multi-factor fuzzy mathematics.Consequently,this study provides innovative insights for comprehensive quality evaluation of HTD during storage and establishes a groundwork for scientific and rational storage of HTD and quality control of sauce-flavor Baijiu.
基金supported by Science Foundation Ireland (Grant 19/FFP/6666),Cure Parkinson’s (Grant CP:GO01)a PhD studentship from the Anatomical Society。
文摘SKI family transcriptional corepressor 1(SKOR1also known as LbxCor1, Fussel15, or CORL1), is a member of the SKI family of proteins and is transcribed from a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 15 in humans, that has a molecular weight of approximately 100 kDa. Skor1 is highly expressed in neurons in the central nervous system of both humans and rodents.
基金supported by the Original Exploratory Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52450012)。
文摘TiB_(2)coatings can significantly enhance the high-temperature oxidation resistance of molybdenum,which would broaden the application range of molybdenum and alloys thereof.However,traditional methods for preparing TiB_(2)coatings have disadvantages such as high equipment costs,complicated processes,and highly toxic gas emissions.This paper proposes an environmentally friendly method,which requires inexpensive equipment and simple processing,for preparing TiB_(2)coating on molybdenum via electrophoretic deposition within Na3AlF6-based molten salts.The produced TiB_(2)layer had an approximate thickness of 60μm and exhibited high density,outstanding hardness(38.2 GPa)and robust adhesion strength(51 N).Additionally,high-temperature oxidation experiments revealed that,at900℃,the TiB_(2)coating provided effective protection to the molybdenum substrate against oxidation for 3 h.This result indicates that the TiB_(2)coating prepared on molybdenum using molten salt electrophoretic deposition possesses good high-temperature oxidation resistance.
基金supported by grants from Collaborative Research Fund(Ref:C4032-21GF)General Research Grant(Ref:14114822)+1 种基金Group Research Scheme(Ref:3110146)Area of Excellence(Ref:Ao E/M-402/20)。
文摘Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are widely regarded as primary drivers of aging and are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases.The degeneration of motor neurons during aging is a critical pathological factor contributing to the progression of sarcopenia.However,the morphological and functional changes in mitochondria and their interplay in the degeneration of the neuromuscular junction during aging remain poorly understood.A defined systematic search of the Pub Med,Web of Science and Embase databases(last accessed on October 30,2024)was conducted with search terms including'mitochondria','aging'and'NMJ'.Clinical and preclinical studies of mitochondrial dysfunction and neuromuscular junction degeneration during aging.Twentyseven studies were included in this systematic review.This systematic review provides a summary of morphological,functional and biological changes in neuromuscular junction,mitochondrial morphology,biosynthesis,respiratory chain function,and mitophagy during aging.We focus on the interactions and mechanisms underlying the relationship between mitochondria and neuromuscular junctions during aging.Aging is characterized by significant reductions in mitochondrial fusion/fission cycles,biosynthesis,and mitochondrial quality control,which may lead to neuromuscular junction dysfunction,denervation and poor physical performance.Motor nerve terminals that exhibit redox sensitivity are among the first to exhibit abnormalities,ultimately leading to an early decline in muscle strength through impaired neuromuscular junction transmission function.Parg coactivator 1 alpha is a crucial molecule that regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and modulates various pathways,including the mitochondrial respiratory chain,energy deficiency,oxidative stress,and inflammation.Mitochondrial dysfunction is correlated with neuromuscular junction denervation and acetylcholine receptor fragmentation,resulting in muscle atrophy and a decrease in strength during aging.Physical therapy,pharmacotherapy,and gene therapy can alleviate the structural degeneration and functional deterioration of neuromuscular junction by restoring mitochondrial function.Therefore,mitochondria are considered potential targets for preserving neuromuscular junction morphology and function during aging to treat sarcopenia.
文摘Regenerative medicine is a promising therapeutic avenue for previously incurable diseases.As the risk of chronic and degenerative diseases significantly increases with age,the elderly population represents a major cohort for stem cell-based therapies.However,the regenerative potential of stem cells significantly decreases with advanced age and deteriorating health status of the donor.Therefore,the efficacy of autologous stem cell therapy is significantly compromised in older patients.To overcome these limitations,alternative strategies have been used to restore the age-and disease-depleted function of stem cells.These methods aim to restore the therapeutic efficacy of aged stem cells for autologous use.This article explores the effect of donor age and health status on the regenerative potential of stem cells.It further highlights the limitations of stem cell-based therapy for autologous treatment in the elderly.A comprehensive insight into the potential strategies to address the“age”and“disease”compromised regenerative potential of autologous stem cells is also presented.The information provided here serves as a valuable resource for physicians and patients for optimization of stem cellbased autologous therapy for aged patients.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52175322, 52271031)the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province, China (No. SKL202302015)。
文摘The effects of artificial aging(T6)on the creep resistance with tensile stresses in the range of 50−80 MPa at 175℃were investigated for an extruded Mg−1.22Al−0.31Ca−0.44Mn(wt.%)alloy.The Guinier-Preston(G.P.)zones primarily precipitate in the sample aged at 200℃for 1 h(T6-200℃/1h),while the Al_(2)Ca phases mainly precipitate in the sample aged at 275℃for 8 h(T6-275℃/8h).The T6-200℃/1h sample exhibits excellent creep resistance,with a steady-state creep rate one order of magnitude lower than that of the T6-275℃/8h sample.The abnormally high stress exponent(~8.2)observed in the T6-200℃/1h sample is associated with the power-law breakdown mechanism.TEM analysis illuminates that the creep mechanism for the T6-200℃/1h sample is cross-slip between basal and prismatic dislocations,while the T6-275℃/8h sample exhibits a mixed mechanism of dislocation cross-slip and climb.Compared with the Al_(2)Ca phase,the dense G.P.zones effectively impede dislocation climb and glide during the creep process,demonstrating superior creep resistance of the T6-200℃/1h sample.
文摘The aging process is an inexorable fact throughout our lives and is considered a major factor in develo ping neurological dysfunctions associated with cognitive,emotional,and motor impairments.Aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive loss of neuronal structure and function.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52204400,52204401)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China(No.E2022203033)。
文摘High-temperature and short-time(HTST)solution heat treatment combined with non-isothermal aging(NIA)was employed to regulate the microstructure and properties of Al−4.5Mg−2.0Zn−0.3Ag alloy.Results indicate that HTST solution heat treatment can not only retain partial deformation dislocations,but inhibit the recrystallization behavior and increase the proportion of low-angle grain boundaries(LAGBs).In the subsequent NIA process,HTST solution heat treatment combined with NIA is instrumental in restraining the degradation of dislocations and promoting precipitation of nano-scale T'-Mg_(32)(Al,Zn,Ag)49 phase,which improves the strength of the alloy greatly.In addition,a higher fraction of LAGBs and the discontinuous distribution of grain boundary precipitates caused by this novel technology meliorate the corrosion resistance of Al−4.5Mg−2.0Zn−0.3Ag alloy.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51790504 and U19A2096)the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(No.B13040)State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering(No.sklpme2019-2-07)。
文摘The aging of natural rubber(NR)at high temperatures will seriously affect its service lifetime in many key applications.In the present work,the changes in microstructure and mechanical properties of semi-efficient vulcanized NR/carbon black(CB)vulcanizates during thermooxidative aging at high temperatures(150-200℃)and a moderate temperature(95℃)were compared.At high temperatures,a two-stage aging behavior,which was characteristic of a first rapid decline and then a continuous rise in the crosslinking density(ve),was identified and was found to be closely related to the depletion behavior of antioxidants.The surface cracking behavior observed in the second stage of high-temperature aging was discussed in terms of the grafting reaction of macromolecular radicals on CB particles and thermal expansion.In contrast,the aging of NR at moderate temperatures was much mild,which featured a continuous increase in ve and an oxidation mechanism dominated by peroxy radicals attacking double bonds.In general,the mechanical properties of NR vulcanizates during high-temperature aging depended on the competition effects of structural evolution in the crosslinked network and oxidation-induced chain scission.
基金support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51908092)Projects(No.2020CDJXZ001,2021CDJJMRH-005 and SKLMT-ZZKT-2021M04)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities+6 种基金the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Guangdong(Grant No.U1801254)the project funded by Chongqing Special Postdoctoral Science Foundation(XmT2018043)the Chongqing Research Program of Basic Research and Frontier Technology(cstc2017jcyjBX0080)Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing for Post-doctor(cstc2019jcyjbsh0079,cstc2019jcyjbshX0085)Technological projects of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(KJZDK201800801)the Innovative Research Team of Chongqing(CXTDG201602014)the Innovative technology of New materials and metallurgy(2019CDXYCL0031)。
文摘Integrating different active substances through carriers and fully exerting their synergistic corrosion inhibition ability is an efficient anticor-rosion strategy.Biotemplate(diatomite)was used to integrate polyaniline and sodium phosphate,an active antisepticfiller(PANI/DM/SP)was prepared in this work.Moreover,activefillers were combined with epoxy resins to prepare high-efficiency anti-corrosion coatings for mag-nesium alloy protection.The stability of the corrosion inhibitor(sodium phosphate)released by the activefiller was analyzed by establishing a mathematical model.Simultaneously,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests demonstrate excellent corrosion inhibition properties of activefillers and the impedance modulus of composite coatings was three orders of magnitude higher than that of the EP coating,due to the synergistic effect of each component of the activefiller.In addition,the mechanical properties of the composite coating were significantly improved,with tests showing a 51.31%increase in rub resistance and two grades of adhesion improvement(ASTM standard).The key of this work was to give full play to the slow-release characteristics of diatomite through scientific methods and promote the synergistic anticorrosion effect of sodium phosphate and polyaniline.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U23A20681)the S&T Program of Hebei Province,China(No.23567602H).
文摘Currently,the design of high-temperature superconducting(HTS)maglev trains adopts a U-shaped track operation mode,and the height of the side track significantly impacts the train’s aerodynamic characteristics.In this study,we used computational fluid dynamics(CFD)methods,based on the 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)method and shear stress transport(SST)k-ωturbulence model,to deeply investigate the effects of the presence or absence of a U-shaped track and different side track heights(800,880,and 960 mm)on the pressure distribution,velocity distribution,and flow field structure of HTS maglev trains at a speed of 400 km/h under crosswinds.The numerical methods were verified using a scaled ICE-2 model wind tunnel test.First,the aerodynamic characteristics of the train under different wind direction angles with and without side tracks were studied.We found that the aerodynamic performance of the train is the most adverse when the wind direction angle is 90°.The presence of a U-shaped track can effectively reduce the lateral force,lift,and yawing moment of the train.The aerodynamic performance of the first suspension bogie at the bottom,which is the worst,will also be effectively improved.Next,the aerodynamic effects of different side track heights on the HTS maglev train were studied.An increase in side track height will reduce the lift and lateral force of the train,while the increase in drag is relatively small.Under the premise of ensuring passengers can conveniently alight,we found that a U-shaped track with a side track height of 960 mm has the best aerodynamic performance.The research findings offer a valuable reference for the engineering application and design of the track structure of HTS maglev train systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52004236)the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52234003)+2 种基金Sichuan Provincial Returned Scholars'Scientific and Technological Activities Merit-based Funding Programs(Grant No.2023016)Open project of the International Joint Research Center for Deep Earth Drilling and Deep Earth Resources Development of the Ministry of Science and Technology(Grant No.DEDRD-2023-06)the National Natural Science Foundation of China Outstanding Youth Science Fund Program(Grant No.52222402).
文摘Geothermal energy is a clean and ecologically friendly energy source with significant potential. The temperature variations between the Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) cutter and the rock of the reservoir are the key factors affecting the cutting performance when drilling through formations with thermally damaged rock. To better investigate the temperature rise, a series of rock samples treated at high temperatures (9–300℃) were broken with a PDC cutter. The performance of the PDC cutter on these samples was studied using cutting force sensors, high-speed photography, and the thermal infrared imager. Based on the experimental data, a new cutting force evaluation parameter, η, is suggested. The link between the cutting force and rock properties is discussed in detail. The present results indicate that the average cutting force of high-temperature-treated granite is 3–5 times that of the thermally damaged sandstone. Furthermore, a critical temperature for thermal damage has been identified in granite cutting at 100–200℃ and in sandstone at 100℃. This corresponds to the temperature at which interlayer water loss and thermal crack closure occur. The results also indicate that when the treatment temperature exceeds the critical threshold, both the cutting force and temperature rise exhibit more significant changes with increasing temperature. Additionally, the maximum temperature of the PDC cutter during granite cutting can reach 47.6 ℃, which is almost 34℃ higher than that of sandstone. Regarding debris size, granite is much less sensitive to the treatment temperature, showing only slight changes in debris size compared to sandstone as the treatment temperature increases. The increasing cutter-rock interface area can significantly reduce frictional heat generation while increasing the cutting force and enhancing the temperature rise. The parameter valuation of the newly defined parameter η, which is related to frictional heating, shows that the capacity of the thermal generation and the heat transfer change as the temperature rises at the cutter-rock interface. At last, the correlation analysis indicates that the cutting force of sandstone and granite is highly correlated with , E/σc and σt. This study serves as a theoretical support and technical guidance for cutting hot dry rock (HDR), which is of great significance to HDR drilling.
基金supported by the Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50921003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51101057)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 09QG41)
文摘The effect of austenite aging at 823 K on the microstructures and martensitic transformation behavior of Co 46 Ni 27 Ga 27 alloy has been investigated using optical microscopy （OM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, X-ray diffraction analysis （XRD）, and differential scanning calorimeter （DSC）. The microstructure observation results show that the unaged Co 46 Ni 27 Ga 27 alloy is composed of the tetragonal nonmodulated martensite phase and face-centered cubic γ phase. It is found that a new nanosized fcc phase precipitates in the process of austenite aging, leading to the formation of metastable age-affected martensite around the precipitates with composition inhomogeneity. Two-stage reverse martensitic transformation occurs in the samples aged for 2 and 24 h due to the composition difference between the age-affected martensite and the original martensite. For the Co 46 Ni 27 Ga 27 alloy aged for 120 h, no reverse transformation can be detected due to the disappearance of the metastable age-affected martensite and the small latent heat of the original martensite. The martensitic transformation temperatures of the Co 46 Ni 27 Ga 27 alloy decrease with an increase in aging time.
基金the financial support from the Director’s Fund of the Hefei Institute of Materials Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.YZJJQY202405 and YZJJ2024QN36).
文摘While the enhancement of elastomer properties through nanofiller addition has been widely explored,developing high-performance elastomers for electrically insulating electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials using a simple approach remains crucial.In this study,high-performance composite silicone rubber(SR)elastomers were fabricated through a combination of straightforward physical mixing and chemical grafting approach.Specifically,the incorporation of components aluminum trioxide nanoparticles(n-Al_(2)O_(3))and reactive small molecule 2-isocyanoethyl acrylate(ICA)and 2-Amino-4-hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine(UPY)into SR significantly improved both the mechanical strength and ther-mal resistance of the composites due to the synergistic effects of nanoparticles and hydrogen bonding.In addition,as flexible electronics become more complex and miniaturised,there is an increasing demand for stretchable electrically insulating EMI shielding materials.Liquid metal(LM)with extreme fluidity is ideal for the preparation of stretchable EMI shielding materials.By introducing LM,we prepared a stretchable electrically insulating EMI shielding material with a sandwich structure using a simple mechanical sintering and lamination process,and the EMI shielding properties of the material remained stable before and after stretching.The modified insulating layer has excellent elasticity and thermal stability,which en-sures the normal use of the composite EMI shielding material under high temperatures and mechanical deformation conditions.This research provides valuable insights into the development of shielding materials with high-performance electrical insulation and strain-invariant EMI shielding behavior.
文摘The deposition of mineral phases on the heat transfer surfaces of brown coal power plants may have a negative effect on power plant boilers. The paragenesis of these deposits contains information about the actual temperature prevailed during the combustion of lignite, if the temperature-dependences of distinct mineral transformations or reactions are known. Here, we report results of a sintering study (to ?1100℃) with samples containing anhydrite, quartz, and gehlenite, which are typical components of Rhenish lignite ashes. Thermal decompositions and solid-state reactions were analyzed (1) in situ and (2) both in situ and after quenching using confocal hyperspectral Raman imaging. This novel application of confocal Raman spectroscopy provides temperature-and time-resolved, 2-dimensional information about sintering processes with a micrometer-scale resolution. In the course of the sintering experiments with anhydrite and quartz with a weight ratio of 2:1 both polymorphs wollastonite and pseudowollastonite were identified in situ at about 920 and 1000℃, respectively. The formation of pseudowollastonite was thus observed about 120℃ below the phase transition temperature, demonstrating that it can form metastably. In addition,α′L-Ca2SiO4 was identified at about 1100℃. In samples containing equal weight fractions of anhydrite and quartz that were quenched after firing for 9h at about 1100℃,β-Ca2SiO4 (larnite) crystallized as rims around anhydrite grains and in direct contact to wollastonite. We furthermore observed that, depending on the ratio between quartz and anhydrite, wollastonite replaced quartz grains between 920 and 1100℃., i.e., the higher the quartz content, the lower the formation temperature of wollastonite.
文摘The principle of miniature isolated solid-state encapsulation technology of high-temperature pressure sensor and the structure of packaging are discussed, including static electricity bonding, stainless steel diaphragm selection and rippled design, laser welding, silicon oil infilling, isolation and other techniques used in sensor packaging, which can affect the performance of the sensor. By adopting stainless steel diaphragm and high-temperature silicon oil as isolation materials, not only the encapsulation of the sensor is as small as 15 mm in diameter and under 1 mA drive, its full range output is 72 mV and zero stability is 0.48% F.S/mon, but also the reliability of the sensor is improved and its application is widely broadened.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3809005)by SINOPEC(120060-6,121027,and 122042).
文摘Aviation turbine engine oils require excellent thermal-oxidative stability because of their high-temperature environments.High-temperature bearing deposit testing is a mandatory method for measuring the thermal-oxidative performance of aviation lubricant oils,and the relevant apparatus was improved in the present study.Two different commercial aviation turbine engine oils were tested,one with standard performance(known as the SL oil)and the other with high thermal stability,and their thermal-oxidative stability characteristics were evaluated.After 100 h of high-temperature bearing testing,the SL oil was analyzed by using various analytical techniques to investigate its thermal-oxidative process in the bearing test,with its thermal-oxidative degradation mechanism also being discussed.The results indicate that the developed high-temperature bearing apparatus easily meets the test requirements of method 3410.1 in standard FED-STD-791D.The viscosity and total acid number(TAN)of the SL oil increased with the bearing test time,and various deposits were produced in the bearing test,with the micro-particles of the carbon deposits being sphere-like,rod-like,and sheet-like in appearance.The antioxidant additives in the oil were consumed very rapidly in the first 30 h of the bearing test,with N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine being consumed faster than dioctyldiphenylamine.Overall,the oil thermal-oxidative process involves very complex physical and chemical mechanisms.
基金Project(51075101)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Cf/Al composites and TiAl alloys were joined by laser ignited self-propagating high-temperature synthesis（SHS） with Ni-Al-Ti interlayer. The effect of Ti-Al content on interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints was investigated. Localized melt of the substrates occurred in the joints. γ-Ni0.35Al0.30Ti0.35, NiA l3 and Ni2Al3 reaction layers formed adjacent to the substrates. Joint flaws, such as pores and cracks, made the joint density decrease and worked as the fracture source, which led to the sharp decline of joint strength. Additive Ti-Al increased joint density and strengthened the interlayer adhesion to Cf/Al. The joint flaws could be controlled by changing the Ti-Al content. When the Ti-Al content was 0.1, the joint was free of cracks with high density and reached the maximum shear strength of 24.12 MPa.
