Blockchain-based user-centric access network(UCAN)fails in dynamic access point(AP)management,as it lacks an incentive mechanism to promote virtuous behavior.Furthermore,the low throughput of the blockchain has been a...Blockchain-based user-centric access network(UCAN)fails in dynamic access point(AP)management,as it lacks an incentive mechanism to promote virtuous behavior.Furthermore,the low throughput of the blockchain has been a bottleneck to the widespread adoption of UCAN in 6G.In this paper,we propose Overlap Shard,a blockchain framework based on a novel reputation voting(RV)scheme,to dynamically manage the APs in UCAN.AP nodes in UCAN are distributed across multiple shards based on the RV scheme.That is,nodes with good reputation(virtuous behavior)are likely to be selected in the overlap shard.The RV mechanism ensures the security of UCAN because most APs adopt virtuous behaviors.Furthermore,to improve the efficiency of the Overlap Shard,we reduce cross-shard transactions by introducing core nodes.Specifically,a few nodes are overlapped in different shards,which can directly process the transactions in two shards instead of crossshard transactions.This greatly increases the speed of transactions between shards and thus the throughput of the overlap shard.The experiments show that the throughput of the overlap shard is about 2.5 times that of the non-sharded blockchain.展开更多
The ultra-high speed,ultra-low latency,and massive connectivity of the 6 th Generation Mobile Network(6G)present unprecedented challenges to network security.In addition,the deep integration of Artificial Intelligence...The ultra-high speed,ultra-low latency,and massive connectivity of the 6 th Generation Mobile Network(6G)present unprecedented challenges to network security.In addition,the deep integration of Artificial Intelligence(AI)into 6G networks introduces AI-native features that further complicate the design and implementation of secure network architectures.To meet the security demands posed by the massive number of devices and edge nodes in 6G networks,a decentralized security architecture is essential,as it effectively mitigates the performance bottlenecks typically associated with centralized systems.Blockchain technology offers a promising trust mechanism among devices in 6G networks.However,conventional blockchain systems suffer from limited scalability under high-load conditions,making them inadequate for supporting a large volume of nodes and frequent data exchanges.To overcome these limitations,We propose Shard-DAG,a scalable architecture that structurally integrates Directed Acyclic Graphs(DAG)and sharding.Each shard adopts a Block-DAG structure for parallel block processing,effectively overcoming the performance bottlenecks of traditional chain-based blockchains.Furthermore,we introduce a DAG-based transaction ordering mechanism within each shard to defend against double-spending attacks.To ensure inter-shard security,Block-DAG adopts a black-box interaction approach to prevent cross-shard double-spending.Theoretical analysis and experimental evaluations demonstrate that Shard-DAG achieves near-linear scalability.In a network of 1,200 nodes with 8 shards,Shard-DAG achieves peak throughput improvements of 14.64 times over traditional blockchains,8.61 times over standalone BlockDAG,and 2.05 times over conventional sharded blockchains.The results validate Shard-DAG's ability to scale efficiently while maintaining robust security properties.展开更多
As the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) continues to expand, smart health-monitoring devices generate vast amounts of valuable data while simultaneously raising critical security and privacy challenges. Blockchain te...As the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) continues to expand, smart health-monitoring devices generate vast amounts of valuable data while simultaneously raising critical security and privacy challenges. Blockchain technology presents a promising avenue to address these concerns due to its inherent decentralization and security features. However, scalability remains a persistent hurdle, particularly for IoMT applications that involve large-scale networks and resource-constrained devices. This paper introduces a novel lightweight sharding method tailored to the unique demands of IoMT data sharing. Our approach enhances state bootstrapping efficiency and reduces operational overhead by utilizing a dual-chain structure comprising a main chain and a snapshot chain. The snapshot chain periodically records key blockchain states, allowing nodes to synchronize more efficiently. This mechanism is critical in reducing the time and resources needed for new nodes to join the network or existing nodes to recover from outages. Additionally, a block state pruning technique is implemented, significantly minimizing storage requirements and lowering transaction execution overhead during initialization and reconfiguration processes. This is crucial given the substantial data volumes inherent in IoMT ecosystems. By adopting an optimistic sharding strategy, our model allows nodes to swiftly join the snapshot shard, while full shards retain the complete ledger history to ensure comprehensive transaction verification. Extensive evaluations across diverse shard configurations demonstrate that this method significantly outperforms existing baseline models. It provides a comprehensive solution for IoMT blockchain applications, striking an optimal balance between security, scalability, and operational efficiency.展开更多
Blockchain technologies have been used to facilitate Web 3.0 and FinTech applications.However,conventional blockchain technologies suffer from long transaction delays and low transaction success rates in some Web 3.0 ...Blockchain technologies have been used to facilitate Web 3.0 and FinTech applications.However,conventional blockchain technologies suffer from long transaction delays and low transaction success rates in some Web 3.0 and FinTech applications such as Supply Chain Finance(SCF).Blockchain sharding has been proposed to improve blockchain performance.However,the existing sharding methods either use a static sharding strategy,which lacks the adaptability for the dynamic SCF environment,or are designed for public chains,which are not applicable to consortium blockchain-based SCF.To address these issues,we propose an adaptive consortium blockchain sharding framework named ACSarF,which is based on the deep reinforcement learning algorithm.The proposed framework can improve consortium blockchain sharding to effectively reduce transaction delay and adaptively adjust the sharding and blockout strategies to increase the transaction success rate in a dynamic SCF environment.Furthermore,we propose to use a consistent hash algorithm in the ACSarF framework to ensure transaction load balancing in the adaptive sharding system to further improve the performance of blockchain sharding in dynamic SCF scenarios.To evaluate the proposed framework,we conducted extensive experiments in a typical SCF scenario.The obtained experimental results show that the ACSarF framework achieves a more than 60%improvement in user experience compared to other state-of-the-art blockchain systems.展开更多
The long transaction latency and low throughput of blockchain are the key challenges affecting the large-scale adoption of blockchain technology. Sharding technology is a primary solution by divides the blockchain net...The long transaction latency and low throughput of blockchain are the key challenges affecting the large-scale adoption of blockchain technology. Sharding technology is a primary solution by divides the blockchain network into multiple independent shards for parallel transaction processing. However, most existing random or modular schemes fail to consider the transactional relationships between accounts, which leads to a high proportion of cross-shard transactions, thereby increasing the communication overhead and transaction confirmation latency between shards. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a blockchain sharding algorithm based on account degree and frequency (DFSA). The algorithm takes into account both account degree and weight relationships between accounts. The blockchain transaction network is modeled as an undirected weighted graph, and community detection algorithms are employed to analyze the correlations between accounts. Strong-correlated accounts are grouped into the same shard, and a multi-shard blockchain network is constructed. Additionally, to further reduce the number of cross-shard transactions, this paper designs a random redundancy strategy based on account correlation, which randomly selects strong-correlated accounts and stores them redundantly in another shard, thus original cross-shard transactions can be verified and confirmed within the same shard. Simulation experiments demonstrate that DFSA outperforms the random sharding algorithm (RSA), modular sharding algorithm (MSA), and label propagation algorithm (LPA) in terms of cross-shard transaction proportion, latency, and throughput. Therefore, DFSA can effectively reduce cross-shard transaction proportion and lower transaction confirmation latency.展开更多
With the development of sharded blockchains,high cross-shard rates and load imbalance have emerged as major challenges.Account partitioning based on hashing and real-time load faces the issue of high cross-shard rates...With the development of sharded blockchains,high cross-shard rates and load imbalance have emerged as major challenges.Account partitioning based on hashing and real-time load faces the issue of high cross-shard rates.Account partitioning based on historical transaction graphs is effective in reducing cross-shard rates but suffers from load imbalance and limited adaptability to dynamic workloads.Meanwhile,because of the coupling between consensus and execution,a target shard must receive both the partitioned transactions and the partitioned accounts before initiating consensus and execution.However,we observe that transaction partitioning and subsequent consensus do not require actual account data but only need to determine the relative partition order between shards.Therefore,we propose a novel sharded blockchain,called HATLedger,based on Hybrid Account and Transaction partitioning.First,HATLedger proposes building a future transaction graph to detect upcoming hotspot accounts and making more precise account partitioning to reduce transaction cross-shard rates.In the event of an impending overload,the source shard employs simulated partition transactions to specify the partition order across multiple target shards,thereby rapidly partitioning the pending transactions.The target shards can reach consensus on received transactions without waiting for account data.The source shard subsequently sends the account data to the corresponding target shards in the order specified by the previously simulated partition transactions.Based on real transaction history from Ethereum,we conducted extensive sharding scalability experiments.By maintaining low cross-shard rates and a relatively balanced load distribution,HATLedger achieves throughput improvements of 2.2x,1.9x,and 1.8x over SharPer,Shard Scheduler,and TxAllo,respectively,significantly enhancing efficiency and scalability.展开更多
Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)is one of the most promising programs for disease prevention and treatment.Meanwhile,the quality of TCM has garnered much attention.To ensure the quality of TCM,many works are based on...Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)is one of the most promising programs for disease prevention and treatment.Meanwhile,the quality of TCM has garnered much attention.To ensure the quality of TCM,many works are based on the blockchain scheme to design the traceability scheme of TCM to trace its origin.Although these schemes can ensure the integrity,sharability,credibility,and immutability of TCM more effectively,many problems are exposed with the rapid growth of TCM data in blockchains,such as expensive overhead,performance bottlenecks,and the traditional blockchain architecture is unsuitable for TCM data with dynamic growth.Motivated by the aforementioned problems,we propose a novel and lightweight TCM traceability architecture based on the blockchain using sharding(LBS-TCM).Compared to the existing blockchain-based TCM traceability system,our architecture utilizes sharding to develop a novel traceability mechanism that supports more convenient traceability operations for TCM requirements such as uploading,querying,and downloading.Specifically,our architecture consists of a leader shard blockchain layer as its main component,which employs a sharding mechanism to conveniently TCM tracing.Empirical evaluations demonstrated that our architecture showed better performance in many aspects compared to traditional blockchain architectures,such as TCM transaction processing,TCM transaction querying,TCM uploading,etc.In our architecture,tracing TCM has become a very efficient operation,which ensures the quality of TCM and provides great convenience for subsequent TCM analysis and retrospective research.展开更多
Blockchain technology,with its attributes of decentralization,immutability,and traceability,has emerged as a powerful catalyst for enhancing traditional industries in terms of optimizing business processes.However,tra...Blockchain technology,with its attributes of decentralization,immutability,and traceability,has emerged as a powerful catalyst for enhancing traditional industries in terms of optimizing business processes.However,transaction performance and scalability has become the main challenges hindering the widespread adoption of blockchain.Due to its inability to meet the demands of high-frequency trading,blockchain cannot be adopted in many scenarios.To improve the transaction capacity,researchers have proposed some on-chain scaling technologies,including lightning networks,directed acyclic graph technology,state channels,and shardingmechanisms,inwhich sharding emerges as a potential scaling technology.Nevertheless,excessive cross-shard transactions and uneven shard workloads prevent the sharding mechanism from achieving the expected aim.This paper proposes a graphbased sharding scheme for public blockchain to efficiently balance the transaction distribution.Bymitigating crossshard transactions and evening-out workloads among shards,the scheme reduces transaction confirmation latency and enhances the transaction capacity of the blockchain.Therefore,the scheme can achieve a high-frequency transaction as well as a better blockchain scalability.Experiments results show that the scheme effectively reduces the cross-shard transaction ratio to a range of 35%-56%and significantly decreases the transaction confirmation latency to 6 s in a blockchain with no more than 25 shards.展开更多
5G provides a unified authentication architecture and access management for IoT(Internet of Things)devices.But existing authentication services cannot cover massive IoT devices with various computing capabilities.In a...5G provides a unified authentication architecture and access management for IoT(Internet of Things)devices.But existing authentication services cannot cover massive IoT devices with various computing capabilities.In addition,with the development of quantum computing,authentication schemes based on traditional digital signature technology may not be as secure as we expected.This paper studies the authentication mechanism from the user equipment to the external data network in 5G and proposed an authentication protocol prototype that conforms to the Third Generation Partnership Program(3GPP)standard.This prototype can accommodate various Hash-based signature technologies,applying their advantages in resource consumption to meet the authentication requirements of multiple types of IoT devices.The operation of the proposed authentication scheme is mainly based on the Hash function,which is more efficient than the traditional authentication scheme.It provides flexible and high-quality authentication services for IoT devices cluster in the 5G environment combining the advantages of Hash-based signature technology and 5G architecture.展开更多
针对大规模语言模型(Large Language Models, LLMs)在资源受限的边缘设备部署遭遇的双重技术挑战,现有的各种解决方法往往缺乏动态适配能力,既难以全面满足边缘环境下算力、内存与网络资源的时变特征,也难以应对不同推理阶段计算需求之...针对大规模语言模型(Large Language Models, LLMs)在资源受限的边缘设备部署遭遇的双重技术挑战,现有的各种解决方法往往缺乏动态适配能力,既难以全面满足边缘环境下算力、内存与网络资源的时变特征,也难以应对不同推理阶段计算需求之间的差异性特征。文章提出SYNERGOS框架,采用动态分片调度策略与多维度异构资源协同优化机制在边缘计算场景中实现LLMs的高效推理。此框架依靠设备异构算力评定,动态内存预算塑造以及网络拓扑特点分析,规划出分片自适应划分算法,形成模型层组动态重组系统,并创建起预填充时期和自回归时期的端到端时延合并改良模型,采用轻量压缩通信协议来削减中间激活张量跨设备传递的费用。实验显示,在BERT,GPT-2和Qwen2这些模型布置当中,SYNERGOS相对于标准做法达成了最多可达16.8%的端到端时延减小比例,这个框架凭借动态内存安全限定以及对时延敏感任务实施调度,给资源受到限制的边缘设备赋予了一种可拓展且能自行调节的LLMs推理服务结构。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under Grant 61931005.
文摘Blockchain-based user-centric access network(UCAN)fails in dynamic access point(AP)management,as it lacks an incentive mechanism to promote virtuous behavior.Furthermore,the low throughput of the blockchain has been a bottleneck to the widespread adoption of UCAN in 6G.In this paper,we propose Overlap Shard,a blockchain framework based on a novel reputation voting(RV)scheme,to dynamically manage the APs in UCAN.AP nodes in UCAN are distributed across multiple shards based on the RV scheme.That is,nodes with good reputation(virtuous behavior)are likely to be selected in the overlap shard.The RV mechanism ensures the security of UCAN because most APs adopt virtuous behaviors.Furthermore,to improve the efficiency of the Overlap Shard,we reduce cross-shard transactions by introducing core nodes.Specifically,a few nodes are overlapped in different shards,which can directly process the transactions in two shards instead of crossshard transactions.This greatly increases the speed of transactions between shards and thus the throughput of the overlap shard.The experiments show that the throughput of the overlap shard is about 2.5 times that of the non-sharded blockchain.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China:Education Big Data Analysis based on Software Defined Networking Architecture(No.62177019,F0701)。
文摘The ultra-high speed,ultra-low latency,and massive connectivity of the 6 th Generation Mobile Network(6G)present unprecedented challenges to network security.In addition,the deep integration of Artificial Intelligence(AI)into 6G networks introduces AI-native features that further complicate the design and implementation of secure network architectures.To meet the security demands posed by the massive number of devices and edge nodes in 6G networks,a decentralized security architecture is essential,as it effectively mitigates the performance bottlenecks typically associated with centralized systems.Blockchain technology offers a promising trust mechanism among devices in 6G networks.However,conventional blockchain systems suffer from limited scalability under high-load conditions,making them inadequate for supporting a large volume of nodes and frequent data exchanges.To overcome these limitations,We propose Shard-DAG,a scalable architecture that structurally integrates Directed Acyclic Graphs(DAG)and sharding.Each shard adopts a Block-DAG structure for parallel block processing,effectively overcoming the performance bottlenecks of traditional chain-based blockchains.Furthermore,we introduce a DAG-based transaction ordering mechanism within each shard to defend against double-spending attacks.To ensure inter-shard security,Block-DAG adopts a black-box interaction approach to prevent cross-shard double-spending.Theoretical analysis and experimental evaluations demonstrate that Shard-DAG achieves near-linear scalability.In a network of 1,200 nodes with 8 shards,Shard-DAG achieves peak throughput improvements of 14.64 times over traditional blockchains,8.61 times over standalone BlockDAG,and 2.05 times over conventional sharded blockchains.The results validate Shard-DAG's ability to scale efficiently while maintaining robust security properties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62272207)the Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20224ACB202009)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Project of theDepartment of Education of Jiangxi Province(GJJ2200925)the Jiangxi Provincial Health Commission Science and Technology Plan(202311147).
文摘As the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) continues to expand, smart health-monitoring devices generate vast amounts of valuable data while simultaneously raising critical security and privacy challenges. Blockchain technology presents a promising avenue to address these concerns due to its inherent decentralization and security features. However, scalability remains a persistent hurdle, particularly for IoMT applications that involve large-scale networks and resource-constrained devices. This paper introduces a novel lightweight sharding method tailored to the unique demands of IoMT data sharing. Our approach enhances state bootstrapping efficiency and reduces operational overhead by utilizing a dual-chain structure comprising a main chain and a snapshot chain. The snapshot chain periodically records key blockchain states, allowing nodes to synchronize more efficiently. This mechanism is critical in reducing the time and resources needed for new nodes to join the network or existing nodes to recover from outages. Additionally, a block state pruning technique is implemented, significantly minimizing storage requirements and lowering transaction execution overhead during initialization and reconfiguration processes. This is crucial given the substantial data volumes inherent in IoMT ecosystems. By adopting an optimistic sharding strategy, our model allows nodes to swiftly join the snapshot shard, while full shards retain the complete ledger history to ensure comprehensive transaction verification. Extensive evaluations across diverse shard configurations demonstrate that this method significantly outperforms existing baseline models. It provides a comprehensive solution for IoMT blockchain applications, striking an optimal balance between security, scalability, and operational efficiency.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFC3302300)National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant (No.61873309,No.92046024,No.92146002)Shanghai Science and Technology Project under Grant (No.22510761000)。
文摘Blockchain technologies have been used to facilitate Web 3.0 and FinTech applications.However,conventional blockchain technologies suffer from long transaction delays and low transaction success rates in some Web 3.0 and FinTech applications such as Supply Chain Finance(SCF).Blockchain sharding has been proposed to improve blockchain performance.However,the existing sharding methods either use a static sharding strategy,which lacks the adaptability for the dynamic SCF environment,or are designed for public chains,which are not applicable to consortium blockchain-based SCF.To address these issues,we propose an adaptive consortium blockchain sharding framework named ACSarF,which is based on the deep reinforcement learning algorithm.The proposed framework can improve consortium blockchain sharding to effectively reduce transaction delay and adaptively adjust the sharding and blockout strategies to increase the transaction success rate in a dynamic SCF environment.Furthermore,we propose to use a consistent hash algorithm in the ACSarF framework to ensure transaction load balancing in the adaptive sharding system to further improve the performance of blockchain sharding in dynamic SCF scenarios.To evaluate the proposed framework,we conducted extensive experiments in a typical SCF scenario.The obtained experimental results show that the ACSarF framework achieves a more than 60%improvement in user experience compared to other state-of-the-art blockchain systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61802301)awarded to J.Lithe Postgraduate Innovation Fund Project of Xi’an Shiyou University(Grant No.YCX2513159).
文摘The long transaction latency and low throughput of blockchain are the key challenges affecting the large-scale adoption of blockchain technology. Sharding technology is a primary solution by divides the blockchain network into multiple independent shards for parallel transaction processing. However, most existing random or modular schemes fail to consider the transactional relationships between accounts, which leads to a high proportion of cross-shard transactions, thereby increasing the communication overhead and transaction confirmation latency between shards. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a blockchain sharding algorithm based on account degree and frequency (DFSA). The algorithm takes into account both account degree and weight relationships between accounts. The blockchain transaction network is modeled as an undirected weighted graph, and community detection algorithms are employed to analyze the correlations between accounts. Strong-correlated accounts are grouped into the same shard, and a multi-shard blockchain network is constructed. Additionally, to further reduce the number of cross-shard transactions, this paper designs a random redundancy strategy based on account correlation, which randomly selects strong-correlated accounts and stores them redundantly in another shard, thus original cross-shard transactions can be verified and confirmed within the same shard. Simulation experiments demonstrate that DFSA outperforms the random sharding algorithm (RSA), modular sharding algorithm (MSA), and label propagation algorithm (LPA) in terms of cross-shard transaction proportion, latency, and throughput. Therefore, DFSA can effectively reduce cross-shard transaction proportion and lower transaction confirmation latency.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2024YFE0209000)the NSFC(Grant No.U23B2019)。
文摘With the development of sharded blockchains,high cross-shard rates and load imbalance have emerged as major challenges.Account partitioning based on hashing and real-time load faces the issue of high cross-shard rates.Account partitioning based on historical transaction graphs is effective in reducing cross-shard rates but suffers from load imbalance and limited adaptability to dynamic workloads.Meanwhile,because of the coupling between consensus and execution,a target shard must receive both the partitioned transactions and the partitioned accounts before initiating consensus and execution.However,we observe that transaction partitioning and subsequent consensus do not require actual account data but only need to determine the relative partition order between shards.Therefore,we propose a novel sharded blockchain,called HATLedger,based on Hybrid Account and Transaction partitioning.First,HATLedger proposes building a future transaction graph to detect upcoming hotspot accounts and making more precise account partitioning to reduce transaction cross-shard rates.In the event of an impending overload,the source shard employs simulated partition transactions to specify the partition order across multiple target shards,thereby rapidly partitioning the pending transactions.The target shards can reach consensus on received transactions without waiting for account data.The source shard subsequently sends the account data to the corresponding target shards in the order specified by the previously simulated partition transactions.Based on real transaction history from Ethereum,we conducted extensive sharding scalability experiments.By maintaining low cross-shard rates and a relatively balanced load distribution,HATLedger achieves throughput improvements of 2.2x,1.9x,and 1.8x over SharPer,Shard Scheduler,and TxAllo,respectively,significantly enhancing efficiency and scalability.
基金supported by the research and innovation program for graduate students of the Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese MedicineThis work is also partially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFC1710402)the research on tracing TCM Electronic Medical Records Based on the Lightweight Blockchain of Guangdong Provincial Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine(20222045).
文摘Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)is one of the most promising programs for disease prevention and treatment.Meanwhile,the quality of TCM has garnered much attention.To ensure the quality of TCM,many works are based on the blockchain scheme to design the traceability scheme of TCM to trace its origin.Although these schemes can ensure the integrity,sharability,credibility,and immutability of TCM more effectively,many problems are exposed with the rapid growth of TCM data in blockchains,such as expensive overhead,performance bottlenecks,and the traditional blockchain architecture is unsuitable for TCM data with dynamic growth.Motivated by the aforementioned problems,we propose a novel and lightweight TCM traceability architecture based on the blockchain using sharding(LBS-TCM).Compared to the existing blockchain-based TCM traceability system,our architecture utilizes sharding to develop a novel traceability mechanism that supports more convenient traceability operations for TCM requirements such as uploading,querying,and downloading.Specifically,our architecture consists of a leader shard blockchain layer as its main component,which employs a sharding mechanism to conveniently TCM tracing.Empirical evaluations demonstrated that our architecture showed better performance in many aspects compared to traditional blockchain architectures,such as TCM transaction processing,TCM transaction querying,TCM uploading,etc.In our architecture,tracing TCM has become a very efficient operation,which ensures the quality of TCM and provides great convenience for subsequent TCM analysis and retrospective research.
基金supported by Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Program of China(2021CXGC010107,2020CXGC010107)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(ZR2020KF035)the New 20 Project of Higher Education of Jinan,China(202228017).
文摘Blockchain technology,with its attributes of decentralization,immutability,and traceability,has emerged as a powerful catalyst for enhancing traditional industries in terms of optimizing business processes.However,transaction performance and scalability has become the main challenges hindering the widespread adoption of blockchain.Due to its inability to meet the demands of high-frequency trading,blockchain cannot be adopted in many scenarios.To improve the transaction capacity,researchers have proposed some on-chain scaling technologies,including lightning networks,directed acyclic graph technology,state channels,and shardingmechanisms,inwhich sharding emerges as a potential scaling technology.Nevertheless,excessive cross-shard transactions and uneven shard workloads prevent the sharding mechanism from achieving the expected aim.This paper proposes a graphbased sharding scheme for public blockchain to efficiently balance the transaction distribution.Bymitigating crossshard transactions and evening-out workloads among shards,the scheme reduces transaction confirmation latency and enhances the transaction capacity of the blockchain.Therefore,the scheme can achieve a high-frequency transaction as well as a better blockchain scalability.Experiments results show that the scheme effectively reduces the cross-shard transaction ratio to a range of 35%-56%and significantly decreases the transaction confirmation latency to 6 s in a blockchain with no more than 25 shards.
文摘5G provides a unified authentication architecture and access management for IoT(Internet of Things)devices.But existing authentication services cannot cover massive IoT devices with various computing capabilities.In addition,with the development of quantum computing,authentication schemes based on traditional digital signature technology may not be as secure as we expected.This paper studies the authentication mechanism from the user equipment to the external data network in 5G and proposed an authentication protocol prototype that conforms to the Third Generation Partnership Program(3GPP)standard.This prototype can accommodate various Hash-based signature technologies,applying their advantages in resource consumption to meet the authentication requirements of multiple types of IoT devices.The operation of the proposed authentication scheme is mainly based on the Hash function,which is more efficient than the traditional authentication scheme.It provides flexible and high-quality authentication services for IoT devices cluster in the 5G environment combining the advantages of Hash-based signature technology and 5G architecture.
文摘针对大规模语言模型(Large Language Models, LLMs)在资源受限的边缘设备部署遭遇的双重技术挑战,现有的各种解决方法往往缺乏动态适配能力,既难以全面满足边缘环境下算力、内存与网络资源的时变特征,也难以应对不同推理阶段计算需求之间的差异性特征。文章提出SYNERGOS框架,采用动态分片调度策略与多维度异构资源协同优化机制在边缘计算场景中实现LLMs的高效推理。此框架依靠设备异构算力评定,动态内存预算塑造以及网络拓扑特点分析,规划出分片自适应划分算法,形成模型层组动态重组系统,并创建起预填充时期和自回归时期的端到端时延合并改良模型,采用轻量压缩通信协议来削减中间激活张量跨设备传递的费用。实验显示,在BERT,GPT-2和Qwen2这些模型布置当中,SYNERGOS相对于标准做法达成了最多可达16.8%的端到端时延减小比例,这个框架凭借动态内存安全限定以及对时延敏感任务实施调度,给资源受到限制的边缘设备赋予了一种可拓展且能自行调节的LLMs推理服务结构。
