Consideration of gender equality in transportation planning is quite a new phenomenon. However, its significance is discussed widely by several researchers, particularly, in developing countries. In Kandahar city of A...Consideration of gender equality in transportation planning is quite a new phenomenon. However, its significance is discussed widely by several researchers, particularly, in developing countries. In Kandahar city of Afghanistan, women have limited choices when it comes to using transportation services. With respect to some cultural, social, contextual, environmental, technological and physical barriers;women do not receive equal services from the current transport sectors. Using Revealed Preference and Stated Preference techniques, a survey was conducted in Kandahar city to identify the differences between trip patterns and transportation needs among men and women of the city. Our findings show distinct and clear disparities in socio-demographic characteristics of men and women of Kandahar city leading to trip disparities. Almost all of women do not own any types of personal vehicles, they are less educated and do not have jobs. Likewise, there is a considerable gap between trip characteristics and patterns of men and women. Majority of female trips are for educational purposes while male trips are more dispersed over multiple activities. Motorcycle is the most dominant and preferred mode for men, while women are mostly walking or using available public transit. Compared to men, women were recorded to have lesser trips per day over short distances. Transportation choices of women are also limited to walking, accompanying other male members of family or using public modes. However, men are generally using their private cars, motorcycles and bicycles together with all those options available for women. The results of Multinomial Logit Model showed that all selected variables such as vehicle ownership, income, travel cost and time will be significant factors for mode choice behavior of men, though for female respondents travel time and travel cost are main factors.展开更多
Background: Pattern hair loss (PHL) is the most common form of hair loss affecting both men and women. The occipital region, located at the back of the scalp, has been considered resistant to hair loss in PHL. It is o...Background: Pattern hair loss (PHL) is the most common form of hair loss affecting both men and women. The occipital region, located at the back of the scalp, has been considered resistant to hair loss in PHL. It is often used as a donor site for hair transplantation procedures. However, evidence suggests that the occipital region may also be affected by PHL, although to a lesser extent compared to the frontal and vertex regions. Objective: To assess the levels and determinants of occipital involvement in PHL, focusing on gender and disease severity. Such data would enhance the comprehensive understanding of PHL progression and inform development of improved treatment strategies. Methods: This retrospective study involved 1993 adults (1000 males, 993 females) following for PHL at a specialized hair clinic in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Any patient who had hair transplantation in the past and any male who had balding areas (Hamilton-Norwood scales 4 to 7) at the initial consultation was excluded. The primary outcome was occipital involvement, defined as >10% thin hairs in the trichometry assessments of the occipital region. Additional data included patients age, treatment status, disease severity, and other trichometry parameters. Results: The prevalence of occipital involvement was found to be 23.8% overall, significantly more frequent in females (35.6%) than males with early PHL (Hamilton-Norwood scales 2 and 3) (12.1%) (p Conclusion: This study underscored the relevance of gender and disease severity in occipital involvement in PHL. Females had significantly higher rates of occipital involvement, suggesting that gender differences are critical in understanding PHL progression. Future research should aim to validate these findings, with an aim to refine therapeutic and surgical approaches to improve patient outcomes.展开更多
Language variation is conditioned by complicated social factors such as class, age, occupation, education, sex, etc. all of which exert influences on one’s speech. Sex can be treated from two different angles in Euro...Language variation is conditioned by complicated social factors such as class, age, occupation, education, sex, etc. all of which exert influences on one’s speech. Sex can be treated from two different angles in European languages. One is biological sex; the other is gender (social gender). The social gender of a person plays a major role in influencing one’s speech.展开更多
目的按性别分层探讨膳食模式与高血压的关系。方法采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法,对山西省2 667名男性和2 982名女性开展膳食营养调查,通过包含64个食物组的食物频率调查问卷(food frequency questionnaire,FFQ)评估各食物的摄入量...目的按性别分层探讨膳食模式与高血压的关系。方法采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法,对山西省2 667名男性和2 982名女性开展膳食营养调查,通过包含64个食物组的食物频率调查问卷(food frequency questionnaire,FFQ)评估各食物的摄入量,并用因子分析法提取并命名膳食模式。在不同性别人群中,采用Logistic回归分析模型分析高血压与膳食模式的关系。结果男性提取出4个膳食模式,分别是高蛋白模式、高脂甜食模式、谷薯腌菜模式、蔬菜水果模式;女性提取出5个膳食模式,分别是低碳水化合物模式、谷物蔬菜模式、高蛋白模式、高脂甜食模式、薯类腌菜模式。其中,有3个相似的膳食模式,分别为高蛋白模式、高脂甜食模式、谷薯腌菜模式。Logistic回归分析模型分析结果显示,男性高脂甜食模式OR=1.361(95%CI:1.069~1.732,P=0.012),女性低碳水化合物模式OR=1.357(95%CI:1.064~1.731,P=0.014)。结论不同性别人群膳食模式与高血压关系存在一定差异。其中,男性的高脂甜食模式和女性的低碳水化合物模式可能会增加高血压的患病风险。展开更多
文摘Consideration of gender equality in transportation planning is quite a new phenomenon. However, its significance is discussed widely by several researchers, particularly, in developing countries. In Kandahar city of Afghanistan, women have limited choices when it comes to using transportation services. With respect to some cultural, social, contextual, environmental, technological and physical barriers;women do not receive equal services from the current transport sectors. Using Revealed Preference and Stated Preference techniques, a survey was conducted in Kandahar city to identify the differences between trip patterns and transportation needs among men and women of the city. Our findings show distinct and clear disparities in socio-demographic characteristics of men and women of Kandahar city leading to trip disparities. Almost all of women do not own any types of personal vehicles, they are less educated and do not have jobs. Likewise, there is a considerable gap between trip characteristics and patterns of men and women. Majority of female trips are for educational purposes while male trips are more dispersed over multiple activities. Motorcycle is the most dominant and preferred mode for men, while women are mostly walking or using available public transit. Compared to men, women were recorded to have lesser trips per day over short distances. Transportation choices of women are also limited to walking, accompanying other male members of family or using public modes. However, men are generally using their private cars, motorcycles and bicycles together with all those options available for women. The results of Multinomial Logit Model showed that all selected variables such as vehicle ownership, income, travel cost and time will be significant factors for mode choice behavior of men, though for female respondents travel time and travel cost are main factors.
文摘Background: Pattern hair loss (PHL) is the most common form of hair loss affecting both men and women. The occipital region, located at the back of the scalp, has been considered resistant to hair loss in PHL. It is often used as a donor site for hair transplantation procedures. However, evidence suggests that the occipital region may also be affected by PHL, although to a lesser extent compared to the frontal and vertex regions. Objective: To assess the levels and determinants of occipital involvement in PHL, focusing on gender and disease severity. Such data would enhance the comprehensive understanding of PHL progression and inform development of improved treatment strategies. Methods: This retrospective study involved 1993 adults (1000 males, 993 females) following for PHL at a specialized hair clinic in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Any patient who had hair transplantation in the past and any male who had balding areas (Hamilton-Norwood scales 4 to 7) at the initial consultation was excluded. The primary outcome was occipital involvement, defined as >10% thin hairs in the trichometry assessments of the occipital region. Additional data included patients age, treatment status, disease severity, and other trichometry parameters. Results: The prevalence of occipital involvement was found to be 23.8% overall, significantly more frequent in females (35.6%) than males with early PHL (Hamilton-Norwood scales 2 and 3) (12.1%) (p Conclusion: This study underscored the relevance of gender and disease severity in occipital involvement in PHL. Females had significantly higher rates of occipital involvement, suggesting that gender differences are critical in understanding PHL progression. Future research should aim to validate these findings, with an aim to refine therapeutic and surgical approaches to improve patient outcomes.
文摘Language variation is conditioned by complicated social factors such as class, age, occupation, education, sex, etc. all of which exert influences on one’s speech. Sex can be treated from two different angles in European languages. One is biological sex; the other is gender (social gender). The social gender of a person plays a major role in influencing one’s speech.
文摘目的按性别分层探讨膳食模式与高血压的关系。方法采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法,对山西省2 667名男性和2 982名女性开展膳食营养调查,通过包含64个食物组的食物频率调查问卷(food frequency questionnaire,FFQ)评估各食物的摄入量,并用因子分析法提取并命名膳食模式。在不同性别人群中,采用Logistic回归分析模型分析高血压与膳食模式的关系。结果男性提取出4个膳食模式,分别是高蛋白模式、高脂甜食模式、谷薯腌菜模式、蔬菜水果模式;女性提取出5个膳食模式,分别是低碳水化合物模式、谷物蔬菜模式、高蛋白模式、高脂甜食模式、薯类腌菜模式。其中,有3个相似的膳食模式,分别为高蛋白模式、高脂甜食模式、谷薯腌菜模式。Logistic回归分析模型分析结果显示,男性高脂甜食模式OR=1.361(95%CI:1.069~1.732,P=0.012),女性低碳水化合物模式OR=1.357(95%CI:1.064~1.731,P=0.014)。结论不同性别人群膳食模式与高血压关系存在一定差异。其中,男性的高脂甜食模式和女性的低碳水化合物模式可能会增加高血压的患病风险。
