The yield of sugar orange is closely related to meteorological conditions in the flowering and fruiting period, and meteorological disasters at the flowering and early fruiting stage seriously affect its yield. To stu...The yield of sugar orange is closely related to meteorological conditions in the flowering and fruiting period, and meteorological disasters at the flowering and early fruiting stage seriously affect its yield. To study influences of meteorological disasters in the flowering and early fruiting stage on sugar orange industry in Guilin, meteorological disasters in the flowering and early fruiting stage and its defense measures were analyzed and studied. The flowering and early fruiting stage of sug- ar orange in Guilin is from March to June, and sudden change of temperature, thunderstorm, hale, hail, rainstorm and other natural disasters can cause the falling of large numbers of flowers and young fruit, damage of tree body, reduction of fruit in quantity, and decrease of its yield. Timely understanding information of disastrous weather and implementing management of water and fertilizer can effectively reduce the loss caused by meteorological disasters and ensue high quality and high yield of sugar orange.展开更多
Influences of PGR, sucrose, and ammonium nitrate on in vitro flowering and fruiting from cotyledon explants of P. frutescens were studied. The regenerated shoots at 2-4. cm from cotyledon explants on MS medium supplem...Influences of PGR, sucrose, and ammonium nitrate on in vitro flowering and fruiting from cotyledon explants of P. frutescens were studied. The regenerated shoots at 2-4. cm from cotyledon explants on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L^-1 BA and 1.0 mg L^-1IAA were excised and transferred to MS medium containing 30 g L^-1 sucrose, 8.25 g L^-1 ammonium nitrate, and 1.0 mg L^-1 BA. Following 40 d of culture, 86.2% of them flowered and set seeds. These seeds were germinable and developed into flowering plants in the fields. This study provides a simple system for rapid breeding of P. frutescens and studying the physiological mechanism of flowering of plants.展开更多
Two cotton（Gossypium hirsutum L.） cultivars, Kemian 1（cool temperature-tolerant） and Sumian 15（cool temperaturesensitive） were used to study the effects of cool temperature on carbohydrates, yield, and fiber qua...Two cotton（Gossypium hirsutum L.） cultivars, Kemian 1（cool temperature-tolerant） and Sumian 15（cool temperaturesensitive） were used to study the effects of cool temperature on carbohydrates, yield, and fiber quality in cotton bolls located at different fruiting positions（FP）. Cool temperatures were created using late planting and low light. The experiment was conducted in 2010 and 2011 using two planting dates（OPD, the optimized planting date, 25 April; LPD, the late planting date, 10 June） and two shading levels of crop relative light rate（CRLR, 100 and 60%）. Compared with fruiting position 1（FP1）, cotton yield and yield components（fiber quality, leaf sucrose and starch content, and fiber cellulose） were all decreased on FP3 under all treatments. Compared with OPD-CRLR 100%, other treatments（OPD-CRLR 60%, LPD-CRLR 100%, and LPD-CRLR 60%） had significantly decreased lint yield at both FPs of both cultivars, but especially at FP3 and in Sumian 15; this decrease was mainly caused by a large decline in boll number. All fiber quality indices decreased under late planting and shading except fiber length at FP1 with OPD-CRLR 60%, and a greater reduction was observed at FP3 and in Sumian 15. Sucrose content of the subtending leaf and fiber increased under LPD compared to OPD, whereas it decreased under CRLR 60% compared to CRLR 100%, which led to decreased fiber cellulose content. Therefore, shading primarily decreased the ＂source＂ sucrose content in the subtending leaf whereas late planting diminished translocation of sucrose towards cotton fiber. Notably, as planting date was delayed and light was decreased, more carbohydrates were distributed to leaf and bolls at FP1 than those at FP3, resulting in higher yield and better fiber quality at FP1, and a higher proportion of bolls and carbohydrates allocated at FP3 of Kemian 1 compared to that of Sumian 15. In conclusion, cotton yield and fiber quality were reduced less at FP1 compared to those at FP3 under low temperature and low light conditions. Thus, reduced cotton yield and fiber quality loss can be minimized by selecting low temperature tolerant cultivars under both low temperature and light conditions.展开更多
he research aimed to explore the correlation between fruiting branch diameter of A. chinensis and fruit quality change during the post-ripening period and the mechanism,which could provide theoretical basis for making...he research aimed to explore the correlation between fruiting branch diameter of A. chinensis and fruit quality change during the post-ripening period and the mechanism,which could provide theoretical basis for making scientific management measures during A. chinensis fruit post-ripening period. In this paper,correlation analysis between fruiting branch diameter of A. chinensis and fruit quality change during post-ripening period during 2013- 2015 was conducted. Results were as below:(i) correlation coefficient analysis showed that fruiting branch diameter was highly positive correlation with number of fruit ventricle,significantly positive correlation with single fruit weight when picking and the indexes after the fruit ripening single(single fruit weight,loss rate of single fruit weight,longitudinal diameter of fruit and width of fruit core),lowly positive correlation with sugar content of fruit juice,and positive correlation with thick transverse diameter of fruit after ripening.(ii) Standard errors of regression analysis between fruiting branch diameter and single fruit weight,longitudinal diameter of fruit,wide transverse diameter of fruit,thick transverse diameter of fruit,fruit core length and sugar content of fruit juice were 12. 4248,4. 2731,2. 6452,2. 0260,0. 1337 and 1. 0035 respectively; significance F values of variance analysis were 0. 0743,0. 0658,0. 1950,0. 5733,0. 2600 and 0. 1517 respectively. It showed that fruiting branch diameter had a significant difference with thick transverse diameter of fruit and insignificant differences with other indicators; quadratic curve regression equation and linear regression equation of residual curve,observed value curve,forecast value curve and normal probability curve of were analyzed,and the results were all in line with the law of quadratic curve.(iii)The larger the fruiting branch diameter,the greater the indexes after post-ripening(single fruit weight,longitudinal diameter of fruit,wide transverse diameter of fruit,thick transverse diameter of fruit and sugar content of fruit juice),the better the fruit quality. It was clear that fruiting branch diameter could be as one of important bases of fruit quality change during post-ripening period. Through investigating fruiting branch diameter and the regression equation,it could predict single fruit weight,longitudinal and transverse diameters of fruit,and sugar content of fruit juice index after the ripening.展开更多
The walnut-fruit forests （Juglans regia L.） in southern Kyrgyzstan are considered to be biodiversity hotspots and of considerable economic and ecological importance to local populations. The fruiting ability and sta...The walnut-fruit forests （Juglans regia L.） in southern Kyrgyzstan are considered to be biodiversity hotspots and of considerable economic and ecological importance to local populations. The fruiting ability and stability of these forests are, however, decreasing because of infrequent silvicultural interventions and non-existent natural regeneration. Continuous inventories and walnut harvest measurements were carded out on 18 trial and control plots over the course of i3 year. Results showed that i） thinning had a positive influence on diameter at breast height （dbh） increase, ii） dbh growth and crown area increases are strongly and positively correlated, iii） large crowns enhanced the production of fruits, and iv） temperature conditions had a major influence on the production of fruits. The above-mentioned points are particularly relevant for young plantations but are also valid for relatively old plantations （〉 50 years）. We conclude that regular thinning substantially improves diameter growth, fruit production and ability of trees to withstand wind and snow damage in both young stands and in older walnut-fruit forests.展开更多
Nitrogen deficiency is a major factor that affects the yield and quality of horticultural crops.Differentially expressed proteins were identified in cucumber fruit under nitrogen deficiency treatment,and are expected ...Nitrogen deficiency is a major factor that affects the yield and quality of horticultural crops.Differentially expressed proteins were identified in cucumber fruit under nitrogen deficiency treatment,and are expected to be highly useful for dissecting carbon,nitrogen and ascorbate metabolism in cucumber and for improving nitrogen fertilizer utilization.Cucumber plants grown hydroponically in Hoagland solution were transferred to nitrogen-free conditions for 3 or 5 d after the blossom of female flowers.Fruit proteome profiles were assessed using twodimensional electrophoresis.The relative expression of the genes encoding 50 selected differentially expressed proteins and 4 key enzymes in carbon metabolism was analyzed by qRT-PCR.Resulted showed that most of the identified differentially expressed proteins were mainly associated with carbon metabolism,amino acid biosynthesis,ascorbate metabolism,and proteasomes.Glucose phosphorylation was enhanced,while the pentose phosphate pathway was inhibited.Carbon metabolism and the synthesis of most amino acids was affected significantly,and ascorbate might be accumulated under nitrogen deficiency in cucumber fruit.展开更多
Background： With the rapid development of genomics, many functional genes have been targeted. Molecular marker assisted selection can accelerate the breeding process by linking selection to functional genes. Methods...Background： With the rapid development of genomics, many functional genes have been targeted. Molecular marker assisted selection can accelerate the breeding process by linking selection to functional genes. Methods： In a study of upland cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.）, the F2 segregated population was constructed by crossing X1570 （short branches） with Ekangmian 13 （long branches） to identify the short fruiting branch gene and marker assisted selection with SNP（Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, SNP） linked to its trait. Result： The result demonstrated that linked SSR marker BNL3232 was screened by BSA（Bulked segregant analysis, BSA） method; one SNP locus was found, which was totally separated from the fruiting branches trait in upland cotton. Conclusion： It was verified that this SNP marker could be used for molecular assisted selection of cotton architecture展开更多
There is a deficiency of nurseries in the world producing fruit trees using the organic material management. However, such material has been produced since 2009 at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewic...There is a deficiency of nurseries in the world producing fruit trees using the organic material management. However, such material has been produced since 2009 at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice. To stimulate plant growth, various biopreparations were applied in an organic nursery. Apple trees （＇Topaz＇/M26） obtained from the organic nursery were used to establish an orchard in 2011. One of the combinations in the orchard consisted of trees produced in a conventional nursery. Trees whose maidens had not been fertilized at all in the organic nursery served as the control. The study was conducted for four years （2011-2014）. The least vigorously growing trees were the control trees and those that had been treated in the nursery with the preparation Tytanit, and the most vigorously--those that had been treated there with manure and the biopreparations Micosat, Humus Active ＋ Aktywit PM, and BF Quality and BF Amin. Trees whose maidens had been produced by the conventional method did not differ, in terms of growth vigour, from those treated with the biopreparations Humus UP or Vinassa. The highest cumulative fruit yields from the four-year-old trees were obtained in the combinations where the maidens had been treated in the nursery with the biopreparations BF Amin and BF Quality. The type of fertilization applied to maiden trees in the nursery had no significant effect on mean fruit weight, but it influenced the distribution of fruit in size classes.展开更多
Fruiting phenology, assessed by seed fall, in five warm- and cool-temperate forests on Yakushima Island, southern Japan, was studied for two years in one 50 m × 50 m plot and for four years in four 100 m ×50...Fruiting phenology, assessed by seed fall, in five warm- and cool-temperate forests on Yakushima Island, southern Japan, was studied for two years in one 50 m × 50 m plot and for four years in four 100 m ×50 m plots. The elevation of the plots ranged between 170 and 1200 m a.s.l. Seed fall phenology showed annual periodicity in all five plots. This was clear when assessed by the number of species but became less clear when assessed by the biomass of seed litter. Community-level annual periodicity was based on the prevalence of population-level annual periodicity and interspecific synchronization of the fruiting peak from autumn to winter. Fleshy fruits had peaks of seed fall in a wider range of months than non-fleshy fruits, since it is sometimes beneficial to bear fruit outside the community-level fruiting peaks in order to avoid interspecific competition for animal seed dispersers. No consistent effect of climatic factors on seed fall phenology was detected.展开更多
Aims The hypothesis of predator satiation has been proposed to explain mast fruiting in various flowering plants.it considers that the simultaneous production of large numbers of seeds by a plant population reduces th...Aims The hypothesis of predator satiation has been proposed to explain mast fruiting in various flowering plants.it considers that the simultaneous production of large numbers of seeds by a plant population reduces the risk of seed predation for each individual.orchids produce huge numbers of seeds per fruit and rarely experience seed predation.it remains unclear which factors may affect fluctuating fruit production in orchids,which generally suffer a widespread pol-len limitation.To explore the temporal pattern of fruiting and poten-tial factors related to fluctuation in fruit production,we investigated reproductive success of a long-spurred orchid(Habenaria glaucifo-lia)in an alpine meadow with thousands of individuals over 8 years.Methods To estimate reproductive success,pollinator observation was con-ducted by day and at night,and pollinia removal and receipt were recorded in the field population for 8 years.To examine whether fruit set and seed set are pollen limited,we conducted supple-mentary pollination experiments and compared fruit set,seed set and pollinia movement of open-pollinated flowers from 2011 to 2013.We measured lengths of spurs and pollinator probos-cises,and nectar volume and concentration,to identify potential pollinators.Important Findings Hawkmoths were seen to be effective pollinators for H.glauci-folia in 3 years,whereas in the remaining 5 years no pollinators were observed,and consequently pollinia were rarely transferred.Numerous pollinia movements were observed in 2012,2013 and 2014(pollinia removal:48,59 and 85%;pollinia receipt 51,70 and 80%),and correspondingly fruit set was significantly higher in 2012 and 2013(59 and 46%)than in 2011(25%).it was fruit set,rather than seed set,that was pollen limited in this orchid in the 3 years,in that supplementary pollination increased fruit set but did not increase seed set per fruit compared to natural.Three species of hawkmoths had proboscis lengths that matched the spur length of H.glaucifolia.Fruit set in this long spurred orchid depends on the activity of long-tongued hawkmoths,resulting in significant tempo-ral variation in fruit production.mast fruiting in this alpine orchid could be attributed to a‘sit and wait’strategy,awaiting an abun-dance of effective pollinators.展开更多
Climate change affects various facets of life but there is little data on its effects on wild mushroom fruiting.Yunnan Province in China is a rich source of wild mushrooms and has experienced a temperature rise over r...Climate change affects various facets of life but there is little data on its effects on wild mushroom fruiting.Yunnan Province in China is a rich source of wild mushrooms and has experienced a temperature rise over recent decades.This has resulted in warmer temperatures but the impacts of these changes on mushroom production lack documentation.We collected data on the fruiting of the highly prized matsutake mushroom(Tricholoma matsutake)in West Yunnan,China over an 11 year period from 2000 to 2010.Fruiting phenology and productivity were compared against the driving meteorological variables using Projection to Latent Structure regression.The mushrooms appeared later in the season during the observation period,which is most likely explained by rising temperatures and reduced rain during May and June.High temperature and abundant rain in August resulted in good productivity.The climate response of matsutake production results from a sequence of processes that are possibly linked with regulatory signals and resource availability.To advance the knowledge of this complex system,a holistic research approach integrating biology,ecology,genetics,physiology,and phytochemistry is needed.Our results contribute to a general model of fungal ecology,which can be used to predict the responses of fungi to global climate change.展开更多
Leaves are the main photosynthesis organ that directly determines crop yield and biomass.Dissecting the regulatory mechanism of leaf development is crucial for food security and ecosystem turn-over.Here,we identified ...Leaves are the main photosynthesis organ that directly determines crop yield and biomass.Dissecting the regulatory mechanism of leaf development is crucial for food security and ecosystem turn-over.Here,we identified the novel function of R2R3-MYB transcription factors CsRAXs in regulating cucumber leaf size and fruiting ability.Csrax5 single mutant exhibited enlarged leaf size and stem diameter,and Csrax1/2/5 triple mutant displayed further enlargement phenotype.Overexpression of CsRAX1 or CsRAX5 gave rise to smaller leaf and thinner stem.The fruiting ability of Csrax1/2/5 plants was significantly enhanced,while that of CsRAX5 overexpression lines was greatly weakened.Similarly,cell number and free auxin level were elevated in mutant plants while decreased in overexpression lines.Biochemical data indicated that CsRAX1/5 directly promoted the expression of auxin glucosyltransferase gene CsUGT74E2.Therefore,our data suggested that CsRAXs function as repressors for leaf size development by promoting auxin glycosylation to decrease free auxin level and cell division in cucumber.Our findings provide new gene targets for cucumber breeding with increased leaf size and crop yield.展开更多
Coconut(Cocos nucifera L.),a major oil and fruit crop of the Arecaceae family,is extensively cultivated across the Asia—Pacific region.Despite its agricultural importance,genome assembly in coconut remains challengin...Coconut(Cocos nucifera L.),a major oil and fruit crop of the Arecaceae family,is extensively cultivated across the Asia—Pacific region.Despite its agricultural importance,genome assembly in coconut remains challenging due to its large genome size and high proportion of repetitive sequences.Allele-specific expression(ASE)plays a key role in regulating plant development and evolution,yet research on ASE in coconut is limited(Shao et al.,2019;Li et al.,2021;Zhang et al.,2021;Hu et al.,2022).Among phenotypic traits,fruit color is especially important as an indicator of maturity,guiding harvest timing and post-harvest processes(Kapoor et al.,2022).While prior studies have explored various coconut traits such as salt tolerance,fiber content,and plant height(Wang et al.,2021;Yang et al.,2021),investigations into ASE and fruit color remain scarce.展开更多
In this study,an automated multimodal system for detecting,classifying,and dating fruit was developed using a two-stage YOLOv11 pipeline.In the first stage,the YOLOv11 detection model locates individual date fruits in...In this study,an automated multimodal system for detecting,classifying,and dating fruit was developed using a two-stage YOLOv11 pipeline.In the first stage,the YOLOv11 detection model locates individual date fruits in real time by drawing bounding boxes around them.These bounding boxes are subsequently passed to a YOLOv11 classification model,which analyzes cropped images and assigns class labels.An additional counting module automatically tallies the detected fruits,offering a near-instantaneous estimation of quantity.The experimental results suggest high precision and recall for detection,high classification accuracy(across 15 classes),and near-perfect counting in real time.This paper presents a multi-stage pipeline for date fruit detection,classification,and automated counting,employing YOLOv11-based models to achieve high accuracy while maintaining real-time throughput.The results demonstrated that the detection precision exceeded 90%,the classification accuracy approached 92%,and the counting module correlated closely with the manual tallies.These findings confirm the potential of reducing manual labour and enhancing operational efficiency in post-harvesting processes.Future studies will include dataset expansion,user-centric interfaces,and integration with harvesting robotics.展开更多
Taking the Changli Institute of Pomology,Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences(hereinafter referred to as the Changli Institute of Pomology)as a case study,this paper explores the practical pathways throu...Taking the Changli Institute of Pomology,Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences(hereinafter referred to as the Changli Institute of Pomology)as a case study,this paper explores the practical pathways through which Party building leads to the high-quality development of fruit tree research from three dimensions:theoretical convergence points,current development status,and functional mechanisms.It proposes that Party building should focus on its core roles of steering political direction,enhancing team cohesion,and upholding ethical standards.Deep integration of Party building and scientific research should be achieved through concrete platforms,with the effectiveness measured by breakthroughs in critical"bottleneck"technologies and increased income for fruit growers.The study aims to provide a practical reference for integrating Party building with professional work in the agricultural research sector.展开更多
Zuoquan County has revitalized local villages with the fruits of their collected labor.GLOWING red apples hang heavily on branches in the orchards on the southern outskirts of Tongyu Town,Zuoquan County,Shanxi Provinc...Zuoquan County has revitalized local villages with the fruits of their collected labor.GLOWING red apples hang heavily on branches in the orchards on the southern outskirts of Tongyu Town,Zuoquan County,Shanxi Province,an area where a decade ago weeds and rocks covered a rather barren landscape.展开更多
Indicaxanthin is a betalain that is abundant in Opuntia ficus-indica orange fruit and has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Nevertheless, very little is known about the neuroprotective potential of indicaxa...Indicaxanthin is a betalain that is abundant in Opuntia ficus-indica orange fruit and has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Nevertheless, very little is known about the neuroprotective potential of indicaxanthin. This study investigated the impact of indicaxanthin on neuronal damage and gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by a high-fat diet in mice. The mice were divided into three groups according to different diets: the negative control group was fed a standard diet;the high-fat diet group was fed a high-fat diet;and the high-fat diet + indicaxanthin group was fed a high-fat diet and received indicaxanthin orally(0.86 mg/kg per day) for 4 weeks. Brain apoptosis, redox status, inflammation, and the gut microbiota composition were compared among the different animal groups. The results demonstrated that indicaxanthin treatment reduced neuronal apoptosis by downregulating the expression of proapoptotic genes and increasing the expression of antiapoptotic genes. Indicaxanthin also markedly decreased the expression of neuroinflammatory proteins and genes and inhibited high-fat diet–induced neuronal oxidative stress by reducing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide levels. In addition, indicaxanthin treatment improved the microflora composition by increasing the abundance of healthy bacterial genera, known as producers of short-chain fatty acids(Lachnospiraceae, Alloprovetella, and Lactobacillus), and by reducing bacteria related to unhealthy profiles(Blautia, Faecalibaculum, Romboutsia and Bilophila). In conclusion, indicaxanthin has a positive effect on high-fat diet–induced neuronal damage and on the gut microbiota composition in obese mice.展开更多
Fig fruit firmness decreases rapidly during ripening and after harvest,resulting in poor storability and transportation loss,which severely restricts development of the fresh fig industry.APETALA2/ethylene-responsive ...Fig fruit firmness decreases rapidly during ripening and after harvest,resulting in poor storability and transportation loss,which severely restricts development of the fresh fig industry.APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor(AP2/ERF)transcription factors are downstream components of the ethylene-signaling pathway that play crucial roles in quality formation during fruit ripening.In this study,Ficus carica(Fc)ERF12 was clustered in repressor subfamily VIII of ERFs through phylogenetic analysis,and further recruited by its two EAR motifs and expression pattern during fig ripening.DNA affinity purification sequencing analysis indicated that FcERF12 binds to the promoter or gene body regions of multiple ripening-related genes,including cell wall-modification genes FcPG,FcXTH and FcPME,and ethylene-biosynthesis genes FcACS and FcACO.Yeast two-hybrid assay demonstrated that FcERF12 interacts with TOPLESS(TPL)co-repressors FcTPL1,FcTPL4 and FcTPL5,and histone deacetylases FcHDA6 and FcHDA19;interaction with FcTPL4 and FcTPL5 relied on the C-terminal EAR motif.Overexpressing FcERF12 in tomato did not change fruit size or yield,but resulted in an 18.37%increment in fruit firmness and a 49.62%reduction in ethylene-release rate at fruit ripening,accompanied by a significant decrease in seed number per fruit.Transcriptomic analysis revealed downregulation of tomato cell wallmodification genes SlPL,SlEXP and SlPG,and ethylene-synthesis genes SlACO and SlACS.Metabolomic profiling identified 82 differentially accumulated flavonoid metabolites,61 of them showing significantly decreased contents.Taken together,our results exhibit the negative regulatory role of FcERF12 in fig ethylene-signal transduction,providing new information on precise control of fruit firmness and other quality traits at ripening.展开更多
In tomato,early fruit development involves rapid cell division and expansion,which are highly dependent on sugar availability(Huang et al.,2025;Yuan et al.,2025).After fruit set,soluble sugars are loaded into pericarp...In tomato,early fruit development involves rapid cell division and expansion,which are highly dependent on sugar availability(Huang et al.,2025;Yuan et al.,2025).After fruit set,soluble sugars are loaded into pericarp cells through the symplasmic(cytosol)or apoplasmic pathway(cell wall and extracellular matrix)(Patrick and Offler,1996).Sucrose,as the major form of carbon translocated to tomato fruit,can be directly unloaded into fruit cells.However,some sucrose can be hydrolyzed by extracellular invertase,producing glucose and fructose for metabolism and biosynthesis in pericarp cells(Ruan,2014).展开更多
Nothapodytes nimmoniana(Family Icacinaceae)is a deciduous tree species distributed in Asia facing severe population decline.Wood chips from the tree are a source of camptothecin,a globally soughtafter alkaloid with ca...Nothapodytes nimmoniana(Family Icacinaceae)is a deciduous tree species distributed in Asia facing severe population decline.Wood chips from the tree are a source of camptothecin,a globally soughtafter alkaloid with cancer-treating properties,and are harvested unsustainably in natural forests.We studied the pollination ecology of the species and asked if there are constraints in pollination and fruiting success in its natural populations.We also discuss the potential effects of wood extraction on pollinators and reproductive success in the population.Methods The study was carried out during the flowering season in two populations with varying exploitation levels,both located in the Protected Area Network in the Western Ghats of Karnataka State.We assessed floral resource availability and measured pollinator diversity and activity in the canopy from the perspective of the biology of the species.We quantified pollinator abundance and percent fruit set as a function of population density.Important Findings Flowers belong to the fly pollination syndrome and are open to visits by generalists such as Apis dorsata and Trigona iridipennis.Fruiting success did not vary between exploited and unexploited sites,but there was a significant difference in pollinator assemblage.In a lean male flowering year,fruit set was low,suggesting pollen limitation in the population.No fruiting was recorded in the second year at the site where trees were felled soon after the flowering period.We argue that when male floral resources are altered in exploited populations,pollinators of generalist nature may show a shift in foraging pattern.Also,generalist plants may be as susceptible to pollination loss as are specialist plants.The need for outcrossing in the species would probably exacerbate this vulnerability.展开更多
文摘The yield of sugar orange is closely related to meteorological conditions in the flowering and fruiting period, and meteorological disasters at the flowering and early fruiting stage seriously affect its yield. To study influences of meteorological disasters in the flowering and early fruiting stage on sugar orange industry in Guilin, meteorological disasters in the flowering and early fruiting stage and its defense measures were analyzed and studied. The flowering and early fruiting stage of sug- ar orange in Guilin is from March to June, and sudden change of temperature, thunderstorm, hale, hail, rainstorm and other natural disasters can cause the falling of large numbers of flowers and young fruit, damage of tree body, reduction of fruit in quantity, and decrease of its yield. Timely understanding information of disastrous weather and implementing management of water and fertilizer can effectively reduce the loss caused by meteorological disasters and ensue high quality and high yield of sugar orange.
基金supported by the Science Foundation Project of Chongqing Normal University and Gansu Province,China(QS041-C31-09).
文摘Influences of PGR, sucrose, and ammonium nitrate on in vitro flowering and fruiting from cotyledon explants of P. frutescens were studied. The regenerated shoots at 2-4. cm from cotyledon explants on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L^-1 BA and 1.0 mg L^-1IAA were excised and transferred to MS medium containing 30 g L^-1 sucrose, 8.25 g L^-1 ammonium nitrate, and 1.0 mg L^-1 BA. Following 40 d of culture, 86.2% of them flowered and set seeds. These seeds were germinable and developed into flowering plants in the fields. This study provides a simple system for rapid breeding of P. frutescens and studying the physiological mechanism of flowering of plants.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31271654, 31401327, 31471444)the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest, China (201203096)the Jiangsu Overseas Research & Training Program for University Prominent Young & Middle-aged Teachers and Presidents, China (2016)
文摘Two cotton（Gossypium hirsutum L.） cultivars, Kemian 1（cool temperature-tolerant） and Sumian 15（cool temperaturesensitive） were used to study the effects of cool temperature on carbohydrates, yield, and fiber quality in cotton bolls located at different fruiting positions（FP）. Cool temperatures were created using late planting and low light. The experiment was conducted in 2010 and 2011 using two planting dates（OPD, the optimized planting date, 25 April; LPD, the late planting date, 10 June） and two shading levels of crop relative light rate（CRLR, 100 and 60%）. Compared with fruiting position 1（FP1）, cotton yield and yield components（fiber quality, leaf sucrose and starch content, and fiber cellulose） were all decreased on FP3 under all treatments. Compared with OPD-CRLR 100%, other treatments（OPD-CRLR 60%, LPD-CRLR 100%, and LPD-CRLR 60%） had significantly decreased lint yield at both FPs of both cultivars, but especially at FP3 and in Sumian 15; this decrease was mainly caused by a large decline in boll number. All fiber quality indices decreased under late planting and shading except fiber length at FP1 with OPD-CRLR 60%, and a greater reduction was observed at FP3 and in Sumian 15. Sucrose content of the subtending leaf and fiber increased under LPD compared to OPD, whereas it decreased under CRLR 60% compared to CRLR 100%, which led to decreased fiber cellulose content. Therefore, shading primarily decreased the ＂source＂ sucrose content in the subtending leaf whereas late planting diminished translocation of sucrose towards cotton fiber. Notably, as planting date was delayed and light was decreased, more carbohydrates were distributed to leaf and bolls at FP1 than those at FP3, resulting in higher yield and better fiber quality at FP1, and a higher proportion of bolls and carbohydrates allocated at FP3 of Kemian 1 compared to that of Sumian 15. In conclusion, cotton yield and fiber quality were reduced less at FP1 compared to those at FP3 under low temperature and low light conditions. Thus, reduced cotton yield and fiber quality loss can be minimized by selecting low temperature tolerant cultivars under both low temperature and light conditions.
文摘he research aimed to explore the correlation between fruiting branch diameter of A. chinensis and fruit quality change during the post-ripening period and the mechanism,which could provide theoretical basis for making scientific management measures during A. chinensis fruit post-ripening period. In this paper,correlation analysis between fruiting branch diameter of A. chinensis and fruit quality change during post-ripening period during 2013- 2015 was conducted. Results were as below:(i) correlation coefficient analysis showed that fruiting branch diameter was highly positive correlation with number of fruit ventricle,significantly positive correlation with single fruit weight when picking and the indexes after the fruit ripening single(single fruit weight,loss rate of single fruit weight,longitudinal diameter of fruit and width of fruit core),lowly positive correlation with sugar content of fruit juice,and positive correlation with thick transverse diameter of fruit after ripening.(ii) Standard errors of regression analysis between fruiting branch diameter and single fruit weight,longitudinal diameter of fruit,wide transverse diameter of fruit,thick transverse diameter of fruit,fruit core length and sugar content of fruit juice were 12. 4248,4. 2731,2. 6452,2. 0260,0. 1337 and 1. 0035 respectively; significance F values of variance analysis were 0. 0743,0. 0658,0. 1950,0. 5733,0. 2600 and 0. 1517 respectively. It showed that fruiting branch diameter had a significant difference with thick transverse diameter of fruit and insignificant differences with other indicators; quadratic curve regression equation and linear regression equation of residual curve,observed value curve,forecast value curve and normal probability curve of were analyzed,and the results were all in line with the law of quadratic curve.(iii)The larger the fruiting branch diameter,the greater the indexes after post-ripening(single fruit weight,longitudinal diameter of fruit,wide transverse diameter of fruit,thick transverse diameter of fruit and sugar content of fruit juice),the better the fruit quality. It was clear that fruiting branch diameter could be as one of important bases of fruit quality change during post-ripening period. Through investigating fruiting branch diameter and the regression equation,it could predict single fruit weight,longitudinal and transverse diameters of fruit,and sugar content of fruit juice index after the ripening.
基金the Swiss National Science Foundationthe Velux Foundation+1 种基金the Karl Popper Foundationthe Vontobel Foundation for their financial support
文摘The walnut-fruit forests （Juglans regia L.） in southern Kyrgyzstan are considered to be biodiversity hotspots and of considerable economic and ecological importance to local populations. The fruiting ability and stability of these forests are, however, decreasing because of infrequent silvicultural interventions and non-existent natural regeneration. Continuous inventories and walnut harvest measurements were carded out on 18 trial and control plots over the course of i3 year. Results showed that i） thinning had a positive influence on diameter at breast height （dbh） increase, ii） dbh growth and crown area increases are strongly and positively correlated, iii） large crowns enhanced the production of fruits, and iv） temperature conditions had a major influence on the production of fruits. The above-mentioned points are particularly relevant for young plantations but are also valid for relatively old plantations （〉 50 years）. We conclude that regular thinning substantially improves diameter growth, fruit production and ability of trees to withstand wind and snow damage in both young stands and in older walnut-fruit forests.
基金This research was funded by the National Key Researchand Development Program of China(2017YFE0118500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31672203).
文摘Nitrogen deficiency is a major factor that affects the yield and quality of horticultural crops.Differentially expressed proteins were identified in cucumber fruit under nitrogen deficiency treatment,and are expected to be highly useful for dissecting carbon,nitrogen and ascorbate metabolism in cucumber and for improving nitrogen fertilizer utilization.Cucumber plants grown hydroponically in Hoagland solution were transferred to nitrogen-free conditions for 3 or 5 d after the blossom of female flowers.Fruit proteome profiles were assessed using twodimensional electrophoresis.The relative expression of the genes encoding 50 selected differentially expressed proteins and 4 key enzymes in carbon metabolism was analyzed by qRT-PCR.Resulted showed that most of the identified differentially expressed proteins were mainly associated with carbon metabolism,amino acid biosynthesis,ascorbate metabolism,and proteasomes.Glucose phosphorylation was enhanced,while the pentose phosphate pathway was inhibited.Carbon metabolism and the synthesis of most amino acids was affected significantly,and ascorbate might be accumulated under nitrogen deficiency in cucumber fruit.
基金Sponsored by State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Open Fund(CB2016A07)Hubei Provincial Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center Support Project(2016–620–000-001-010)The National Key Technology R&D Program(2014BAD11B0203)
文摘Background： With the rapid development of genomics, many functional genes have been targeted. Molecular marker assisted selection can accelerate the breeding process by linking selection to functional genes. Methods： In a study of upland cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.）, the F2 segregated population was constructed by crossing X1570 （short branches） with Ekangmian 13 （long branches） to identify the short fruiting branch gene and marker assisted selection with SNP（Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, SNP） linked to its trait. Result： The result demonstrated that linked SSR marker BNL3232 was screened by BSA（Bulked segregant analysis, BSA） method; one SNP locus was found, which was totally separated from the fruiting branches trait in upland cotton. Conclusion： It was verified that this SNP marker could be used for molecular assisted selection of cotton architecture
文摘There is a deficiency of nurseries in the world producing fruit trees using the organic material management. However, such material has been produced since 2009 at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice. To stimulate plant growth, various biopreparations were applied in an organic nursery. Apple trees （＇Topaz＇/M26） obtained from the organic nursery were used to establish an orchard in 2011. One of the combinations in the orchard consisted of trees produced in a conventional nursery. Trees whose maidens had not been fertilized at all in the organic nursery served as the control. The study was conducted for four years （2011-2014）. The least vigorously growing trees were the control trees and those that had been treated in the nursery with the preparation Tytanit, and the most vigorously--those that had been treated there with manure and the biopreparations Micosat, Humus Active ＋ Aktywit PM, and BF Quality and BF Amin. Trees whose maidens had been produced by the conventional method did not differ, in terms of growth vigour, from those treated with the biopreparations Humus UP or Vinassa. The highest cumulative fruit yields from the four-year-old trees were obtained in the combinations where the maidens had been treated in the nursery with the biopreparations BF Amin and BF Quality. The type of fertilization applied to maiden trees in the nursery had no significant effect on mean fruit weight, but it influenced the distribution of fruit in size classes.
基金financed by the Cooperation Research Program of KUPRIthe MEXT Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows, the 21st Century COE ProgramGlobal COE Program "Formation of a Strategic Base for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Research: from Genome to Ecosystem"
文摘Fruiting phenology, assessed by seed fall, in five warm- and cool-temperate forests on Yakushima Island, southern Japan, was studied for two years in one 50 m × 50 m plot and for four years in four 100 m ×50 m plots. The elevation of the plots ranged between 170 and 1200 m a.s.l. Seed fall phenology showed annual periodicity in all five plots. This was clear when assessed by the number of species but became less clear when assessed by the biomass of seed litter. Community-level annual periodicity was based on the prevalence of population-level annual periodicity and interspecific synchronization of the fruiting peak from autumn to winter. Fleshy fruits had peaks of seed fall in a wider range of months than non-fleshy fruits, since it is sometimes beneficial to bear fruit outside the community-level fruiting peaks in order to avoid interspecific competition for animal seed dispersers. No consistent effect of climatic factors on seed fall phenology was detected.
基金National Science Foundation of China(U1402267 and 31270281)to S.-Q.H.
文摘Aims The hypothesis of predator satiation has been proposed to explain mast fruiting in various flowering plants.it considers that the simultaneous production of large numbers of seeds by a plant population reduces the risk of seed predation for each individual.orchids produce huge numbers of seeds per fruit and rarely experience seed predation.it remains unclear which factors may affect fluctuating fruit production in orchids,which generally suffer a widespread pol-len limitation.To explore the temporal pattern of fruiting and poten-tial factors related to fluctuation in fruit production,we investigated reproductive success of a long-spurred orchid(Habenaria glaucifo-lia)in an alpine meadow with thousands of individuals over 8 years.Methods To estimate reproductive success,pollinator observation was con-ducted by day and at night,and pollinia removal and receipt were recorded in the field population for 8 years.To examine whether fruit set and seed set are pollen limited,we conducted supple-mentary pollination experiments and compared fruit set,seed set and pollinia movement of open-pollinated flowers from 2011 to 2013.We measured lengths of spurs and pollinator probos-cises,and nectar volume and concentration,to identify potential pollinators.Important Findings Hawkmoths were seen to be effective pollinators for H.glauci-folia in 3 years,whereas in the remaining 5 years no pollinators were observed,and consequently pollinia were rarely transferred.Numerous pollinia movements were observed in 2012,2013 and 2014(pollinia removal:48,59 and 85%;pollinia receipt 51,70 and 80%),and correspondingly fruit set was significantly higher in 2012 and 2013(59 and 46%)than in 2011(25%).it was fruit set,rather than seed set,that was pollen limited in this orchid in the 3 years,in that supplementary pollination increased fruit set but did not increase seed set per fruit compared to natural.Three species of hawkmoths had proboscis lengths that matched the spur length of H.glaucifolia.Fruit set in this long spurred orchid depends on the activity of long-tongued hawkmoths,resulting in significant tempo-ral variation in fruit production.mast fruiting in this alpine orchid could be attributed to a‘sit and wait’strategy,awaiting an abun-dance of effective pollinators.
基金sponsored jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.30800158)the 11th Five-Year China Key Science&Technology Project on Silviculture for Carbon Sequestration in Subtropics(Grant No:2008BAD95B09)+3 种基金the Ford Foundation(Grant No.10850639)the National Research Council of Thailand(grant NRCT/55201020007)Mae Fah Luang University(grant MFU/54101020048)King Saud University for support.
文摘Climate change affects various facets of life but there is little data on its effects on wild mushroom fruiting.Yunnan Province in China is a rich source of wild mushrooms and has experienced a temperature rise over recent decades.This has resulted in warmer temperatures but the impacts of these changes on mushroom production lack documentation.We collected data on the fruiting of the highly prized matsutake mushroom(Tricholoma matsutake)in West Yunnan,China over an 11 year period from 2000 to 2010.Fruiting phenology and productivity were compared against the driving meteorological variables using Projection to Latent Structure regression.The mushrooms appeared later in the season during the observation period,which is most likely explained by rising temperatures and reduced rain during May and June.High temperature and abundant rain in August resulted in good productivity.The climate response of matsutake production results from a sequence of processes that are possibly linked with regulatory signals and resource availability.To advance the knowledge of this complex system,a holistic research approach integrating biology,ecology,genetics,physiology,and phytochemistry is needed.Our results contribute to a general model of fungal ecology,which can be used to predict the responses of fungi to global climate change.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China[32025033,31930097 and 32372699]Pinduoduo-China Agricultural University Research Fund[PC2023B01002].
文摘Leaves are the main photosynthesis organ that directly determines crop yield and biomass.Dissecting the regulatory mechanism of leaf development is crucial for food security and ecosystem turn-over.Here,we identified the novel function of R2R3-MYB transcription factors CsRAXs in regulating cucumber leaf size and fruiting ability.Csrax5 single mutant exhibited enlarged leaf size and stem diameter,and Csrax1/2/5 triple mutant displayed further enlargement phenotype.Overexpression of CsRAX1 or CsRAX5 gave rise to smaller leaf and thinner stem.The fruiting ability of Csrax1/2/5 plants was significantly enhanced,while that of CsRAX5 overexpression lines was greatly weakened.Similarly,cell number and free auxin level were elevated in mutant plants while decreased in overexpression lines.Biochemical data indicated that CsRAX1/5 directly promoted the expression of auxin glucosyltransferase gene CsUGT74E2.Therefore,our data suggested that CsRAXs function as repressors for leaf size development by promoting auxin glycosylation to decrease free auxin level and cell division in cucumber.Our findings provide new gene targets for cucumber breeding with increased leaf size and crop yield.
基金supported by Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(CATAS-Nos.1630152023007,1630152023011,1630152023012,1630152023013)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32071805).
文摘Coconut(Cocos nucifera L.),a major oil and fruit crop of the Arecaceae family,is extensively cultivated across the Asia—Pacific region.Despite its agricultural importance,genome assembly in coconut remains challenging due to its large genome size and high proportion of repetitive sequences.Allele-specific expression(ASE)plays a key role in regulating plant development and evolution,yet research on ASE in coconut is limited(Shao et al.,2019;Li et al.,2021;Zhang et al.,2021;Hu et al.,2022).Among phenotypic traits,fruit color is especially important as an indicator of maturity,guiding harvest timing and post-harvest processes(Kapoor et al.,2022).While prior studies have explored various coconut traits such as salt tolerance,fiber content,and plant height(Wang et al.,2021;Yang et al.,2021),investigations into ASE and fruit color remain scarce.
基金supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research,Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research,King Faisal University,Saudi Arabia,Grant No.KFU250098.
文摘In this study,an automated multimodal system for detecting,classifying,and dating fruit was developed using a two-stage YOLOv11 pipeline.In the first stage,the YOLOv11 detection model locates individual date fruits in real time by drawing bounding boxes around them.These bounding boxes are subsequently passed to a YOLOv11 classification model,which analyzes cropped images and assigns class labels.An additional counting module automatically tallies the detected fruits,offering a near-instantaneous estimation of quantity.The experimental results suggest high precision and recall for detection,high classification accuracy(across 15 classes),and near-perfect counting in real time.This paper presents a multi-stage pipeline for date fruit detection,classification,and automated counting,employing YOLOv11-based models to achieve high accuracy while maintaining real-time throughput.The results demonstrated that the detection precision exceeded 90%,the classification accuracy approached 92%,and the counting module correlated closely with the manual tallies.These findings confirm the potential of reducing manual labour and enhancing operational efficiency in post-harvesting processes.Future studies will include dataset expansion,user-centric interfaces,and integration with harvesting robotics.
基金Supported by Qinhuangdao Social Sciences Development Research Project(2025LX378).
文摘Taking the Changli Institute of Pomology,Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences(hereinafter referred to as the Changli Institute of Pomology)as a case study,this paper explores the practical pathways through which Party building leads to the high-quality development of fruit tree research from three dimensions:theoretical convergence points,current development status,and functional mechanisms.It proposes that Party building should focus on its core roles of steering political direction,enhancing team cohesion,and upholding ethical standards.Deep integration of Party building and scientific research should be achieved through concrete platforms,with the effectiveness measured by breakthroughs in critical"bottleneck"technologies and increased income for fruit growers.The study aims to provide a practical reference for integrating Party building with professional work in the agricultural research sector.
文摘Zuoquan County has revitalized local villages with the fruits of their collected labor.GLOWING red apples hang heavily on branches in the orchards on the southern outskirts of Tongyu Town,Zuoquan County,Shanxi Province,an area where a decade ago weeds and rocks covered a rather barren landscape.
基金funding from the European Union -NextGenerationEU through the Italian Ministry of University and Research under PRIN PNRR REG D.R.1718-2022– Project number PRJ-1575 INDICA。
文摘Indicaxanthin is a betalain that is abundant in Opuntia ficus-indica orange fruit and has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Nevertheless, very little is known about the neuroprotective potential of indicaxanthin. This study investigated the impact of indicaxanthin on neuronal damage and gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by a high-fat diet in mice. The mice were divided into three groups according to different diets: the negative control group was fed a standard diet;the high-fat diet group was fed a high-fat diet;and the high-fat diet + indicaxanthin group was fed a high-fat diet and received indicaxanthin orally(0.86 mg/kg per day) for 4 weeks. Brain apoptosis, redox status, inflammation, and the gut microbiota composition were compared among the different animal groups. The results demonstrated that indicaxanthin treatment reduced neuronal apoptosis by downregulating the expression of proapoptotic genes and increasing the expression of antiapoptotic genes. Indicaxanthin also markedly decreased the expression of neuroinflammatory proteins and genes and inhibited high-fat diet–induced neuronal oxidative stress by reducing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide levels. In addition, indicaxanthin treatment improved the microflora composition by increasing the abundance of healthy bacterial genera, known as producers of short-chain fatty acids(Lachnospiraceae, Alloprovetella, and Lactobacillus), and by reducing bacteria related to unhealthy profiles(Blautia, Faecalibaculum, Romboutsia and Bilophila). In conclusion, indicaxanthin has a positive effect on high-fat diet–induced neuronal damage and on the gut microbiota composition in obese mice.
基金supported by the key research project for fig development of Weiyuan County(Grant No.1002-69199007),China.
文摘Fig fruit firmness decreases rapidly during ripening and after harvest,resulting in poor storability and transportation loss,which severely restricts development of the fresh fig industry.APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor(AP2/ERF)transcription factors are downstream components of the ethylene-signaling pathway that play crucial roles in quality formation during fruit ripening.In this study,Ficus carica(Fc)ERF12 was clustered in repressor subfamily VIII of ERFs through phylogenetic analysis,and further recruited by its two EAR motifs and expression pattern during fig ripening.DNA affinity purification sequencing analysis indicated that FcERF12 binds to the promoter or gene body regions of multiple ripening-related genes,including cell wall-modification genes FcPG,FcXTH and FcPME,and ethylene-biosynthesis genes FcACS and FcACO.Yeast two-hybrid assay demonstrated that FcERF12 interacts with TOPLESS(TPL)co-repressors FcTPL1,FcTPL4 and FcTPL5,and histone deacetylases FcHDA6 and FcHDA19;interaction with FcTPL4 and FcTPL5 relied on the C-terminal EAR motif.Overexpressing FcERF12 in tomato did not change fruit size or yield,but resulted in an 18.37%increment in fruit firmness and a 49.62%reduction in ethylene-release rate at fruit ripening,accompanied by a significant decrease in seed number per fruit.Transcriptomic analysis revealed downregulation of tomato cell wallmodification genes SlPL,SlEXP and SlPG,and ethylene-synthesis genes SlACO and SlACS.Metabolomic profiling identified 82 differentially accumulated flavonoid metabolites,61 of them showing significantly decreased contents.Taken together,our results exhibit the negative regulatory role of FcERF12 in fig ethylene-signal transduction,providing new information on precise control of fruit firmness and other quality traits at ripening.
基金supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32120103010,32341045,and 32272729).
文摘In tomato,early fruit development involves rapid cell division and expansion,which are highly dependent on sugar availability(Huang et al.,2025;Yuan et al.,2025).After fruit set,soluble sugars are loaded into pericarp cells through the symplasmic(cytosol)or apoplasmic pathway(cell wall and extracellular matrix)(Patrick and Offler,1996).Sucrose,as the major form of carbon translocated to tomato fruit,can be directly unloaded into fruit cells.However,some sucrose can be hydrolyzed by extracellular invertase,producing glucose and fructose for metabolism and biosynthesis in pericarp cells(Ruan,2014).
文摘Nothapodytes nimmoniana(Family Icacinaceae)is a deciduous tree species distributed in Asia facing severe population decline.Wood chips from the tree are a source of camptothecin,a globally soughtafter alkaloid with cancer-treating properties,and are harvested unsustainably in natural forests.We studied the pollination ecology of the species and asked if there are constraints in pollination and fruiting success in its natural populations.We also discuss the potential effects of wood extraction on pollinators and reproductive success in the population.Methods The study was carried out during the flowering season in two populations with varying exploitation levels,both located in the Protected Area Network in the Western Ghats of Karnataka State.We assessed floral resource availability and measured pollinator diversity and activity in the canopy from the perspective of the biology of the species.We quantified pollinator abundance and percent fruit set as a function of population density.Important Findings Flowers belong to the fly pollination syndrome and are open to visits by generalists such as Apis dorsata and Trigona iridipennis.Fruiting success did not vary between exploited and unexploited sites,but there was a significant difference in pollinator assemblage.In a lean male flowering year,fruit set was low,suggesting pollen limitation in the population.No fruiting was recorded in the second year at the site where trees were felled soon after the flowering period.We argue that when male floral resources are altered in exploited populations,pollinators of generalist nature may show a shift in foraging pattern.Also,generalist plants may be as susceptible to pollination loss as are specialist plants.The need for outcrossing in the species would probably exacerbate this vulnerability.
