Two-phase fluid properties such as entropy, internal energy, and heat capacity are given by thermodynamically defined fit functions. Each fit function is expressed as a temperature function in terms of a power series ...Two-phase fluid properties such as entropy, internal energy, and heat capacity are given by thermodynamically defined fit functions. Each fit function is expressed as a temperature function in terms of a power series expansion about the critical point. The leading term with the critical exponent dominates the temperature variation between the critical and triple points. With β being introduced as the critical exponent for the difference between liquid and vapor densities, it is shown that the critical exponent of each fit function depends (if at all) on β. In particular, the critical exponent of the reciprocal heat capacity c﹣1 is α=1-2β and those of the entropy s and internal energy u are?2β, while that of the reciprocal isothermal compressibility?κ﹣1T is γ=1. It is thus found that in the case of the two-phase fluid the Rushbrooke equation conjectured α +?2β + γ=2 combines the scaling laws resulting from the two relations c=du/dT and?κT=dlnρ/dp. In the context with c, the second temperature derivatives of the chemical potential μ and vapor pressure p are investigated. As the critical point is approached, ﹣d2μ/dT2 diverges as c, while?d2p/dT2 converges to a finite limit. This is explicitly pointed out for the two-phase fluid, water (with β=0.3155). The positive and almost vanishing internal energy of the one-phase fluid at temperatures above and close to the critical point causes conditions for large long-wavelength density fluctuations, which are observed as critical opalescence. For negative values of the internal energy, i.e. the two-phase fluid below the critical point, there are only microscopic density fluctuations. Similar critical phenomena occur when cooling a dilute gas to its Bose-Einstein condensate.展开更多
Forecasting crop yields based on remote sensing data is one of the most important tasks in agriculture.Soybean is the main crop in the Russian Far East.It is desirable to forecast soybean yield as early as possible wh...Forecasting crop yields based on remote sensing data is one of the most important tasks in agriculture.Soybean is the main crop in the Russian Far East.It is desirable to forecast soybean yield as early as possible while maintaining high accuracy.This study aimed to investigate seasonal time series of the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) to achieve early forecasting of soybean yield.This research used data from the Moderate Resolution Image Spectroradiometer(MODIS),an arable-land mask obtained from the VEGA-Science web service,and soybean yield data for 2008-2017 for the Jewish Autonomous Region(JAR) districts.Four approximating functions were fitted to model the NDVI time series:Gaussian,double logistic(DL),and quadratic and cubic polynomials.In the period from calendar weeks 22-42(end of May to mid-October),averaged over two districts,the model using the DL function showed the highest accuracy(mean absolute percentage error-4.0%,root mean square error(RMSE)-0.029,P <0.01).The yield forecast accuracy of prediction in the period of weeks 25-30 in JAR municipalities using the parameters of the Gaussian function was higher(P <0.05) than that using the other functions.The mean forecast error for the Gaussian function was 14.9% in week 25(RMSE was0.21 t ha) and 5.1%-12.9% in weeks 26-30(RMSE varied from 0.06 to 0.15 t ha) according to the2013-2017 data.In weeks 31-32,the error was 5.0%-5.4%(RMSE was 0.07 t ha) using the Gaussian parameters and 7.4%-7.7%(RMSE was 0.09-0.11 t ha) for the DL function.When the method was applied to municipal districts of other soy-producing regions of the Russian Far East.RMSE was0.14-0.32 t hain weeks 25-26 and did not exceed 0.20 t hain subsequent weeks.展开更多
Based on the existing continuous borehole strain observation,the multiquadric function fitting method was used to deal with time series data. The impact of difference kernel function parameters was discussed to obtain...Based on the existing continuous borehole strain observation,the multiquadric function fitting method was used to deal with time series data. The impact of difference kernel function parameters was discussed to obtain a valuable fitting result,from which the physical connotation of the original data and its possible applications were analyzed.Meanwhile,a brief comparison was made between the results of multiquadric function fitting and polynomial fitting.展开更多
Solving large radial basis function （RBF） interpolation problem with non-customized methods is computationally expensive and the matrices that occur are typically badly conditioned. In order to avoid these difficult...Solving large radial basis function （RBF） interpolation problem with non-customized methods is computationally expensive and the matrices that occur are typically badly conditioned. In order to avoid these difficulties, we present a fitting based on radial basis functions satisfying side conditions by least squares, although compared with interpolation the method loses some accuracy, it reduces the computational cost largely. Since the fitting accuracy and the non-singularity of coefficient matrix in normal equation are relevant to the uniformity of chosen centers of the fitted RBE we present a choice method of uniform centers. Numerical results confirm the fitting efficiency.展开更多
Ghana, renowned for its abundant gold reserves, plays a significant role in the global mining industry. Effective management and accurate forecasting of these reserves are vital for sustainable resource utilization an...Ghana, renowned for its abundant gold reserves, plays a significant role in the global mining industry. Effective management and accurate forecasting of these reserves are vital for sustainable resource utilization and economic planning. Forecasting gold reserves and estimating their production lifespan are complex tasks that require robust statistical models capable of capturing the underlying dynamics of gold deposit accumulation and extraction. To this end, the four-parameter Beta distribution function emerges as a promising candidate due to its flexibility and ability to handle non-negative data. This research aims to investigate the fitness and applicability of the four-parameter Beta distribution function for forecasting Ghana’s gold reserves and estimating the production lifespan of this precious resource. The empirical paper relied mainly on quarterly secondary datasets on gold reserve between the years 2009 and 2022 secured from the Minerals Commission of Ghana, Accra. Several known statistical distributions including Beta, Weibull, Normal, Logistic and Gamma were explored with Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and evaluated using model selection criteria as AIC and BIC. Goodness of Fits were evaluated using Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test (K-S), Cramer-Von Mises Statistic and Anderson-Darling Statistic. Based on the analysis conducted, the four-parameter Beta distribution provided the best fit for gold reserve in Ghana. At a 99.9% confidence level and considering the current annual average gold production estimate of 3,700,031.248 to 4,302,647.888 ounces, the projected lifespan of gold production in Ghana extends to the year 1,953,765. This astounding estimate suggests that the country’s gold reserves are expected to sustain production for an extended period, providing a critical resource for economic development and supporting the mining industry well into the distant future.展开更多
Ghana, renowned for its abundant gold reserves, plays a significant role in the global mining industry. Effective management and accurate forecasting of these reserves are vital for sustainable resource utilization an...Ghana, renowned for its abundant gold reserves, plays a significant role in the global mining industry. Effective management and accurate forecasting of these reserves are vital for sustainable resource utilization and economic planning. Forecasting gold reserves and estimating their production lifespan are complex tasks that require robust statistical models capable of capturing the underlying dynamics of gold deposit accumulation and extraction. To this end, the four-parameter Beta distribution function emerges as a promising candidate due to its flexibility and ability to handle non-negative data. This research aims to investigate the fitness and applicability of the four-parameter Beta distribution function for forecasting Ghana’s gold reserves and estimating the production lifespan of this precious resource. The empirical paper relied mainly on quarterly secondary datasets on gold reserve between the years 2009 and 2022 secured from the Minerals Commission of Ghana, Accra. Several known statistical distributions including Beta, Weibull, Normal, Logistic and Gamma were explored with Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and evaluated using model selection criteria as AIC and BIC. Goodness of Fits were evaluated using Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test (K-S), Cramer-Von Mises Statistic and Anderson-Darling Statistic. Based on the analysis conducted, the four-parameter Beta distribution provided the best fit for gold reserve in Ghana. At a 99.9% confidence level and considering the current annual average gold production estimate of 3,700,031.248 to 4,302,647.888 ounces, the projected lifespan of gold production in Ghana extends to the year 1,953,765. This astounding estimate suggests that the country’s gold reserves are expected to sustain production for an extended period, providing a critical resource for economic development and supporting the mining industry well into the distant future.展开更多
Background:The Functional Movement Screen(FMS^(TM)) has become increasingly popular for identifying functional limitations in basic functional movements.This exploratory and descriptive study was undertaken to confirm...Background:The Functional Movement Screen(FMS^(TM)) has become increasingly popular for identifying functional limitations in basic functional movements.This exploratory and descriptive study was undertaken to confirm feasibility of performing the FMS^(TM) in older active adults,assess prevalence of asymmetries and to evaluate the relationship between functional movement ability,age,physical activity levels and body mass index(BMI).Methods:This is an observational study;97 men(n = 53) and women(n = 44) between the ages of 52 and 83 participated.BMI was computed and self-reported physical activity levels were obtained.Subjects were grouped by age(5-year intervals),BMI(normal,over-weight,and obese)and sex.Each participant's performance on the FMS^(TM) was digitally recorded for later analysis.Results:The youngest age group(50–54 years) scored highest in all seven tests and the oldest age group(75+) scored lowest in most of the tests compared to all other age groups.The subjects in the 'normal weight' group performed no different than those who were in the 'overweight' group;both groups performed better than the 'obese' group.Of the 97 participants 54 had at least one asymmetry.The pairwise correlations between the total FMS^(TM) score and age(r =-0.531),BMI(r =-0.270),and the measure of activity level(r = 0.287) were significant(p < 0.01 for all).Conclusion:FMS^(TM) scores decline with increased BMI,increased age,and decreased activity level.The screen identifies range of motion-and strength-related asymmetries.The FMS^(TM) can be used to assess functional limitations and asymmetries.Future research should evaluate if a higher total FMS^(TM) score is related to fewer falls or injuries in the older population.展开更多
The relationship between trace elements in coal and organic functional groups of coal, also some of aromatic structure, was investigated by using curve fitting of infrared spectra. Cluster analysis was also performed ...The relationship between trace elements in coal and organic functional groups of coal, also some of aromatic structure, was investigated by using curve fitting of infrared spectra. Cluster analysis was also performed according to the degree of affinity of organic groups to the trace elements. The results show that there is a possibility that trace elements, especially LREE, were bound to peripheral organic functional groups of middle rank coal macromolecule. The most possible functional group that binds trace element is the hydroxyl, and to the less degree, the asymmetric -CH3 and 〉CH2 stretching, -CH3 stretching, etc. The degree of affinity of trace elements to different functional groups varies. The tendency obeys the natural structural changing law of trace elements-- the periodic law. The deviation of some trace elements from this regular trend is attributed to the deviation of intrinsic ＂confusion degree＂ （conventional molar entropy） of the matter system of coal basin, which is affected by the inner and outer factors during the evolution.展开更多
Modelling and simulation of projectile flight is at the core of ballistic computer software and is essential to the study of performance of rifles and projectiles in various engagement conditions.An effective and repr...Modelling and simulation of projectile flight is at the core of ballistic computer software and is essential to the study of performance of rifles and projectiles in various engagement conditions.An effective and representative numerical model of projectile flight requires a relatively good approximation of the aerodynamics.The aerodynamic coefficients of the projectile model should be described as a series of piecewise polynomial functions of the Mach number that ideally meet the following conditions:they are continuous,differentiable at least once,and have a relatively low degree.The paper provides the steps needed to generate such piecewise polynomial functions using readily available tools,and then compares Piecewise Cubic Hermite Interpolating Polynomial(PCHIP),cubic splines,and piecewise linear functions,and their variant,as potential curve fitting methods to approximate the aerodynamics of a generic small arms projectile.A key contribution of the paper is the application of PCHIP to the approximation of projectile aerodynamics,and its evaluation against a set of criteria.Finally,the paper provides a baseline assessment of the impact of the polynomial functions on flight trajectory predictions obtained with 6-degree-of-freedom simulations of a generic projectile.展开更多
Using a fuzzy estimator to evaluate the fitness of chromosomes in a genetic algorithm and adaptively training it in the evolutionary process, the genetic algorithm with fuzzy fitness evaluation is proposed to reduce t...Using a fuzzy estimator to evaluate the fitness of chromosomes in a genetic algorithm and adaptively training it in the evolutionary process, the genetic algorithm with fuzzy fitness evaluation is proposed to reduce the computation time of the algorithm. An analysis on the optimization performance of the proposed algorithm shows that it maintains good performance with its computation time saved. Finally, simulation results on design of a fuzzy controller are presented.展开更多
The aim of this study was to determine differences in body composition and physical fitness in elderly men and women. Five hundred twenty six subjects were included in this study, 272 were men （52%） and 254 women （...The aim of this study was to determine differences in body composition and physical fitness in elderly men and women. Five hundred twenty six subjects were included in this study, 272 were men （52%） and 254 women （48%）. To determine the trend of changes of anthropometric parameters and physical fitness in people aged over 60, the authors were divided subjects in 5 age groups： 60-64, 65-69, 70-74, 75-79 and over 80 years of age. Decrease in strength is observed with the aging process so that the respondents aged 60-64 years significantly differ in the strength of the lower extremities of elderly subjects 70-74 and 75-79 years of age. Also this difference is noticeable if they compare with men and women. In this study, they found that there was an increase in the amount of adipose tissue, reducing the level of muscle activity and decreased muscle strength and endurance of the aging process.展开更多
The SF6 decomposed products are very alike,so the peaks of the SF6 decomposed products are overlapped.It make us hard to quantitatively calculate.This paper introduced a method to separate the overlapped chromatogram ...The SF6 decomposed products are very alike,so the peaks of the SF6 decomposed products are overlapped.It make us hard to quantitatively calculate.This paper introduced a method to separate the overlapped chromatogram peaks with iterative curve-fitting and Gauss function,and deduced the formula of the iterative curve-fitting;provided a method to calculate the initial value of the peaks intensity and width by iterative formula,and confirm the final peaks intensity and width to separate the overlapped signals.By the analysis of the real chromatogram data,it proved the validity of this method on the main components used in distinguishing the GIS internal defects.This method overcomes the influence of SF6 peak to the other thin concentration peaks,so it can be used in the study of the quantitative analysis of the decomposed products on different failures and different voltages.展开更多
The Chapman-Richards Function and its two exception cases in applications were discussed and compared with the Schnute model in stand growth studies. Compared from all perspective, it was found that the Schnute model ...The Chapman-Richards Function and its two exception cases in applications were discussed and compared with the Schnute model in stand growth studies. Compared from all perspective, it was found that the Schnute model commonly used in foreitry was identical to the Chapman-Richards function. If some parameter in the Chapman-Richdrds Function was unconstraint, the function could also be very versatile to fit some exceptional growth curves, the fitted function should be identical to that the Schnute model.展开更多
文摘Two-phase fluid properties such as entropy, internal energy, and heat capacity are given by thermodynamically defined fit functions. Each fit function is expressed as a temperature function in terms of a power series expansion about the critical point. The leading term with the critical exponent dominates the temperature variation between the critical and triple points. With β being introduced as the critical exponent for the difference between liquid and vapor densities, it is shown that the critical exponent of each fit function depends (if at all) on β. In particular, the critical exponent of the reciprocal heat capacity c﹣1 is α=1-2β and those of the entropy s and internal energy u are?2β, while that of the reciprocal isothermal compressibility?κ﹣1T is γ=1. It is thus found that in the case of the two-phase fluid the Rushbrooke equation conjectured α +?2β + γ=2 combines the scaling laws resulting from the two relations c=du/dT and?κT=dlnρ/dp. In the context with c, the second temperature derivatives of the chemical potential μ and vapor pressure p are investigated. As the critical point is approached, ﹣d2μ/dT2 diverges as c, while?d2p/dT2 converges to a finite limit. This is explicitly pointed out for the two-phase fluid, water (with β=0.3155). The positive and almost vanishing internal energy of the one-phase fluid at temperatures above and close to the critical point causes conditions for large long-wavelength density fluctuations, which are observed as critical opalescence. For negative values of the internal energy, i.e. the two-phase fluid below the critical point, there are only microscopic density fluctuations. Similar critical phenomena occur when cooling a dilute gas to its Bose-Einstein condensate.
文摘Forecasting crop yields based on remote sensing data is one of the most important tasks in agriculture.Soybean is the main crop in the Russian Far East.It is desirable to forecast soybean yield as early as possible while maintaining high accuracy.This study aimed to investigate seasonal time series of the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) to achieve early forecasting of soybean yield.This research used data from the Moderate Resolution Image Spectroradiometer(MODIS),an arable-land mask obtained from the VEGA-Science web service,and soybean yield data for 2008-2017 for the Jewish Autonomous Region(JAR) districts.Four approximating functions were fitted to model the NDVI time series:Gaussian,double logistic(DL),and quadratic and cubic polynomials.In the period from calendar weeks 22-42(end of May to mid-October),averaged over two districts,the model using the DL function showed the highest accuracy(mean absolute percentage error-4.0%,root mean square error(RMSE)-0.029,P <0.01).The yield forecast accuracy of prediction in the period of weeks 25-30 in JAR municipalities using the parameters of the Gaussian function was higher(P <0.05) than that using the other functions.The mean forecast error for the Gaussian function was 14.9% in week 25(RMSE was0.21 t ha) and 5.1%-12.9% in weeks 26-30(RMSE varied from 0.06 to 0.15 t ha) according to the2013-2017 data.In weeks 31-32,the error was 5.0%-5.4%(RMSE was 0.07 t ha) using the Gaussian parameters and 7.4%-7.7%(RMSE was 0.09-0.11 t ha) for the DL function.When the method was applied to municipal districts of other soy-producing regions of the Russian Far East.RMSE was0.14-0.32 t hain weeks 25-26 and did not exceed 0.20 t hain subsequent weeks.
基金sponsored by the Annual Earthquake Tracking Task,CEA(2017010214)
文摘Based on the existing continuous borehole strain observation,the multiquadric function fitting method was used to deal with time series data. The impact of difference kernel function parameters was discussed to obtain a valuable fitting result,from which the physical connotation of the original data and its possible applications were analyzed.Meanwhile,a brief comparison was made between the results of multiquadric function fitting and polynomial fitting.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Youth Foundation (10401021).
文摘Solving large radial basis function （RBF） interpolation problem with non-customized methods is computationally expensive and the matrices that occur are typically badly conditioned. In order to avoid these difficulties, we present a fitting based on radial basis functions satisfying side conditions by least squares, although compared with interpolation the method loses some accuracy, it reduces the computational cost largely. Since the fitting accuracy and the non-singularity of coefficient matrix in normal equation are relevant to the uniformity of chosen centers of the fitted RBE we present a choice method of uniform centers. Numerical results confirm the fitting efficiency.
文摘Ghana, renowned for its abundant gold reserves, plays a significant role in the global mining industry. Effective management and accurate forecasting of these reserves are vital for sustainable resource utilization and economic planning. Forecasting gold reserves and estimating their production lifespan are complex tasks that require robust statistical models capable of capturing the underlying dynamics of gold deposit accumulation and extraction. To this end, the four-parameter Beta distribution function emerges as a promising candidate due to its flexibility and ability to handle non-negative data. This research aims to investigate the fitness and applicability of the four-parameter Beta distribution function for forecasting Ghana’s gold reserves and estimating the production lifespan of this precious resource. The empirical paper relied mainly on quarterly secondary datasets on gold reserve between the years 2009 and 2022 secured from the Minerals Commission of Ghana, Accra. Several known statistical distributions including Beta, Weibull, Normal, Logistic and Gamma were explored with Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and evaluated using model selection criteria as AIC and BIC. Goodness of Fits were evaluated using Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test (K-S), Cramer-Von Mises Statistic and Anderson-Darling Statistic. Based on the analysis conducted, the four-parameter Beta distribution provided the best fit for gold reserve in Ghana. At a 99.9% confidence level and considering the current annual average gold production estimate of 3,700,031.248 to 4,302,647.888 ounces, the projected lifespan of gold production in Ghana extends to the year 1,953,765. This astounding estimate suggests that the country’s gold reserves are expected to sustain production for an extended period, providing a critical resource for economic development and supporting the mining industry well into the distant future.
文摘Ghana, renowned for its abundant gold reserves, plays a significant role in the global mining industry. Effective management and accurate forecasting of these reserves are vital for sustainable resource utilization and economic planning. Forecasting gold reserves and estimating their production lifespan are complex tasks that require robust statistical models capable of capturing the underlying dynamics of gold deposit accumulation and extraction. To this end, the four-parameter Beta distribution function emerges as a promising candidate due to its flexibility and ability to handle non-negative data. This research aims to investigate the fitness and applicability of the four-parameter Beta distribution function for forecasting Ghana’s gold reserves and estimating the production lifespan of this precious resource. The empirical paper relied mainly on quarterly secondary datasets on gold reserve between the years 2009 and 2022 secured from the Minerals Commission of Ghana, Accra. Several known statistical distributions including Beta, Weibull, Normal, Logistic and Gamma were explored with Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and evaluated using model selection criteria as AIC and BIC. Goodness of Fits were evaluated using Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test (K-S), Cramer-Von Mises Statistic and Anderson-Darling Statistic. Based on the analysis conducted, the four-parameter Beta distribution provided the best fit for gold reserve in Ghana. At a 99.9% confidence level and considering the current annual average gold production estimate of 3,700,031.248 to 4,302,647.888 ounces, the projected lifespan of gold production in Ghana extends to the year 1,953,765. This astounding estimate suggests that the country’s gold reserves are expected to sustain production for an extended period, providing a critical resource for economic development and supporting the mining industry well into the distant future.
文摘Background:The Functional Movement Screen(FMS^(TM)) has become increasingly popular for identifying functional limitations in basic functional movements.This exploratory and descriptive study was undertaken to confirm feasibility of performing the FMS^(TM) in older active adults,assess prevalence of asymmetries and to evaluate the relationship between functional movement ability,age,physical activity levels and body mass index(BMI).Methods:This is an observational study;97 men(n = 53) and women(n = 44) between the ages of 52 and 83 participated.BMI was computed and self-reported physical activity levels were obtained.Subjects were grouped by age(5-year intervals),BMI(normal,over-weight,and obese)and sex.Each participant's performance on the FMS^(TM) was digitally recorded for later analysis.Results:The youngest age group(50–54 years) scored highest in all seven tests and the oldest age group(75+) scored lowest in most of the tests compared to all other age groups.The subjects in the 'normal weight' group performed no different than those who were in the 'overweight' group;both groups performed better than the 'obese' group.Of the 97 participants 54 had at least one asymmetry.The pairwise correlations between the total FMS^(TM) score and age(r =-0.531),BMI(r =-0.270),and the measure of activity level(r = 0.287) were significant(p < 0.01 for all).Conclusion:FMS^(TM) scores decline with increased BMI,increased age,and decreased activity level.The screen identifies range of motion-and strength-related asymmetries.The FMS^(TM) can be used to assess functional limitations and asymmetries.Future research should evaluate if a higher total FMS^(TM) score is related to fewer falls or injuries in the older population.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Nos.41172143 and 40872101)Developmental Plan of Basic Research on Natural Science of Shanxi Province(20012JM5005)Science Research Plan of Shanxi education department(12JK0483)
文摘The relationship between trace elements in coal and organic functional groups of coal, also some of aromatic structure, was investigated by using curve fitting of infrared spectra. Cluster analysis was also performed according to the degree of affinity of organic groups to the trace elements. The results show that there is a possibility that trace elements, especially LREE, were bound to peripheral organic functional groups of middle rank coal macromolecule. The most possible functional group that binds trace element is the hydroxyl, and to the less degree, the asymmetric -CH3 and 〉CH2 stretching, -CH3 stretching, etc. The degree of affinity of trace elements to different functional groups varies. The tendency obeys the natural structural changing law of trace elements-- the periodic law. The deviation of some trace elements from this regular trend is attributed to the deviation of intrinsic ＂confusion degree＂ （conventional molar entropy） of the matter system of coal basin, which is affected by the inner and outer factors during the evolution.
文摘Modelling and simulation of projectile flight is at the core of ballistic computer software and is essential to the study of performance of rifles and projectiles in various engagement conditions.An effective and representative numerical model of projectile flight requires a relatively good approximation of the aerodynamics.The aerodynamic coefficients of the projectile model should be described as a series of piecewise polynomial functions of the Mach number that ideally meet the following conditions:they are continuous,differentiable at least once,and have a relatively low degree.The paper provides the steps needed to generate such piecewise polynomial functions using readily available tools,and then compares Piecewise Cubic Hermite Interpolating Polynomial(PCHIP),cubic splines,and piecewise linear functions,and their variant,as potential curve fitting methods to approximate the aerodynamics of a generic small arms projectile.A key contribution of the paper is the application of PCHIP to the approximation of projectile aerodynamics,and its evaluation against a set of criteria.Finally,the paper provides a baseline assessment of the impact of the polynomial functions on flight trajectory predictions obtained with 6-degree-of-freedom simulations of a generic projectile.
文摘Using a fuzzy estimator to evaluate the fitness of chromosomes in a genetic algorithm and adaptively training it in the evolutionary process, the genetic algorithm with fuzzy fitness evaluation is proposed to reduce the computation time of the algorithm. An analysis on the optimization performance of the proposed algorithm shows that it maintains good performance with its computation time saved. Finally, simulation results on design of a fuzzy controller are presented.
文摘The aim of this study was to determine differences in body composition and physical fitness in elderly men and women. Five hundred twenty six subjects were included in this study, 272 were men （52%） and 254 women （48%）. To determine the trend of changes of anthropometric parameters and physical fitness in people aged over 60, the authors were divided subjects in 5 age groups： 60-64, 65-69, 70-74, 75-79 and over 80 years of age. Decrease in strength is observed with the aging process so that the respondents aged 60-64 years significantly differ in the strength of the lower extremities of elderly subjects 70-74 and 75-79 years of age. Also this difference is noticeable if they compare with men and women. In this study, they found that there was an increase in the amount of adipose tissue, reducing the level of muscle activity and decreased muscle strength and endurance of the aging process.
基金Project Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China （ 50777070）, Science and Technique Project of Chongqing （CSTC, 2007AC2041 ）.
文摘The SF6 decomposed products are very alike,so the peaks of the SF6 decomposed products are overlapped.It make us hard to quantitatively calculate.This paper introduced a method to separate the overlapped chromatogram peaks with iterative curve-fitting and Gauss function,and deduced the formula of the iterative curve-fitting;provided a method to calculate the initial value of the peaks intensity and width by iterative formula,and confirm the final peaks intensity and width to separate the overlapped signals.By the analysis of the real chromatogram data,it proved the validity of this method on the main components used in distinguishing the GIS internal defects.This method overcomes the influence of SF6 peak to the other thin concentration peaks,so it can be used in the study of the quantitative analysis of the decomposed products on different failures and different voltages.
文摘The Chapman-Richards Function and its two exception cases in applications were discussed and compared with the Schnute model in stand growth studies. Compared from all perspective, it was found that the Schnute model commonly used in foreitry was identical to the Chapman-Richards function. If some parameter in the Chapman-Richdrds Function was unconstraint, the function could also be very versatile to fit some exceptional growth curves, the fitted function should be identical to that the Schnute model.
