BACKGROUND Breast milk is the primary source of nutrition for newborns.Hospitalized babies frequently need nutritional support from Human Milk Banks.As bacterial species of the genus Enterococcus are part of the micro...BACKGROUND Breast milk is the primary source of nutrition for newborns.Hospitalized babies frequently need nutritional support from Human Milk Banks.As bacterial species of the genus Enterococcus are part of the microbiota of healthy donors,they may contaminate samples of pumped breast milk.AIM To identify and characterize the bacterial virulence and resistance in samples isolated from the nipple-areolar region,hands,and breast milk aliquots from donors at the Human Milk Bank of Municipal Hospital EsauMatos in the city of Vitória da Conquista,Bahia State,Brazil.METHODS The personal hygiene and sanitation of donors were analyzed with the aim of identifying possible reasons for contamination of pumped milk.Cutaneous samples as well as aliquots of unpasteurized and pasteurized milk from 30 participants were obtained.Each Enterococcus spp.isolate underwent a disk diffusion susceptibility test and molecular biology techniques to determine resistance and virulence genes.RESULTS Enterococcus spp.were identified in 30%of donors(n=9),and 11 specimens were isolated.Resistance to tetracycline was highly prevalent,being detectable in 63%of the isolates(n=7)and followed by intermediate sensitivity to ciprofloxacin,observed in 27%of the specimens(n=3).The efaA gene was found in 63%(n=7)of the isolates,while the ace gene was detected in 27%(n=3).CONCLUSION This study illustrates the importance of microbiological monitoring by Human Milk Banks and the need for alternatives to prevent the presence of Enterococcus spp.in hospital settings.展开更多
Aims:This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance(AMR)phenomenon(phenotypical and genotypical profles)in Enterococcus isolates,enrolled as marine bio sentinels,identifed from bivalve lamellibranches(Mytilus ga...Aims:This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance(AMR)phenomenon(phenotypical and genotypical profles)in Enterococcus isolates,enrolled as marine bio sentinels,identifed from bivalve lamellibranches(Mytilus galloprovincialis)farmed for human consumption on three different mariculture farms located along the coasts of the Central Adriatic Sea(Italy).Methods and Results:A total of 790 samples were collected and microbiologically screened by using culture-dependent methods,which permitted the identifcation of 118 enterococci(86 Enterococcus faecium,24 Enterococcus durans,and eight Enterococcus gallinarum).In the antimicrobial susceptibility tests,all the isolates were mainly resistant to tetracyclines(54.54%),vancomycin(45.45%),nitrofurantoin(31.81%),quinupristin-dalfopristin(15.90%),teicoplanin(9.09%),and linezolid(6.82%).Uniplex and multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays amplifed many antibiotic resistance genes such as tetA(49.15%),tetK(16.95%),tetL(15.25%),tetD(7.63%),vanD(13.56%),vanN(13.56%),nfsA(14.41%),cfr(11.02%),vgaA and vatD(10.17%),and qnrS(6.78%).The calculated multiple antibiotic resistance index(MAR=0.21)and antibiotic resistance pattern abundance(ARPA=0.58)revealed relevant anthropic pollution from the identifed Enterococcus isolates.Conclusions:These fndings confrm the involvement of the Enterococcus genus in the harboring of AMR genetic forms and highlight the consistent genetic trading that can remain silent in bacterial isolates.展开更多
BACKGROUND The upsurge of antibiotic resistance is a significant challenge to public health,and the dry pipeline of new antibiotics has prompted the discovery of alternative treatment approaches.Enterococcus faecalis(...BACKGROUND The upsurge of antibiotic resistance is a significant challenge to public health,and the dry pipeline of new antibiotics has prompted the discovery of alternative treatment approaches.Enterococcus faecalis(E.faecalis)isolates are often multidrugresistant,posing challenges to antibiotic therapy.Bacteriophage therapy is being explored as an alternative method to treat the growing population of antibioticresistant infections.Nevertheless,many inherent limitations of phages diminish their therapeutic utility,notably the restricted host range and quick development of mutants.The specific types and quantities of bacteriophages and antibiotics may be crucial in generating the optimal phage-antibiotic synergy.AIM To optimize the doses,order,and timing to optimize the synergy of phages and vancomycin on different bacteria states.METHODS A volume of 180μL of E.faecalis bacteria in the logarithmic growth phase,with a concentration of approximately 1×10^(8)colony forming units(CFUs)/mL,was introduced onto a microtitre plate.Subsequently,20μL of phage suspension(1×10^(6)PFUs/mL),vancomycin(16μg/mL),or a combination of both was introduced into the designated wells in the specified sequence and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours.The number of live bacteria was counted at different time points using standardized CFU counting protocols.RESULTS The biofilm model demonstrated that combining phages with vancomycin can eradicate the biofilm.Sequential therapy,involving phage application 8 hours before the antibiotic at a concentration of 108 PFUs/mL,proved the most efficient in eliminating the biofilms and killing the planktonic form of E.faecalis.CONCLUSION The combination of phageɸEFP01 at a higher concentration with a subinhibitory concentration of vancomycin yields a synergistic antibacterial outcome on E.faecalis strain resistant to vancomycin.展开更多
This study provides different opinion for exploring the mechanism of catechin(CAT)relieving nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH),it is more innovative to explore from the perspective of intestinal microorganism.Through ...This study provides different opinion for exploring the mechanism of catechin(CAT)relieving nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH),it is more innovative to explore from the perspective of intestinal microorganism.Through in vitro fermentation experiments,CAT could improve the abundance of Enterococcus,and Enterococcus faecalis(EF)accounts for the vast majority of Enterococcus in human gut.The experimental results in vivo showed that EF group and CAT+EF group could reduce the body weight,liver index and epididymal fat index of NASH mice,and improve the changes of serum and liver indexes.Hematoxylin-eosin staining observation showed that these two groups have greatly improved the fatty degeneration,balloon degeneration and necrotic focus caused by NASH.The alleviation of CAT+EF group was more obvious.Results of targeted metabonomics showed that CAT could promote EF to produce more methyl palmitate(C_(16:0)),which plays a great role in relieving NASH.Our results indicated that EF could alleviate NASH and CAT+EF group had better alleviation may due to more production of methyl palmitate(C_(16:0))by EF.This study provides a new idea for CAT to alleviate NASH.展开更多
Recently,Prevotella spp.,a major genus of gram-negative commensal bacteria in humans,have emerged as a key microbial contributor to host metabolism due to its ability to ferment dietary fibers,produce beneficial short...Recently,Prevotella spp.,a major genus of gram-negative commensal bacteria in humans,have emerged as a key microbial contributor to host metabolism due to its ability to ferment dietary fibers,produce beneficial short-chain fatty acids,and influence immune responses.However,their diversity and functional differences have created challenges for their development and therapeutic use.Recent studies have shown that specific Prevotella species,such as P.copri,P.intestinalis,and P.histicola,can strengthen gut barrier integrity and reduce metabolic imbalances.Notably,Prevotella populations can be increased through high-fiber or herbal-based treatments.Traditional herbal medicines,including fiber-rich decoctions,also demonstrate the potential to boost endogenous Prevotella communities,enhance microbial fermentation,and improve glucose and lipid balance.This perspective examines the context-dependent roles of Prevotella spp.,with emphasis on the functional heterogeneity of key species such as P.copri,suggests a framework for combining herbal modulation with species-level microbiota profiling,and outlines a research plan to explore microbe-herb synergy in treating obesity,type 2 diabetes,and related metabolic disorders.This strategy offers a new,ecology-based approach to complement standard metabolic interventions.展开更多
Cronobacter spp.has strong resistance to desiccation and high permeability in Enterobacteriaceae,and powdered infant formula(PIF)is one of the main contamination routes.In recent years,the contamination of Cronobacter...Cronobacter spp.has strong resistance to desiccation and high permeability in Enterobacteriaceae,and powdered infant formula(PIF)is one of the main contamination routes.In recent years,the contamination of Cronobacter spp.in PIF incidents occurs from time to time,causing infant serious diseases or death.In this investigation,matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry was used to identify the phenotypes of 35 Cronobacter strains isolated from PIF and its processing environment.Subsequently,the isolates were evaluated for drying and osmotic pressure tolerance.The results showed that the deactivation rate of the strains ranged from 9.01%to 77.57%,and the highest osmotic pressure condition the strains could tolerate was 6 g/100 mL Na Cl.In addition,there was a positive correlation between biofilm formation ability and desiccation resistance.Combined with transcriptomics,Cronobacter spp.could activate biofilm synthesis,produce more trehalose,accumulate betaine and electrolytes to stabilize intracellular structure under the two treatment conditions.A total of 31 and 43 genes were found related to desiccation and permeability resistance,respectively.And some genes(cysM,thuF,ycjO,etc.)were found to be associated with two tolerances for the first time.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the predictive value of secreted phosphoprotein 1(SPP1)gene expression for postoperative survival in patients with advanced liver cancer undergoing hepatic artery interventional chemoembolization...Objective:To evaluate the predictive value of secreted phosphoprotein 1(SPP1)gene expression for postoperative survival in patients with advanced liver cancer undergoing hepatic artery interventional chemoembolization treatment.Method:Bioinformatics methods,including gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis,were used to identify genes related to survival prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)patients.A retrospective analysis of 115 advanced liver cancer patients treated between January 2016 and October 2017 was conducted.Patients were categorized into SPP1 high-expression(n=89)and low-expression groups(n=26).Additionally,115 healthy individuals served as the control group.The relationship between SPP1 expression and clinical pathological features was analyzed.A 60-month follow-up and logistic regression analysis identified risk factors affecting survival.Results:SPP1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in liver cancer patients compared to healthy controls(P<0.05).SPP1 expression levels were significantly associated with tumor size,Child-Pugh grading,lymph node metastasis,and BCLC staging(P<0.05).High SPP1 expression,along with tumor size,Child-Pugh grading,lymph node metastasis,and BCLC staging,were independent risk factors for survival(P<0.05).The 60-month survival rate was 17.39%,with a median survival of 40 months in the low-expression group versus 18 months in the high-expression group(P<0.05).Conclusion:SPP1 expression is significantly upregulated in advanced liver cancer patients and has predictive value for postoperative survival following hepatic artery chemoembolization treatment.SPP1,combined with clinical indicators such as tumor size,Child-Pugh grading,lymph node metastasis,and BCLC staging,may serve as a prognostic biomarker for interventional treatment outcomes.展开更多
Urban lakes and fountains provide recreational activities that could facilitate the contact between humans, animals and biological agents. The objective of this work was to assess the water quality and safety of 17 la...Urban lakes and fountains provide recreational activities that could facilitate the contact between humans, animals and biological agents. The objective of this work was to assess the water quality and safety of 17 lakes and 13 fountains in the city of Porto (Portugal), by detecting the presence of Escherichia coli, enterococci and Salmonella spp., and analyzing their antimicrobial resistance. (For more information,please refer to the pdf.)展开更多
In order to discover the risk factors for 30-day mortality in bloodstream infections（BSI） caused by Enterococcus spp.strains,we explored the clinical and therapeutic profile of patients with Enterococcus spp.BSI and...In order to discover the risk factors for 30-day mortality in bloodstream infections（BSI） caused by Enterococcus spp.strains,we explored the clinical and therapeutic profile of patients with Enterococcus spp.BSI and the characteristics of this condition.A total of 64 patients with BSI caused by Enterococcus spp.who were treated in our hospital between 2006 and 2015 were included in the study.The clinical features of patients,microbiology,and 30-day mortality were collected from the electronic medical records database and analyzed.The results showed that there were 38 patients infected by Enterococcus faecalis（E.faecalis）,24 by Enterococcus faecium（E.faecium）,1 by Enterococcus casseliflavus（E.casseliflavus）,and 1 by Enterococcus gallinarum（E.gallinarum）.A Charlson comorbidity score ≥5,corticosteroid treatment,placement of catheters or other prosthetic devices and history of antibiotic use were found more frequently in E.faecium BSI patients than in E.faecalis patients（P=0.017,P=0.027,P=0.008 and P=0.027,respectively）.Furthermore,the univariate and multivariate analysis showed that corticosteroid treatment（OR=17.385,P=0.008）,hospital acquisition（OR=16.328,P=0.038）,and vascular catheter infection（OR=14.788,P=0.025） were all independently associated with 30-day mortality.Our results indicate that E.faecalis and E.faecium are two different pathogens with unique microbiologic characteristics,which cause different clinical features in BSI,and the empiric antimicrobial treatments are paramount for patients with enterococcal BSI.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Breast milk is the primary source of nutrition for newborns.Hospitalized babies frequently need nutritional support from Human Milk Banks.As bacterial species of the genus Enterococcus are part of the microbiota of healthy donors,they may contaminate samples of pumped breast milk.AIM To identify and characterize the bacterial virulence and resistance in samples isolated from the nipple-areolar region,hands,and breast milk aliquots from donors at the Human Milk Bank of Municipal Hospital EsauMatos in the city of Vitória da Conquista,Bahia State,Brazil.METHODS The personal hygiene and sanitation of donors were analyzed with the aim of identifying possible reasons for contamination of pumped milk.Cutaneous samples as well as aliquots of unpasteurized and pasteurized milk from 30 participants were obtained.Each Enterococcus spp.isolate underwent a disk diffusion susceptibility test and molecular biology techniques to determine resistance and virulence genes.RESULTS Enterococcus spp.were identified in 30%of donors(n=9),and 11 specimens were isolated.Resistance to tetracycline was highly prevalent,being detectable in 63%of the isolates(n=7)and followed by intermediate sensitivity to ciprofloxacin,observed in 27%of the specimens(n=3).The efaA gene was found in 63%(n=7)of the isolates,while the ace gene was detected in 27%(n=3).CONCLUSION This study illustrates the importance of microbiological monitoring by Human Milk Banks and the need for alternatives to prevent the presence of Enterococcus spp.in hospital settings.
文摘Aims:This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance(AMR)phenomenon(phenotypical and genotypical profles)in Enterococcus isolates,enrolled as marine bio sentinels,identifed from bivalve lamellibranches(Mytilus galloprovincialis)farmed for human consumption on three different mariculture farms located along the coasts of the Central Adriatic Sea(Italy).Methods and Results:A total of 790 samples were collected and microbiologically screened by using culture-dependent methods,which permitted the identifcation of 118 enterococci(86 Enterococcus faecium,24 Enterococcus durans,and eight Enterococcus gallinarum).In the antimicrobial susceptibility tests,all the isolates were mainly resistant to tetracyclines(54.54%),vancomycin(45.45%),nitrofurantoin(31.81%),quinupristin-dalfopristin(15.90%),teicoplanin(9.09%),and linezolid(6.82%).Uniplex and multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays amplifed many antibiotic resistance genes such as tetA(49.15%),tetK(16.95%),tetL(15.25%),tetD(7.63%),vanD(13.56%),vanN(13.56%),nfsA(14.41%),cfr(11.02%),vgaA and vatD(10.17%),and qnrS(6.78%).The calculated multiple antibiotic resistance index(MAR=0.21)and antibiotic resistance pattern abundance(ARPA=0.58)revealed relevant anthropic pollution from the identifed Enterococcus isolates.Conclusions:These fndings confrm the involvement of the Enterococcus genus in the harboring of AMR genetic forms and highlight the consistent genetic trading that can remain silent in bacterial isolates.
文摘BACKGROUND The upsurge of antibiotic resistance is a significant challenge to public health,and the dry pipeline of new antibiotics has prompted the discovery of alternative treatment approaches.Enterococcus faecalis(E.faecalis)isolates are often multidrugresistant,posing challenges to antibiotic therapy.Bacteriophage therapy is being explored as an alternative method to treat the growing population of antibioticresistant infections.Nevertheless,many inherent limitations of phages diminish their therapeutic utility,notably the restricted host range and quick development of mutants.The specific types and quantities of bacteriophages and antibiotics may be crucial in generating the optimal phage-antibiotic synergy.AIM To optimize the doses,order,and timing to optimize the synergy of phages and vancomycin on different bacteria states.METHODS A volume of 180μL of E.faecalis bacteria in the logarithmic growth phase,with a concentration of approximately 1×10^(8)colony forming units(CFUs)/mL,was introduced onto a microtitre plate.Subsequently,20μL of phage suspension(1×10^(6)PFUs/mL),vancomycin(16μg/mL),or a combination of both was introduced into the designated wells in the specified sequence and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours.The number of live bacteria was counted at different time points using standardized CFU counting protocols.RESULTS The biofilm model demonstrated that combining phages with vancomycin can eradicate the biofilm.Sequential therapy,involving phage application 8 hours before the antibiotic at a concentration of 108 PFUs/mL,proved the most efficient in eliminating the biofilms and killing the planktonic form of E.faecalis.CONCLUSION The combination of phageɸEFP01 at a higher concentration with a subinhibitory concentration of vancomycin yields a synergistic antibacterial outcome on E.faecalis strain resistant to vancomycin.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32202200)Shanghai Excellent Academic/Technical Leaders Project(23XD1430500).
文摘This study provides different opinion for exploring the mechanism of catechin(CAT)relieving nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH),it is more innovative to explore from the perspective of intestinal microorganism.Through in vitro fermentation experiments,CAT could improve the abundance of Enterococcus,and Enterococcus faecalis(EF)accounts for the vast majority of Enterococcus in human gut.The experimental results in vivo showed that EF group and CAT+EF group could reduce the body weight,liver index and epididymal fat index of NASH mice,and improve the changes of serum and liver indexes.Hematoxylin-eosin staining observation showed that these two groups have greatly improved the fatty degeneration,balloon degeneration and necrotic focus caused by NASH.The alleviation of CAT+EF group was more obvious.Results of targeted metabonomics showed that CAT could promote EF to produce more methyl palmitate(C_(16:0)),which plays a great role in relieving NASH.Our results indicated that EF could alleviate NASH and CAT+EF group had better alleviation may due to more production of methyl palmitate(C_(16:0))by EF.This study provides a new idea for CAT to alleviate NASH.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(2020R1F1A1074155).
文摘Recently,Prevotella spp.,a major genus of gram-negative commensal bacteria in humans,have emerged as a key microbial contributor to host metabolism due to its ability to ferment dietary fibers,produce beneficial short-chain fatty acids,and influence immune responses.However,their diversity and functional differences have created challenges for their development and therapeutic use.Recent studies have shown that specific Prevotella species,such as P.copri,P.intestinalis,and P.histicola,can strengthen gut barrier integrity and reduce metabolic imbalances.Notably,Prevotella populations can be increased through high-fiber or herbal-based treatments.Traditional herbal medicines,including fiber-rich decoctions,also demonstrate the potential to boost endogenous Prevotella communities,enhance microbial fermentation,and improve glucose and lipid balance.This perspective examines the context-dependent roles of Prevotella spp.,with emphasis on the functional heterogeneity of key species such as P.copri,suggests a framework for combining herbal modulation with species-level microbiota profiling,and outlines a research plan to explore microbe-herb synergy in treating obesity,type 2 diabetes,and related metabolic disorders.This strategy offers a new,ecology-based approach to complement standard metabolic interventions.
基金supported by the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20272)。
文摘Cronobacter spp.has strong resistance to desiccation and high permeability in Enterobacteriaceae,and powdered infant formula(PIF)is one of the main contamination routes.In recent years,the contamination of Cronobacter spp.in PIF incidents occurs from time to time,causing infant serious diseases or death.In this investigation,matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry was used to identify the phenotypes of 35 Cronobacter strains isolated from PIF and its processing environment.Subsequently,the isolates were evaluated for drying and osmotic pressure tolerance.The results showed that the deactivation rate of the strains ranged from 9.01%to 77.57%,and the highest osmotic pressure condition the strains could tolerate was 6 g/100 mL Na Cl.In addition,there was a positive correlation between biofilm formation ability and desiccation resistance.Combined with transcriptomics,Cronobacter spp.could activate biofilm synthesis,produce more trehalose,accumulate betaine and electrolytes to stabilize intracellular structure under the two treatment conditions.A total of 31 and 43 genes were found related to desiccation and permeability resistance,respectively.And some genes(cysM,thuF,ycjO,etc.)were found to be associated with two tolerances for the first time.
基金Medical Research Project of Xi’an Science and Technology Bureau“Molecular Mechanism of miR-1305 Competitive Endogenous circRNA in the Development of Liver Cancer”(Project No.22YXYJ0134)General Project of Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology“Mechanism Study on the Inhibition of Liver Cancer Invasion and Metastasis by Downregulating METTL3 and Reducing the m6A Modification Level of MMP3 with Honokiol”(Project No.2023-YBSF-631)。
文摘Objective:To evaluate the predictive value of secreted phosphoprotein 1(SPP1)gene expression for postoperative survival in patients with advanced liver cancer undergoing hepatic artery interventional chemoembolization treatment.Method:Bioinformatics methods,including gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis,were used to identify genes related to survival prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)patients.A retrospective analysis of 115 advanced liver cancer patients treated between January 2016 and October 2017 was conducted.Patients were categorized into SPP1 high-expression(n=89)and low-expression groups(n=26).Additionally,115 healthy individuals served as the control group.The relationship between SPP1 expression and clinical pathological features was analyzed.A 60-month follow-up and logistic regression analysis identified risk factors affecting survival.Results:SPP1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in liver cancer patients compared to healthy controls(P<0.05).SPP1 expression levels were significantly associated with tumor size,Child-Pugh grading,lymph node metastasis,and BCLC staging(P<0.05).High SPP1 expression,along with tumor size,Child-Pugh grading,lymph node metastasis,and BCLC staging,were independent risk factors for survival(P<0.05).The 60-month survival rate was 17.39%,with a median survival of 40 months in the low-expression group versus 18 months in the high-expression group(P<0.05).Conclusion:SPP1 expression is significantly upregulated in advanced liver cancer patients and has predictive value for postoperative survival following hepatic artery chemoembolization treatment.SPP1,combined with clinical indicators such as tumor size,Child-Pugh grading,lymph node metastasis,and BCLC staging,may serve as a prognostic biomarker for interventional treatment outcomes.
文摘Urban lakes and fountains provide recreational activities that could facilitate the contact between humans, animals and biological agents. The objective of this work was to assess the water quality and safety of 17 lakes and 13 fountains in the city of Porto (Portugal), by detecting the presence of Escherichia coli, enterococci and Salmonella spp., and analyzing their antimicrobial resistance. (For more information,please refer to the pdf.)
基金funded by Shenzhen Scientific Research Program(No.JCYJ20150402152130173)Scientific Research Project of Shenzhen Health and Family Planning System(No.201601058)Scientific Research Program of Shenzhen Nanshan District of China(No.2015019,2015022,2016010)
文摘In order to discover the risk factors for 30-day mortality in bloodstream infections（BSI） caused by Enterococcus spp.strains,we explored the clinical and therapeutic profile of patients with Enterococcus spp.BSI and the characteristics of this condition.A total of 64 patients with BSI caused by Enterococcus spp.who were treated in our hospital between 2006 and 2015 were included in the study.The clinical features of patients,microbiology,and 30-day mortality were collected from the electronic medical records database and analyzed.The results showed that there were 38 patients infected by Enterococcus faecalis（E.faecalis）,24 by Enterococcus faecium（E.faecium）,1 by Enterococcus casseliflavus（E.casseliflavus）,and 1 by Enterococcus gallinarum（E.gallinarum）.A Charlson comorbidity score ≥5,corticosteroid treatment,placement of catheters or other prosthetic devices and history of antibiotic use were found more frequently in E.faecium BSI patients than in E.faecalis patients（P=0.017,P=0.027,P=0.008 and P=0.027,respectively）.Furthermore,the univariate and multivariate analysis showed that corticosteroid treatment（OR=17.385,P=0.008）,hospital acquisition（OR=16.328,P=0.038）,and vascular catheter infection（OR=14.788,P=0.025） were all independently associated with 30-day mortality.Our results indicate that E.faecalis and E.faecium are two different pathogens with unique microbiologic characteristics,which cause different clinical features in BSI,and the empiric antimicrobial treatments are paramount for patients with enterococcal BSI.
