Objective:An attempt was made to study the use of papaya pulp powder as a disintegrant in tablet formulations. The objective of the present work is to identify a natural binding and disintegrating agent for formulatin...Objective:An attempt was made to study the use of papaya pulp powder as a disintegrant in tablet formulations. The objective of the present work is to identify a natural binding and disintegrating agent for formulating tablets and to study the effect of disintegrating agents and binding agents on the dissolution of the formulation containing paracetamol.Methods:Papaya pulp powder is obtained from unripe papaya fruit.The fruit was screened for its physical and chemical characteristics and used in tablet formulations.In order to find out the percentage that could be used to formulate a product containing good disintegrating and dissolution characteristics, several formulations(Paracetamol) with different concentrations of 8%,10%,12%,15%,20%,25%& 30%were prepared.As a comparison,an already established disintegrant,sodium starchgylcolate was selected and several formulations containing similar concentrations,were also prepared.The invitro evaluation of the formulations were undertaken,and the results compared.In the present study preformulation studies on the purity, development of calibration curve of the drug and the compatibility between the drug and excepients were carried out.The fruits were cut into small pieces,grated,dried and powdered,passed through different sieves and made into fine powder.Fine powder of papaya was mixed with required amount of drug and sodium starchgylcolate individually in different concentrations along with other additives & binding agents.The dried granules were compressed into tablets and all the formulated dosage forms of paracetamol tablets were subjected to quality control tests like hardness disintegration and dissolution.Results:From the results it was observed that formulations S1 and P7 containing 8%of sodium starchgylcolate and 30%of papaya pulp powder showed good disintegration and dissolution characteristics.Conclusion:Since the tablet formulation P7 containing 30%of papaya pulp powder shows good disintegration and dissolution characteristics and also falls with in the limits of other tablet evaluation parameter,it justifies the possible use of papaya pulp powder as a disintegrant in tablet formulation.The percentage of papaya pulp powder to be used could depend on the nature of the formulation and other excepients used along with it.展开更多
The aim of this study was to modify the sago starch and evaluate its efficacy as tablet disintegrant. Cross-linked car-boxymethylated sago starch (CMSS) was synthesized using native sago starch (SS) and monochloroacet...The aim of this study was to modify the sago starch and evaluate its efficacy as tablet disintegrant. Cross-linked car-boxymethylated sago starch (CMSS) was synthesized using native sago starch (SS) and monochloroacetic acid (MCA) with sodium hydroxide in microwave radiation environment. FT-IR analysis of the sample confirmed the carboxy-methylation by showing absorption peak at 1607.2 cm-1. CMSS with degree of substitution (DS) of 0.31 was formed and, it was further evaluated as disintegrant in Ondasetron based tablets. The results revealed that CMSS could be used as disintegrant in tablet formulation in concentration dependant manner.展开更多
There are many natural sources to obtain pharmaceutical grade starch, one of which is banana (<i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Musa</span></i><span style="font-f...There are many natural sources to obtain pharmaceutical grade starch, one of which is banana (<i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Musa</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> × </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">paradisiaca L</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></i>);nevertheless, the use of native starch has certain disadvantages compared to modified starches, whose disintegrating properties are better. In this study, starch extracted from rejected fruits of <i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Musa</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> × </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">paradisiaca L</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></i>, was modified by acetylation, under the following optimized experimental conditions: 130 mL acetic anhydride, 3 mL sodium hydroxide 50% p/v for each 15 grams of native starch, at 123℃ during 3 hours. The reaction resulted in a modified green banana starch with twice as much swelling capacity compared to unmodified (native) starch;acetylation was verified by infrared spectroscopy and degree of substitution of acetyl groups by back titration. The dissolution profiles of Ibuprofen tablets <span style="font-family:Verdana;">made </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">with</span><span> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">banana modified starch and commercial disintegrant, ha</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ve</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> no differences according with their similarity factor</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">f</span></i><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. It is concluded that it is feasible to use green banana starch modified through acetylation as a pharmaceutical disintegrant.</span></span>展开更多
The effect of particle size,pH of medium,and presence of lubricant on the swelling behaviour,water uptake properties and disintegrant performance of polacrilin potassium was examined.Particle size did not affect the b...The effect of particle size,pH of medium,and presence of lubricant on the swelling behaviour,water uptake properties and disintegrant performance of polacrilin potassium was examined.Particle size did not affect the bulk swelling of disintegrant particles when measured as settling volume,but increased the water uptake and decreased the disintegration time of tablets containing this disintegrant.An increase in the pH of the medium from acidic to neutral increased the bulk swelling of the particles,whereas it decreased water uptake and disintegrant performance.Addition of lubricant had no effect on settling volume,but decreased the water uptake rate and the disintegrant performance significantly.It is concluded that wicking,i.e.capillary action,rather than swelling,is the major factor that contributes to the disintegration behaviour of polacrilin potassium.展开更多
With the legislative development,the organic and inorganic composition separation has become the primary requirement for sewer sediment disposal,however the relevant technology has been rarely reported and the driving...With the legislative development,the organic and inorganic composition separation has become the primary requirement for sewer sediment disposal,however the relevant technology has been rarely reported and the driving mechanism was still unclear.In this study,direct disintegration of biopolymers and indirect broken of connection point were investigated on the hydrolysis and component separation.Three typical sewer sediment treatment approaches,i.e.,alkaline,thermal and cation exchange treatments were proposed,which represented the hydrolysis-driving forces of chemical hydrolysis,physical hydrolysis and innovative cation bridging break-age.The results showed that the organic and inorganic separation rates of sewer sediment driven by alkaline,thermal and cation exchange treatments reached 21.26%,23.80%,and 19.56%-48.0%,respectively,compared to 4.43%in control.The secondary structure of proteins was disrupted,transitioning from𝛼α-helix to𝛽β-turn and random coil.Meanwhile,much biopolymers were released from solid to the liquid phase.From thermody-namic perspective,sewer sediment deposition was controlled by short-range interfacial interactions described by extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory.Additionally,the separation of organic and inorganic components was positively correlated with the thermodynamic parameters(Corr=0.87),highlighted the robust-ness of various driving forces.And the flocculation energy barriers were 2.40(alkaline),1.60 times(thermal),and 4.02–4.97 times(cation exchange)compared to control group.The findings revealed the contrition differ-ence of direct disintegration of gelatinous biopolymers and indirect breakage of composition connection sites in sediment composition separation,filling the critical gaps in understanding the specific mechanisms of sediment biopolymer disintegration and intermolecular connection breakage.展开更多
To accurately identify the factors affecting the formation of stable aggregates in bauxite residue during the soil formation process,the comprehensive effects of a combined chemical-biological amelioration strategy in...To accurately identify the factors affecting the formation of stable aggregates in bauxite residue during the soil formation process,the comprehensive effects of a combined chemical-biological amelioration strategy including solid wastes and a functional microorganism on aggregate size distribution and its stability in bauxite residue were investigated during a 365-d simulation experiment.The results showed that the combined amelioration effectively reduced the saline alkalinity of bauxite residue,and markedly changed the contents of aggregate-associated chemical binding agents.Desulfurization gypsum and maize straw-Penicillium oxalicum(P.oxalicum)differentiated the formation of aggregates within different sizes.Maize straw-P.oxalicum stimulated the formation of water-stable macroaggregates with more durable erosion resistance by the wet-sieving and laser dynamic diffraction analysis.The Pearson correlation analysis showed that exchangeable polyvalent metal ions,pyrophosphate extractable Fe oxide,and organic carbon exhibited positive correlations with aggregate stability during the 365-d incubation.The findings in this study may provide data support and engineering practical reference for ecological restoration in the disposal areas.展开更多
Loess slopes in cold and arid regions are susceptible to shallow soil degradation,which may trigger severe environmental problems related to soil erosion.To address this environmental challenge,this study selected a c...Loess slopes in cold and arid regions are susceptible to shallow soil degradation,which may trigger severe environmental problems related to soil erosion.To address this environmental challenge,this study selected a compound ecological curing agent composed of gellan gum and guar gum for stabilizing shallow loess slopes.Triaxial compression and disintegration tests were employed to comparatively analyze the effects of compound gum content,mass mix ratio,and curing age on the mechanical and disintegration properties of solidified loess.The curing mechanism was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and the ecological protection effect was monitored for a 60-day period.The results indicate that gellan gum,guar gum,and the compound gum can enhance the mechanical and disintegration properties of loess,promote plant growth,and optimize the ecological environment.However,the combination of gellan gum and guar gum proves more effective than using either gellan gum or guar gum alone.Considering the effects on mechanical properties,disintegration performance,and material economy,the disintegration rate of loess decreases by 75.72%compared to plain loess when the compound glue content is 0.5%,the mixing ratio of gellan gum to guar gum is 3:7 and the curing age is 7 days.Meanwhile,the cohesion and internal friction angle increase by 118.06%and 10.97%,respectively.Moreover,the disintegration performance and mechanical properties of the samples first increase and then decrease with the increase in compound glue and the mix ratio and are basically stabilized after the curing age reaches 7d.展开更多
Cyclic wetting-drying alternation has a significant influence on the strength and structure of soils.It is prone to causing soil softening and disintegration,highlighting the importance to improve the soil's resis...Cyclic wetting-drying alternation has a significant influence on the strength and structure of soils.It is prone to causing soil softening and disintegration,highlighting the importance to improve the soil's resistance to disintegration.This paper utilizes a self-developed disintegration test apparatus to analyze the disintegration characteristics of improved red soil under wet-dry cycles,focusing on the disintegration amount and ratio.Furthermore,XRD(X-ray diffraction),SEM(scanning electron microscope),tensile test,and contact angle test are employed to investigate the anti-disintegration behaviors of the improved red soil.The results show that the disintegrating amount and ratio of undisturbed and improved red soil are distinctly different under wet-dry cycles.Linear,stepped,constant and concave but perfect"S"shapes of the disintegrating ratio are observed in the cyclic tests.Cement and lime strengthen the red soil primarily through hydration reaction.The drop experiment confirms that cement plays a crucial role in restraining the disintegration.When the ameliorant content is low,the correlation between pore parameters and disintegration duration of red soil follows the order:mean shape coefficient>fractal dimension>probability entropy>area probability distribution index.With a high ameliorant content,the correlation remains similar,with slightly higher correlation for probability entropy.Under wet-dry cycle conditions,sludge and kaolin can improve the soil through the bonding of clay particles.The improved water repellency greatly enhances the resistance to disintegration of the altered red soil.The research provides valuable insights for the practical application of soil.展开更多
Sulfur-free lignin(SFL),a byproduct of the corn ethanol industry,effectively improves soil strength;however,its inherent solubility limits saline soil treatment in dry-wet environments.To solve this problem,this paper...Sulfur-free lignin(SFL),a byproduct of the corn ethanol industry,effectively improves soil strength;however,its inherent solubility limits saline soil treatment in dry-wet environments.To solve this problem,this paper proposes the selection of a granular SFL(GSFL)with a relatively large particle size,but with its chemical properties retained,to replace the conventional powdered SFL(PSFL).Among the processes of water-induced erosion failure of earthen structures,disintegration is commonly deemed the primary cause.Therefore,the disintegration characteristics of both PSFL-and GSFL-modified soils with 0%,5%,7%,10%,and 12%dosages were tested under dry-wet conditions.Moreover,several physicochemical properties,including the particle size distribution,bound water content,pH value,cation exchange capacity,functional groups,and microstructure,were explored.The results revealed that the water stability of the GSFL-modified soils was greater than that of the PSFL-modified soils.All of the PSFL-modified soils and natural soil completely disintegrated at the first immersion stage,whereas the GSFL-modified soils resisted 7 dry-wet cycles,notably at the 10%dosage.Microscopic analysis revealed that the SFL particle size affected mainly the cementation strength and microstructural homogeneity.Both the GSFL and PSFL particles strengthened the intergranular cementation through ion exchange,electrostatic interactions,and reinforcement effects.However,the PSFL preferentially filled the intragranular pores,causing a nonuniform microstructural arrangement and ineffectively enhancing the disintegration resistance of the saline soil.This preliminary study suggests that the particle size of a soil modifier may affect certain properties of the modified soil,necessitating future focused research.展开更多
It is an important way to realize low carbon in China’s iron and steel industry by hydrogen-rich blast furnace smelting process.Sinter is the main blast furnace burden,and its reduction characteristics have a signifi...It is an important way to realize low carbon in China’s iron and steel industry by hydrogen-rich blast furnace smelting process.Sinter is the main blast furnace burden,and its reduction characteristics have a significant influence on ironmaking.The reduction behaviors,including reduction index(RI)and low-temperature reduction disintegration index(RDI),and the reduction mechanism of sinter in hydrogen-rich blast furnace were investigated.The results show that RI increased from 82.85 to 95.53 wt.%with an increase in H_(2)content from 0 to 30 vol.%,and the main phase of the reduction product was metallic iron.In the research of RDI,when the H_(2)content was increased from 0 to 20 vol.%,RDI+3.15 increased from 69.61 to 75.38 wt.%,and the main reaction was the reduction of hematite to magnetite.At 600-950℃,the reduction of sinter in CO and hydrogen-rich atmospheres(H_(2):CO=2)was both controlled by the first-order reaction model,and the apparent activation energy was 33.64 and 44.57 kJ/mol,respectively.展开更多
Disintegrated dolomite slope and tunnel disasters occur frequently due to poor water stability of disintegrated dolomite,primarily in a form of seepage failure.For engineering purposes,it is critical to determine the ...Disintegrated dolomite slope and tunnel disasters occur frequently due to poor water stability of disintegrated dolomite,primarily in a form of seepage failure.For engineering purposes,it is critical to determine the seepage properties of disintegrated dolomite within the strata.However,conventional experimental methods are time-consuming and expensive and may not be effective in investigating seepage characteristics due to the heterogeneity of disintegrated dolomite.In this study,pore network model(PNM)was established by the computerized tomography(CT)scanning technology to characterize the pores.Meanwhile,the seepage and coefficient of permeability under different inlet stress conditions based on the accurate pore model were realized by linking the commercial image processing software Avizo with the commercial multi-physics modeling package Comsol.The results show that the porosities of severely and completely disintegrated dolomites are 29.17% and 45.37%,respectively.The grade of pore development increases with disintegration grade,which facilitates seepage failure.Severely and completely disintegrated dolomites have the coefficients of permeability of 9.67×10^(-7) m/s and 1.61×10^(-6) m/s,respectively.Under conventional conditions,severely and completely disintegrated dolomites undergo seepage failure above a pressure difference of 6×10^(3) Pa and 5×10^(3) Pa,respectively.These results are consistent with both in situ water pressure tests in the borehole and laboratory tests with the constant-head method,demonstrating that CT scanning is an effective method for observing fractures and pores in disintegrated dolomite for seepage evaluation.展开更多
The rapid development of military technology has prompted different types of equipment to break the limits of operational domains and emerged through complex interactions to form a vast combat system of systems(CSoS),...The rapid development of military technology has prompted different types of equipment to break the limits of operational domains and emerged through complex interactions to form a vast combat system of systems(CSoS),which can be abstracted as a heterogeneous combat network(HCN).It is of great military significance to study the disintegration strategy of combat networks to achieve the breakdown of the enemy’s CSoS.To this end,this paper proposes an integrated framework called HCN disintegration based on double deep Q-learning(HCN-DDQL).Firstly,the enemy’s CSoS is abstracted as an HCN,and an evaluation index based on the capability and attack costs of nodes is proposed.Meanwhile,a mathematical optimization model for HCN disintegration is established.Secondly,the learning environment and double deep Q-network model of HCN-DDQL are established to train the HCN’s disintegration strategy.Then,based on the learned HCN-DDQL model,an algorithm for calculating the HCN’s optimal disintegration strategy under different states is proposed.Finally,a case study is used to demonstrate the reliability and effectiveness of HCNDDQL,and the results demonstrate that HCN-DDQL can disintegrate HCNs more effectively than baseline methods.展开更多
The oral disintegrating film(ODF)offers significant advantages such as superior patient compliance and rapid action onset as a form of solid drug delivery.However,the drug loading efficiency and dosage of the ODF curr...The oral disintegrating film(ODF)offers significant advantages such as superior patient compliance and rapid action onset as a form of solid drug delivery.However,the drug loading efficiency and dosage of the ODF currently available in the market are limited.To enhance the drug loading efficiency,with bacterial cellulose(BC)and hyaluronic acid(HA)as film-forming agents,glycerol(GL)as a plasticizer,and diprophylline(Dilor)as the model drug,a Dilor-ODF was prepared by a solvent casting method for the treatment of acute asthma-related diseases.The BC nano-network structure was utilized to augment the drug loading efficiency of the Dilor-ODF,while HA and GL were used to improve the elongation at break.The disintegration time,drug loading efficiency and drug releasing rate,and tensile properties of the Dilor-ODF were mainly evaluated.The results indicated that the Dilor-ODF exhibited a smooth surface with a uniform thickness and a maximum drug loading efficiency of(51.10±0.08)%.The time for complete disintegration and that for drug release in simulated oral saliva were less than 30 and 90 s,respectively,indicating the effect of rapid release.The tensile strength and elongation at break of the Dilor-ODF were(46.3±2.8)MPa and(1.9±0.2)%,respectively.The thermal decomposition temperature of the Dilor-ODF was higher than 200℃,satisfying subsequent processing demand.展开更多
In gas injection refining processes,wide dispersion of small bubbles in the bath is indispensable for high refining efficiency.Eccentric mechanical stirring with unidirectional impeller rotation was tested using a wat...In gas injection refining processes,wide dispersion of small bubbles in the bath is indispensable for high refining efficiency.Eccentric mechanical stirring with unidirectional impeller rotation was tested using a water model for pursuing better bubble disintegration and dispersion.Effects of various factors on bubble disintegration and dispersion were investigated.These factors were stirring mode,eccentricity and rotation speed,nozzle structure,nozzle immersion depth,and gas flow rate.Gas injection from a nozzle at the end of the impeller shaft and from an immersed lance was studied.Under eccentric stirring,a vortex was formed away from the shaft.Small bubbles were produced in the strong turbulence or high shear stress field near the rotating impeller and moved in the direction to the vortex keeping up with the macroscopic flow induced by the mechanical stirring.Thus small bubbles could disperse widely in the bath under eccentric stirring with unidirectional rotation.展开更多
Ahn To develop a high resolution HPLC method for the determination of ondansetron in human plasma and to study the pharmacokinetics of ondansetron in orally disintegrating tablets. Methods HPLC determination involved ...Ahn To develop a high resolution HPLC method for the determination of ondansetron in human plasma and to study the pharmacokinetics of ondansetron in orally disintegrating tablets. Methods HPLC determination involved liquid-liquid extraction, separation on a CN column and ultraviolet detection at 310 ran with granisetron as an internal standard. Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of ondansetron in orally disintegrating tablets by direct compression and conventional 8 mg tablets were evaluated and compared in 20 healthy human male volunteers after a single oral dose in a randomized cross-over study. Results The limit of quantification was 0.25 ng· mL^-1. The recovery was about 85 % or over for ondan setron and about 90% for internal standard. Linearity was good within the concentration range of 0.5 - 50 ng·mL^-1 with r^2 ranging from 0.997 1 to 0.999 9. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation ranged from 1.78% to 2.38% and 3.88% -5.19%, respectively. Accuracies for spiked concentrations of 2.0, 10.0, and 30.0 ng·mL^-1 were 104.7% ±4.4%, 102.2% ± 1.1%, and99.51% ±2.34%, respectively. Pharmacokinetic parameters of AUCo-t, AUCo-∞ , Cmax, Tmax, and T1/2 were 230.2 ± 78.0 ng·h·L^-1 , 265.2± 101.5 ng·h·mL^-1, 35.67 ± 8.94 ng·mL^-l, 1.51 ±0.79 h, and 5.00± 1.41 h for orally disintegrating tablets, respectively. The analysis of variance did not show any significant difference between orally disintegrating tablets and conventional tablets, and 90% confidence intervals fell within the acceptable range for bioequivalence. Conclusion High resolution HPLC method has been set up and applied in pharmacokinetic evaluation of ondansetron in orally disintegrating tablets.展开更多
Aim The aim of the present study was to prepare tablets which can rapidlydisintegrate in saliva, containing active ingredient in high dose (37.5% W/W). Methods Rapidlydisintegrating tablets containing rotundine were p...Aim The aim of the present study was to prepare tablets which can rapidlydisintegrate in saliva, containing active ingredient in high dose (37.5% W/W). Methods Rapidlydisintegrating tablets containing rotundine were prepared by direct compression, wet granulation andmoulding, respectively . Different disintegrants and excipients were decided by single factor test.The typical disintegration time measurement and a new method of wetting time measuring wereintroduced for assessing rapidly disintegrating tablets. Results The tablets (80 mg) prepared bydirect compression have the crushing strength of 4.0 kg ?mm^(-2) and rapidly disintegratewithin 15 s in the saliva of healthy volunteers; the tablets prepared by wet granulation also havesufficient strength, a little longer but acceptable disintegration time (within 25 s in saliva) ;and the tablets obtained by moulding show disintegration within 40 s in saliva but low strength (2kg·mm^(-2)) . Disintegration time profiles of tablets are similar to those of wetting time, and thedisintegration and wetting times in vitro are similar to the disintegration time in vivo, thelatter having higher correlation with that in oral cavity. Conclusion The rapidly disintegratingtablets can be prepared by using these three techniques and excipients. Both in vitro disintegrationtime and wetting time are necessary indexes for judgment of in vitro disintegration profile.展开更多
The disintegration of granite residual soil is especially affected by variations in physical and chemical properties. Serious geologic hazards or engineering problems are closely related to the disintegration of grani...The disintegration of granite residual soil is especially affected by variations in physical and chemical properties. Serious geologic hazards or engineering problems are closely related to the disintegration of granite residual soil in certain areas. Research on the mechanical properties and controlling mechanisms of disintegration has become a hot issue in practical engineering. In this paper, the disintegration characteristics of improved granite residual soil are studied by using a wet and dry cycle disintegration instrument, and the improvement mechanism is analyzed. The results show that the disintegration amounts and disintegration ratios of soil samples treated with different curing agents are obviously different. The disintegration process of improved granite residual soil can be roughly divided into 5 stages:the forcible water intrusion stage, microcrack and fissure development stage, curing and strengthening stage, stable stage, and sudden disintegration stage. The disintegration of granite residual soil is caused by the weakening of the cementation between soil particles under the action of water. When the disintegration force is greater than the anti-disintegration force of soil, the soil will disintegrate. Cement and lime mainly rely on ion exchange agglomeration, the inclusion effect of curing agents on soil particles, the hard coagulation reaction and carbonation to strengthen granite residual soil. Kaolinite mainly depends on the reversibility of its own cementation to improve and strengthen granite residual soil. The reversibility of kaolinite cementation is verified by investigating pure kaolinite with a tensile, soaking, drying and tensile test cycle. Research on the disintegration characteristics and disintegration mechanism of improved granite residual soil is of certain reference value for soil modification.展开更多
Size and quantity of fractured zone and non-fractured zone are controlled by cracks contained in deep rock masses. Zonal disintegration mechanism is strongly dependent on the interaction among cracks. The strong inter...Size and quantity of fractured zone and non-fractured zone are controlled by cracks contained in deep rock masses. Zonal disintegration mechanism is strongly dependent on the interaction among cracks. The strong interaction among cracks is investigated using stress superposition principle and the Chebyshev polynomials expansion of the pseudo-traction. It is found from numerical results that crack nucleation, growth and coalescence lead to failure of deep crack- weakened rock masses. The stress redistribution around the surrounding rock mass induced by unloading excavation is studied. The effect of the excavation time on nucleation, growth, interaction and coalescence of cracks was analyzed. Moreover, the influence of the excavation time on the size and quantity of fractured zone and non-fractured zone was given. When the excavation time is short, zonal disintegration phenomenon may occur in deep rock masses. It is shown from numerical results that the size and quantity of fractured zone increase with decreasing excavation time, and the size and quantity of fractured zone increase with the increasing value of in-situ geostress.展开更多
Complex systems widely exist in nature and human society.There are complex interactions between system elements in a complex system,and systems show complex features at the macro level,such as emergence,self-organizat...Complex systems widely exist in nature and human society.There are complex interactions between system elements in a complex system,and systems show complex features at the macro level,such as emergence,self-organization,uncertainty,and dynamics.These complex features make it difficult to understand the internal operation mechanism of complex systems.Networked modeling of complex systems is a favorable means of understanding complex systems.It not only represents complex interactions but also reflects essential attributes of complex systems.This paper summarizes the research progress of complex systems modeling and analysis from the perspective of network science,including networked modeling,vital node analysis,network invulnerability analysis,network disintegration analysis,resilience analysis,complex network link prediction,and the attacker-defender game in complex networks.In addition,this paper presents some points of view on the trend and focus of future research on network analysis of complex systems.展开更多
文摘Objective:An attempt was made to study the use of papaya pulp powder as a disintegrant in tablet formulations. The objective of the present work is to identify a natural binding and disintegrating agent for formulating tablets and to study the effect of disintegrating agents and binding agents on the dissolution of the formulation containing paracetamol.Methods:Papaya pulp powder is obtained from unripe papaya fruit.The fruit was screened for its physical and chemical characteristics and used in tablet formulations.In order to find out the percentage that could be used to formulate a product containing good disintegrating and dissolution characteristics, several formulations(Paracetamol) with different concentrations of 8%,10%,12%,15%,20%,25%& 30%were prepared.As a comparison,an already established disintegrant,sodium starchgylcolate was selected and several formulations containing similar concentrations,were also prepared.The invitro evaluation of the formulations were undertaken,and the results compared.In the present study preformulation studies on the purity, development of calibration curve of the drug and the compatibility between the drug and excepients were carried out.The fruits were cut into small pieces,grated,dried and powdered,passed through different sieves and made into fine powder.Fine powder of papaya was mixed with required amount of drug and sodium starchgylcolate individually in different concentrations along with other additives & binding agents.The dried granules were compressed into tablets and all the formulated dosage forms of paracetamol tablets were subjected to quality control tests like hardness disintegration and dissolution.Results:From the results it was observed that formulations S1 and P7 containing 8%of sodium starchgylcolate and 30%of papaya pulp powder showed good disintegration and dissolution characteristics.Conclusion:Since the tablet formulation P7 containing 30%of papaya pulp powder shows good disintegration and dissolution characteristics and also falls with in the limits of other tablet evaluation parameter,it justifies the possible use of papaya pulp powder as a disintegrant in tablet formulation.The percentage of papaya pulp powder to be used could depend on the nature of the formulation and other excepients used along with it.
文摘The aim of this study was to modify the sago starch and evaluate its efficacy as tablet disintegrant. Cross-linked car-boxymethylated sago starch (CMSS) was synthesized using native sago starch (SS) and monochloroacetic acid (MCA) with sodium hydroxide in microwave radiation environment. FT-IR analysis of the sample confirmed the carboxy-methylation by showing absorption peak at 1607.2 cm-1. CMSS with degree of substitution (DS) of 0.31 was formed and, it was further evaluated as disintegrant in Ondasetron based tablets. The results revealed that CMSS could be used as disintegrant in tablet formulation in concentration dependant manner.
文摘There are many natural sources to obtain pharmaceutical grade starch, one of which is banana (<i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Musa</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> × </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">paradisiaca L</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></i>);nevertheless, the use of native starch has certain disadvantages compared to modified starches, whose disintegrating properties are better. In this study, starch extracted from rejected fruits of <i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Musa</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> × </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">paradisiaca L</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></i>, was modified by acetylation, under the following optimized experimental conditions: 130 mL acetic anhydride, 3 mL sodium hydroxide 50% p/v for each 15 grams of native starch, at 123℃ during 3 hours. The reaction resulted in a modified green banana starch with twice as much swelling capacity compared to unmodified (native) starch;acetylation was verified by infrared spectroscopy and degree of substitution of acetyl groups by back titration. The dissolution profiles of Ibuprofen tablets <span style="font-family:Verdana;">made </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">with</span><span> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">banana modified starch and commercial disintegrant, ha</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ve</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> no differences according with their similarity factor</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">f</span></i><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. It is concluded that it is feasible to use green banana starch modified through acetylation as a pharmaceutical disintegrant.</span></span>
文摘The effect of particle size,pH of medium,and presence of lubricant on the swelling behaviour,water uptake properties and disintegrant performance of polacrilin potassium was examined.Particle size did not affect the bulk swelling of disintegrant particles when measured as settling volume,but increased the water uptake and decreased the disintegration time of tablets containing this disintegrant.An increase in the pH of the medium from acidic to neutral increased the bulk swelling of the particles,whereas it decreased water uptake and disintegrant performance.Addition of lubricant had no effect on settling volume,but decreased the water uptake rate and the disintegrant performance significantly.It is concluded that wicking,i.e.capillary action,rather than swelling,is the major factor that contributes to the disintegration behaviour of polacrilin potassium.
基金supported by Shaanxi Key Research and Development Program(No.2024SF-YBXM-546)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52470161)the State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Foundation(No.PCRRF21007).
文摘With the legislative development,the organic and inorganic composition separation has become the primary requirement for sewer sediment disposal,however the relevant technology has been rarely reported and the driving mechanism was still unclear.In this study,direct disintegration of biopolymers and indirect broken of connection point were investigated on the hydrolysis and component separation.Three typical sewer sediment treatment approaches,i.e.,alkaline,thermal and cation exchange treatments were proposed,which represented the hydrolysis-driving forces of chemical hydrolysis,physical hydrolysis and innovative cation bridging break-age.The results showed that the organic and inorganic separation rates of sewer sediment driven by alkaline,thermal and cation exchange treatments reached 21.26%,23.80%,and 19.56%-48.0%,respectively,compared to 4.43%in control.The secondary structure of proteins was disrupted,transitioning from𝛼α-helix to𝛽β-turn and random coil.Meanwhile,much biopolymers were released from solid to the liquid phase.From thermody-namic perspective,sewer sediment deposition was controlled by short-range interfacial interactions described by extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory.Additionally,the separation of organic and inorganic components was positively correlated with the thermodynamic parameters(Corr=0.87),highlighted the robust-ness of various driving forces.And the flocculation energy barriers were 2.40(alkaline),1.60 times(thermal),and 4.02–4.97 times(cation exchange)compared to control group.The findings revealed the contrition differ-ence of direct disintegration of gelatinous biopolymers and indirect breakage of composition connection sites in sediment composition separation,filling the critical gaps in understanding the specific mechanisms of sediment biopolymer disintegration and intermolecular connection breakage.
基金Projects(42177391,42477437)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2024RC3041)supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province,China+1 种基金Project(2023CXQD064)supported by the Innovation-Driven Research Programme of Central South University,ChinaProject(242102321124)supported by the Henan Provincal Science and Technology Research Project,China。
文摘To accurately identify the factors affecting the formation of stable aggregates in bauxite residue during the soil formation process,the comprehensive effects of a combined chemical-biological amelioration strategy including solid wastes and a functional microorganism on aggregate size distribution and its stability in bauxite residue were investigated during a 365-d simulation experiment.The results showed that the combined amelioration effectively reduced the saline alkalinity of bauxite residue,and markedly changed the contents of aggregate-associated chemical binding agents.Desulfurization gypsum and maize straw-Penicillium oxalicum(P.oxalicum)differentiated the formation of aggregates within different sizes.Maize straw-P.oxalicum stimulated the formation of water-stable macroaggregates with more durable erosion resistance by the wet-sieving and laser dynamic diffraction analysis.The Pearson correlation analysis showed that exchangeable polyvalent metal ions,pyrophosphate extractable Fe oxide,and organic carbon exhibited positive correlations with aggregate stability during the 365-d incubation.The findings in this study may provide data support and engineering practical reference for ecological restoration in the disposal areas.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2023JQ03,2023QN05014)the Youth Science and Technology Talents Project of Autonomous Region Colleges and Universities(NJYT22108)。
文摘Loess slopes in cold and arid regions are susceptible to shallow soil degradation,which may trigger severe environmental problems related to soil erosion.To address this environmental challenge,this study selected a compound ecological curing agent composed of gellan gum and guar gum for stabilizing shallow loess slopes.Triaxial compression and disintegration tests were employed to comparatively analyze the effects of compound gum content,mass mix ratio,and curing age on the mechanical and disintegration properties of solidified loess.The curing mechanism was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and the ecological protection effect was monitored for a 60-day period.The results indicate that gellan gum,guar gum,and the compound gum can enhance the mechanical and disintegration properties of loess,promote plant growth,and optimize the ecological environment.However,the combination of gellan gum and guar gum proves more effective than using either gellan gum or guar gum alone.Considering the effects on mechanical properties,disintegration performance,and material economy,the disintegration rate of loess decreases by 75.72%compared to plain loess when the compound glue content is 0.5%,the mixing ratio of gellan gum to guar gum is 3:7 and the curing age is 7 days.Meanwhile,the cohesion and internal friction angle increase by 118.06%and 10.97%,respectively.Moreover,the disintegration performance and mechanical properties of the samples first increase and then decrease with the increase in compound glue and the mix ratio and are basically stabilized after the curing age reaches 7d.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42102303)the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province,China(Grant No.202401CF070174)the Xingdian Talent Support Program(Grant No.C619300A130).
文摘Cyclic wetting-drying alternation has a significant influence on the strength and structure of soils.It is prone to causing soil softening and disintegration,highlighting the importance to improve the soil's resistance to disintegration.This paper utilizes a self-developed disintegration test apparatus to analyze the disintegration characteristics of improved red soil under wet-dry cycles,focusing on the disintegration amount and ratio.Furthermore,XRD(X-ray diffraction),SEM(scanning electron microscope),tensile test,and contact angle test are employed to investigate the anti-disintegration behaviors of the improved red soil.The results show that the disintegrating amount and ratio of undisturbed and improved red soil are distinctly different under wet-dry cycles.Linear,stepped,constant and concave but perfect"S"shapes of the disintegrating ratio are observed in the cyclic tests.Cement and lime strengthen the red soil primarily through hydration reaction.The drop experiment confirms that cement plays a crucial role in restraining the disintegration.When the ameliorant content is low,the correlation between pore parameters and disintegration duration of red soil follows the order:mean shape coefficient>fractal dimension>probability entropy>area probability distribution index.With a high ameliorant content,the correlation remains similar,with slightly higher correlation for probability entropy.Under wet-dry cycle conditions,sludge and kaolin can improve the soil through the bonding of clay particles.The improved water repellency greatly enhances the resistance to disintegration of the altered red soil.The research provides valuable insights for the practical application of soil.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42330708 and 42302329).
文摘Sulfur-free lignin(SFL),a byproduct of the corn ethanol industry,effectively improves soil strength;however,its inherent solubility limits saline soil treatment in dry-wet environments.To solve this problem,this paper proposes the selection of a granular SFL(GSFL)with a relatively large particle size,but with its chemical properties retained,to replace the conventional powdered SFL(PSFL).Among the processes of water-induced erosion failure of earthen structures,disintegration is commonly deemed the primary cause.Therefore,the disintegration characteristics of both PSFL-and GSFL-modified soils with 0%,5%,7%,10%,and 12%dosages were tested under dry-wet conditions.Moreover,several physicochemical properties,including the particle size distribution,bound water content,pH value,cation exchange capacity,functional groups,and microstructure,were explored.The results revealed that the water stability of the GSFL-modified soils was greater than that of the PSFL-modified soils.All of the PSFL-modified soils and natural soil completely disintegrated at the first immersion stage,whereas the GSFL-modified soils resisted 7 dry-wet cycles,notably at the 10%dosage.Microscopic analysis revealed that the SFL particle size affected mainly the cementation strength and microstructural homogeneity.Both the GSFL and PSFL particles strengthened the intergranular cementation through ion exchange,electrostatic interactions,and reinforcement effects.However,the PSFL preferentially filled the intragranular pores,causing a nonuniform microstructural arrangement and ineffectively enhancing the disintegration resistance of the saline soil.This preliminary study suggests that the particle size of a soil modifier may affect certain properties of the modified soil,necessitating future focused research.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52274343 and 52474370)the China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgy Innovation Foundation(BWLCF202102).
文摘It is an important way to realize low carbon in China’s iron and steel industry by hydrogen-rich blast furnace smelting process.Sinter is the main blast furnace burden,and its reduction characteristics have a significant influence on ironmaking.The reduction behaviors,including reduction index(RI)and low-temperature reduction disintegration index(RDI),and the reduction mechanism of sinter in hydrogen-rich blast furnace were investigated.The results show that RI increased from 82.85 to 95.53 wt.%with an increase in H_(2)content from 0 to 30 vol.%,and the main phase of the reduction product was metallic iron.In the research of RDI,when the H_(2)content was increased from 0 to 20 vol.%,RDI+3.15 increased from 69.61 to 75.38 wt.%,and the main reaction was the reduction of hematite to magnetite.At 600-950℃,the reduction of sinter in CO and hydrogen-rich atmospheres(H_(2):CO=2)was both controlled by the first-order reaction model,and the apparent activation energy was 33.64 and 44.57 kJ/mol,respectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42162026)the Basic Research Program in Yunnan Province,China(Grant No.202401AT070328)the Young Talents Project of“Xingdian Talent Support Program"in Yunnan Province,China(Grant No.YNWR-QNBJ-2020-019).
文摘Disintegrated dolomite slope and tunnel disasters occur frequently due to poor water stability of disintegrated dolomite,primarily in a form of seepage failure.For engineering purposes,it is critical to determine the seepage properties of disintegrated dolomite within the strata.However,conventional experimental methods are time-consuming and expensive and may not be effective in investigating seepage characteristics due to the heterogeneity of disintegrated dolomite.In this study,pore network model(PNM)was established by the computerized tomography(CT)scanning technology to characterize the pores.Meanwhile,the seepage and coefficient of permeability under different inlet stress conditions based on the accurate pore model were realized by linking the commercial image processing software Avizo with the commercial multi-physics modeling package Comsol.The results show that the porosities of severely and completely disintegrated dolomites are 29.17% and 45.37%,respectively.The grade of pore development increases with disintegration grade,which facilitates seepage failure.Severely and completely disintegrated dolomites have the coefficients of permeability of 9.67×10^(-7) m/s and 1.61×10^(-6) m/s,respectively.Under conventional conditions,severely and completely disintegrated dolomites undergo seepage failure above a pressure difference of 6×10^(3) Pa and 5×10^(3) Pa,respectively.These results are consistent with both in situ water pressure tests in the borehole and laboratory tests with the constant-head method,demonstrating that CT scanning is an effective method for observing fractures and pores in disintegrated dolomite for seepage evaluation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(7200120972231011+2 种基金72071206)the Science and Technology Innovative Research Team in Higher Educational Institutions of Hunan Province(2020RC4046)the Science Foundation for Outstanding Youth Scholars of Hunan Province(2022JJ20047).
文摘The rapid development of military technology has prompted different types of equipment to break the limits of operational domains and emerged through complex interactions to form a vast combat system of systems(CSoS),which can be abstracted as a heterogeneous combat network(HCN).It is of great military significance to study the disintegration strategy of combat networks to achieve the breakdown of the enemy’s CSoS.To this end,this paper proposes an integrated framework called HCN disintegration based on double deep Q-learning(HCN-DDQL).Firstly,the enemy’s CSoS is abstracted as an HCN,and an evaluation index based on the capability and attack costs of nodes is proposed.Meanwhile,a mathematical optimization model for HCN disintegration is established.Secondly,the learning environment and double deep Q-network model of HCN-DDQL are established to train the HCN’s disintegration strategy.Then,based on the learned HCN-DDQL model,an algorithm for calculating the HCN’s optimal disintegration strategy under different states is proposed.Finally,a case study is used to demonstrate the reliability and effectiveness of HCNDDQL,and the results demonstrate that HCN-DDQL can disintegrate HCNs more effectively than baseline methods.
文摘The oral disintegrating film(ODF)offers significant advantages such as superior patient compliance and rapid action onset as a form of solid drug delivery.However,the drug loading efficiency and dosage of the ODF currently available in the market are limited.To enhance the drug loading efficiency,with bacterial cellulose(BC)and hyaluronic acid(HA)as film-forming agents,glycerol(GL)as a plasticizer,and diprophylline(Dilor)as the model drug,a Dilor-ODF was prepared by a solvent casting method for the treatment of acute asthma-related diseases.The BC nano-network structure was utilized to augment the drug loading efficiency of the Dilor-ODF,while HA and GL were used to improve the elongation at break.The disintegration time,drug loading efficiency and drug releasing rate,and tensile properties of the Dilor-ODF were mainly evaluated.The results indicated that the Dilor-ODF exhibited a smooth surface with a uniform thickness and a maximum drug loading efficiency of(51.10±0.08)%.The time for complete disintegration and that for drug release in simulated oral saliva were less than 30 and 90 s,respectively,indicating the effect of rapid release.The tensile strength and elongation at break of the Dilor-ODF were(46.3±2.8)MPa and(1.9±0.2)%,respectively.The thermal decomposition temperature of the Dilor-ODF was higher than 200℃,satisfying subsequent processing demand.
基金Projects (50974035,51074047) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (20090407) supported by the Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education,ChinaProject (200921007) supported by Liaoning Key Science and Technology,China
文摘In gas injection refining processes,wide dispersion of small bubbles in the bath is indispensable for high refining efficiency.Eccentric mechanical stirring with unidirectional impeller rotation was tested using a water model for pursuing better bubble disintegration and dispersion.Effects of various factors on bubble disintegration and dispersion were investigated.These factors were stirring mode,eccentricity and rotation speed,nozzle structure,nozzle immersion depth,and gas flow rate.Gas injection from a nozzle at the end of the impeller shaft and from an immersed lance was studied.Under eccentric stirring,a vortex was formed away from the shaft.Small bubbles were produced in the strong turbulence or high shear stress field near the rotating impeller and moved in the direction to the vortex keeping up with the macroscopic flow induced by the mechanical stirring.Thus small bubbles could disperse widely in the bath under eccentric stirring with unidirectional rotation.
文摘Ahn To develop a high resolution HPLC method for the determination of ondansetron in human plasma and to study the pharmacokinetics of ondansetron in orally disintegrating tablets. Methods HPLC determination involved liquid-liquid extraction, separation on a CN column and ultraviolet detection at 310 ran with granisetron as an internal standard. Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of ondansetron in orally disintegrating tablets by direct compression and conventional 8 mg tablets were evaluated and compared in 20 healthy human male volunteers after a single oral dose in a randomized cross-over study. Results The limit of quantification was 0.25 ng· mL^-1. The recovery was about 85 % or over for ondan setron and about 90% for internal standard. Linearity was good within the concentration range of 0.5 - 50 ng·mL^-1 with r^2 ranging from 0.997 1 to 0.999 9. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation ranged from 1.78% to 2.38% and 3.88% -5.19%, respectively. Accuracies for spiked concentrations of 2.0, 10.0, and 30.0 ng·mL^-1 were 104.7% ±4.4%, 102.2% ± 1.1%, and99.51% ±2.34%, respectively. Pharmacokinetic parameters of AUCo-t, AUCo-∞ , Cmax, Tmax, and T1/2 were 230.2 ± 78.0 ng·h·L^-1 , 265.2± 101.5 ng·h·mL^-1, 35.67 ± 8.94 ng·mL^-l, 1.51 ±0.79 h, and 5.00± 1.41 h for orally disintegrating tablets, respectively. The analysis of variance did not show any significant difference between orally disintegrating tablets and conventional tablets, and 90% confidence intervals fell within the acceptable range for bioequivalence. Conclusion High resolution HPLC method has been set up and applied in pharmacokinetic evaluation of ondansetron in orally disintegrating tablets.
文摘Aim The aim of the present study was to prepare tablets which can rapidlydisintegrate in saliva, containing active ingredient in high dose (37.5% W/W). Methods Rapidlydisintegrating tablets containing rotundine were prepared by direct compression, wet granulation andmoulding, respectively . Different disintegrants and excipients were decided by single factor test.The typical disintegration time measurement and a new method of wetting time measuring wereintroduced for assessing rapidly disintegrating tablets. Results The tablets (80 mg) prepared bydirect compression have the crushing strength of 4.0 kg ?mm^(-2) and rapidly disintegratewithin 15 s in the saliva of healthy volunteers; the tablets prepared by wet granulation also havesufficient strength, a little longer but acceptable disintegration time (within 25 s in saliva) ;and the tablets obtained by moulding show disintegration within 40 s in saliva but low strength (2kg·mm^(-2)) . Disintegration time profiles of tablets are similar to those of wetting time, and thedisintegration and wetting times in vitro are similar to the disintegration time in vivo, thelatter having higher correlation with that in oral cavity. Conclusion The rapidly disintegratingtablets can be prepared by using these three techniques and excipients. Both in vitro disintegrationtime and wetting time are necessary indexes for judgment of in vitro disintegration profile.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41877228, 41877229 and 42102303)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Nos. 2018B030311066 and 2019A1515010554)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2019M663241)Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China (No. 201904010136)。
文摘The disintegration of granite residual soil is especially affected by variations in physical and chemical properties. Serious geologic hazards or engineering problems are closely related to the disintegration of granite residual soil in certain areas. Research on the mechanical properties and controlling mechanisms of disintegration has become a hot issue in practical engineering. In this paper, the disintegration characteristics of improved granite residual soil are studied by using a wet and dry cycle disintegration instrument, and the improvement mechanism is analyzed. The results show that the disintegration amounts and disintegration ratios of soil samples treated with different curing agents are obviously different. The disintegration process of improved granite residual soil can be roughly divided into 5 stages:the forcible water intrusion stage, microcrack and fissure development stage, curing and strengthening stage, stable stage, and sudden disintegration stage. The disintegration of granite residual soil is caused by the weakening of the cementation between soil particles under the action of water. When the disintegration force is greater than the anti-disintegration force of soil, the soil will disintegrate. Cement and lime mainly rely on ion exchange agglomeration, the inclusion effect of curing agents on soil particles, the hard coagulation reaction and carbonation to strengthen granite residual soil. Kaolinite mainly depends on the reversibility of its own cementation to improve and strengthen granite residual soil. The reversibility of kaolinite cementation is verified by investigating pure kaolinite with a tensile, soaking, drying and tensile test cycle. Research on the disintegration characteristics and disintegration mechanism of improved granite residual soil is of certain reference value for soil modification.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.50490275 and 50778184)
文摘Size and quantity of fractured zone and non-fractured zone are controlled by cracks contained in deep rock masses. Zonal disintegration mechanism is strongly dependent on the interaction among cracks. The strong interaction among cracks is investigated using stress superposition principle and the Chebyshev polynomials expansion of the pseudo-traction. It is found from numerical results that crack nucleation, growth and coalescence lead to failure of deep crack- weakened rock masses. The stress redistribution around the surrounding rock mass induced by unloading excavation is studied. The effect of the excavation time on nucleation, growth, interaction and coalescence of cracks was analyzed. Moreover, the influence of the excavation time on the size and quantity of fractured zone and non-fractured zone was given. When the excavation time is short, zonal disintegration phenomenon may occur in deep rock masses. It is shown from numerical results that the size and quantity of fractured zone increase with decreasing excavation time, and the size and quantity of fractured zone increase with the increasing value of in-situ geostress.
基金supported by the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(72231011)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72071206,72001209,71971213)the Science Foundation for Outstanding Youth Scholars of Hunan Province(2022JJ20047).
文摘Complex systems widely exist in nature and human society.There are complex interactions between system elements in a complex system,and systems show complex features at the macro level,such as emergence,self-organization,uncertainty,and dynamics.These complex features make it difficult to understand the internal operation mechanism of complex systems.Networked modeling of complex systems is a favorable means of understanding complex systems.It not only represents complex interactions but also reflects essential attributes of complex systems.This paper summarizes the research progress of complex systems modeling and analysis from the perspective of network science,including networked modeling,vital node analysis,network invulnerability analysis,network disintegration analysis,resilience analysis,complex network link prediction,and the attacker-defender game in complex networks.In addition,this paper presents some points of view on the trend and focus of future research on network analysis of complex systems.
