The all-vanadium redox flow battery(VRFB)plays an important role in the energy transition toward renewable technologies by providing grid-scale energy storage.Their deployment,however,is limited by the lack of membran...The all-vanadium redox flow battery(VRFB)plays an important role in the energy transition toward renewable technologies by providing grid-scale energy storage.Their deployment,however,is limited by the lack of membranes that provide both a high energy efficiency and capacity retention.Typically,the improvement of the battery’s energy efficiency comes at the cost of its capacity retention.Herein,novel N-alkylated and N-benzylated meta-polybenzimidazole(m-PBI)membranes are used to understand the molecular requirements of the polymer electrolyte in a vanadium redox flow battery,providing an important toolbox for future research toward next-generation membrane materials in energy storage devices.The addition of an ethyl side chain to the m-PBI backbone increases its affinity toward the acidic electrolyte,thereby increasing its ionic conductivity and the corresponding energy efficiency of the VRFB cell from 70%to 78%at a current density of 200 mA cm^(-2).In addition,cells equipped with ethylated m-PBI showed better capacity retention than their pristine counterpart,respectively 91%versus 87%,over 200 cycles at 200 mA cm^(-2).The outstanding VRFB cycling performance,together with the low-cost and fluorine-free chemistry of the N-alkylated m-PBI polymer,makes this material a promising membrane to be used in next-generation VRFB systems.展开更多
Zinc-air batteries(ZABs)are promising energy storage systems because of high theoretical energy density,safety,low cost,and abundance of zinc.However,the slow multi-step reaction of oxygen and heavy reliance on noble-...Zinc-air batteries(ZABs)are promising energy storage systems because of high theoretical energy density,safety,low cost,and abundance of zinc.However,the slow multi-step reaction of oxygen and heavy reliance on noble-metal catalysts hinder the practical applications of ZABs.Therefore,feasible and advanced non-noble-metal elec-trocatalysts for air cathodes need to be identified to promote the oxygen catalytic reaction.In this review,we initially introduced the advancement of ZABs in the past two decades and provided an overview of key developments in this field.Then,we discussed the work-ing mechanism and the design of bifunctional electrocatalysts from the perspective of morphology design,crystal structure tuning,interface strategy,and atomic engineering.We also included theoretical studies,machine learning,and advanced characterization technologies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure-performance relationship of electrocatalysts and the reaction pathways of the oxygen redox reactions.Finally,we discussed the challenges and prospects related to designing advanced non-noble-metal bifunctional electrocatalysts for ZABs.展开更多
The diverse non-smooth body surfaces to reduce soil adhesion are the evolutional results for the soil animals to fit the adhesive and wet environment and can be used as a biological basis for the design of bionic plow...The diverse non-smooth body surfaces to reduce soil adhesion are the evolutional results for the soil animals to fit the adhesive and wet environment and can be used as a biological basis for the design of bionic plow moldboard. The model surfaces for bionic simulation should be taken from soil animal digging organs, on which the soil motion is similar to what is on the surface of moldboard. By analyzing the distribution of non-smooth units on the body surface of the ground beetle jaw and the soil moving stresses, the design principles of the bionic moldboard for the local and the whole moldboard were presented respectively. As well, the effect of soil moving speed on reducing adhesion, the dimensions relationship between soil particles and non-smooth convexes, the relationship between the enveloping surface of non-smooth convexes and the initial smooth surface of the plow body, and the convex types of the sphere coronal and the pangolin scales,etc.were discussed.展开更多
Cracking and low thickness are major obstacles to the high corrosion performance of conversion coating on magnesium alloy.In this work,the ratio of total acidity to p H(TA/p H)was applied as an indicator,and new princ...Cracking and low thickness are major obstacles to the high corrosion performance of conversion coating on magnesium alloy.In this work,the ratio of total acidity to p H(TA/p H)was applied as an indicator,and new principles regarding the design of conversion bath were proposed.The treatment bath should be composed of species that can be categorized into two groups:the first group of species that react with Mg substrate to increase the local p H at the interface;the second group that precipitate and contributes to the growth of coating.The species belong to second group exists in a supersaturated state and its precipitation process is almost independent on the reactions of the species in first group.By this way,a thick and crack-free two-layered conversion coating is obtained.Moreover,the nature of the adjustment of TA/p H and the roles of the oxidizing agent and catalyst were discussed.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)have been regarded as one of the promising candidates for the next-generation“lithium-ion battery beyond”owing to their high energy density and due to the low cost of sulfur.However,the...Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)have been regarded as one of the promising candidates for the next-generation“lithium-ion battery beyond”owing to their high energy density and due to the low cost of sulfur.However,the main obstacles encountered in the commercial implementation of LSBs are the notorious shuttle effect,retarded sulfur redox kinetics,and uncontrolled dendrite growth.Accordingly,single-atom catalysts(SACs),which have ultrahigh catalytic efficiency,tunable coordination configuration,and light weight,have shown huge potential in the field of LSBs to date.This review summarizes the recent research progress of SACs applied as multifunctional components in LSBs.The design principles and typical synthetic strategies of SACs toward effective Li–S chemistry as well as the working mechanism promoting sulfur conversion reactions,inhibiting the lithium polysulfide shuttle effect,and regulating Li+nucleation are comprehensively illustrated.Potential future directions in terms of research on SACs for the realization of commercially viable LSBs are also outlined.展开更多
Interactive learning tools can facilitate the learning process and increase student engagement,especially tools such as computer programs that are designed for human-computer interaction.Thus,this paper aims to help s...Interactive learning tools can facilitate the learning process and increase student engagement,especially tools such as computer programs that are designed for human-computer interaction.Thus,this paper aims to help students learn five different methods for solving nonlinear equations using an interactive learning tool designed with common principles such as feedback,visibility,affordance,consistency,and constraints.It also compares these methods by the number of iterations and time required to display the result.This study helps students learn these methods using interactive learning tools instead of relying on traditional teaching methods.The tool is implemented using the MATLAB app and is evaluated through usability testing with two groups of users that are categorized by their level of experience with root-finding.Users with no knowledge in root-finding confirmed that they understood the root-finding concept when interacting with the designed tool.The positive results of the user evaluation showed that the tool can be recommended to other users.展开更多
This paper intends to describe how to design an optimized and effective strategic information system （SIS） by using the existing resources under the new market circumstances in China. Some feasible methods are thus ...This paper intends to describe how to design an optimized and effective strategic information system （SIS） by using the existing resources under the new market circumstances in China. Some feasible methods are thus proposed, which are about the design of SIS by detailed analysis of the principle requirements. The paper also puts forward the architecture and configuration of SIS in China in general.展开更多
Expansive soil is composed of hydrophilic clay minerals. Affected by climate and hydrological conditions, expansive soil has significant swelling and shrinkage deformation characteristics, which is extremely harmful t...Expansive soil is composed of hydrophilic clay minerals. Affected by climate and hydrological conditions, expansive soil has significant swelling and shrinkage deformation characteristics, which is extremely harmful to roadbed engineering and is called "cancer of engineering". In combination with the characteristics of long subgrade length, many cutting sections and high risk of expansive soil in Sanjing section of Menghua railway, the design principle of combining gentle slope rate, wide platform, reinforcement of slope foot and suitable slope protection is put forward. Combined with the actual engineering situation during the construction period, the influencing factors of expansive soil cutting slope stability system are summarized and analyzed, and the measures of strengthening deformation monitoring, strengthening the filter layer, slope protection and retaining protection are put forward, as well as the matters for attention in construction, so as to comprehensively ensure the stability of expansive soil cutting slope.展开更多
For English education primary school,English vocabulary teaching should be attach importance to because in the traditional class of English vocabulary teaching,teachers just fill young minds with knowledge points of e...For English education primary school,English vocabulary teaching should be attach importance to because in the traditional class of English vocabulary teaching,teachers just fill young minds with knowledge points of each word in a 35-minute class yet fail to lay emphasis of learners’meaningful learning and autonomic learning as well as their very limited attention spans.To support traditional English vocabulary teaching classes,the research proposes the theme-based English vocabulary micro-lectures designed on the basis of experiential learning theory and constructivist learning theory as well as the analyses of target users of high-level students in the primary school.After application of the micro-lectures into practice,the research assesses the effect of the micro-lectures on the learners and then makes suggestions for design principles of theme-based vocabulary micro-lectures about selection of contents and vocabulary themes,supplementary teaching activities and teacher interaction in the micro-lectures for high-level students in the primary school.Also,the designers should make multi-level English vocabulary micro-lectures according to learners’English proficiency and increase repetition rates of vocabularies in the micro-lectures.展开更多
From the perspective of the development trend of mechanical automation, in the future development of science and technology, the mechanical manufacturing industry and mechanical automation technology are increasingly ...From the perspective of the development trend of mechanical automation, in the future development of science and technology, the mechanical manufacturing industry and mechanical automation technology are increasingly closely linked, and their technological integration will gradually deepen, thus significantly improving social benefits.展开更多
Nowadays,education and teaching have become a hot topic,and teaching in colleges and universities is facing a brand-new development direction.Principles of Concrete Structure Design,as one of the main courses,transmit...Nowadays,education and teaching have become a hot topic,and teaching in colleges and universities is facing a brand-new development direction.Principles of Concrete Structure Design,as one of the main courses,transmits professional knowledge for students,enhances the students’professional ability,and further carries out in-depth research on the course to bring a better teaching effect for students.The article mainly focuses on the research of the principles of concrete structure design course,conducts an analysis of the teaching characteristics of the principles of concrete structure design course,and reasonably sets the teaching content from the optimization of the course teaching objectives;innovative course teaching methods can deepen the effect of knowledge understanding;reform of experimental practice teaching can lay down the effect of the internalization of knowledge,etc.The in-depth description and discussion of the relevant aspects of the research aim to provide guidelines for related research.展开更多
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are an appealing battery system due to their low cost,intrinsic safety,and environmental-friendliness,while their application is plagued by the obstacles from the cathode,electrolyte,a...Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are an appealing battery system due to their low cost,intrinsic safety,and environmental-friendliness,while their application is plagued by the obstacles from the cathode,electrolyte,and zinc anode.Summarizing the design principles and strategies toward the optimization of cathode,electrolyte,and zinc anode is crucial for the development of AZIBs.Herein,we present a comprehensive analysis of the design principles and promising strategies toward the improvement of AZIBs.Firstly,the various reaction mechanisms are summarized and the existing issues associated with the cathode,electrolyte,and zinc anode are discussed to guide the rational design of AZIBs.Subsequently,we provide an in-depth and comprehensive discussion on the design principles and strategies for the electrodes/electrolyte/separator optimization,and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various strategies.Importantly,the design principles and strategies of the newly appeared conversion-type AZIBs,such as Zn-S battery and Zn-Se battery,are also discussed and analyzed.The effect of design strategies on the electrochemical performance and the relationship between the current issues and strategies are also unveiled in detail.Finally,some research trends and perspectives are provided for designing better AZIBs.展开更多
Today’s water infrastructures are the outcome of an industrial revolution-based design that are now at odds with the current sustainability paradigm.The goal of this study was to develop a vision for engineering sust...Today’s water infrastructures are the outcome of an industrial revolution-based design that are now at odds with the current sustainability paradigm.The goal of this study was to develop a vision for engineering sustainable water infrastructures.A list of 99 ecological design principles was compiled from eleven authors and grouped into three themes:(1)human dimension,(2)learning from nature(biomimicry),and(3)integrating nature.The biomimicry concept was further divided into six sub-themes;(1)complex system properties,(2)energy source,(3)scale,(4)mass and energy flows,(5)structure,and function,and(6)diversity and cooperation.The implications of these concepts on water infrastructure design suggested that water infrastructure should be conceptualized in a more holistic way by not only considering water supply,treatment,and storm water management services,but also integrating into the design problem other provisioning,regulating,cultural,and supporting ecosystem services.A decentralized approach for this integration and innovation in adaptive design are necessary to develop resilient and energy efficient water infrastructures.展开更多
This article analyzes the method for designing routes in road reconstruction and expansion projects,using an actual engineering project as an example.This includes an overview of a specific road reconstruction and exp...This article analyzes the method for designing routes in road reconstruction and expansion projects,using an actual engineering project as an example.This includes an overview of a specific road reconstruction and expansion project,an analysis of the preexisting road,the basic principles of the design road project,and an analysis of the design methods and steps.This study aims to offer some guidance for road reconstruction and expansion design.展开更多
A differential accelerometer comprising of two rotating masses made of the same material is proposed for drop tower-based free-fall testing of the spin-spin force between the rotating mass and the Earth. The measureme...A differential accelerometer comprising of two rotating masses made of the same material is proposed for drop tower-based free-fall testing of the spin-spin force between the rotating mass and the Earth. The measurement is performed by placing the two concentric masses of very different momenta in a vacuum drop capsule which is falling freely in the Earth＇s gravitational field. A nonzero output of the differential aeeelerometer is an indication of possible violation of new equivalence principle （NEP）. We present the conceptual design of a modified free-fall NEP experiment which can be performed at the Belting drop tower. Design and evaluation of the differential accelerometer with a hybrid electrostatic/magnetic suspension system are presented to accommodate for operation on ground and drop-tower tests. Details specific to the measurement uncertainty are discussed to yield an NEP test accuracy of 7.2×10^-9.展开更多
One of the open issues in principle scheme design of mechanical systems is principle representation, which not only outlines the physical principles, but also facilitates the design synthesis. An energy-based approach...One of the open issues in principle scheme design of mechanical systems is principle representation, which not only outlines the physical principles, but also facilitates the design synthesis. An energy-based approach to represent principle scheme design is proposed. Firstly, an energy interaction model of mechanical systems is established and an intermediate model is derived, in which principle scheme design is transformed into solving the energy functions of system. Then the energy functions are modeled with the language of bond graphs, and principle representation for components is presented. Finally, characteristics of the developed representation approach are analyzed and a design example of gate drive system is given to demonstrate this approach.展开更多
Noteworthy challenges such as severe side reactions,interfacial instability,and dendrite growth have plagued rechargeable alkali metal batteries for a long time.Alleviating the plight necessitates innovative membranes...Noteworthy challenges such as severe side reactions,interfacial instability,and dendrite growth have plagued rechargeable alkali metal batteries for a long time.Alleviating the plight necessitates innovative membranes capable of modulating ion transport and establishing stable interfaces.The exploration of implemented membranes with thermal/mechanical and electrochemical stability is crucial for achieving high-performance and safe alkali metal batteries.Crystalline covalent organic framework(COF)membranes have emerged as promising materials for next-generation energy storage systems due to their tunable porosity and exceptional physicochemical properties.This review specifically examines the critical role of COF membranes in enabling sustainable alkali metal(Li/Na/K)batteries,with a particular focus on design principles,performance advantages,and key challenges of COF membranes.The discussion emphasizes structure-property relationships specifically relevant to rechargeable battery applications,supported by recent decades of research.Impressively,this mini review further identifies three critical research frontiers:reticular chemistry-guided materials design,multifunctional composite architectures,and in-situ characterization techniques.This targeted analysis provides actionable insights for developing COF membranes that address the fundamental limitations of current alkali metal battery technologies.展开更多
基金supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation(grant number 188631).
文摘The all-vanadium redox flow battery(VRFB)plays an important role in the energy transition toward renewable technologies by providing grid-scale energy storage.Their deployment,however,is limited by the lack of membranes that provide both a high energy efficiency and capacity retention.Typically,the improvement of the battery’s energy efficiency comes at the cost of its capacity retention.Herein,novel N-alkylated and N-benzylated meta-polybenzimidazole(m-PBI)membranes are used to understand the molecular requirements of the polymer electrolyte in a vanadium redox flow battery,providing an important toolbox for future research toward next-generation membrane materials in energy storage devices.The addition of an ethyl side chain to the m-PBI backbone increases its affinity toward the acidic electrolyte,thereby increasing its ionic conductivity and the corresponding energy efficiency of the VRFB cell from 70%to 78%at a current density of 200 mA cm^(-2).In addition,cells equipped with ethylated m-PBI showed better capacity retention than their pristine counterpart,respectively 91%versus 87%,over 200 cycles at 200 mA cm^(-2).The outstanding VRFB cycling performance,together with the low-cost and fluorine-free chemistry of the N-alkylated m-PBI polymer,makes this material a promising membrane to be used in next-generation VRFB systems.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No:22309180)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No:XDB0600000,XDB0600400)+3 种基金Liaoning Binhai Laboratory,(Grant No:LILBLB-2023-04)Dalian Revitalization Talents Program(Grant No:2022RG01)Youth Science and Technology Foundation of Dalian(Grant No:2023RQ015)the University of Waterloo.
文摘Zinc-air batteries(ZABs)are promising energy storage systems because of high theoretical energy density,safety,low cost,and abundance of zinc.However,the slow multi-step reaction of oxygen and heavy reliance on noble-metal catalysts hinder the practical applications of ZABs.Therefore,feasible and advanced non-noble-metal elec-trocatalysts for air cathodes need to be identified to promote the oxygen catalytic reaction.In this review,we initially introduced the advancement of ZABs in the past two decades and provided an overview of key developments in this field.Then,we discussed the work-ing mechanism and the design of bifunctional electrocatalysts from the perspective of morphology design,crystal structure tuning,interface strategy,and atomic engineering.We also included theoretical studies,machine learning,and advanced characterization technologies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure-performance relationship of electrocatalysts and the reaction pathways of the oxygen redox reactions.Finally,we discussed the challenges and prospects related to designing advanced non-noble-metal bifunctional electrocatalysts for ZABs.
文摘The diverse non-smooth body surfaces to reduce soil adhesion are the evolutional results for the soil animals to fit the adhesive and wet environment and can be used as a biological basis for the design of bionic plow moldboard. The model surfaces for bionic simulation should be taken from soil animal digging organs, on which the soil motion is similar to what is on the surface of moldboard. By analyzing the distribution of non-smooth units on the body surface of the ground beetle jaw and the soil moving stresses, the design principles of the bionic moldboard for the local and the whole moldboard were presented respectively. As well, the effect of soil moving speed on reducing adhesion, the dimensions relationship between soil particles and non-smooth convexes, the relationship between the enveloping surface of non-smooth convexes and the initial smooth surface of the plow body, and the convex types of the sphere coronal and the pangolin scales,etc.were discussed.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51531007 and 51771050)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M651128)+1 种基金the National Program for Young Top-notch Professionalsthe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(N170205002)
文摘Cracking and low thickness are major obstacles to the high corrosion performance of conversion coating on magnesium alloy.In this work,the ratio of total acidity to p H(TA/p H)was applied as an indicator,and new principles regarding the design of conversion bath were proposed.The treatment bath should be composed of species that can be categorized into two groups:the first group of species that react with Mg substrate to increase the local p H at the interface;the second group that precipitate and contributes to the growth of coating.The species belong to second group exists in a supersaturated state and its precipitation process is almost independent on the reactions of the species in first group.By this way,a thick and crack-free two-layered conversion coating is obtained.Moreover,the nature of the adjustment of TA/p H and the roles of the oxidizing agent and catalyst were discussed.
基金Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province,Grant/Award Number:2021RC3021Project of State Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Energy Materials,Grant/Award Numbers:18ZD320304,21fksy24+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,Grant/Award Number:2021JJ40780National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:51902346,52172239Start‐up Funding of Yangtze Region Institute(Huzhou),University of Electronic Science and Technology,Grant/Award Number:U03220102。
文摘Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)have been regarded as one of the promising candidates for the next-generation“lithium-ion battery beyond”owing to their high energy density and due to the low cost of sulfur.However,the main obstacles encountered in the commercial implementation of LSBs are the notorious shuttle effect,retarded sulfur redox kinetics,and uncontrolled dendrite growth.Accordingly,single-atom catalysts(SACs),which have ultrahigh catalytic efficiency,tunable coordination configuration,and light weight,have shown huge potential in the field of LSBs to date.This review summarizes the recent research progress of SACs applied as multifunctional components in LSBs.The design principles and typical synthetic strategies of SACs toward effective Li–S chemistry as well as the working mechanism promoting sulfur conversion reactions,inhibiting the lithium polysulfide shuttle effect,and regulating Li+nucleation are comprehensively illustrated.Potential future directions in terms of research on SACs for the realization of commercially viable LSBs are also outlined.
文摘Interactive learning tools can facilitate the learning process and increase student engagement,especially tools such as computer programs that are designed for human-computer interaction.Thus,this paper aims to help students learn five different methods for solving nonlinear equations using an interactive learning tool designed with common principles such as feedback,visibility,affordance,consistency,and constraints.It also compares these methods by the number of iterations and time required to display the result.This study helps students learn these methods using interactive learning tools instead of relying on traditional teaching methods.The tool is implemented using the MATLAB app and is evaluated through usability testing with two groups of users that are categorized by their level of experience with root-finding.Users with no knowledge in root-finding confirmed that they understood the root-finding concept when interacting with the designed tool.The positive results of the user evaluation showed that the tool can be recommended to other users.
文摘This paper intends to describe how to design an optimized and effective strategic information system （SIS） by using the existing resources under the new market circumstances in China. Some feasible methods are thus proposed, which are about the design of SIS by detailed analysis of the principle requirements. The paper also puts forward the architecture and configuration of SIS in China in general.
文摘Expansive soil is composed of hydrophilic clay minerals. Affected by climate and hydrological conditions, expansive soil has significant swelling and shrinkage deformation characteristics, which is extremely harmful to roadbed engineering and is called "cancer of engineering". In combination with the characteristics of long subgrade length, many cutting sections and high risk of expansive soil in Sanjing section of Menghua railway, the design principle of combining gentle slope rate, wide platform, reinforcement of slope foot and suitable slope protection is put forward. Combined with the actual engineering situation during the construction period, the influencing factors of expansive soil cutting slope stability system are summarized and analyzed, and the measures of strengthening deformation monitoring, strengthening the filter layer, slope protection and retaining protection are put forward, as well as the matters for attention in construction, so as to comprehensively ensure the stability of expansive soil cutting slope.
文摘For English education primary school,English vocabulary teaching should be attach importance to because in the traditional class of English vocabulary teaching,teachers just fill young minds with knowledge points of each word in a 35-minute class yet fail to lay emphasis of learners’meaningful learning and autonomic learning as well as their very limited attention spans.To support traditional English vocabulary teaching classes,the research proposes the theme-based English vocabulary micro-lectures designed on the basis of experiential learning theory and constructivist learning theory as well as the analyses of target users of high-level students in the primary school.After application of the micro-lectures into practice,the research assesses the effect of the micro-lectures on the learners and then makes suggestions for design principles of theme-based vocabulary micro-lectures about selection of contents and vocabulary themes,supplementary teaching activities and teacher interaction in the micro-lectures for high-level students in the primary school.Also,the designers should make multi-level English vocabulary micro-lectures according to learners’English proficiency and increase repetition rates of vocabularies in the micro-lectures.
文摘From the perspective of the development trend of mechanical automation, in the future development of science and technology, the mechanical manufacturing industry and mechanical automation technology are increasingly closely linked, and their technological integration will gradually deepen, thus significantly improving social benefits.
文摘Nowadays,education and teaching have become a hot topic,and teaching in colleges and universities is facing a brand-new development direction.Principles of Concrete Structure Design,as one of the main courses,transmits professional knowledge for students,enhances the students’professional ability,and further carries out in-depth research on the course to bring a better teaching effect for students.The article mainly focuses on the research of the principles of concrete structure design course,conducts an analysis of the teaching characteristics of the principles of concrete structure design course,and reasonably sets the teaching content from the optimization of the course teaching objectives;innovative course teaching methods can deepen the effect of knowledge understanding;reform of experimental practice teaching can lay down the effect of the internalization of knowledge,etc.The in-depth description and discussion of the relevant aspects of the research aim to provide guidelines for related research.
基金supported by the research funds from South-Central University for Nationalities(Grant No.YZZ19001)financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51873233)the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2018CFA023)。
文摘Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are an appealing battery system due to their low cost,intrinsic safety,and environmental-friendliness,while their application is plagued by the obstacles from the cathode,electrolyte,and zinc anode.Summarizing the design principles and strategies toward the optimization of cathode,electrolyte,and zinc anode is crucial for the development of AZIBs.Herein,we present a comprehensive analysis of the design principles and promising strategies toward the improvement of AZIBs.Firstly,the various reaction mechanisms are summarized and the existing issues associated with the cathode,electrolyte,and zinc anode are discussed to guide the rational design of AZIBs.Subsequently,we provide an in-depth and comprehensive discussion on the design principles and strategies for the electrodes/electrolyte/separator optimization,and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various strategies.Importantly,the design principles and strategies of the newly appeared conversion-type AZIBs,such as Zn-S battery and Zn-Se battery,are also discussed and analyzed.The effect of design strategies on the electrochemical performance and the relationship between the current issues and strategies are also unveiled in detail.Finally,some research trends and perspectives are provided for designing better AZIBs.
文摘Today’s water infrastructures are the outcome of an industrial revolution-based design that are now at odds with the current sustainability paradigm.The goal of this study was to develop a vision for engineering sustainable water infrastructures.A list of 99 ecological design principles was compiled from eleven authors and grouped into three themes:(1)human dimension,(2)learning from nature(biomimicry),and(3)integrating nature.The biomimicry concept was further divided into six sub-themes;(1)complex system properties,(2)energy source,(3)scale,(4)mass and energy flows,(5)structure,and function,and(6)diversity and cooperation.The implications of these concepts on water infrastructure design suggested that water infrastructure should be conceptualized in a more holistic way by not only considering water supply,treatment,and storm water management services,but also integrating into the design problem other provisioning,regulating,cultural,and supporting ecosystem services.A decentralized approach for this integration and innovation in adaptive design are necessary to develop resilient and energy efficient water infrastructures.
文摘This article analyzes the method for designing routes in road reconstruction and expansion projects,using an actual engineering project as an example.This includes an overview of a specific road reconstruction and expansion project,an analysis of the preexisting road,the basic principles of the design road project,and an analysis of the design methods and steps.This study aims to offer some guidance for road reconstruction and expansion design.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 91436107 and 61374207
文摘A differential accelerometer comprising of two rotating masses made of the same material is proposed for drop tower-based free-fall testing of the spin-spin force between the rotating mass and the Earth. The measurement is performed by placing the two concentric masses of very different momenta in a vacuum drop capsule which is falling freely in the Earth＇s gravitational field. A nonzero output of the differential aeeelerometer is an indication of possible violation of new equivalence principle （NEP）. We present the conceptual design of a modified free-fall NEP experiment which can be performed at the Belting drop tower. Design and evaluation of the differential accelerometer with a hybrid electrostatic/magnetic suspension system are presented to accommodate for operation on ground and drop-tower tests. Details specific to the measurement uncertainty are discussed to yield an NEP test accuracy of 7.2×10^-9.
基金This project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60174037, 50275013) and Foundation for University Key Teacher by the Ministry of Education.
文摘One of the open issues in principle scheme design of mechanical systems is principle representation, which not only outlines the physical principles, but also facilitates the design synthesis. An energy-based approach to represent principle scheme design is proposed. Firstly, an energy interaction model of mechanical systems is established and an intermediate model is derived, in which principle scheme design is transformed into solving the energy functions of system. Then the energy functions are modeled with the language of bond graphs, and principle representation for components is presented. Finally, characteristics of the developed representation approach are analyzed and a design example of gate drive system is given to demonstrate this approach.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22171136,52202138)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20200472,BK20220079)+3 种基金the Medical Innovation and Development Project of Lanzhou University(lzuyxcx-2022-156)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS,2019-I2M-5-074,2021-I2M-1-026,2021-I2M-3-001)the Frontier Technologies R&D Program of Jiangsu(Grant no.BF2024033)G.Z.acknowledges the support of the Thousand Young Talent Plan.
文摘Noteworthy challenges such as severe side reactions,interfacial instability,and dendrite growth have plagued rechargeable alkali metal batteries for a long time.Alleviating the plight necessitates innovative membranes capable of modulating ion transport and establishing stable interfaces.The exploration of implemented membranes with thermal/mechanical and electrochemical stability is crucial for achieving high-performance and safe alkali metal batteries.Crystalline covalent organic framework(COF)membranes have emerged as promising materials for next-generation energy storage systems due to their tunable porosity and exceptional physicochemical properties.This review specifically examines the critical role of COF membranes in enabling sustainable alkali metal(Li/Na/K)batteries,with a particular focus on design principles,performance advantages,and key challenges of COF membranes.The discussion emphasizes structure-property relationships specifically relevant to rechargeable battery applications,supported by recent decades of research.Impressively,this mini review further identifies three critical research frontiers:reticular chemistry-guided materials design,multifunctional composite architectures,and in-situ characterization techniques.This targeted analysis provides actionable insights for developing COF membranes that address the fundamental limitations of current alkali metal battery technologies.
