There is a growing recognition of the critical role of security governance in advancing democratic transition in the post-conflict environment.Despite such a recognition,the security sector reform concept has overshad...There is a growing recognition of the critical role of security governance in advancing democratic transition in the post-conflict environment.Despite such a recognition,the security sector reform concept has overshadowed the importance of the overarching strategic role of security governance in transition to democracy,particularly in Africa.This paper assesses the status and challenges facing security governance and how they thwarted the efforts to furthering the democratic transition in South Sudan.The paper shows a deterioration in security,safety and security governance outcomes since the independence of South Sudan in 2011 with such a trend unlikely to be abated in the near future without strategic interventions.Some of the challenges facing security governance in South Sudan include the legacies of some historical events including the“Big Tent Policy”,absence of strategic leadership,lack of overarching policy framework,impractical and tenuous security arrangements in the 2018 peace agreement,persistent postponement of the first elections,and dysfunctional justice sector.The paper provides some strategic and operational recommendations to improve security governance and advance democratic transition in South Sudan.These recommendations include formulation of an inclusive and people-centered national security policy,rigorous judicial reform,and early political agreement on new political infrastructure if conditions for holding the first national elections are not met in 2026.展开更多
Americans have always been proud of their democratic system. Since the end of World War Ⅱ, the United States has even used its democratic system as a template to “democratize” some other countries. However, in rece...Americans have always been proud of their democratic system. Since the end of World War Ⅱ, the United States has even used its democratic system as a template to “democratize” some other countries. However, in recent years, the domestic democratic chaos in the United States has intensified, causing widespread doubts about the American political system and its democratic model.展开更多
The analysis refers to the interwar years in Europe.We distinguish four types of coalitions here:(a)Coalitions with other democratic parties,led by a predominant party and most common in multi-party democratic states....The analysis refers to the interwar years in Europe.We distinguish four types of coalitions here:(a)Coalitions with other democratic parties,led by a predominant party and most common in multi-party democratic states.(b)Bringing in ideological opponents on the parts of overarching highly credible national figures such as King George V did in Britain in 1931 in calling upon the charismatic Labour Party leader MacDonald to form a coalition with the still dominant but ailing Conservative Party.(c)The outbidding of more radical political parties by former center parties towards the right or left.One such outcome comes about when this is having a temporary effect only,until the next election is won within the family of democratic parties.Yet,when outbidding is trump the electorate easily might go for the hardest outbidding contender not to be taken over by even greater extremist parties.This process for the analysis of political terrorism and its intention to instigate fear amongst the“neutral”population explains to a large extent why considerable portions of the population are going to side with the most extreme challengers.This is for two reasons,one is pure fear to be out-mastered,the other one is rational choice just to avoid this.(d)The other outcome as to outbidding occurs when the democratic national consensus formation that is still underlying all these processes in normal times is wiped out in times of crises.Democratic national consensus is being lost vis-à-vis a new anti-democratic national consensus formation.Several other theoretical arguments and historical experiences are touched upon.展开更多
Padma was 17 when the democratic reform was introduced in Xizang in 1959.Before the reform,the region had been ruled by feudal serfdom under a theocracy for centuries.Nearly one million serfs were subjected to estate-...Padma was 17 when the democratic reform was introduced in Xizang in 1959.Before the reform,the region had been ruled by feudal serfdom under a theocracy for centuries.Nearly one million serfs were subjected to estate-holders'cruel exploitation and oppression.Padma was one of them.展开更多
This paper explores the evolving landscape of digital resources in Greek epigraphy.A selection of digital projects is examined for its structure,accessibility,and scholarly utility,with a critical focus on completenes...This paper explores the evolving landscape of digital resources in Greek epigraphy.A selection of digital projects is examined for its structure,accessibility,and scholarly utility,with a critical focus on completeness,editorial policy,and economic sustainability.The analysis reveals tensions between openaccess ideals and the realities of commercial publishing,as well as challenges posed by short-term funding and limited project scopes.The paper also considers the integration of artificial intelligence tools,notably Ithaca,assessing their potential and current limitations.Emphasis is placed on the pedagogical impact of digital resources,showing how they empower a new generation of students and democratize access to source material.Ultimately,the study underscores the necessity of balancing innovation with scholarly rigor,advocating for ongoing critical reflection to ensure the meaningful development of digital epigraphy in both research and education.展开更多
The democratic decline in the United States has become a crucial perspective to understand recent changes in its domestic and foreign policies.Democratic decline refers to the erosion of the substantive integrity or s...The democratic decline in the United States has become a crucial perspective to understand recent changes in its domestic and foreign policies.Democratic decline refers to the erosion of the substantive integrity or structural framework of a democratic system.This decline is manifested in both the erosion of soft democratic norms and the social foundations that sustain them,and the multiple crises at the level of institutional functioning.The rise of populism particularly underscores the dual deterioration of democratic substance and structures.This democratic decline stems from political elites’ineffective response to the social tensions generated by economic polarization and cultural conflicts arising during the advancement of the liberal international order.In the context of major-country competition,democratic decline has not only driven the United States to place greater emphasis on the perceived“threat”from China but has also constrained its mobilization of strategic resources and adoption of a more pragmatic approach in selecting strategic tools.Amid the democratic decline at home and with limited effectiveness in domestic policy adjustments,the United States has aggressively shifted its governance burdens onto the international community,severely disrupting the international order and exposing the selfish nature of its hegemonism.展开更多
Lying in politics has long been seen as both routine and destructive.While some falsehoods appear trivial,others undermine democratic processes,erode trust,and inflict significant harm on society.This essay investigat...Lying in politics has long been seen as both routine and destructive.While some falsehoods appear trivial,others undermine democratic processes,erode trust,and inflict significant harm on society.This essay investigates the moral,legal,and political dimensions of punishing political lies,drawing on Kantian deontological ethics,consequentialist reasoning,and theories of democratic communication.It distinguishes minor misstatements from harmful falsehoods that distort elections,public health responses,and national security.Building on Hannah Arendt’s warning about the collapse of truth and Jürgen Habermas’s emphasis on communicative integrity,the analysis shows how unchecked deception corrodes the foundations of democratic legitimacy.Although legal punishment risks overreach and potential misuse,political and social sanctions remain essential tools of accountability.By examining cases such as misinformation in the Iraq War and the COVID-19 pandemic,the essay argues that meaningful consequences for harmful lies are indispensable to maintaining truth as a shared democratic norm.展开更多
Namibia’s democratic and peaceful transition of power since its independence in 1990 has positioned it as a model for political stability in Africa.This article explores the key factors that have contributed to Nami...Namibia’s democratic and peaceful transition of power since its independence in 1990 has positioned it as a model for political stability in Africa.This article explores the key factors that have contributed to Namibia’s transitions,focusing on the institutional,political,and cultural elements that have underpinned democratic processes.By examining historical milestones,such as the successful 1990 independence elections,the 2005,2015 and 2025 presidential transitions,and the country’s consistent adherence to constitutional principles,this research highlights the role of strong democratic institutions,political tolerance,and active participation of civil society.The article also addresses the significance of leadership and the political culture that foster trust in democratic institutions.Furthermore,it assesses the role of regional and international support in reinforcing Namibia’s democratic processes.By comparing Namibia’s experience with other African nations facing transitions of power,the article offers insights into broader implications for governance,democratic consolidation,and stability in the African context.The article analyses Namibia’s experience in light of similar transitions in Africa,identifying key factors that promote a peaceful transfer of power in the aftermath of an expected presidential demise.The findings aim to contribute to the understanding of successful democratic transitions and provide a blueprint for other nations striving for peaceful power of changes.Ultimately,this work offers valuable insights into the dynamics of democratic resilience in Namibia and highlights important lessons for other African nations confronting leadership transitions.展开更多
Old Xizang long practiced theocratic feudal serfdom in whichpolitical and religious authority were merged. In March 1959,under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, acomprehensive democratic reform centered ...Old Xizang long practiced theocratic feudal serfdom in whichpolitical and religious authority were merged. In March 1959,under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, acomprehensive democratic reform centered on abolishing this feudalserfdom was launched throughout Xizang.展开更多
BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer incidence is rising globally,including the Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC).Despite its increasing incidence,limited data exist on physicians’knowledge of thyroid cancer management in the D...BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer incidence is rising globally,including the Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC).Despite its increasing incidence,limited data exist on physicians’knowledge of thyroid cancer management in the DRC.AIM To evaluate the knowledge levels of Congolese physicians regarding the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodules and cancers,and to identify existing gaps and areas for improvement.METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from June to August 2024,involving 369 physicians practicing in healthcare facilities across Kinshasa,DRC.Participants were selected using a multi-stage sampling method.Data were collected via a structured questionnaire covering thyroid cancer epidemiology,diagnostic methods,treatment approaches,and prognosis.Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25,employing descriptive and inferential statistics,with a P value≤0.05 being considered as statistically significant.RESULTS Overall response rate was 96.1%.Of all participants,68%were female and 32%were male physicians.General practitioners constituted 84.8%of respondents,with an average age of 34 years.While 53.7%demonstrated adequate knowledge of hypothyroidism management post-thyroidectomy and 61.2%identified the approach for hypoparathyroidism,only 5.1%recognized the need for radiotherapy in metastatic thyroid cancer cases.Awareness of anaplastic thyroid cancer treatment was limited(6.5%),and 90.2%of physicians were unfamiliar with the surgical complications.Moderate understanding was noted in diagnostic protocols,with 44.2%correctly identifying repeat fine-needle aspiration timing in Bethesda I cases.Knowledge of molecular genetics,recurrence risks,and metastasis patterns was remarkably low.CONCLUSION This study highlights significant knowledge gaps among Congolese physicians regarding thyroid cancer management,especially about advanced treatment modalities and molecular genetics.Targeted educational programs and improved access to diagnostic tools are critical to bridging these deficits.Addressing these gaps can enhance the quality of thyroid cancer care and align clinical practices in the DRC with global standards.展开更多
Walt·Whitman was one of the famous poets in American literary field. He is remembered by his masterpiece-Leaves of Grass, which composes a lot of his democratic ideas. His democratic poems and his writing styles ...Walt·Whitman was one of the famous poets in American literary field. He is remembered by his masterpiece-Leaves of Grass, which composes a lot of his democratic ideas. His democratic poems and his writing styles have their historical background which helped form his democratic ideas.展开更多
Since the Cession of Hong Kong for the British since the news of speech terms is strictly limited, long-term Hong Kong residents can not participate in local politics. But to allow discussion of political affairs in C...Since the Cession of Hong Kong for the British since the news of speech terms is strictly limited, long-term Hong Kong residents can not participate in local politics. But to allow discussion of political affairs in China outside Hong Kong. Thus, the various historical periods in the future, the progressive intellectuals to Hong Kong newspaper, publicity revolution, the process of democratic revolution in China, plays a very important role.展开更多
AIM:To determine the frequency and types of retinal diseases and the extend of the related visual loss in adult patients attending two public eye clinics of Kinshasa,Democratic Republic of Congo.METHODS:Review of medi...AIM:To determine the frequency and types of retinal diseases and the extend of the related visual loss in adult patients attending two public eye clinics of Kinshasa,Democratic Republic of Congo.METHODS:Review of medical records of patients with retinal diseases seen in the major eye clinics in Kinshasa,the University Hospital of Kinshasa(UHK)and Saint Joseph Hospital(SJH),from January 2012 to December 2014.Demographics and diagnoses were retrieved and analyzed.Outcome measures were frequency and prevalence of retinal diseases,blindness and low vision.RESULTS:A total of 40965 patients aged 40 y or older were examined during this period in both clinics.Of these,1208 had retinal disease,giving a 3-year and an annual prevalence of 3%and 1%,respectively.Mean age was 61.7±10.7 y,and 55.8%of the patients were males.Arterial hypertension(68.1%)and diabetes(43.3%)were the most common systemic comorbidities.Hypertensive retinopathy(41.8%),diabetic retinopathy(37.9%),age-related macular degeneration(AMD;14.6%),and chorioretinitis and retinal vein occlusion(7.3%each)were the most common retinal diseases,with 3-year prevalence rates of 1.3%,1.0%,0.43%,and 0.21%respectively.Bilateral low vision and blindness were present in 26.8%and 8.4%of the patients at presentation.Major causes of low vision and blindness were diabetic retinopathy(14.8%),AMD(4.9%),retinal detachment(2.8%),and retinal vein occlusion(2.5%).The prevalence was significantly higher among males than females,and at the UHK than SJH.CONCLUSION:Retinal diseases are common among Congolese adult patients attending eye clinics in Kinshasa.They cause a significant proportion of low vision and blindness.展开更多
In the past decade,there has been extensive global surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)infection in both animals and humans,however,few studies on epidemiology of avian influenza in Democratic Peo...In the past decade,there has been extensive global surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)infection in both animals and humans,however,few studies on epidemiology of avian influenza in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(DPRK)were published.During the period 2013–2014,HPAI H5N1 viruses were detected with outbreaks in domestic poultry in DPRK.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the hemagglutinin gene of all samples belonged to clade 2.3.2.1c with high homology.The HPAI H5N1 virus found in ducks at the Tudan Duck Farm in 2013 was might introduced by migratory birds and then led to the outbreaks on neighboring chicken farms in 2014.These data provide direct evidence for the transmission of avian influenza viruses from wild birds to waterfowl to terrestrial birds.Therefore,the monitoring and control of influenza virus in ducks must be given top priority,which are essential components to prevent and control HPAI.展开更多
Background: In sub-Saharan Africa, the DRC ranks among countries with high infant mortality. To solve this problem, the Health Ministry has set up a programme: the use of integrated management childhood illness (IMCI)...Background: In sub-Saharan Africa, the DRC ranks among countries with high infant mortality. To solve this problem, the Health Ministry has set up a programme: the use of integrated management childhood illness (IMCI) in community care sites (CCSs) managed by non-health professional persons known as community health workers (CHW). This approach has not yet been integrated into the health pyramid. This is why we chose the Realist Evaluation Approach to evaluate the effectiveness of this programme on Universal Access to care for children under 5 years of age in the DRC. Methods/design: To conduct this exploratory study which is essentially a descriptive case study, we applied the principles of a realist evaluation by context—mechanisms—effects explained in the conceptual framework. The preliminary theory of the programme was elaborated by data collection through a literature review coupled with semi-structured interviews with key informants who were managers of the government programme and technical and financial partners of the programme. Results: IMCI has been evaluated and shown its positive contribution in the reduction of global children mortality. In the DRC, summaries of data collection through a literature review coupled with semi-structured interviews showed the same result. However, under criticism, based on the data collected during this exploratory study, it is promisingly apparent that this programme will achieve the objectives assigned to it through the preliminary theory of the programme. Conclusion: The literature review corroborated the effectiveness of the IMCI programme. The application of this programme in CCS with non-health professionals who are Community Health Workers has been shown to be effective in the DRC. Based on this reality, it was possible to define the basis for a realist evaluation of the effectiveness of the programme in CCS.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of leadership on job creativity in the public institutions of the state of Kuwait. Population of the study consisted of some public bodies, namely： General Inve...The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of leadership on job creativity in the public institutions of the state of Kuwait. Population of the study consisted of some public bodies, namely： General Investment Corporation, Kuwait Development Fund, Ministry of Planning, and Civil Service Department. There are 540 questionnaires distributed, 15 recovered, and 525 of the distributed questionnaires good for statistical analysis. Analysis of the data depended on descriptive statistical analysis, multi and simple regression. Following the hypotheses test by using the F-test, T-test, R2 coefficient and the One-Way variance analysis （ANOVA） test, the study reached the following results： There is a relation between leadership patterns and job creativity in the public institutions of the State of Kuwait. The relation is considered of medium strength, because r = 56.4% and this result matched the results of the previous studies that dealt with the same subject, which indicated that the leadership patterns affect the creative behavior in the organizations at different levels according to the prevalent pattern type. This enhances the logicality of the result, which means that the leadership patterns play a vital role in job creativity in various institutions. Results of the study showed that the democratic pattern is the most prevalent leadership pattern among managers, followed by the unrestrained pattern and finally the authoritarian pattern. Analysis results revealed that there is a weak relation between the authoritarian pattern and the job creativity in the public institutions of the State of Kuwait. The weakness of relation between the two variables can be interpreted in view of the fact that the increase of authoritarianism in leadership might give adverse results contrary to the expected and consequently, it is logical that the relation would be weak between the authoritative management approach and job creativity. There is a concern in providing work environment that encourages change in the public institutions of the State of Kuwait. Managers remarkably support the employees＇ efforts in performing the job. The study was concluded by the following recommendations： The effect of the leadership patterns on creative behavior was reached and therefore, the author recommended that it is necessary to choose well-qualified leadership that contributes to achieving excellence in the institutions operating in different sectors; to hold workshops, committees, seminars, and conferences in order to enhance confidence between management and employees; to concentrate on enhancing the democratic administrative pattern in the institutions due to its immense influence on the creative behavior of employees.展开更多
The delay in the delivery of laboratory results can be fatal and can even lead to the death of patients. This study was conducted at the clinical laboratory of the University Hospital of Kinshasa (UHK) from October 20...The delay in the delivery of laboratory results can be fatal and can even lead to the death of patients. This study was conducted at the clinical laboratory of the University Hospital of Kinshasa (UHK) from October 2020 to April 2021, aimed to evaluate the laboratory tests’ turnaround time (TAT) and to identify reasons for delay. TAT was quantified using a time and motion analysis approach. The evaluation of TAT consisted of comparing the overall intra-lab TAT with the suggested TAT using student t-test at 95% confidence intervals. Brainstorming was the root cause analysis tool used for identifying reasons for delay. In this study, the laboratory tests’ TATs were significantly higher (p < 0.001) comparing to international guidelines (60 minutes) and customers’ suggested TAT (120 minutes). Only 0.98% of the samples were reported within 60 minutes of patient reception and 1.47% within 120 minutes, i.e. an outlier rate of 98.5%. Root causes of delay related to Machinery, Management, Manpower, Materials, Method and Milieu. Because of many reasons, the laboratory is not meeting the established TAT. Preventive and curative measures must be undertaken to reduce the delay and improve the TAT.展开更多
Background: Pregnant women in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are at increased risk for developing obstetric fistulas (OFs) as a result of obstructed labor, in conditions similar to many other African countries...Background: Pregnant women in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are at increased risk for developing obstetric fistulas (OFs) as a result of obstructed labor, in conditions similar to many other African countries. No case-control study of biological and social risk factors for OF has been reported from the DRC. This study aimed to identify factors that would aid in prevention and early identification of women who are at risk of developing OF. Methods: Participants were enrolled in a case-control study at four obstetric clinics in the central DRC. Cases of OF were evaluated as they presented, then a control participant was enrolled among women presenting subsequently to the same clinic, seeking to match parity at the time of the fistula and tribe of the case. A questionnaire was administered to elicit physical, obstetric, demographic, socioeconomic, religion, geographic, and delivery attributes of the participants. Case-control comparisons sought to identify independent risk factors for OF in the total case-control pairs and in subgroups of the participants. Logistic regression was utilized to identify independent risk factors for OF in the total case-control study group and in selected subgroups of the participants, and linear regression was utilized to estimate the variation explained between case and control outcomes from the variables independently significant in the logistic regression models. Results: A total of 177 case-control pairs were enrolled. Among all pairs, shorter height of the case (odds ratio = 1.06, 95% Confidence Limits 1.02 - 1.12);more kilometers travelled to the delivery site (1.02, 1.01 - 1.02);her village, not town, residence (OR = 5.52, 2.72 - 11.2), and her lower professional status (2.95, 1.53 - 5.72) were statistically independent factors associated with OF development. When applied in linear regression comparison of the pairs, these variables yielded an r<sup>2</sup> = 0.48, imputing 48% of the difference in delivery outcome between the pairs was explained by these variables. Among the 38 pairs who were primigravida, the independent variables were more kilometers travelled to the delivery site (1.02, 1.00 - 1.05), village, not town, residence (50.0, 10.2 - 248.7), and facility intended for lower patient acuity (3.7 s, 1.01 - 13.6, r<sup>2</sup> = 0.66) patients who were matched on parity and tribe, the significant risk factors were professional status (OR = 0.29), greater distance travelled to the clinic (OR = 1.02, 1.01 - 1.02), village, not town, residence (5.52, 2.72 - 11.2), and mother’s lower professional status (2.95, 1.53 - 5.72) when the OF occurred. Conclusions: Our study showed biological and social factors associated with the development of OF. Shorter height was the only biological risk factor found to be statistically significant in the study population. Other factors were related to limited resources and limited access to medical care.展开更多
Schistosoma mekongi and other intestinal helminth infections remain public health concerns in Lao People's Democratic Republic, especially in remote areas where access to sanitation is limited.We performed an expe...Schistosoma mekongi and other intestinal helminth infections remain public health concerns in Lao People's Democratic Republic, especially in remote areas where access to sanitation is limited.We performed an experimental study in four villages where latrine construction was coupled with two rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel and albendazole, and compared with two control villages that only received two rounds of MDA. The prevalence of helminth infections before (baseline) and after (follow-up) intervention were compared. Additionally, the prevalence in intervention and control villages were compared 12 months post-intervention. Kato–Katz, formalin-ethyl acetate concentration and Baermann techniques were employed to assess helminth infections.We found infection prevalence of S. mekongi in the intervention and control villages was 28.6% and 1.8%, respectively. The prevalences of other helminth infections were as follows: Opisthorchis viverrini, 79.5% and 71.8%;hookworm, 48.8% and 65.6%;and Strongyloides stercoralis, 43.1% and 38.3%. Other helminth species were detected in less than 5% of the study participants. Latrine intervention coupled with two rounds of MDA in the intervention villages reduced the prevalence of S. mekongi infection by 6.0% (from 28.6% to 22.6%;P < 0.001), O. viverrini infection by 11.3% (from 79.5% to 68.2%;P < 0.001), hookworm infection by 22.6% (from 48.8% to 26.2%;P < 0.001), and S. stercoralis infection by 12.0% (from 43.1% to 31.1%;P < 0.001). The observed reductions were not significantly different when compared to the control villages, where only two rounds of MDA were implemented (P > 0.05). Study participants in both groups commonly engaged in behaviours such as open defecation, bathing in the Mekong River, consuming raw or undercooked fish dishes and walking barefoot. These practices and behaviours are associated with helminth infections. Concluding, this study showed only a marginal impact associated with latrine use in intervention communities. There is a need for longer term studies with integrated interventions, such as effective health education to foster behavioural changes related to open defecation, raw or undercooked food consumption, wearing protected footwear outdoors, and personal hygiene.展开更多
Agent Blue, a mixture of cacodylic acid (CH<sub>3</sub>) As O<sub>2</sub>H) and sodium cacodylate (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> AsNaO<sub>2</sub>), was a tacti...Agent Blue, a mixture of cacodylic acid (CH<sub>3</sub>) As O<sub>2</sub>H) and sodium cacodylate (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> AsNaO<sub>2</sub>), was a tactical arsenic-based herbicide used during the Vietnam War to destroy grasses and rice crops. Natural and synthetic sources of arsenic can degrade into water-soluble forms and persist in groundwater and potentially contribute to elevating As levels in drinking water. The United States Department of Defense (DOD) and United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) Operation Ranch Hand records for tactical herbicides including Agent Blue sprayed in southern Vietnam during the Vietnam War (1961-1971) are very detailed, rather complete and publicly available. The same is not true for tactical herbicides sprayed by the Republic of Vietnam (RV) during the Khai Quang program which was supported by the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the Mekong Delta. Agent Blue was sprayed by the RV military for three years before the official start of the American-Vietnam War. Few, if any, RV military, US Army, US Navy and CIA spray records exist from 1962 to 1965. Vietnam War veterans, historians and scholars have reported the spraying of 3.2 million liters (468,008 kg As) of Agent Blue on rice paddies and mangrove forests in the Mekong Delta and Central Highlands by the RV military with the support of the US Army, US Navy and CIA. The Institute of Medicine estimated that 3.2 million liters (468,000 kg As) were sprayed during the RV Khai Quang program. This was in addition to the U.S. Air Force’s Operation Ranch Hand spraying of the tactical herbicide Agent Blue primarily by C-123 aircraft. The Operation Ranch Hand missions maintained location and quantities of herbicides sprayed (over 4,712,000 liters (664,392 kg As) from 1961-1971. The RV military and US military (Army and Navy) spray equipment included hand and backpack sprayers, sprayers mounted on Brown Water Navy boats, on Army track vehicles and Army land-based helicopters and helicopters based on the decks of Blue Water Navy ships. Some of these spray missions were a military secret and spray records were classified or if kept were not maintained. Agent Blue containing cacodylic acid had a short half-life and degraded to water-soluble arsenic, which was released into the surface water and/or leached into the groundwater. Once the water-soluble arsenic leached into the Vietnam Mekong Delta groundwater, the arsenic-rich water was pumped back to the surface by tens of thousands of tube wells for urban and agricultural use. The primary objectives of this research are to explore the conditions during the Vietnam War under which 1) the RV military herbicide spray program with the support of the US Navy, CIA and US Army, and 2) the US Air Force spray program during Operation Ranch Hand may have significantly contributed to the natural and anthropic As spikes found in the Mekong Delta today. The environmental impacts of Agent Blue, on the Menominee River at manufacturing sites in the United States, were studied to identify possible As remediation and mitigation strategies. The lessons previously learned at the manufacturing sites in Wisconsin and Michigan, United States can be considered and applied to the Mekong Delta to help mitigate and remediate the arsenic-rich surface water, soil, sediment and groundwater found in the Mekong Delta.展开更多
文摘There is a growing recognition of the critical role of security governance in advancing democratic transition in the post-conflict environment.Despite such a recognition,the security sector reform concept has overshadowed the importance of the overarching strategic role of security governance in transition to democracy,particularly in Africa.This paper assesses the status and challenges facing security governance and how they thwarted the efforts to furthering the democratic transition in South Sudan.The paper shows a deterioration in security,safety and security governance outcomes since the independence of South Sudan in 2011 with such a trend unlikely to be abated in the near future without strategic interventions.Some of the challenges facing security governance in South Sudan include the legacies of some historical events including the“Big Tent Policy”,absence of strategic leadership,lack of overarching policy framework,impractical and tenuous security arrangements in the 2018 peace agreement,persistent postponement of the first elections,and dysfunctional justice sector.The paper provides some strategic and operational recommendations to improve security governance and advance democratic transition in South Sudan.These recommendations include formulation of an inclusive and people-centered national security policy,rigorous judicial reform,and early political agreement on new political infrastructure if conditions for holding the first national elections are not met in 2026.
文摘Americans have always been proud of their democratic system. Since the end of World War Ⅱ, the United States has even used its democratic system as a template to “democratize” some other countries. However, in recent years, the domestic democratic chaos in the United States has intensified, causing widespread doubts about the American political system and its democratic model.
文摘The analysis refers to the interwar years in Europe.We distinguish four types of coalitions here:(a)Coalitions with other democratic parties,led by a predominant party and most common in multi-party democratic states.(b)Bringing in ideological opponents on the parts of overarching highly credible national figures such as King George V did in Britain in 1931 in calling upon the charismatic Labour Party leader MacDonald to form a coalition with the still dominant but ailing Conservative Party.(c)The outbidding of more radical political parties by former center parties towards the right or left.One such outcome comes about when this is having a temporary effect only,until the next election is won within the family of democratic parties.Yet,when outbidding is trump the electorate easily might go for the hardest outbidding contender not to be taken over by even greater extremist parties.This process for the analysis of political terrorism and its intention to instigate fear amongst the“neutral”population explains to a large extent why considerable portions of the population are going to side with the most extreme challengers.This is for two reasons,one is pure fear to be out-mastered,the other one is rational choice just to avoid this.(d)The other outcome as to outbidding occurs when the democratic national consensus formation that is still underlying all these processes in normal times is wiped out in times of crises.Democratic national consensus is being lost vis-à-vis a new anti-democratic national consensus formation.Several other theoretical arguments and historical experiences are touched upon.
文摘Padma was 17 when the democratic reform was introduced in Xizang in 1959.Before the reform,the region had been ruled by feudal serfdom under a theocracy for centuries.Nearly one million serfs were subjected to estate-holders'cruel exploitation and oppression.Padma was one of them.
文摘This paper explores the evolving landscape of digital resources in Greek epigraphy.A selection of digital projects is examined for its structure,accessibility,and scholarly utility,with a critical focus on completeness,editorial policy,and economic sustainability.The analysis reveals tensions between openaccess ideals and the realities of commercial publishing,as well as challenges posed by short-term funding and limited project scopes.The paper also considers the integration of artificial intelligence tools,notably Ithaca,assessing their potential and current limitations.Emphasis is placed on the pedagogical impact of digital resources,showing how they empower a new generation of students and democratize access to source material.Ultimately,the study underscores the necessity of balancing innovation with scholarly rigor,advocating for ongoing critical reflection to ensure the meaningful development of digital epigraphy in both research and education.
文摘The democratic decline in the United States has become a crucial perspective to understand recent changes in its domestic and foreign policies.Democratic decline refers to the erosion of the substantive integrity or structural framework of a democratic system.This decline is manifested in both the erosion of soft democratic norms and the social foundations that sustain them,and the multiple crises at the level of institutional functioning.The rise of populism particularly underscores the dual deterioration of democratic substance and structures.This democratic decline stems from political elites’ineffective response to the social tensions generated by economic polarization and cultural conflicts arising during the advancement of the liberal international order.In the context of major-country competition,democratic decline has not only driven the United States to place greater emphasis on the perceived“threat”from China but has also constrained its mobilization of strategic resources and adoption of a more pragmatic approach in selecting strategic tools.Amid the democratic decline at home and with limited effectiveness in domestic policy adjustments,the United States has aggressively shifted its governance burdens onto the international community,severely disrupting the international order and exposing the selfish nature of its hegemonism.
文摘Lying in politics has long been seen as both routine and destructive.While some falsehoods appear trivial,others undermine democratic processes,erode trust,and inflict significant harm on society.This essay investigates the moral,legal,and political dimensions of punishing political lies,drawing on Kantian deontological ethics,consequentialist reasoning,and theories of democratic communication.It distinguishes minor misstatements from harmful falsehoods that distort elections,public health responses,and national security.Building on Hannah Arendt’s warning about the collapse of truth and Jürgen Habermas’s emphasis on communicative integrity,the analysis shows how unchecked deception corrodes the foundations of democratic legitimacy.Although legal punishment risks overreach and potential misuse,political and social sanctions remain essential tools of accountability.By examining cases such as misinformation in the Iraq War and the COVID-19 pandemic,the essay argues that meaningful consequences for harmful lies are indispensable to maintaining truth as a shared democratic norm.
文摘Namibia’s democratic and peaceful transition of power since its independence in 1990 has positioned it as a model for political stability in Africa.This article explores the key factors that have contributed to Namibia’s transitions,focusing on the institutional,political,and cultural elements that have underpinned democratic processes.By examining historical milestones,such as the successful 1990 independence elections,the 2005,2015 and 2025 presidential transitions,and the country’s consistent adherence to constitutional principles,this research highlights the role of strong democratic institutions,political tolerance,and active participation of civil society.The article also addresses the significance of leadership and the political culture that foster trust in democratic institutions.Furthermore,it assesses the role of regional and international support in reinforcing Namibia’s democratic processes.By comparing Namibia’s experience with other African nations facing transitions of power,the article offers insights into broader implications for governance,democratic consolidation,and stability in the African context.The article analyses Namibia’s experience in light of similar transitions in Africa,identifying key factors that promote a peaceful transfer of power in the aftermath of an expected presidential demise.The findings aim to contribute to the understanding of successful democratic transitions and provide a blueprint for other nations striving for peaceful power of changes.Ultimately,this work offers valuable insights into the dynamics of democratic resilience in Namibia and highlights important lessons for other African nations confronting leadership transitions.
文摘Old Xizang long practiced theocratic feudal serfdom in whichpolitical and religious authority were merged. In March 1959,under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, acomprehensive democratic reform centered on abolishing this feudalserfdom was launched throughout Xizang.
文摘BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer incidence is rising globally,including the Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC).Despite its increasing incidence,limited data exist on physicians’knowledge of thyroid cancer management in the DRC.AIM To evaluate the knowledge levels of Congolese physicians regarding the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodules and cancers,and to identify existing gaps and areas for improvement.METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from June to August 2024,involving 369 physicians practicing in healthcare facilities across Kinshasa,DRC.Participants were selected using a multi-stage sampling method.Data were collected via a structured questionnaire covering thyroid cancer epidemiology,diagnostic methods,treatment approaches,and prognosis.Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25,employing descriptive and inferential statistics,with a P value≤0.05 being considered as statistically significant.RESULTS Overall response rate was 96.1%.Of all participants,68%were female and 32%were male physicians.General practitioners constituted 84.8%of respondents,with an average age of 34 years.While 53.7%demonstrated adequate knowledge of hypothyroidism management post-thyroidectomy and 61.2%identified the approach for hypoparathyroidism,only 5.1%recognized the need for radiotherapy in metastatic thyroid cancer cases.Awareness of anaplastic thyroid cancer treatment was limited(6.5%),and 90.2%of physicians were unfamiliar with the surgical complications.Moderate understanding was noted in diagnostic protocols,with 44.2%correctly identifying repeat fine-needle aspiration timing in Bethesda I cases.Knowledge of molecular genetics,recurrence risks,and metastasis patterns was remarkably low.CONCLUSION This study highlights significant knowledge gaps among Congolese physicians regarding thyroid cancer management,especially about advanced treatment modalities and molecular genetics.Targeted educational programs and improved access to diagnostic tools are critical to bridging these deficits.Addressing these gaps can enhance the quality of thyroid cancer care and align clinical practices in the DRC with global standards.
文摘Walt·Whitman was one of the famous poets in American literary field. He is remembered by his masterpiece-Leaves of Grass, which composes a lot of his democratic ideas. His democratic poems and his writing styles have their historical background which helped form his democratic ideas.
文摘Since the Cession of Hong Kong for the British since the news of speech terms is strictly limited, long-term Hong Kong residents can not participate in local politics. But to allow discussion of political affairs in China outside Hong Kong. Thus, the various historical periods in the future, the progressive intellectuals to Hong Kong newspaper, publicity revolution, the process of democratic revolution in China, plays a very important role.
文摘AIM:To determine the frequency and types of retinal diseases and the extend of the related visual loss in adult patients attending two public eye clinics of Kinshasa,Democratic Republic of Congo.METHODS:Review of medical records of patients with retinal diseases seen in the major eye clinics in Kinshasa,the University Hospital of Kinshasa(UHK)and Saint Joseph Hospital(SJH),from January 2012 to December 2014.Demographics and diagnoses were retrieved and analyzed.Outcome measures were frequency and prevalence of retinal diseases,blindness and low vision.RESULTS:A total of 40965 patients aged 40 y or older were examined during this period in both clinics.Of these,1208 had retinal disease,giving a 3-year and an annual prevalence of 3%and 1%,respectively.Mean age was 61.7±10.7 y,and 55.8%of the patients were males.Arterial hypertension(68.1%)and diabetes(43.3%)were the most common systemic comorbidities.Hypertensive retinopathy(41.8%),diabetic retinopathy(37.9%),age-related macular degeneration(AMD;14.6%),and chorioretinitis and retinal vein occlusion(7.3%each)were the most common retinal diseases,with 3-year prevalence rates of 1.3%,1.0%,0.43%,and 0.21%respectively.Bilateral low vision and blindness were present in 26.8%and 8.4%of the patients at presentation.Major causes of low vision and blindness were diabetic retinopathy(14.8%),AMD(4.9%),retinal detachment(2.8%),and retinal vein occlusion(2.5%).The prevalence was significantly higher among males than females,and at the UHK than SJH.CONCLUSION:Retinal diseases are common among Congolese adult patients attending eye clinics in Kinshasa.They cause a significant proportion of low vision and blindness.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-41)。
文摘In the past decade,there has been extensive global surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)infection in both animals and humans,however,few studies on epidemiology of avian influenza in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(DPRK)were published.During the period 2013–2014,HPAI H5N1 viruses were detected with outbreaks in domestic poultry in DPRK.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the hemagglutinin gene of all samples belonged to clade 2.3.2.1c with high homology.The HPAI H5N1 virus found in ducks at the Tudan Duck Farm in 2013 was might introduced by migratory birds and then led to the outbreaks on neighboring chicken farms in 2014.These data provide direct evidence for the transmission of avian influenza viruses from wild birds to waterfowl to terrestrial birds.Therefore,the monitoring and control of influenza virus in ducks must be given top priority,which are essential components to prevent and control HPAI.
文摘Background: In sub-Saharan Africa, the DRC ranks among countries with high infant mortality. To solve this problem, the Health Ministry has set up a programme: the use of integrated management childhood illness (IMCI) in community care sites (CCSs) managed by non-health professional persons known as community health workers (CHW). This approach has not yet been integrated into the health pyramid. This is why we chose the Realist Evaluation Approach to evaluate the effectiveness of this programme on Universal Access to care for children under 5 years of age in the DRC. Methods/design: To conduct this exploratory study which is essentially a descriptive case study, we applied the principles of a realist evaluation by context—mechanisms—effects explained in the conceptual framework. The preliminary theory of the programme was elaborated by data collection through a literature review coupled with semi-structured interviews with key informants who were managers of the government programme and technical and financial partners of the programme. Results: IMCI has been evaluated and shown its positive contribution in the reduction of global children mortality. In the DRC, summaries of data collection through a literature review coupled with semi-structured interviews showed the same result. However, under criticism, based on the data collected during this exploratory study, it is promisingly apparent that this programme will achieve the objectives assigned to it through the preliminary theory of the programme. Conclusion: The literature review corroborated the effectiveness of the IMCI programme. The application of this programme in CCS with non-health professionals who are Community Health Workers has been shown to be effective in the DRC. Based on this reality, it was possible to define the basis for a realist evaluation of the effectiveness of the programme in CCS.
文摘The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of leadership on job creativity in the public institutions of the state of Kuwait. Population of the study consisted of some public bodies, namely： General Investment Corporation, Kuwait Development Fund, Ministry of Planning, and Civil Service Department. There are 540 questionnaires distributed, 15 recovered, and 525 of the distributed questionnaires good for statistical analysis. Analysis of the data depended on descriptive statistical analysis, multi and simple regression. Following the hypotheses test by using the F-test, T-test, R2 coefficient and the One-Way variance analysis （ANOVA） test, the study reached the following results： There is a relation between leadership patterns and job creativity in the public institutions of the State of Kuwait. The relation is considered of medium strength, because r = 56.4% and this result matched the results of the previous studies that dealt with the same subject, which indicated that the leadership patterns affect the creative behavior in the organizations at different levels according to the prevalent pattern type. This enhances the logicality of the result, which means that the leadership patterns play a vital role in job creativity in various institutions. Results of the study showed that the democratic pattern is the most prevalent leadership pattern among managers, followed by the unrestrained pattern and finally the authoritarian pattern. Analysis results revealed that there is a weak relation between the authoritarian pattern and the job creativity in the public institutions of the State of Kuwait. The weakness of relation between the two variables can be interpreted in view of the fact that the increase of authoritarianism in leadership might give adverse results contrary to the expected and consequently, it is logical that the relation would be weak between the authoritative management approach and job creativity. There is a concern in providing work environment that encourages change in the public institutions of the State of Kuwait. Managers remarkably support the employees＇ efforts in performing the job. The study was concluded by the following recommendations： The effect of the leadership patterns on creative behavior was reached and therefore, the author recommended that it is necessary to choose well-qualified leadership that contributes to achieving excellence in the institutions operating in different sectors; to hold workshops, committees, seminars, and conferences in order to enhance confidence between management and employees; to concentrate on enhancing the democratic administrative pattern in the institutions due to its immense influence on the creative behavior of employees.
文摘The delay in the delivery of laboratory results can be fatal and can even lead to the death of patients. This study was conducted at the clinical laboratory of the University Hospital of Kinshasa (UHK) from October 2020 to April 2021, aimed to evaluate the laboratory tests’ turnaround time (TAT) and to identify reasons for delay. TAT was quantified using a time and motion analysis approach. The evaluation of TAT consisted of comparing the overall intra-lab TAT with the suggested TAT using student t-test at 95% confidence intervals. Brainstorming was the root cause analysis tool used for identifying reasons for delay. In this study, the laboratory tests’ TATs were significantly higher (p < 0.001) comparing to international guidelines (60 minutes) and customers’ suggested TAT (120 minutes). Only 0.98% of the samples were reported within 60 minutes of patient reception and 1.47% within 120 minutes, i.e. an outlier rate of 98.5%. Root causes of delay related to Machinery, Management, Manpower, Materials, Method and Milieu. Because of many reasons, the laboratory is not meeting the established TAT. Preventive and curative measures must be undertaken to reduce the delay and improve the TAT.
文摘Background: Pregnant women in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are at increased risk for developing obstetric fistulas (OFs) as a result of obstructed labor, in conditions similar to many other African countries. No case-control study of biological and social risk factors for OF has been reported from the DRC. This study aimed to identify factors that would aid in prevention and early identification of women who are at risk of developing OF. Methods: Participants were enrolled in a case-control study at four obstetric clinics in the central DRC. Cases of OF were evaluated as they presented, then a control participant was enrolled among women presenting subsequently to the same clinic, seeking to match parity at the time of the fistula and tribe of the case. A questionnaire was administered to elicit physical, obstetric, demographic, socioeconomic, religion, geographic, and delivery attributes of the participants. Case-control comparisons sought to identify independent risk factors for OF in the total case-control pairs and in subgroups of the participants. Logistic regression was utilized to identify independent risk factors for OF in the total case-control study group and in selected subgroups of the participants, and linear regression was utilized to estimate the variation explained between case and control outcomes from the variables independently significant in the logistic regression models. Results: A total of 177 case-control pairs were enrolled. Among all pairs, shorter height of the case (odds ratio = 1.06, 95% Confidence Limits 1.02 - 1.12);more kilometers travelled to the delivery site (1.02, 1.01 - 1.02);her village, not town, residence (OR = 5.52, 2.72 - 11.2), and her lower professional status (2.95, 1.53 - 5.72) were statistically independent factors associated with OF development. When applied in linear regression comparison of the pairs, these variables yielded an r<sup>2</sup> = 0.48, imputing 48% of the difference in delivery outcome between the pairs was explained by these variables. Among the 38 pairs who were primigravida, the independent variables were more kilometers travelled to the delivery site (1.02, 1.00 - 1.05), village, not town, residence (50.0, 10.2 - 248.7), and facility intended for lower patient acuity (3.7 s, 1.01 - 13.6, r<sup>2</sup> = 0.66) patients who were matched on parity and tribe, the significant risk factors were professional status (OR = 0.29), greater distance travelled to the clinic (OR = 1.02, 1.01 - 1.02), village, not town, residence (5.52, 2.72 - 11.2), and mother’s lower professional status (2.95, 1.53 - 5.72) when the OF occurred. Conclusions: Our study showed biological and social factors associated with the development of OF. Shorter height was the only biological risk factor found to be statistically significant in the study population. Other factors were related to limited resources and limited access to medical care.
基金funded by the World Health Organization,National Centres of Competence in Research,North-South and the Forlen Foundation.The project was also partially supported by the International Joint Laboratory on Tropical Diseases Control in Greater Mekong Subregion(no.21410750200)from Shanghai Municipality Government.
文摘Schistosoma mekongi and other intestinal helminth infections remain public health concerns in Lao People's Democratic Republic, especially in remote areas where access to sanitation is limited.We performed an experimental study in four villages where latrine construction was coupled with two rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel and albendazole, and compared with two control villages that only received two rounds of MDA. The prevalence of helminth infections before (baseline) and after (follow-up) intervention were compared. Additionally, the prevalence in intervention and control villages were compared 12 months post-intervention. Kato–Katz, formalin-ethyl acetate concentration and Baermann techniques were employed to assess helminth infections.We found infection prevalence of S. mekongi in the intervention and control villages was 28.6% and 1.8%, respectively. The prevalences of other helminth infections were as follows: Opisthorchis viverrini, 79.5% and 71.8%;hookworm, 48.8% and 65.6%;and Strongyloides stercoralis, 43.1% and 38.3%. Other helminth species were detected in less than 5% of the study participants. Latrine intervention coupled with two rounds of MDA in the intervention villages reduced the prevalence of S. mekongi infection by 6.0% (from 28.6% to 22.6%;P < 0.001), O. viverrini infection by 11.3% (from 79.5% to 68.2%;P < 0.001), hookworm infection by 22.6% (from 48.8% to 26.2%;P < 0.001), and S. stercoralis infection by 12.0% (from 43.1% to 31.1%;P < 0.001). The observed reductions were not significantly different when compared to the control villages, where only two rounds of MDA were implemented (P > 0.05). Study participants in both groups commonly engaged in behaviours such as open defecation, bathing in the Mekong River, consuming raw or undercooked fish dishes and walking barefoot. These practices and behaviours are associated with helminth infections. Concluding, this study showed only a marginal impact associated with latrine use in intervention communities. There is a need for longer term studies with integrated interventions, such as effective health education to foster behavioural changes related to open defecation, raw or undercooked food consumption, wearing protected footwear outdoors, and personal hygiene.
文摘Agent Blue, a mixture of cacodylic acid (CH<sub>3</sub>) As O<sub>2</sub>H) and sodium cacodylate (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> AsNaO<sub>2</sub>), was a tactical arsenic-based herbicide used during the Vietnam War to destroy grasses and rice crops. Natural and synthetic sources of arsenic can degrade into water-soluble forms and persist in groundwater and potentially contribute to elevating As levels in drinking water. The United States Department of Defense (DOD) and United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) Operation Ranch Hand records for tactical herbicides including Agent Blue sprayed in southern Vietnam during the Vietnam War (1961-1971) are very detailed, rather complete and publicly available. The same is not true for tactical herbicides sprayed by the Republic of Vietnam (RV) during the Khai Quang program which was supported by the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the Mekong Delta. Agent Blue was sprayed by the RV military for three years before the official start of the American-Vietnam War. Few, if any, RV military, US Army, US Navy and CIA spray records exist from 1962 to 1965. Vietnam War veterans, historians and scholars have reported the spraying of 3.2 million liters (468,008 kg As) of Agent Blue on rice paddies and mangrove forests in the Mekong Delta and Central Highlands by the RV military with the support of the US Army, US Navy and CIA. The Institute of Medicine estimated that 3.2 million liters (468,000 kg As) were sprayed during the RV Khai Quang program. This was in addition to the U.S. Air Force’s Operation Ranch Hand spraying of the tactical herbicide Agent Blue primarily by C-123 aircraft. The Operation Ranch Hand missions maintained location and quantities of herbicides sprayed (over 4,712,000 liters (664,392 kg As) from 1961-1971. The RV military and US military (Army and Navy) spray equipment included hand and backpack sprayers, sprayers mounted on Brown Water Navy boats, on Army track vehicles and Army land-based helicopters and helicopters based on the decks of Blue Water Navy ships. Some of these spray missions were a military secret and spray records were classified or if kept were not maintained. Agent Blue containing cacodylic acid had a short half-life and degraded to water-soluble arsenic, which was released into the surface water and/or leached into the groundwater. Once the water-soluble arsenic leached into the Vietnam Mekong Delta groundwater, the arsenic-rich water was pumped back to the surface by tens of thousands of tube wells for urban and agricultural use. The primary objectives of this research are to explore the conditions during the Vietnam War under which 1) the RV military herbicide spray program with the support of the US Navy, CIA and US Army, and 2) the US Air Force spray program during Operation Ranch Hand may have significantly contributed to the natural and anthropic As spikes found in the Mekong Delta today. The environmental impacts of Agent Blue, on the Menominee River at manufacturing sites in the United States, were studied to identify possible As remediation and mitigation strategies. The lessons previously learned at the manufacturing sites in Wisconsin and Michigan, United States can be considered and applied to the Mekong Delta to help mitigate and remediate the arsenic-rich surface water, soil, sediment and groundwater found in the Mekong Delta.
