Oligosaccharins are potent biomolecules which activate defense responses and resistance in tobacco plants. However, it is not known the systemic behavior of defensive enzymes activated by these elicitors. In this work...Oligosaccharins are potent biomolecules which activate defense responses and resistance in tobacco plants. However, it is not known the systemic behavior of defensive enzymes activated by these elicitors. In this work, the dynamic behavior of key defensive enzymes was evaluated in tobacco plant leaves previously treated through the roots with chitosan polymer (CH), chitosan (COS) and pectic (OGAS) oligosaccharides and Spermine (Sp). All macromolecules tested activated protein levels and defense enzymatic activity in tobacco leaves but with different response dynamics among them and depending on the biochemical variable evaluated. Defense response above control levels were detected since 12 hours after treatments and it consisted in a biphasic behavior with two peaks for PAL (EC 4.3.1.5) and β 1 - 3 glucanase (EC 3.2.1.6) enzymatic activities. The highest enzymatic levels for these enzymes were achieved at 48 hours in plantlets elicited with COS and at 72 hours for those plants treated with chitosan polymer, while the highest POD (EC 1.11.1.6) activity was detected with CH between 48 and 72 hours. These results demonstrated systemic defense activation by oligosaccharins in tobacco whose dynamic of defense response is affected by the kind of oligosaccharins tested. When applying OGAS by foliar spray on tobacco, systemic resistance against Phytoththora nicotianae was induced and plantlets were protected with the low concentration tested by 46% under the bioassays conditions performed. Moreover, enzymatic determinations on roots and leaves previous to plant-pathogen interaction showed increments above 30% of control levels for PAL and POD activities. It means that oligosaccharins activate local and systemic defense responses in plants in the absent of pathogen infection.展开更多
Heat stress hinders the growth and productivity of sweetpotato plants,predominantly through oxidative damage to cellular membranes.Therefore,the development of efficient approaches for mitigating heat-related impairme...Heat stress hinders the growth and productivity of sweetpotato plants,predominantly through oxidative damage to cellular membranes.Therefore,the development of efficient approaches for mitigating heat-related impairments is essential for the long-term production of sweetpotatoes.Melatonin has been recognised for its capacity to assist plants in dealing with abiotic stress conditions.This research aimed to investigate how different doses of exogenous melatonin influence heat damage in sweetpotato plants.Heat stress drastically affected shoot and root fresh weight by 31.8 and 44.5%,respectively.This reduction resulted in oxidative stress characterised by increased formation of hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))by 804.4%,superoxide ion(O_(2)^(·-))by 211.5%and malondialdehyde(MDA)by 234.2%.Heat stress also reduced chlorophyll concentration,photosystemⅡefficiency(F_v/F_m)by 15.3%and gaseous exchange.However,pre-treatment with 100μmol L^(-1)melatonin increased growth and reduced oxidative damage to sweetpotato plants under heat stress.In particular,melatonin decreased H_(2)O_(2),O_(2)^(·-)and MDA by 64.8%,42.7%and 38.2%,respectively.Melatonin also mitigated the decline in chlorophyll levels and improved stomatal traits,gaseous exchange and F_(v)/F_(m)(13%).Results suggested that the favorable outcomes of melatonin treatment can be associated with elevated antioxidant enzyme activity and an increase in non-enzymatic antioxidants and osmo-protectants.Overall,these findings indicate that exogenous melatonin can improve heat stress tolerance in sweetpotatoes.This stu dy will assist re searchers in further investigating how melatonin makes sweetpotatoes more resistant to heat stress.展开更多
A cooperative guidance law is proposed in a two-ontwo engagement scenario with large-heading-errors by choosing zero-effort miss distance as a sliding surface,which consists of an attacker,a protector,a defender,and a...A cooperative guidance law is proposed in a two-ontwo engagement scenario with large-heading-errors by choosing zero-effort miss distance as a sliding surface,which consists of an attacker,a protector,a defender,and a target,based on fixed-time sliding mode control theory.Based on the nonlinear method of fixed-time sliding mode control,the performance of the cooperative guidance law remains satisfactory even with large-heading-errors scenarios where the linearization-based approaches might be invalid.By virtue of this law,the attacker pursues the target with the assistance of the protector,which can intercept the defender in the engagement scenario.Furthermore,if the attacker is intercepted by the defender,the guidance law of the protector could guarantee that the protector attacks the target.A robust adaptive term is included in the guidance law to deal with the case of the unknown disturbance upper bound of the defender-target team.Finally,the feasibility of the guidance law is verified by nonlinear numerical simulations,and the superiority of it is illustrated by comparing with the linearization guidance law.展开更多
Periprosthetic joint infections contribute significantly to patient morbidity,prolonged hospital stays,and escalating healthcare costs.Defensive antibacterial coating(DAC®)hydrogel has emerged as a promising stra...Periprosthetic joint infections contribute significantly to patient morbidity,prolonged hospital stays,and escalating healthcare costs.Defensive antibacterial coating(DAC®)hydrogel has emerged as a promising strategy to combat these infections.It forms a biodegradable barrier that reduces bacterial adhesion and can deliver local antibiotics,thereby addressing a key mechanism in biofilm formation.Early clinical evidence suggests that DAC®effectively lowers infection recurrence in revision hip and knee arthroplasties,with additional benefits in trauma procedures and soft tissue repairs.Moreover,it has demonstrated compat-ibility with existing implants and surgical techniques,while potentially reducing overall antibiotic use and hospital stays.Despite these encouraging findings,data for its use in primary arthroplasty remains limited,underscoring the need for large-scale,high-quality studies.Future research is poised to refine DAC®’s antimicrobial efficacy through novel antibiotic combinations,personalised delivery systems,and broader applications beyond lower limb procedures.As the prevalence of comorbidities continues to rise,DAC®represents a valuable addi-tion to multifaceted infection control protocols,potentially transforming ortho-paedic care by enhancing patient outcomes and mitigating the economic and clinical burden of implant-related infections.展开更多
The annual average number of snowstorm days in Tongliao area is 1-3 d.Snowstorms mainly happen from October to next May,peaking from December to next March.The incidence is the highest between 12:00 and 15:00.The Mong...The annual average number of snowstorm days in Tongliao area is 1-3 d.Snowstorms mainly happen from October to next May,peaking from December to next March.The incidence is the highest between 12:00 and 15:00.The Mongolian low vortex is the main weather system that triggers snowstorms,and can be classified into three types:small trough development,horizontal trough becoming vertical,and low trough moving eastwards.Snowstorms pose a relatively serious threat to agricultural and animal husbandry production,transportation,power and communication in Tongliao.Especially in spring,snowstorm weather poses a greater threat to agriculture and animal husbandry in Tongliao.It is needed to pay attention to the impact of extreme weather and climate events such as snowstorms,strengthen research on the mechanisms of disaster-causing weather,enhance the early warning capability of disasters,and provide good service guarantees for low-temperature weather in winter.展开更多
This paper investigates the number of limit cycles in a predator-prey system with group defense,intially introduced by Wolkowicz and later examined by Rothe and Shafer in the 1980’s.Under the assumption of large prey...This paper investigates the number of limit cycles in a predator-prey system with group defense,intially introduced by Wolkowicz and later examined by Rothe and Shafer in the 1980’s.Under the assumption of large prey growth,the system reduces to a perturbed singular system,whose limit cycles can be analyzed using geometric singular perturbation methods-primarily through the study of a slow-divergence integral.Our work completes partially the results previously obtained by Li and Zhu and by Hsu.We provide a comprehensive classification of all possible singular cycles capable of generating limit cycles and analyze the slow-divergence integral for the nine distinct types of cycle families that arise in a canard explosion.Based on these findings,we demonstrate that the maximum number of limit cycles emerging from the singular cycles is two in all cases,thereby confirming conjectures posed by Rothe-Shafer and Xiao-Ruan.展开更多
Plants are under constant exposure to varied biotic and abiotic stresses,which significantly affect their growth,productivity,and survival.Biotic stress,caused by pathogens,and abiotic stress,including drought,salinit...Plants are under constant exposure to varied biotic and abiotic stresses,which significantly affect their growth,productivity,and survival.Biotic stress,caused by pathogens,and abiotic stress,including drought,salinity,extreme temperatures,and heavy metals,activate overlapping yet distinct immune pathways.These are comprised of morphological barriers,hormonal signaling,and the induction of stress-responsive genes through complex pathways mediated by reactive oxygen species(ROS),phytohormones,and secondary metabolites.Abiotic stress triggers organelle-mediated retrograde signaling from organelles like chloroplasts and mitochondria,which causes unfolded protein responses and the regulation of cellular homeostasis.Simultaneously,biotic stress activates both PAMP-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI),mediated by salicylic acid(SA),jasmonic acid(JA),and ethylene(ET).This review aims to provide an integrated overview of plant immune responses tomultiple stressors,with emphasis on molecular crosstalk and recent technological interventions.A systematic literature search was conducted using the Scopus database,covering studies published between 2010 and 2025.Advances in CRISPR-Cas genome editing,RNA interference,omics technologies,nanotechnology,and artificial intelligence have improved our knowledge of plant stress physiology and facilitated the design of resilient crop varieties.Despite these advances,the integration of immune signals under simultaneous biotic and abiotic stress remains poorly understood,particularly at tissue-specific and cellular levels.Additionally,practical challenges persist in delivery methods,regulatory hurdles,and long-term field validation.With the escalation of climate change,understanding the complex crosstalk between stress signalling pathways is essential formaintaining sustainable agriculture and global food security.Future directions point toward real-time monitoring tools,such as single-cell omics and spatial transcriptomics,to fine-tune immune responses and support precision crop improvement.展开更多
To solve security problems in cross-technology communication(CTC),we take the Internet of Things(IoT)control system as an example,and propose a comprehensive solution against the attack on the physical layer CTC from ...To solve security problems in cross-technology communication(CTC),we take the Internet of Things(IoT)control system as an example,and propose a comprehensive solution against the attack on the physical layer CTC from ZigBee to Wi-Fi.Specifically,we propose a noise interference strategy by adding an appropriate amount of dedicated noise signals,which can interfere with the eavesdropping and simulation of ZigBee signals without affecting the reception of the receiver.Moreover,we also propose a regression modeling strategy which collects data,extracts features,and trains a binary logistic regression model so that the receiver can actively distinguish simulated attack signals.We build the experimental platform by using GNU Radio and USRP devices.Experimental results demonstrate that the security defense strategies can identify and distinguish the signals from the attacker with a high accuracy,effectively solving the signal emulation attack on the physical layer CTC from ZigBee to Wi-Fi.展开更多
Dear Editor,The attacker is always going to intrude covertly networked control systems(NCSs)by dynamically changing false data injection attacks(FDIAs)strategy,while the defender try their best to resist attacks by de...Dear Editor,The attacker is always going to intrude covertly networked control systems(NCSs)by dynamically changing false data injection attacks(FDIAs)strategy,while the defender try their best to resist attacks by designing defense strategy on the basis of identifying attack strategy,maintaining stable operation of NCSs.To solve this attack-defense game problem,this letter investigates optimal secure control of NCSs under FDIAs.First,for the alterations of energy caused by false data,a novel attack-defense game model is constructed,which considers the changes of energy caused by the actions of the defender and attacker in the forward and feedback channels.展开更多
In order to take advantage of the climate resources more effectively ac- cording to the local circumstances and to plan and develop the citrus industry in Southern Shaanxi more reasonably. On the basis of the investig...In order to take advantage of the climate resources more effectively ac- cording to the local circumstances and to plan and develop the citrus industry in Southern Shaanxi more reasonably. On the basis of the investigation of freeze dam- age to citrus occurring in Southern Shaanxi in the winter of 2010, the climatic back- ground for the formation of this freeze damage was analyzed. In combination with the freeze damage indicators during the overwintering period and the harmful accu- mulated cold during the cold wave, indexes for grading the freeze damage in southern Shaanxi were analyzed and verified, and the perspective of grading the freeze damage using the harmful accumulated cold during the cold wave was also presented. Through analyzing the extremely lowest temperature and the harmful ac- cumulated cold in the winter of 2010 and in history at 12 citrus growing counties （districts） in Ankang area and Hanzhong area, the reasons why the freeze damage to citrus during the overwintering period was severer in the west than in the east of Southern Shaanxi were discussed, and the results obtained were basically consistent with the actual situation observed from investigation. Finally, defensive countermea- sures against the freeze damage to citrus during the overwintering period were put forward from several aspects.展开更多
At evaluating the combat effectiveness of the defense system, target′s probability to penetrate the defended area is a primary care taking index. In this paper, stochastic model to compete the probability that targe...At evaluating the combat effectiveness of the defense system, target′s probability to penetrate the defended area is a primary care taking index. In this paper, stochastic model to compete the probability that target penetrates the defended area along any flight path is established by the state analysis and statistical equilibrium analysis of stochastic service system theory. The simulated annealing algorithm is an enlightening random search method based on Monte Carlo recursion, and it can find global optimal solution by simulating annealing process. Combining stochastic model to compete the probability and simulated annealing algorithm, this paper establishes the method to solve problem quantitatively about combat configuration optimization of weapon systems. The calculated result shows that the perfect configuration for fire cells of the weapon is fast found by using this method, and this quantificational method for combat configuration is faster and more scientific than previous one based on principle via map fire field.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to explore the effects of spores and crude toxins of Helminthosporium gramineum Rabenh f. sp. echinochloae（HGE） on the ac- tivity of defensive enzymes of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-...[Objective] This study aimed to explore the effects of spores and crude toxins of Helminthosporium gramineum Rabenh f. sp. echinochloae（HGE） on the ac- tivity of defensive enzymes of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli （L.） Beauv.]. [Method] The effects of spores and crude toxins of HGE, as well as the mixture of spores and crude toxins on the activity of defensive enzymes in barnyardgrass were determined under laboratory conditions. [Result] Spores and crude toxins of HGE had varying degrees of effects on PAL and POD activity, and no obvious effect on SOD activity in barnyardgrass. In addition, spores and toxins had some similar im- pacts on the defensive enzymes in barnyardgrass. [Conclusion] Since toxins have similar effects on the hosts as spores of fungal pathogen do, they can be a substi- tute for the fungal pathogen in studying the partial pathogenic mechanism of this pathogen due to its complexity in pathogenic process.展开更多
AIM： To clarify the prevalence of defensive medicine and the specific defensive medicine practices among gastroenterologists in Japan. METHODS： A survey of gastroenterologists in Hiroshima, Japan, was conducted by m...AIM： To clarify the prevalence of defensive medicine and the specific defensive medicine practices among gastroenterologists in Japan. METHODS： A survey of gastroenterologists in Hiroshima, Japan, was conducted by mail in March 2006. The number of gastroenterologists reporting defensive medicine behaviors or changes in their scope of practice and the reported defensive medicine practices, i.e., assurance and avoidance behaviors, were examined. RESULTS： A total of 131 （77%） out of 171 gastroenterologists completed the survey. Three （2%） respondents were sued, and most respondents （96%） had liability insurance. Nearly all respondents （98%） reported practicing defensive medicine. Avoidance behaviors, such as avoiding certain procedures or interventions and avoiding caring for high-risk patients, were very common （96%）. Seventy-five percent of respondents reported often avoiding certain procedures or interventions. However, seasoned gastroenterologists （those in practice for more than 20 years） adopted avoidance behaviors significantly less often than those in practice for less than 10 years. Assurance behaviors, i.e., supplying additional services of marginal or no medical value, were also widespread （91%）. Sixty-eight percent of respondents reported that they sometimes or often referred patients to other specialists unnecessarily. CONCLUSION： Defensive medicine may be highly prevalent among gastroenterologists throughout 3apan, with potentially serious implications regarding costs, access, and both technical and interpersonal quality of care.展开更多
Equipment systems-of-systems （SOS） effectiveness evaluation can provide important reference for construction and optimization of the equipment SoS. After discussing the basic theory and methods of parallel experimen...Equipment systems-of-systems （SOS） effectiveness evaluation can provide important reference for construction and optimization of the equipment SoS. After discussing the basic theory and methods of parallel experiments, we depict an SoS effectiveness analysis and evaluation method using parallel expe- riments theory in detail. A case study is carried out which takes the missile defense system as an example. An artificial system of the missile defense system is constructed with the multi-agent modeling method. Then, single factor, multiple factors and defense position deployment computational experiments are carried out and evaluated with the statistical analysis method. Experiment re- sults show that the altitude of the secondary interception missile is not the key factor which affects SoS effectiveness and putting the defense position ahead will increase defense effectiveness. The case study demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed method.展开更多
The pine wood nematode(PWN),Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle,is the pathogen of pine wilt disease(PWD) which can devastate forests.PWN can be of hi gh or low severity and the mechanisms underlyi...The pine wood nematode(PWN),Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle,is the pathogen of pine wilt disease(PWD) which can devastate forests.PWN can be of hi gh or low severity and the mechanisms underlying the differences in virulence are unclear.Therefore,it is necessary to study the relationship between differentiation of PWN severity and its resistance to the main defensive substances of pine species(i.e.,α-pinene and H_(2)O_(2)).The feeding rate and fecundity of PWN was examined at different levels of virulence under conditions of a-pinene and H_(2)O_(2) stress.Moreover,the expression patterns of the main resistance genes of PWN with different virulence were determined under conditions of α-pinene and H_(2)O_(2) stress.The feeding rate and fecundity of the high virulence strain AMA3 were higher than those of the low virulence strain YW4.The expression levels of the autophagy gene BxATG5,cytochrome P450 gene BxCYP33 D3,and glutathione S-transferase genes BxGST1 and BxGST3 in AMA3 increased significantly upon exposure to α-pinene for 2 h,while these genes showed smaller degrees of upregulation in YW4.Under conditions of H_(2)O_(2) stress,the expression levels of BxATG5,catalase genes Bxy-ctl-1 and Bxy-ctl-2,and the 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin gene BxPrx in AMA3 were higher than those in YW4.These findings suggest that high virulence PWN has greater resistance to pine defensive substances α-pinene and H_(2)O_(2) than low virulence PWN,and resistance genes mediate the differential resistance of PWN strains.This study will contribute to the clarification of the mechanism underlying virulence differentiation of PWN and will advance understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of PWD.展开更多
The blockchain cross-chain is a significant technology for inter-chain interconnection and value transfer among different blockchain networks.Cross-chain overcomes the“information island”problem of the closed blockc...The blockchain cross-chain is a significant technology for inter-chain interconnection and value transfer among different blockchain networks.Cross-chain overcomes the“information island”problem of the closed blockchain network and is increasingly applied to multiple critical areas such as finance and the internet of things(IoT).Blockchain can be divided into three main categories of blockchain networks:public blockchains,private blockchains,and consortium blockchains.However,there are differences in block structures,consensus mechanisms,and complex working mechanisms among heterogeneous blockchains.The fragility of the cross-chain system itself makes the cross-chain system face some potential security and privacy threats.This paper discusses security defects on the cross-chain implementation mechanism,and discusses the impact of the structural features of blockchain networks on cross-chain security.In terms of cross-chain intercommunication,a cross-chain attack can be divided into a multi-chain combination attack,native chain attack,and inter-chain attack diffusion.Then various security threats and attack paths faced by the cross-chain system are analyzed.At last,the corresponding security defense methods of cross-chain security threats and future research directions for cross-chain applications are put forward.展开更多
Foxtail millet （Setaria italica L.） is an important food and fodder crop in semi-arid areas. However, there are few herbicides suitable for use on weed control in field-grown foxtail millet during the post-emergence...Foxtail millet （Setaria italica L.） is an important food and fodder crop in semi-arid areas. However, there are few herbicides suitable for use on weed control in field-grown foxtail millet during the post-emergence herbicides stage. The present study was conducted using four concentrations （0.5, 1, 2, and 4 L ai ha-1） of foliar-applied fluroxypyr, and the effect of fluroxypyr on selected metabolic and stress-related parameters in foxtail millet were assessed after 15 days. In this study, increasing concentrations decreased plant height and accumulation of chlorophylls. Our results also showed that malondialdehyde （MDA） accumulated in response to fluroxypyr application, demonstrating increased lipid peroxidation due to excessive reactive oxygen species production. In response to this oxidative stress, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were generally enhanced. Non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems, which function in concert with antioxidant enzymes, can also protect plant cells from oxidative damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species （ROS）. In conclusion, the hybrid variety （Zhangzagu） exhibited a greater tolerance to fluroxypyr than did the conventional variety Jingu 21, which might be associated with the antioxidant mechanisms of Zhangzagu hybrid millet.展开更多
In order to solve the problem that the ripple-effect analy- sis for the operational architecture of air defense systems （OAADS） is hardly described in quantity with previous modeling approaches, a supernetwork model...In order to solve the problem that the ripple-effect analy- sis for the operational architecture of air defense systems （OAADS） is hardly described in quantity with previous modeling approaches, a supernetwork modeling approach for the OAADS is put for- ward by extending granular computing. Based on that operational units and links are equal to different information granularities, the supernetwork framework of the OAADS is constructed as a “four- network within two-layer” structure by forming dynamic operating coalitions, and measuring indexes of the ripple-effect analysis for the OAADS are given combining with Laplace spectral radius. In this framework, via analyzing multidimensional attributes which inherit relations between operational units in different granular scales, an extended granular computing is put forward integrating with a topological structure. Then the operation process within the supernetwork framework, including transformation relations be- tween two layers in the vertical view and mapping relations among functional networks in the horizontal view, is studied in quantity. As the application case shows, comparing with previous modeling approaches, the supernetwork model can validate and analyze the operation mechanism in the air defense architecture, and the ripple-effect analysis can be used to confirm the key operational unit with micro and macro viewpoints.展开更多
Defensive behaviors induced by innate fear or Pavlovian fear conditioning are crucial for animals to avoid threats and ensure survival.The zona incerta(ZI)has been demonstrated to play important roles in fear learning...Defensive behaviors induced by innate fear or Pavlovian fear conditioning are crucial for animals to avoid threats and ensure survival.The zona incerta(ZI)has been demonstrated to play important roles in fear learning and fear memory,as well as modulating auditory-induced innate defensive behavior.However,whether the neuronal subtypes in the ZI and specific circuits can mediate the innate fear response is largely unknown.Here,we found that somatostatin(SST)-positive neurons in the rostral ZI of mice were activated by a visual innate fear stimulus.Optogenetic inhibition of SST-positive neurons in the rostral ZI resulted in reduced flight responses to an overhead looming stimulus.Optogenetic activation of SST-positive neurons in the rostral ZI induced fear-like defensive behavior including increased immobility and bradycardia.In addition,we demonstrated that manipulation of the GABAergic projections from SST-positive neurons in the rostral ZI to the downstream nucleus reuniens(Re)mediated fear-like defensive behavior.Retrograde trans-synaptic tracing also revealed looming stimulus-activated neurons in the superior colliculus(SC)that projected to the Re-projecting SST-positive neurons in the rostral ZI(SC-ZIrSST-Re pathway).Together,our study elucidates the function of SST-positive neurons in the rostral ZI and the SC-ZIrSST-Re tri-synaptic circuit in mediating the innate fear response.展开更多
Ballistic missile defense system (BMDS) is important for its special role in ensuring national security and maintaining strategic balance. Research on modeling and simulation of the BMDS beforehand is essential as dev...Ballistic missile defense system (BMDS) is important for its special role in ensuring national security and maintaining strategic balance. Research on modeling and simulation of the BMDS beforehand is essential as developing a real one requires lots of manpower and resources. BMDS is a typical complex system for its nonlinear, adaptive and uncertainty characteristics. The agent-based modeling method is well suited for the complex system whose overall behaviors are determined by interactions among individual elements. A multi-agent decision support system (DSS), which includes missile agent, radar agent and command center agent, is established based on the studies of structure and function of BMDS. Considering the constraints brought by radar, intercept missile, offensive missile and commander, the objective function of DSS is established. In order to dynamically generate the optimal interception plan, the variable neighborhood negative selection particle swarm optimization (VNNSPSO) algorithm is proposed to support the decision making of DSS. The proposed algorithm is compared with the standard PSO, constriction factor PSO (CFPSO), inertia weight linear decrease PSO (LDPSO), variable neighborhood PSO (VNPSO) algorithm from the aspects of convergence rate, iteration number, average fitness value and standard deviation. The simulation results verify the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. The multi-agent DSS is developed through the Repast simulation platform and the constructed DSS can generate intercept plans automatically and support three-dimensional dynamic display of missile defense process.展开更多
文摘Oligosaccharins are potent biomolecules which activate defense responses and resistance in tobacco plants. However, it is not known the systemic behavior of defensive enzymes activated by these elicitors. In this work, the dynamic behavior of key defensive enzymes was evaluated in tobacco plant leaves previously treated through the roots with chitosan polymer (CH), chitosan (COS) and pectic (OGAS) oligosaccharides and Spermine (Sp). All macromolecules tested activated protein levels and defense enzymatic activity in tobacco leaves but with different response dynamics among them and depending on the biochemical variable evaluated. Defense response above control levels were detected since 12 hours after treatments and it consisted in a biphasic behavior with two peaks for PAL (EC 4.3.1.5) and β 1 - 3 glucanase (EC 3.2.1.6) enzymatic activities. The highest enzymatic levels for these enzymes were achieved at 48 hours in plantlets elicited with COS and at 72 hours for those plants treated with chitosan polymer, while the highest POD (EC 1.11.1.6) activity was detected with CH between 48 and 72 hours. These results demonstrated systemic defense activation by oligosaccharins in tobacco whose dynamic of defense response is affected by the kind of oligosaccharins tested. When applying OGAS by foliar spray on tobacco, systemic resistance against Phytoththora nicotianae was induced and plantlets were protected with the low concentration tested by 46% under the bioassays conditions performed. Moreover, enzymatic determinations on roots and leaves previous to plant-pathogen interaction showed increments above 30% of control levels for PAL and POD activities. It means that oligosaccharins activate local and systemic defense responses in plants in the absent of pathogen infection.
基金supported jointly by the earmarked fund for CARS-10-GW2the key research and development program of Hainan Province(Grant No.ZDYF2020226)+1 种基金Collaborative innovation center of Nanfan and high-efficiency tropical agriculture,Hainan University(Grant No.XTCX2022NYC21)funding of Hainan University[Grant No.KYQD(ZR)22123]。
文摘Heat stress hinders the growth and productivity of sweetpotato plants,predominantly through oxidative damage to cellular membranes.Therefore,the development of efficient approaches for mitigating heat-related impairments is essential for the long-term production of sweetpotatoes.Melatonin has been recognised for its capacity to assist plants in dealing with abiotic stress conditions.This research aimed to investigate how different doses of exogenous melatonin influence heat damage in sweetpotato plants.Heat stress drastically affected shoot and root fresh weight by 31.8 and 44.5%,respectively.This reduction resulted in oxidative stress characterised by increased formation of hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))by 804.4%,superoxide ion(O_(2)^(·-))by 211.5%and malondialdehyde(MDA)by 234.2%.Heat stress also reduced chlorophyll concentration,photosystemⅡefficiency(F_v/F_m)by 15.3%and gaseous exchange.However,pre-treatment with 100μmol L^(-1)melatonin increased growth and reduced oxidative damage to sweetpotato plants under heat stress.In particular,melatonin decreased H_(2)O_(2),O_(2)^(·-)and MDA by 64.8%,42.7%and 38.2%,respectively.Melatonin also mitigated the decline in chlorophyll levels and improved stomatal traits,gaseous exchange and F_(v)/F_(m)(13%).Results suggested that the favorable outcomes of melatonin treatment can be associated with elevated antioxidant enzyme activity and an increase in non-enzymatic antioxidants and osmo-protectants.Overall,these findings indicate that exogenous melatonin can improve heat stress tolerance in sweetpotatoes.This stu dy will assist re searchers in further investigating how melatonin makes sweetpotatoes more resistant to heat stress.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62273119).
文摘A cooperative guidance law is proposed in a two-ontwo engagement scenario with large-heading-errors by choosing zero-effort miss distance as a sliding surface,which consists of an attacker,a protector,a defender,and a target,based on fixed-time sliding mode control theory.Based on the nonlinear method of fixed-time sliding mode control,the performance of the cooperative guidance law remains satisfactory even with large-heading-errors scenarios where the linearization-based approaches might be invalid.By virtue of this law,the attacker pursues the target with the assistance of the protector,which can intercept the defender in the engagement scenario.Furthermore,if the attacker is intercepted by the defender,the guidance law of the protector could guarantee that the protector attacks the target.A robust adaptive term is included in the guidance law to deal with the case of the unknown disturbance upper bound of the defender-target team.Finally,the feasibility of the guidance law is verified by nonlinear numerical simulations,and the superiority of it is illustrated by comparing with the linearization guidance law.
文摘Periprosthetic joint infections contribute significantly to patient morbidity,prolonged hospital stays,and escalating healthcare costs.Defensive antibacterial coating(DAC®)hydrogel has emerged as a promising strategy to combat these infections.It forms a biodegradable barrier that reduces bacterial adhesion and can deliver local antibiotics,thereby addressing a key mechanism in biofilm formation.Early clinical evidence suggests that DAC®effectively lowers infection recurrence in revision hip and knee arthroplasties,with additional benefits in trauma procedures and soft tissue repairs.Moreover,it has demonstrated compat-ibility with existing implants and surgical techniques,while potentially reducing overall antibiotic use and hospital stays.Despite these encouraging findings,data for its use in primary arthroplasty remains limited,underscoring the need for large-scale,high-quality studies.Future research is poised to refine DAC®’s antimicrobial efficacy through novel antibiotic combinations,personalised delivery systems,and broader applications beyond lower limb procedures.As the prevalence of comorbidities continues to rise,DAC®represents a valuable addi-tion to multifaceted infection control protocols,potentially transforming ortho-paedic care by enhancing patient outcomes and mitigating the economic and clinical burden of implant-related infections.
文摘The annual average number of snowstorm days in Tongliao area is 1-3 d.Snowstorms mainly happen from October to next May,peaking from December to next March.The incidence is the highest between 12:00 and 15:00.The Mongolian low vortex is the main weather system that triggers snowstorms,and can be classified into three types:small trough development,horizontal trough becoming vertical,and low trough moving eastwards.Snowstorms pose a relatively serious threat to agricultural and animal husbandry production,transportation,power and communication in Tongliao.Especially in spring,snowstorm weather poses a greater threat to agriculture and animal husbandry in Tongliao.It is needed to pay attention to the impact of extreme weather and climate events such as snowstorms,strengthen research on the mechanisms of disaster-causing weather,enhance the early warning capability of disasters,and provide good service guarantees for low-temperature weather in winter.
文摘This paper investigates the number of limit cycles in a predator-prey system with group defense,intially introduced by Wolkowicz and later examined by Rothe and Shafer in the 1980’s.Under the assumption of large prey growth,the system reduces to a perturbed singular system,whose limit cycles can be analyzed using geometric singular perturbation methods-primarily through the study of a slow-divergence integral.Our work completes partially the results previously obtained by Li and Zhu and by Hsu.We provide a comprehensive classification of all possible singular cycles capable of generating limit cycles and analyze the slow-divergence integral for the nine distinct types of cycle families that arise in a canard explosion.Based on these findings,we demonstrate that the maximum number of limit cycles emerging from the singular cycles is two in all cases,thereby confirming conjectures posed by Rothe-Shafer and Xiao-Ruan.
文摘Plants are under constant exposure to varied biotic and abiotic stresses,which significantly affect their growth,productivity,and survival.Biotic stress,caused by pathogens,and abiotic stress,including drought,salinity,extreme temperatures,and heavy metals,activate overlapping yet distinct immune pathways.These are comprised of morphological barriers,hormonal signaling,and the induction of stress-responsive genes through complex pathways mediated by reactive oxygen species(ROS),phytohormones,and secondary metabolites.Abiotic stress triggers organelle-mediated retrograde signaling from organelles like chloroplasts and mitochondria,which causes unfolded protein responses and the regulation of cellular homeostasis.Simultaneously,biotic stress activates both PAMP-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI),mediated by salicylic acid(SA),jasmonic acid(JA),and ethylene(ET).This review aims to provide an integrated overview of plant immune responses tomultiple stressors,with emphasis on molecular crosstalk and recent technological interventions.A systematic literature search was conducted using the Scopus database,covering studies published between 2010 and 2025.Advances in CRISPR-Cas genome editing,RNA interference,omics technologies,nanotechnology,and artificial intelligence have improved our knowledge of plant stress physiology and facilitated the design of resilient crop varieties.Despite these advances,the integration of immune signals under simultaneous biotic and abiotic stress remains poorly understood,particularly at tissue-specific and cellular levels.Additionally,practical challenges persist in delivery methods,regulatory hurdles,and long-term field validation.With the escalation of climate change,understanding the complex crosstalk between stress signalling pathways is essential formaintaining sustainable agriculture and global food security.Future directions point toward real-time monitoring tools,such as single-cell omics and spatial transcriptomics,to fine-tune immune responses and support precision crop improvement.
文摘To solve security problems in cross-technology communication(CTC),we take the Internet of Things(IoT)control system as an example,and propose a comprehensive solution against the attack on the physical layer CTC from ZigBee to Wi-Fi.Specifically,we propose a noise interference strategy by adding an appropriate amount of dedicated noise signals,which can interfere with the eavesdropping and simulation of ZigBee signals without affecting the reception of the receiver.Moreover,we also propose a regression modeling strategy which collects data,extracts features,and trains a binary logistic regression model so that the receiver can actively distinguish simulated attack signals.We build the experimental platform by using GNU Radio and USRP devices.Experimental results demonstrate that the security defense strategies can identify and distinguish the signals from the attacker with a high accuracy,effectively solving the signal emulation attack on the physical layer CTC from ZigBee to Wi-Fi.
基金supported in part by the National Science Foundation of China(62373240,62273224,U24A20259).
文摘Dear Editor,The attacker is always going to intrude covertly networked control systems(NCSs)by dynamically changing false data injection attacks(FDIAs)strategy,while the defender try their best to resist attacks by designing defense strategy on the basis of identifying attack strategy,maintaining stable operation of NCSs.To solve this attack-defense game problem,this letter investigates optimal secure control of NCSs under FDIAs.First,for the alterations of energy caused by false data,a novel attack-defense game model is constructed,which considers the changes of energy caused by the actions of the defender and attacker in the forward and feedback channels.
基金Supported by Shaanxi"13115"Public Service Platform Construction Program for Science&Technology Innovation Projects(2010FWPT-17)~~
文摘In order to take advantage of the climate resources more effectively ac- cording to the local circumstances and to plan and develop the citrus industry in Southern Shaanxi more reasonably. On the basis of the investigation of freeze dam- age to citrus occurring in Southern Shaanxi in the winter of 2010, the climatic back- ground for the formation of this freeze damage was analyzed. In combination with the freeze damage indicators during the overwintering period and the harmful accu- mulated cold during the cold wave, indexes for grading the freeze damage in southern Shaanxi were analyzed and verified, and the perspective of grading the freeze damage using the harmful accumulated cold during the cold wave was also presented. Through analyzing the extremely lowest temperature and the harmful ac- cumulated cold in the winter of 2010 and in history at 12 citrus growing counties （districts） in Ankang area and Hanzhong area, the reasons why the freeze damage to citrus during the overwintering period was severer in the west than in the east of Southern Shaanxi were discussed, and the results obtained were basically consistent with the actual situation observed from investigation. Finally, defensive countermea- sures against the freeze damage to citrus during the overwintering period were put forward from several aspects.
文摘At evaluating the combat effectiveness of the defense system, target′s probability to penetrate the defended area is a primary care taking index. In this paper, stochastic model to compete the probability that target penetrates the defended area along any flight path is established by the state analysis and statistical equilibrium analysis of stochastic service system theory. The simulated annealing algorithm is an enlightening random search method based on Monte Carlo recursion, and it can find global optimal solution by simulating annealing process. Combining stochastic model to compete the probability and simulated annealing algorithm, this paper establishes the method to solve problem quantitatively about combat configuration optimization of weapon systems. The calculated result shows that the perfect configuration for fire cells of the weapon is fast found by using this method, and this quantificational method for combat configuration is faster and more scientific than previous one based on principle via map fire field.
基金Supported by Research Fund of the State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau(110201002002)the Open Research Project of Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetics and Breeding in the Tobacco Industry(TB201006)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to explore the effects of spores and crude toxins of Helminthosporium gramineum Rabenh f. sp. echinochloae（HGE） on the ac- tivity of defensive enzymes of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli （L.） Beauv.]. [Method] The effects of spores and crude toxins of HGE, as well as the mixture of spores and crude toxins on the activity of defensive enzymes in barnyardgrass were determined under laboratory conditions. [Result] Spores and crude toxins of HGE had varying degrees of effects on PAL and POD activity, and no obvious effect on SOD activity in barnyardgrass. In addition, spores and toxins had some similar im- pacts on the defensive enzymes in barnyardgrass. [Conclusion] Since toxins have similar effects on the hosts as spores of fungal pathogen do, they can be a substi- tute for the fungal pathogen in studying the partial pathogenic mechanism of this pathogen due to its complexity in pathogenic process.
文摘AIM： To clarify the prevalence of defensive medicine and the specific defensive medicine practices among gastroenterologists in Japan. METHODS： A survey of gastroenterologists in Hiroshima, Japan, was conducted by mail in March 2006. The number of gastroenterologists reporting defensive medicine behaviors or changes in their scope of practice and the reported defensive medicine practices, i.e., assurance and avoidance behaviors, were examined. RESULTS： A total of 131 （77%） out of 171 gastroenterologists completed the survey. Three （2%） respondents were sued, and most respondents （96%） had liability insurance. Nearly all respondents （98%） reported practicing defensive medicine. Avoidance behaviors, such as avoiding certain procedures or interventions and avoiding caring for high-risk patients, were very common （96%）. Seventy-five percent of respondents reported often avoiding certain procedures or interventions. However, seasoned gastroenterologists （those in practice for more than 20 years） adopted avoidance behaviors significantly less often than those in practice for less than 10 years. Assurance behaviors, i.e., supplying additional services of marginal or no medical value, were also widespread （91%）. Sixty-eight percent of respondents reported that they sometimes or often referred patients to other specialists unnecessarily. CONCLUSION： Defensive medicine may be highly prevalent among gastroenterologists throughout 3apan, with potentially serious implications regarding costs, access, and both technical and interpersonal quality of care.
文摘Equipment systems-of-systems （SOS） effectiveness evaluation can provide important reference for construction and optimization of the equipment SoS. After discussing the basic theory and methods of parallel experiments, we depict an SoS effectiveness analysis and evaluation method using parallel expe- riments theory in detail. A case study is carried out which takes the missile defense system as an example. An artificial system of the missile defense system is constructed with the multi-agent modeling method. Then, single factor, multiple factors and defense position deployment computational experiments are carried out and evaluated with the statistical analysis method. Experiment re- sults show that the altitude of the secondary interception missile is not the key factor which affects SoS effectiveness and putting the defense position ahead will increase defense effectiveness. The case study demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed method.
基金funded partly by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFD0600203)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)+1 种基金Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for Students of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (SPITP)Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for Students of Nanjing Forestry University (No.201710298047Z)。
文摘The pine wood nematode(PWN),Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle,is the pathogen of pine wilt disease(PWD) which can devastate forests.PWN can be of hi gh or low severity and the mechanisms underlying the differences in virulence are unclear.Therefore,it is necessary to study the relationship between differentiation of PWN severity and its resistance to the main defensive substances of pine species(i.e.,α-pinene and H_(2)O_(2)).The feeding rate and fecundity of PWN was examined at different levels of virulence under conditions of a-pinene and H_(2)O_(2) stress.Moreover,the expression patterns of the main resistance genes of PWN with different virulence were determined under conditions of α-pinene and H_(2)O_(2) stress.The feeding rate and fecundity of the high virulence strain AMA3 were higher than those of the low virulence strain YW4.The expression levels of the autophagy gene BxATG5,cytochrome P450 gene BxCYP33 D3,and glutathione S-transferase genes BxGST1 and BxGST3 in AMA3 increased significantly upon exposure to α-pinene for 2 h,while these genes showed smaller degrees of upregulation in YW4.Under conditions of H_(2)O_(2) stress,the expression levels of BxATG5,catalase genes Bxy-ctl-1 and Bxy-ctl-2,and the 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin gene BxPrx in AMA3 were higher than those in YW4.These findings suggest that high virulence PWN has greater resistance to pine defensive substances α-pinene and H_(2)O_(2) than low virulence PWN,and resistance genes mediate the differential resistance of PWN strains.This study will contribute to the clarification of the mechanism underlying virulence differentiation of PWN and will advance understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of PWD.
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(4212008)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62272031)+2 种基金the Open Foundation of Information Security Evaluation Center of Civil Aviation,Civil Aviation University of China(ISECCA-202101)Guangxi Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Information Security(GCIS201915)supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20463,U22B2027)。
文摘The blockchain cross-chain is a significant technology for inter-chain interconnection and value transfer among different blockchain networks.Cross-chain overcomes the“information island”problem of the closed blockchain network and is increasingly applied to multiple critical areas such as finance and the internet of things(IoT).Blockchain can be divided into three main categories of blockchain networks:public blockchains,private blockchains,and consortium blockchains.However,there are differences in block structures,consensus mechanisms,and complex working mechanisms among heterogeneous blockchains.The fragility of the cross-chain system itself makes the cross-chain system face some potential security and privacy threats.This paper discusses security defects on the cross-chain implementation mechanism,and discusses the impact of the structural features of blockchain networks on cross-chain security.In terms of cross-chain intercommunication,a cross-chain attack can be divided into a multi-chain combination attack,native chain attack,and inter-chain attack diffusion.Then various security threats and attack paths faced by the cross-chain system are analyzed.At last,the corresponding security defense methods of cross-chain security threats and future research directions for cross-chain applications are put forward.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31301269)the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China (2014BAD07B01)+3 种基金the Scientific and Technological Project in Shanxi Province, China (20150311016-2)the Science and Technology Key Research Project in Shanxi Province, China (2015-TN09)the Key Research and Development General Project in Shanxi Province, China (201603D221003-2)the Program for the Top Young Innovative Talents of Shanxi Agricultural University, China (TYIT201406)
文摘Foxtail millet （Setaria italica L.） is an important food and fodder crop in semi-arid areas. However, there are few herbicides suitable for use on weed control in field-grown foxtail millet during the post-emergence herbicides stage. The present study was conducted using four concentrations （0.5, 1, 2, and 4 L ai ha-1） of foliar-applied fluroxypyr, and the effect of fluroxypyr on selected metabolic and stress-related parameters in foxtail millet were assessed after 15 days. In this study, increasing concentrations decreased plant height and accumulation of chlorophylls. Our results also showed that malondialdehyde （MDA） accumulated in response to fluroxypyr application, demonstrating increased lipid peroxidation due to excessive reactive oxygen species production. In response to this oxidative stress, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were generally enhanced. Non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems, which function in concert with antioxidant enzymes, can also protect plant cells from oxidative damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species （ROS）. In conclusion, the hybrid variety （Zhangzagu） exhibited a greater tolerance to fluroxypyr than did the conventional variety Jingu 21, which might be associated with the antioxidant mechanisms of Zhangzagu hybrid millet.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61272011)
文摘In order to solve the problem that the ripple-effect analy- sis for the operational architecture of air defense systems （OAADS） is hardly described in quantity with previous modeling approaches, a supernetwork modeling approach for the OAADS is put for- ward by extending granular computing. Based on that operational units and links are equal to different information granularities, the supernetwork framework of the OAADS is constructed as a “four- network within two-layer” structure by forming dynamic operating coalitions, and measuring indexes of the ripple-effect analysis for the OAADS are given combining with Laplace spectral radius. In this framework, via analyzing multidimensional attributes which inherit relations between operational units in different granular scales, an extended granular computing is put forward integrating with a topological structure. Then the operation process within the supernetwork framework, including transformation relations be- tween two layers in the vertical view and mapping relations among functional networks in the horizontal view, is studied in quantity. As the application case shows, comparing with previous modeling approaches, the supernetwork model can validate and analyze the operation mechanism in the air defense architecture, and the ripple-effect analysis can be used to confirm the key operational unit with micro and macro viewpoints.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Innovation 2030-Major Project of Brain Science and Brain-like Research(2021ZD0202700,2021ZD0202702)the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2019B030335001,2018B030334001)+6 种基金the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82090030,82090031)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2019-12M-5-057)the Ministry of Science and Technology(2019YFA0110103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81870898)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2021FZZX001-37)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LR18H090002)the Young Scientist Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82001135).
文摘Defensive behaviors induced by innate fear or Pavlovian fear conditioning are crucial for animals to avoid threats and ensure survival.The zona incerta(ZI)has been demonstrated to play important roles in fear learning and fear memory,as well as modulating auditory-induced innate defensive behavior.However,whether the neuronal subtypes in the ZI and specific circuits can mediate the innate fear response is largely unknown.Here,we found that somatostatin(SST)-positive neurons in the rostral ZI of mice were activated by a visual innate fear stimulus.Optogenetic inhibition of SST-positive neurons in the rostral ZI resulted in reduced flight responses to an overhead looming stimulus.Optogenetic activation of SST-positive neurons in the rostral ZI induced fear-like defensive behavior including increased immobility and bradycardia.In addition,we demonstrated that manipulation of the GABAergic projections from SST-positive neurons in the rostral ZI to the downstream nucleus reuniens(Re)mediated fear-like defensive behavior.Retrograde trans-synaptic tracing also revealed looming stimulus-activated neurons in the superior colliculus(SC)that projected to the Re-projecting SST-positive neurons in the rostral ZI(SC-ZIrSST-Re pathway).Together,our study elucidates the function of SST-positive neurons in the rostral ZI and the SC-ZIrSST-Re tri-synaptic circuit in mediating the innate fear response.
文摘Ballistic missile defense system (BMDS) is important for its special role in ensuring national security and maintaining strategic balance. Research on modeling and simulation of the BMDS beforehand is essential as developing a real one requires lots of manpower and resources. BMDS is a typical complex system for its nonlinear, adaptive and uncertainty characteristics. The agent-based modeling method is well suited for the complex system whose overall behaviors are determined by interactions among individual elements. A multi-agent decision support system (DSS), which includes missile agent, radar agent and command center agent, is established based on the studies of structure and function of BMDS. Considering the constraints brought by radar, intercept missile, offensive missile and commander, the objective function of DSS is established. In order to dynamically generate the optimal interception plan, the variable neighborhood negative selection particle swarm optimization (VNNSPSO) algorithm is proposed to support the decision making of DSS. The proposed algorithm is compared with the standard PSO, constriction factor PSO (CFPSO), inertia weight linear decrease PSO (LDPSO), variable neighborhood PSO (VNPSO) algorithm from the aspects of convergence rate, iteration number, average fitness value and standard deviation. The simulation results verify the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. The multi-agent DSS is developed through the Repast simulation platform and the constructed DSS can generate intercept plans automatically and support three-dimensional dynamic display of missile defense process.
