Background:This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms between parental marital conflict and adolescent short video dependence by constructing a chain mediation model,focusing on the mediating roles of ex...Background:This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms between parental marital conflict and adolescent short video dependence by constructing a chain mediation model,focusing on the mediating roles of experiential avoidance and emotional disturbance(anxiety,depression,and stress).Methods:Conducted in January 2025,the research recruited 4125 adolescents from multiple Chinese provinces through convenience sampling;after data cleaning,3957 valid participants(1959 males,1998 females)were included.Using a cross-sectional design,measures included parental marital conflict,experiential avoidance,anxiety,depression,stress,and short video dependence.Results:Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations among all variables.Mediation analysis using the SPSS PROCESS macro showed that parental marital conflict directly predicted short video dependence(β=0.269,p<0.001),and also significantly predicted experiential avoidance(β=0.519,p<0.001),anxiety(β=0.072,p<0.001),depression(β=0.067,p<0.001),and stress(β=0.048,p<0.05).Experiential avoidance further predicted anxiety(β=0.521,p<0.001),depression(β=0.489,p<0.001),stress(β=0.408,p<0.001),and short video dependence(β=0.244,p<0.001).While both anxiety(β=0.050,p<0.05)and depression(β=0.116,p<0.001)positively predicted short video dependence,stress did not(β=0.019,p=0.257).Overall,experiential avoidance,anxiety,depression,and stress significantly mediated the relationship between parental marital conflict and short video dependence.Conclusion:These findings confirm that parental marital conflict not only directly influences adolescent short video dependence but also operates through a chain mediation pathway involving experiential avoidance and emotional disturbance,highlighting central psychological mechanisms and providing theoretical support for integrated mental health and behavioral interventions.展开更多
Distributions of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)relaxation times provide detailed information about the water in wood.This study documents the water dynamics analysis of T_(2)and T_(1)distributions for saturated delig...Distributions of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)relaxation times provide detailed information about the water in wood.This study documents the water dynamics analysis of T_(2)and T_(1)distributions for saturated delignified sapwood(DSW),delignified heartwood(DHW)and lignocellulose(LC)samples at different temperatures.Results indicate that below the freezing point of bulk water,free water freezes,causing its signal to disappear from the distribution.Then,the low temperature distributions of the unfrozen bound water contain more information about its components,with DSW,DHW and LC containing two distinct states of bound water(OH bound water(B-water)and more freely bound water(C-water)).Furthermore,it was observed that within the temperature range of−3°C to−60°C,B-water in DSW,DHW and LC maintained a higher unfrozen water content(UWC)value than C-water,and the T_(1)/T_(2)ratios for B-water were consistently higher than that for C-water,indicating that B-water has a greater antifreeze capacity.T_(2)and T_(1)distributions offer different kinds of information about water components,and all peaks within the distribution have been assigned.展开更多
The coexistence of emerging containments,such as antibiotic resistant bacteria(ARB),antibiotic-resistant genes(ARGs)and antibiotics,potentially influence elimination efficiencies in UV light-emitting diode(UV-LED)alon...The coexistence of emerging containments,such as antibiotic resistant bacteria(ARB),antibiotic-resistant genes(ARGs)and antibiotics,potentially influence elimination efficiencies in UV light-emitting diode(UV-LED)alone and UV-LED/H_(2)O_(2) system as their complex interactions.Tetracycline(TC)degradation efficiency(kF)correlated closely with its UV molar absorbance(R^(2)=0.831)in UV-LED alone system and with·OH yield(R^(2)=0.999)in UV-LED/H_(2)O_(2) system across studied wavelengths(265,280 and 310 nm).The kF values for intracellular DNA(i-ARGs)also exhibited a high correlation with UV-LED wavelengths in both systems(R^(2)=0.997-0.999).The coexistence of TC and ARB/ARGs resulted in a mutual inhibition of their degradation efficiencies due to competition for photons and·OH,along with the consequent reduction in intracellular ROS within ARB,with their degradation efficiencies exhibiting marked dependence on wavelength in both systems.Notably,the UV-LED/H_(2)O_(2) system at 265 nm effectively achieved the simultaneous removal of TC,ARB and ARGs with minimal energy consumption,and successfully fragmented ARGs.The degradation pathway of TC was analyzed,and the biotoxicity of its degradation intermediates demonstrated the environmental friendliness and safety of UV-LED/H_(2)O_(2) technology.This study elucidated the competitive interactions between antibiotics and ARB/ARGs within UV-LED/H_(2)O_(2) system,providing a promising approach for their simultaneous removal while ensuring energy efficiency.展开更多
Based on the EAM potential, a molecular dynamics study on the tensile properties of ultrathin nickel nanowires in the （100〉 orientation with diameters of 3.94, 4.95 and 5.99 nm was presented at different temperature...Based on the EAM potential, a molecular dynamics study on the tensile properties of ultrathin nickel nanowires in the （100〉 orientation with diameters of 3.94, 4.95 and 5.99 nm was presented at different temperatures and strain rates. The temperature and strain rate dependences of tensile properties were investigated. The simulation results show that the elastic modulus and the yield strength are gradually decreasing with the increase of temperature, while with the increase of the strain rate, the stress--strain curves fluctuate more intensely and the ultrathin nickel nanowires rupture at one smaller and smaller strain. At an ideal temperature of 0.01 K, the yield strength of the nanowires drops rapidly with the increase of strain rate, and at other temperatures the strain rate has a little influence on the elastic modulus and the yield strength. Finally, the effects of size on the tensile properties of ultrathin nickel nanowires were briefly discussed.展开更多
In this study,we performed a systematic analysis of the multiplicity dependence of hadron production at mid-rapidity(|y|<0.5),ranging from the light to the charm sector in proton-proton(pp)collisions at√s=13 TeV.T...In this study,we performed a systematic analysis of the multiplicity dependence of hadron production at mid-rapidity(|y|<0.5),ranging from the light to the charm sector in proton-proton(pp)collisions at√s=13 TeV.This study used a multi-phase transport(AMPT)model coupled with PYTHIA8 initial conditions.We investigated the baryon-to-meson and the strange-to-non-strange meson ratios varying with the charged particle density.By tuning the coalescence parameters,the AMPT model provides a reasonable description of the experimental data for the inclusive production of both light and charm hadrons,comparable to the string fragmentation model calculations with color reconnection effects.Additionally,we analyzed the relative production of hadrons by examining the self-normalized particle ratios as a function of the charged hadron density.Our findings suggest that parton evolution effects and the coalescence hadronization process in the AMPT model result in a strong flavor hierarchy in the multiplicity dependence of the baryon-to-meson ratio.Furthermore,our investigation of the p_(T) differential double ratio of the baryon-to-meson fraction between high-and low-multiplicity events revealed distinct modifications to the flavor associated baryon-to-meson ratio p_(T) shape in high-multiplicity events when comparing the coalescence hadronization model to the color reconnection model.These observations highlight the importance of understanding the hadronization process in high-energy pp collisions through comprehensive multiplicity-dependent multi-flavor analysis.展开更多
Introduction Tobacco and other substance co-use has not been examined in adolescent and young adult(AYA)cancer survivors.We compared the prevalence of past-month co-use of tobacco+cannabis,alcohol and illicit drugs be...Introduction Tobacco and other substance co-use has not been examined in adolescent and young adult(AYA)cancer survivors.We compared the prevalence of past-month co-use of tobacco+cannabis,alcohol and illicit drugs between AYAs with and without a cancer history and considered associations between co-use and nicotine dependence in AYA cancer survivors who use tobacco,exploring if past-year major depression moderates this relationship.Methods 2015–2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health data were used to analyse past-month co-use in 7793 AYAs(228 with cancer;7565 without cancer).Weighted univariable and multivariable logistic regression models estimated associations between cancer history and co-use and co-use with nicotine dependence(among AYA cancer survivors)incorporating moderation by major depression.Results AYA cancer survivors had lower reported past-month cannabis co-use than those without cancer(29%vs 39%),but cancer history was not associated with cannabis co-use in multivariable models(adjusted OR(aOR):0.83,95%CI=0.54,1.28).When AYA cancer survivors who use tobacco had major depression,alcohol co-use was associated with lower rates of nicotine dependence(aOR=0.08,95%CI=0.01,0.53).Conclusions There are high rates of substance co-use among AYAs who use tobacco,consistent across cancer history.Unlike previous research,alcohol co-use was associated with lower rates of nicotine dependence,but only for those with major depression.This finding could be related to neurochemical dysregulation due to co-use and warrants further exploration.Future research should also examine more nuanced definitions of substance use including modes,patterns and initiation of use,and explore motivation to change tobacco behaviour in AYA cancer survivor populations.展开更多
Nanomaterials have garnered recognition for their notable surface effects and demonstration of superior mechanical properties.Previous studies on the surface effects of nanomaterials,employing the finite element metho...Nanomaterials have garnered recognition for their notable surface effects and demonstration of superior mechanical properties.Previous studies on the surface effects of nanomaterials,employing the finite element method,often relied on simplified twodimensional models due to theoretical complexities.Consequently,these simplified models inadequately represent the mechanical properties of nanomaterials and fail to capture the substantial impact of surface effects,particularly the curvature dependence of nanosurfaces.This study applies the principle of minimum energy and leverages the Steigmann-Ogden surface theory of nanomaterials to formulate a novel finite element surface element that comprehensively accounts for surface effects.We conducted an analysis of the stress distribution and deformation characteristics of four typical 2D and 3D nanomaterial models.The accuracy of the developed surface element and finite element calculation method was verified through comparison with established references.The resulting finite element model provides a robust and compelling scientific approach for accurately predicting the mechanical performance of nanomaterials.展开更多
Partial phase transformation in NiTi-based refrigerants usually enables efficient and durable elastocaloric cooling,but its thermomechanical behavior with varying temperatures remains unclear.Keeping this in view,the ...Partial phase transformation in NiTi-based refrigerants usually enables efficient and durable elastocaloric cooling,but its thermomechanical behavior with varying temperatures remains unclear.Keeping this in view,the elastocaloric effect of NiTi under incomplete transformation across 15-100℃ is investigated and a superelastic deformation window between 25 and 85℃ is identified.Synchronous infrared thermography and digital image correlation,and an innovative macro-micro phase-field model are employed to examine martensitic transformation and elastocaloric properties of NiTi within the superelastic window.Experimental and simulated results consistently reveal that the spatiotemporal thermal profiles correlate with Lüders strain band evolution.As superelastic deformation temperature increases,strain localization intensifies,with Lüders bands favoring an inward strain growth over an outward expansion,resulting in a smaller yet more deformed martensitic transformation zone.The aggravated strain inhomogeneity makes the local endothermic undercooling tested at 85℃ up to about twice(−30.05℃)that at 25℃(−15.32℃),boosting the global cooling capacity by 65%,despite constant strain.The seeming contradiction between the larger elastocaloric effect and the narrower apparent martensitic transformation zone is elucidated by recourse to the simulations.It is found that the martensitic transformation within the Lüders bands is incomplete,proceeding in a macroscopically uniform but microscopically heterogeneous manner.Elevated temperatures within the superelastic window increase the transformed volume fraction and enhance martensitic transformation,thereby strengthening the global caloric effect.The work sheds light on the interplay between partial martensitic transformation and thermal behavior in NiTi under varying superelastic deformation temperatures,providing insights for advanced elastocaloric cooling applications.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of different acupuncture frequencies on the abstinence rate which could be used as a reference for optimizing acupuncture cessation programs.METHODS:From July 2018 to June 2022,a total ...OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of different acupuncture frequencies on the abstinence rate which could be used as a reference for optimizing acupuncture cessation programs.METHODS:From July 2018 to June 2022,a total of 220 smokers were recruited based on inclusion criteria and randomly divided into the high-frequency acupuncture group(HF group,n=110):5 times a week from the 1st to the 4th week,from weeks 5 to 8,three times a week and the low-frequency acupuncture group(LF group,n=110):3 times a week from the 1st to the 4th week,from weeks 5 to 8,twice a week,then treated for 8 weeks and followup at 1 month in Beijing.RESULTS:In total,162 subjects completed the whole study with a drop-out rate of 20.45%.The expiratory CO point abstinence rate was HF group 53/110(48.18%)vs LF group 41/110(37.27%)in Week 8(P=0.102)and HF group 46/110(41.82%)vs LF group 45/110(40.91%)in Week 12(P=0.891)and the HF acupuncture and LF acupuncture were nearly equal in the 8-week abstinence rate.In addition,both HF and LF acupuncture significantly reduced Fagerstr?m test for nicotine dependence scale(FTND)scores(P<0.05),Minnesota nicotine withdrawal scale(MNWS)scores(P<0.05),and Brief Questionnaire of Smoking Urges scale(QSU-Brief)scores(P<0.05),but HF acupuncture showed some superiority over LF acupuncture in relieving patients'smoking cravings(P<0.05).CONCLUSIONS:The study initially showed that both high-frequency acupuncture and low-frequency acupuncture treatment were safe and effective on smoking cessation for 8 weeks,but high-frequency acupuncture was advantageous in reducing smoking cravings.More accurate acupuncture frequency needs to be validated through larger clinical studies to optimize acupuncture smoking cessation programs.展开更多
Electrocatalysis has been investigated as a promising strategy to utilize green electricity to produce renewable fuels,valuable chemicals,and treat pollutants.Electrode kinetic analysis is a potent technique in interr...Electrocatalysis has been investigated as a promising strategy to utilize green electricity to produce renewable fuels,valuable chemicals,and treat pollutants.Electrode kinetic analysis is a potent technique in interrogating reaction mechanisms and evaluating the electrocatalysts.Electron transfer(ET)and proton‐coupled electron transfer(PCET)processes are widely present in reaction networks of electrocatalysis.pH dependence of the kinetics is frequently employed to evaluate whether an elementary step involves proton participation,which is determined by both the reversibility and the specific reactants of electrode reactions.In this article,we discuss the pH dependence of two widely used formulations of the Butler–Volmer kinetics for a model PCET step and highlight a potential pitfall in kinetic analysis.This work aims to provide guiding principles for distinguishing ET and PCET steps via kinetic measurements in electrolytes in a broad range pH values.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the global liter-ature output on the relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and cognitive function in al-cohol dependence syndrome using bibliometric methods and explore the ...Objective:To evaluate the global liter-ature output on the relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and cognitive function in al-cohol dependence syndrome using bibliometric methods and explore the status and trends in this field.Method:The literature on the application of BDNF in cognitive impairment caused by alcohol dependence syndrome published from 1995 to 2023 were retrieved from Web of Science,and the relevant information(publication characteristics,country and institution,author,number of publications,citation,journal and research field,corresponding author,key words,etc.)was recorded.The bibliometrix R package was used for quantitative and qualitative analysis of publication output and author contributions.Result:A total of 99 articles were included.The overall number of publications in this field has increased over time.The countries and institutions that contributed the most to the field were the United States and the Academy of Medical Sciences of Iranian universities,respectively.Most of the authors were from the United States,followed by Spain,China,and Iran.Ceccanti M,Fiore M were the most productive authors.Publications with Ceccanti M had the highest h-index.The most cited reference author is Haenninen H(227 citations),and the number one published journal is Alcohol.Most articles were published in 2020(n=12)and 2022(n=11),followed by 2019 and 2021(n=10).The corresponding author has the largest number of publications from the United States,and more publications from a single country tend to have more cooperation from other countries.BDNF and alcohol appeared more frequently in various keyword clouds.However,significant differences remained in the author keyword cloud,keyword plus word cloud,and paper topic word cloud.Conclusion:BDNF has great potential in the application of cognitive dysfunction caused by alcohol dependence syndrome.Bibliometric methods and data visualization techniques can help understand the current state of research progress and enable relevant scholars and practitioners to predict the development trends in this field.展开更多
The thickness dependence of linearly polarized light-induced momentum anisotropy and the inverse spin Hall effect(PISHE)in topological insulator(TI)Bi_(2)Te_(3)films has been investigated.A significant enhancement of ...The thickness dependence of linearly polarized light-induced momentum anisotropy and the inverse spin Hall effect(PISHE)in topological insulator(TI)Bi_(2)Te_(3)films has been investigated.A significant enhancement of the PISHE signal is observed in the 12-quintuple-layer(QL)Bi_(2)Te_(3)film compared with that of the 3-and 5-QL samples,whereas a minimal value of photoinduced momentum anisotropy is found in the 12-QL sample.The photoinduced momentum anisotropy and the PISHE in Bi_(2)Te_(3)films are more than three and two orders of magnitude larger than those in Bi2Se3 films grown on SrTiO_(3)substrates,respectively.The 3-QL sample exhibits a sinusoidal dependence of the PISHE current on the light spot position,while the 5-QL and 12-QL samples show aW-shaped dependence,which arises from the different angles between the coordinate axis x and the in-plane crystallographic axis of the Bi_(2)Te_(3)films.Our findings demonstrate the critical role of film thickness in modulating both the photoinduced momentum anisotropy and the PISHE current,thereby suggesting a thickness-engineering strategy for designing novel optoelectronic devices based on TIs.展开更多
The post-fledging period, extending from fledging to independence, is a crucial life stage characterized by high mortality due to fledglings' limited mobility and inexperience. During this stage, fledglings gradua...The post-fledging period, extending from fledging to independence, is a crucial life stage characterized by high mortality due to fledglings' limited mobility and inexperience. During this stage, fledglings gradually increase their mobility, leave their parents, disperse from their natal site, and respond to the challenges of new environments. Characterizing these post-fledging movements and space use is essential for understanding juvenile survival strategies and devising targeted conservation measures. The Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon), an endangered species and a highly protected animals at the national level in China, has seen limited research on its post-fledging movements and space use. From 2015 to 2023, we utilized biologgers, combined with field surveys, to study the movement and space use characteristics of 37 fledglings in Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province, China, over a two-month post-fledging period. We quantified changes in activity levels (based on overall dynamic body acceleration), independence timing, onset of post-fledging dispersal, habitat selection, and daily activity rhythms after independence. Our results revealed individuals began independent living 26.23 ± 2.34 days post-fledging and onset of dispersal at 25.58 ± 2.33 days, with a range area at the natal of 2.08 ± 0.56 km^(2). The initial 30 days post-fledging are characterized as an ontogenetic phase marked by a rapid increase in body activity level. Fledglings preferred paddy fields during the independent period rather than the forests they relied on before independence. Interestingly, the daily activity rhythm, particularly foraging behavior, peaked at noon—contrasting with the expected morning and evening activity peaks—likely as an adaptation to avoid periods of peak human activity. Additionally, drowning, collisions, and predation in paddy fields are noteworthy causes of fledgling mortality. Consequently, we recommend protecting a 2-km^(2) area around the nest site for at least two-month post-fledging, implementing safety measures around power lines and cesspools. Additionally, reducing human disturbances near foraging habitats and expanding space within paddy fields would help mitigate survival pressures on fledglings.展开更多
In spinal cord injuries,external forces from various directions occur at various velocities.Therefore,it is important to physically evaluate whether the spinal cord is susceptible to damage and an increase in internal...In spinal cord injuries,external forces from various directions occur at various velocities.Therefore,it is important to physically evaluate whether the spinal cord is susceptible to damage and an increase in internal stress for external forces.We hypothesized that the spinal cord has mechanical features that vary under stress depending on the direction and velocity of injury.However,it is difficult to perform experiment because the spinal cord is very soft.There are no reports on the effects of multiple external forces.In this study,we used bovine spinal cord white matter to test and analyze the anisotropy and velocity dependence of the spinal cord.Tensile-vertical,tensile-parallel,shear-vertical,and shear-parallel tests were performed on the white matter in the fibrous direction(cranial to caudal).Strain rate in the experiment was 0.1,1,10,and 100/s.We calculated the Young’s modulus of the spinal cord.Results of the tensile and shear tests revealed that stress tended to increase when external forces were applied parallel to the direction of axon fibers,such as in tensile-vertical and shear-vertical tests.However,external forces those tear against the fibrous direction and vertically,such as in tensile-parallel and shear-parallel tests,were less likely to increase stress even with increased velocity.We found that the spinal cord was prone to external forces,especially in the direction of the fibers,and to be under increased stress levels when the velocity of external forces increased.From these results,we confirmed that the spinal cord has velocity dependence and anisotropy.The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Yamaguchi University waived the requirement for ethical approval.展开更多
In this review, we highlight some recent methodological and theoretical develop- ments in estimation and testing of large panel data models with cross-sectional dependence. The paper begins with a discussion of issues...In this review, we highlight some recent methodological and theoretical develop- ments in estimation and testing of large panel data models with cross-sectional dependence. The paper begins with a discussion of issues of cross-sectional dependence, and introduces the concepts of weak and strong cross-sectional dependence. Then, the main attention is primarily paid to spatial and factor approaches for modeling cross-sectional dependence for both linear and nonlinear （nonparametric and semiparametric） panel data models. Finally, we conclude with some speculations on future research directions.展开更多
In this paper, we investigate the temperature and drain bias dependency of single event transient （SET） in 25-nm fin field-effect-transistor （FinFET） technology in a temperature range of 0-135 ℃ and supply voltag...In this paper, we investigate the temperature and drain bias dependency of single event transient （SET） in 25-nm fin field-effect-transistor （FinFET） technology in a temperature range of 0-135 ℃ and supply voltage range of 0.4 V- 1.6 V. Technology computer-aided design （TCAD） three-dimensional simulation results show that the drain current pulse duration increases from 0.6 ns to 3.4 ns when the temperature increases from 0 to 135 ℃. The charge collected increases from 45.5 ℃ to 436.9 fC and the voltage pulse width decreases from 0.54 ns to 0.18 ns when supply voltage increases from 0.4 V to 1.6 V. Furthermore, simulation results and the mechanism of temperature and bias dependency are discussed.展开更多
Function one direction S-rough sets have dynamic characteristics and law characteristics. By using the function one direction S-rough sets, this article presents the concepts of the f-hiding law, F-hiding law, f-hidin...Function one direction S-rough sets have dynamic characteristics and law characteristics. By using the function one direction S-rough sets, this article presents the concepts of the f-hiding law, F-hiding law, f-hiding law dependence and F-hiding law dependence. Based on the concepts above, this article proposes the hidingdependence theorem of f-hiding laws, the hiding-dependence theorem of F-hiding laws, the hiding-dependence separation theorem, the hiding dependence-discovery principle of unknown laws. Finally, the application of the hiding dependence of hiding laws in the discovery of system laws is given.展开更多
We study the influences of the temperature on the energy-band structure for the Holstein molecular-crystal model. We show that the energy-band width and the energy-gap width of a solid are relevant to both the interac...We study the influences of the temperature on the energy-band structure for the Holstein molecular-crystal model. We show that the energy-band width and the energy-gap width of a solid are relevant to both the interaction between an electron and thermal phonons and to thermal expansion. For a one-dimensional Li atom lattice chain, under the chosen parameters,the width of the ls and 2s energy bands narrows as the temperature increases and the energy-gap width between the two bands widens. These results agree qualitatively with those observed experimentally. Studying temperature dependence of the energy-band structure is of great importance for understanding optical and transporting characteristics of a solid.展开更多
The temperature dependence of some performance of 6H SiC unipolar power devices is analyzed theoretically.By employing the temperature dependent ionization coefficient and mobility of a silicon carbide,the analytica...The temperature dependence of some performance of 6H SiC unipolar power devices is analyzed theoretically.By employing the temperature dependent ionization coefficient and mobility of a silicon carbide,the analytical expressions of the temperature dependent performance,such as breakdown characteristics and on resistance of 6H SiC unipolar power devices are derived in a closed form.The analytical results are compared with the experimental results,with good accordance found in the breakdown characteristics.展开更多
We designed a Japanese version of the Smartphone Dependence Scale (J-SDS) for university students, and assessed its validity and reliability. For development of this scale, we initially selected 43 preliminary items b...We designed a Japanese version of the Smartphone Dependence Scale (J-SDS) for university students, and assessed its validity and reliability. For development of this scale, we initially selected 43 preliminary items based on previous studies of Internet and mobile phone dependence. Each response was scored using a Likert scale (0, 1, 2, 3), with higher scores indicating greater dependence. After administering the preliminary scale to 149 university students, the final 29 items were selected according to exploratory factor analysis. The final scale consisted of 5 factors: 1) craving and withdrawal, 2) overuse and tolerance, 3) virtual life orientation, 4) disturbance of concentration in class, and 5) physical symptoms. Reliability coefficient (Cronbach’s alpha) values for the 5 factors and total J-SDS were 0.87, 0.87, 0.76, 0.77, 0.69, and 0.92, respectively. We then summed the Likert scores for each item to provide a quantitative overall smartphone dependence score, with higher scores indicating greater dependence. The J-SDS score became significantly higher with longer hours of smartphone use (p < 0.001). Our results suggest that the J-SDS is a reliable and valid scale for screening university students who may be at risk of developing smartphone dependence.展开更多
文摘Background:This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms between parental marital conflict and adolescent short video dependence by constructing a chain mediation model,focusing on the mediating roles of experiential avoidance and emotional disturbance(anxiety,depression,and stress).Methods:Conducted in January 2025,the research recruited 4125 adolescents from multiple Chinese provinces through convenience sampling;after data cleaning,3957 valid participants(1959 males,1998 females)were included.Using a cross-sectional design,measures included parental marital conflict,experiential avoidance,anxiety,depression,stress,and short video dependence.Results:Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations among all variables.Mediation analysis using the SPSS PROCESS macro showed that parental marital conflict directly predicted short video dependence(β=0.269,p<0.001),and also significantly predicted experiential avoidance(β=0.519,p<0.001),anxiety(β=0.072,p<0.001),depression(β=0.067,p<0.001),and stress(β=0.048,p<0.05).Experiential avoidance further predicted anxiety(β=0.521,p<0.001),depression(β=0.489,p<0.001),stress(β=0.408,p<0.001),and short video dependence(β=0.244,p<0.001).While both anxiety(β=0.050,p<0.05)and depression(β=0.116,p<0.001)positively predicted short video dependence,stress did not(β=0.019,p=0.257).Overall,experiential avoidance,anxiety,depression,and stress significantly mediated the relationship between parental marital conflict and short video dependence.Conclusion:These findings confirm that parental marital conflict not only directly influences adolescent short video dependence but also operates through a chain mediation pathway involving experiential avoidance and emotional disturbance,highlighting central psychological mechanisms and providing theoretical support for integrated mental health and behavioral interventions.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China (2023MS03027)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31860185 and 31160141)
文摘Distributions of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)relaxation times provide detailed information about the water in wood.This study documents the water dynamics analysis of T_(2)and T_(1)distributions for saturated delignified sapwood(DSW),delignified heartwood(DHW)and lignocellulose(LC)samples at different temperatures.Results indicate that below the freezing point of bulk water,free water freezes,causing its signal to disappear from the distribution.Then,the low temperature distributions of the unfrozen bound water contain more information about its components,with DSW,DHW and LC containing two distinct states of bound water(OH bound water(B-water)and more freely bound water(C-water)).Furthermore,it was observed that within the temperature range of−3°C to−60°C,B-water in DSW,DHW and LC maintained a higher unfrozen water content(UWC)value than C-water,and the T_(1)/T_(2)ratios for B-water were consistently higher than that for C-water,indicating that B-water has a greater antifreeze capacity.T_(2)and T_(1)distributions offer different kinds of information about water components,and all peaks within the distribution have been assigned.
基金supported by Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Shandong Province(No.2020CXGC011204)Qingdao Natural Science Foundation(No.23-2-1-234-zyyd-jch).
文摘The coexistence of emerging containments,such as antibiotic resistant bacteria(ARB),antibiotic-resistant genes(ARGs)and antibiotics,potentially influence elimination efficiencies in UV light-emitting diode(UV-LED)alone and UV-LED/H_(2)O_(2) system as their complex interactions.Tetracycline(TC)degradation efficiency(kF)correlated closely with its UV molar absorbance(R^(2)=0.831)in UV-LED alone system and with·OH yield(R^(2)=0.999)in UV-LED/H_(2)O_(2) system across studied wavelengths(265,280 and 310 nm).The kF values for intracellular DNA(i-ARGs)also exhibited a high correlation with UV-LED wavelengths in both systems(R^(2)=0.997-0.999).The coexistence of TC and ARB/ARGs resulted in a mutual inhibition of their degradation efficiencies due to competition for photons and·OH,along with the consequent reduction in intracellular ROS within ARB,with their degradation efficiencies exhibiting marked dependence on wavelength in both systems.Notably,the UV-LED/H_(2)O_(2) system at 265 nm effectively achieved the simultaneous removal of TC,ARB and ARGs with minimal energy consumption,and successfully fragmented ARGs.The degradation pathway of TC was analyzed,and the biotoxicity of its degradation intermediates demonstrated the environmental friendliness and safety of UV-LED/H_(2)O_(2) technology.This study elucidated the competitive interactions between antibiotics and ARB/ARGs within UV-LED/H_(2)O_(2) system,providing a promising approach for their simultaneous removal while ensuring energy efficiency.
基金Project(51205302)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2013JM7017)supported by the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shanxi Province of ChinaProject(K5051304006)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China
文摘Based on the EAM potential, a molecular dynamics study on the tensile properties of ultrathin nickel nanowires in the （100〉 orientation with diameters of 3.94, 4.95 and 5.99 nm was presented at different temperatures and strain rates. The temperature and strain rate dependences of tensile properties were investigated. The simulation results show that the elastic modulus and the yield strength are gradually decreasing with the increase of temperature, while with the increase of the strain rate, the stress--strain curves fluctuate more intensely and the ultrathin nickel nanowires rupture at one smaller and smaller strain. At an ideal temperature of 0.01 K, the yield strength of the nanowires drops rapidly with the increase of strain rate, and at other temperatures the strain rate has a little influence on the elastic modulus and the yield strength. Finally, the effects of size on the tensile properties of ultrathin nickel nanowires were briefly discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12205259 and 12147101)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China University of Geosciences(Wuhan)with No.G1323523064.
文摘In this study,we performed a systematic analysis of the multiplicity dependence of hadron production at mid-rapidity(|y|<0.5),ranging from the light to the charm sector in proton-proton(pp)collisions at√s=13 TeV.This study used a multi-phase transport(AMPT)model coupled with PYTHIA8 initial conditions.We investigated the baryon-to-meson and the strange-to-non-strange meson ratios varying with the charged particle density.By tuning the coalescence parameters,the AMPT model provides a reasonable description of the experimental data for the inclusive production of both light and charm hadrons,comparable to the string fragmentation model calculations with color reconnection effects.Additionally,we analyzed the relative production of hadrons by examining the self-normalized particle ratios as a function of the charged hadron density.Our findings suggest that parton evolution effects and the coalescence hadronization process in the AMPT model result in a strong flavor hierarchy in the multiplicity dependence of the baryon-to-meson ratio.Furthermore,our investigation of the p_(T) differential double ratio of the baryon-to-meson fraction between high-and low-multiplicity events revealed distinct modifications to the flavor associated baryon-to-meson ratio p_(T) shape in high-multiplicity events when comparing the coalescence hadronization model to the color reconnection model.These observations highlight the importance of understanding the hadronization process in high-energy pp collisions through comprehensive multiplicity-dependent multi-flavor analysis.
文摘Introduction Tobacco and other substance co-use has not been examined in adolescent and young adult(AYA)cancer survivors.We compared the prevalence of past-month co-use of tobacco+cannabis,alcohol and illicit drugs between AYAs with and without a cancer history and considered associations between co-use and nicotine dependence in AYA cancer survivors who use tobacco,exploring if past-year major depression moderates this relationship.Methods 2015–2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health data were used to analyse past-month co-use in 7793 AYAs(228 with cancer;7565 without cancer).Weighted univariable and multivariable logistic regression models estimated associations between cancer history and co-use and co-use with nicotine dependence(among AYA cancer survivors)incorporating moderation by major depression.Results AYA cancer survivors had lower reported past-month cannabis co-use than those without cancer(29%vs 39%),but cancer history was not associated with cannabis co-use in multivariable models(adjusted OR(aOR):0.83,95%CI=0.54,1.28).When AYA cancer survivors who use tobacco had major depression,alcohol co-use was associated with lower rates of nicotine dependence(aOR=0.08,95%CI=0.01,0.53).Conclusions There are high rates of substance co-use among AYAs who use tobacco,consistent across cancer history.Unlike previous research,alcohol co-use was associated with lower rates of nicotine dependence,but only for those with major depression.This finding could be related to neurochemical dysregulation due to co-use and warrants further exploration.Future research should also examine more nuanced definitions of substance use including modes,patterns and initiation of use,and explore motivation to change tobacco behaviour in AYA cancer survivor populations.
基金supported by the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent (Grant No.2023ZB397)the Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No.2023M732986).
文摘Nanomaterials have garnered recognition for their notable surface effects and demonstration of superior mechanical properties.Previous studies on the surface effects of nanomaterials,employing the finite element method,often relied on simplified twodimensional models due to theoretical complexities.Consequently,these simplified models inadequately represent the mechanical properties of nanomaterials and fail to capture the substantial impact of surface effects,particularly the curvature dependence of nanosurfaces.This study applies the principle of minimum energy and leverages the Steigmann-Ogden surface theory of nanomaterials to formulate a novel finite element surface element that comprehensively accounts for surface effects.We conducted an analysis of the stress distribution and deformation characteristics of four typical 2D and 3D nanomaterial models.The accuracy of the developed surface element and finite element calculation method was verified through comparison with established references.The resulting finite element model provides a robust and compelling scientific approach for accurately predicting the mechanical performance of nanomaterials.
基金financially supported by the National Key Re-search and Development Program of China(No.2017YFB0701801)。
文摘Partial phase transformation in NiTi-based refrigerants usually enables efficient and durable elastocaloric cooling,but its thermomechanical behavior with varying temperatures remains unclear.Keeping this in view,the elastocaloric effect of NiTi under incomplete transformation across 15-100℃ is investigated and a superelastic deformation window between 25 and 85℃ is identified.Synchronous infrared thermography and digital image correlation,and an innovative macro-micro phase-field model are employed to examine martensitic transformation and elastocaloric properties of NiTi within the superelastic window.Experimental and simulated results consistently reveal that the spatiotemporal thermal profiles correlate with Lüders strain band evolution.As superelastic deformation temperature increases,strain localization intensifies,with Lüders bands favoring an inward strain growth over an outward expansion,resulting in a smaller yet more deformed martensitic transformation zone.The aggravated strain inhomogeneity makes the local endothermic undercooling tested at 85℃ up to about twice(−30.05℃)that at 25℃(−15.32℃),boosting the global cooling capacity by 65%,despite constant strain.The seeming contradiction between the larger elastocaloric effect and the narrower apparent martensitic transformation zone is elucidated by recourse to the simulations.It is found that the martensitic transformation within the Lüders bands is incomplete,proceeding in a macroscopically uniform but microscopically heterogeneous manner.Elevated temperatures within the superelastic window increase the transformed volume fraction and enhance martensitic transformation,thereby strengthening the global caloric effect.The work sheds light on the interplay between partial martensitic transformation and thermal behavior in NiTi under varying superelastic deformation temperatures,providing insights for advanced elastocaloric cooling applications.
基金the Fund of Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Project:Self-service Acupuncture Smoking Cessation Research and Development(No.CI2021A03506)Fund of Capital Health Development Special Research Project:Research on Development and Clinical Applicalion of Wrist Acupuncture Smoking Cessation Instrument(No.2022-1-4281)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of different acupuncture frequencies on the abstinence rate which could be used as a reference for optimizing acupuncture cessation programs.METHODS:From July 2018 to June 2022,a total of 220 smokers were recruited based on inclusion criteria and randomly divided into the high-frequency acupuncture group(HF group,n=110):5 times a week from the 1st to the 4th week,from weeks 5 to 8,three times a week and the low-frequency acupuncture group(LF group,n=110):3 times a week from the 1st to the 4th week,from weeks 5 to 8,twice a week,then treated for 8 weeks and followup at 1 month in Beijing.RESULTS:In total,162 subjects completed the whole study with a drop-out rate of 20.45%.The expiratory CO point abstinence rate was HF group 53/110(48.18%)vs LF group 41/110(37.27%)in Week 8(P=0.102)and HF group 46/110(41.82%)vs LF group 45/110(40.91%)in Week 12(P=0.891)and the HF acupuncture and LF acupuncture were nearly equal in the 8-week abstinence rate.In addition,both HF and LF acupuncture significantly reduced Fagerstr?m test for nicotine dependence scale(FTND)scores(P<0.05),Minnesota nicotine withdrawal scale(MNWS)scores(P<0.05),and Brief Questionnaire of Smoking Urges scale(QSU-Brief)scores(P<0.05),but HF acupuncture showed some superiority over LF acupuncture in relieving patients'smoking cravings(P<0.05).CONCLUSIONS:The study initially showed that both high-frequency acupuncture and low-frequency acupuncture treatment were safe and effective on smoking cessation for 8 weeks,but high-frequency acupuncture was advantageous in reducing smoking cravings.More accurate acupuncture frequency needs to be validated through larger clinical studies to optimize acupuncture smoking cessation programs.
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation Key Research Program(Grant Z240026)the Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences.
文摘Electrocatalysis has been investigated as a promising strategy to utilize green electricity to produce renewable fuels,valuable chemicals,and treat pollutants.Electrode kinetic analysis is a potent technique in interrogating reaction mechanisms and evaluating the electrocatalysts.Electron transfer(ET)and proton‐coupled electron transfer(PCET)processes are widely present in reaction networks of electrocatalysis.pH dependence of the kinetics is frequently employed to evaluate whether an elementary step involves proton participation,which is determined by both the reversibility and the specific reactants of electrode reactions.In this article,we discuss the pH dependence of two widely used formulations of the Butler–Volmer kinetics for a model PCET step and highlight a potential pitfall in kinetic analysis.This work aims to provide guiding principles for distinguishing ET and PCET steps via kinetic measurements in electrolytes in a broad range pH values.
基金supported by grants from the Scientific Research Fund project of Education Department of Yunnan Province(2024J0314)Joint Special Project on Basic Research of Yunnan Provincial Department of Science and Technology and Kunming Medical University(202501AY070001-206).
文摘Objective:To evaluate the global liter-ature output on the relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and cognitive function in al-cohol dependence syndrome using bibliometric methods and explore the status and trends in this field.Method:The literature on the application of BDNF in cognitive impairment caused by alcohol dependence syndrome published from 1995 to 2023 were retrieved from Web of Science,and the relevant information(publication characteristics,country and institution,author,number of publications,citation,journal and research field,corresponding author,key words,etc.)was recorded.The bibliometrix R package was used for quantitative and qualitative analysis of publication output and author contributions.Result:A total of 99 articles were included.The overall number of publications in this field has increased over time.The countries and institutions that contributed the most to the field were the United States and the Academy of Medical Sciences of Iranian universities,respectively.Most of the authors were from the United States,followed by Spain,China,and Iran.Ceccanti M,Fiore M were the most productive authors.Publications with Ceccanti M had the highest h-index.The most cited reference author is Haenninen H(227 citations),and the number one published journal is Alcohol.Most articles were published in 2020(n=12)and 2022(n=11),followed by 2019 and 2021(n=10).The corresponding author has the largest number of publications from the United States,and more publications from a single country tend to have more cooperation from other countries.BDNF and alcohol appeared more frequently in various keyword clouds.However,significant differences remained in the author keyword cloud,keyword plus word cloud,and paper topic word cloud.Conclusion:BDNF has great potential in the application of cognitive dysfunction caused by alcohol dependence syndrome.Bibliometric methods and data visualization techniques can help understand the current state of research progress and enable relevant scholars and practitioners to predict the development trends in this field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62074036,61674038,and 11574302)the Foreign Cooperation Project of Fujian Province,China(Grant No.2023I0005)+2 种基金the Open Research Fund Program of the State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics(Grant No.KF202108)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFB0402303)the Foundation of the Fujian Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology of China(Grant No.82318075).
文摘The thickness dependence of linearly polarized light-induced momentum anisotropy and the inverse spin Hall effect(PISHE)in topological insulator(TI)Bi_(2)Te_(3)films has been investigated.A significant enhancement of the PISHE signal is observed in the 12-quintuple-layer(QL)Bi_(2)Te_(3)film compared with that of the 3-and 5-QL samples,whereas a minimal value of photoinduced momentum anisotropy is found in the 12-QL sample.The photoinduced momentum anisotropy and the PISHE in Bi_(2)Te_(3)films are more than three and two orders of magnitude larger than those in Bi2Se3 films grown on SrTiO_(3)substrates,respectively.The 3-QL sample exhibits a sinusoidal dependence of the PISHE current on the light spot position,while the 5-QL and 12-QL samples show aW-shaped dependence,which arises from the different angles between the coordinate axis x and the in-plane crystallographic axis of the Bi_(2)Te_(3)films.Our findings demonstrate the critical role of film thickness in modulating both the photoinduced momentum anisotropy and the PISHE current,thereby suggesting a thickness-engineering strategy for designing novel optoelectronic devices based on TIs.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32270554,32400400).
文摘The post-fledging period, extending from fledging to independence, is a crucial life stage characterized by high mortality due to fledglings' limited mobility and inexperience. During this stage, fledglings gradually increase their mobility, leave their parents, disperse from their natal site, and respond to the challenges of new environments. Characterizing these post-fledging movements and space use is essential for understanding juvenile survival strategies and devising targeted conservation measures. The Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon), an endangered species and a highly protected animals at the national level in China, has seen limited research on its post-fledging movements and space use. From 2015 to 2023, we utilized biologgers, combined with field surveys, to study the movement and space use characteristics of 37 fledglings in Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province, China, over a two-month post-fledging period. We quantified changes in activity levels (based on overall dynamic body acceleration), independence timing, onset of post-fledging dispersal, habitat selection, and daily activity rhythms after independence. Our results revealed individuals began independent living 26.23 ± 2.34 days post-fledging and onset of dispersal at 25.58 ± 2.33 days, with a range area at the natal of 2.08 ± 0.56 km^(2). The initial 30 days post-fledging are characterized as an ontogenetic phase marked by a rapid increase in body activity level. Fledglings preferred paddy fields during the independent period rather than the forests they relied on before independence. Interestingly, the daily activity rhythm, particularly foraging behavior, peaked at noon—contrasting with the expected morning and evening activity peaks—likely as an adaptation to avoid periods of peak human activity. Additionally, drowning, collisions, and predation in paddy fields are noteworthy causes of fledgling mortality. Consequently, we recommend protecting a 2-km^(2) area around the nest site for at least two-month post-fledging, implementing safety measures around power lines and cesspools. Additionally, reducing human disturbances near foraging habitats and expanding space within paddy fields would help mitigate survival pressures on fledglings.
基金This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(KARENHI grant number JP 15K20002)by the Yamaguchi University Hospital(a translational promotion grant).
文摘In spinal cord injuries,external forces from various directions occur at various velocities.Therefore,it is important to physically evaluate whether the spinal cord is susceptible to damage and an increase in internal stress for external forces.We hypothesized that the spinal cord has mechanical features that vary under stress depending on the direction and velocity of injury.However,it is difficult to perform experiment because the spinal cord is very soft.There are no reports on the effects of multiple external forces.In this study,we used bovine spinal cord white matter to test and analyze the anisotropy and velocity dependence of the spinal cord.Tensile-vertical,tensile-parallel,shear-vertical,and shear-parallel tests were performed on the white matter in the fibrous direction(cranial to caudal).Strain rate in the experiment was 0.1,1,10,and 100/s.We calculated the Young’s modulus of the spinal cord.Results of the tensile and shear tests revealed that stress tended to increase when external forces were applied parallel to the direction of axon fibers,such as in tensile-vertical and shear-vertical tests.However,external forces those tear against the fibrous direction and vertically,such as in tensile-parallel and shear-parallel tests,were less likely to increase stress even with increased velocity.We found that the spinal cord was prone to external forces,especially in the direction of the fibers,and to be under increased stress levels when the velocity of external forces increased.From these results,we confirmed that the spinal cord has velocity dependence and anisotropy.The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Yamaguchi University waived the requirement for ethical approval.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71131008(Key Project)and 71271179)
文摘In this review, we highlight some recent methodological and theoretical develop- ments in estimation and testing of large panel data models with cross-sectional dependence. The paper begins with a discussion of issues of cross-sectional dependence, and introduces the concepts of weak and strong cross-sectional dependence. Then, the main attention is primarily paid to spatial and factor approaches for modeling cross-sectional dependence for both linear and nonlinear （nonparametric and semiparametric） panel data models. Finally, we conclude with some speculations on future research directions.
基金Project supported by the State Key Program of the National Natural Science of China (Grant No. 60836004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61076025 and 60906014)
文摘In this paper, we investigate the temperature and drain bias dependency of single event transient （SET） in 25-nm fin field-effect-transistor （FinFET） technology in a temperature range of 0-135 ℃ and supply voltage range of 0.4 V- 1.6 V. Technology computer-aided design （TCAD） three-dimensional simulation results show that the drain current pulse duration increases from 0.6 ns to 3.4 ns when the temperature increases from 0 to 135 ℃. The charge collected increases from 45.5 ℃ to 436.9 fC and the voltage pulse width decreases from 0.54 ns to 0.18 ns when supply voltage increases from 0.4 V to 1.6 V. Furthermore, simulation results and the mechanism of temperature and bias dependency are discussed.
基金supported partly by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Y2004A04)Elementaryand Advanced Technology Foundation of Henan Province(082300410040)
文摘Function one direction S-rough sets have dynamic characteristics and law characteristics. By using the function one direction S-rough sets, this article presents the concepts of the f-hiding law, F-hiding law, f-hiding law dependence and F-hiding law dependence. Based on the concepts above, this article proposes the hidingdependence theorem of f-hiding laws, the hiding-dependence theorem of F-hiding laws, the hiding-dependence separation theorem, the hiding dependence-discovery principle of unknown laws. Finally, the application of the hiding dependence of hiding laws in the discovery of system laws is given.
文摘We study the influences of the temperature on the energy-band structure for the Holstein molecular-crystal model. We show that the energy-band width and the energy-gap width of a solid are relevant to both the interaction between an electron and thermal phonons and to thermal expansion. For a one-dimensional Li atom lattice chain, under the chosen parameters,the width of the ls and 2s energy bands narrows as the temperature increases and the energy-gap width between the two bands widens. These results agree qualitatively with those observed experimentally. Studying temperature dependence of the energy-band structure is of great importance for understanding optical and transporting characteristics of a solid.
文摘The temperature dependence of some performance of 6H SiC unipolar power devices is analyzed theoretically.By employing the temperature dependent ionization coefficient and mobility of a silicon carbide,the analytical expressions of the temperature dependent performance,such as breakdown characteristics and on resistance of 6H SiC unipolar power devices are derived in a closed form.The analytical results are compared with the experimental results,with good accordance found in the breakdown characteristics.
文摘We designed a Japanese version of the Smartphone Dependence Scale (J-SDS) for university students, and assessed its validity and reliability. For development of this scale, we initially selected 43 preliminary items based on previous studies of Internet and mobile phone dependence. Each response was scored using a Likert scale (0, 1, 2, 3), with higher scores indicating greater dependence. After administering the preliminary scale to 149 university students, the final 29 items were selected according to exploratory factor analysis. The final scale consisted of 5 factors: 1) craving and withdrawal, 2) overuse and tolerance, 3) virtual life orientation, 4) disturbance of concentration in class, and 5) physical symptoms. Reliability coefficient (Cronbach’s alpha) values for the 5 factors and total J-SDS were 0.87, 0.87, 0.76, 0.77, 0.69, and 0.92, respectively. We then summed the Likert scores for each item to provide a quantitative overall smartphone dependence score, with higher scores indicating greater dependence. The J-SDS score became significantly higher with longer hours of smartphone use (p < 0.001). Our results suggest that the J-SDS is a reliable and valid scale for screening university students who may be at risk of developing smartphone dependence.
