The applications of geospatial technologies and positioning data embrace every sphere of modern-day science and industry. With technological advancement, the demands for highly accurate positioning services in real-ti...The applications of geospatial technologies and positioning data embrace every sphere of modern-day science and industry. With technological advancement, the demands for highly accurate positioning services in real-time led to the development of the Global Navigation Satellite System—Real-Time Network (GNSS-RTN). While there is numerous published information on the technical aspects of the GNSS-RTN technology, information on the best practices or guidelines in building, operating, and managing the GNSS-RTN networks is lacking in practice. To better understand the current practice in establishing and operating the GNSS-RTN systems, an online questionnaire survey was sent to the GNSS-RTN system owners/operators across the U.S. Additionally, a thorough review of available literature on business models and interviews with representatives of two major manufacturers/vendors of GNSS-RTN products and services were conducted. Study results revealed a great deal of inconsistency in current practices among states in the way the GNSS-RTN systems are built, operated, and managed. Aspects of the diversity in state practices involved the business models for the GNSS-RTN systems besides the technical attributes of the network and system products. The information gathered in this study is important in helping state agencies make informed decisions as they build, expand or manage their own GNSS-RTN systems.展开更多
Objectives:Resection of the middle turbinate(MT)during endoscopic sinus surgery(ESS)has been a controversial topic among otolaryngologists for many years.Some studies advocate resection and have shown improved outcome...Objectives:Resection of the middle turbinate(MT)during endoscopic sinus surgery(ESS)has been a controversial topic among otolaryngologists for many years.Some studies advocate resection and have shown improved outcomes postoperatively,while studies favoring preservation show a decreased incidence of postoperative complications.The current practice pattern regarding this subject is unknown.The goal of this study was to learn the current practice of MT resection during ESS among otolaryngologists.Method:We performed an electronic anonymous survey of practicing otolaryngologists.Results:We found that the majority of the 252 responders stated that they will perform an MT resection in certain clinical situations,while there is a small subset that advocates never resecting the MT for inflammatory sinus disease(n=6,2.4%).Participants were significantly more likely to perform MT resection in patients undergoing revision compared to primary ESS for all conditions included.The complication of greatest concern among participants was iatrogenic frontal sinus obstruction,while empty nose was of the least concern.The majority of participants responded that MT resection was of extreme or moderate benefit for improved visualization and drug delivery postoperatively.When compared to general otolaryngologists,fellowship-trained rhinologists were less concerned about potential complications following MT resection and were more likely to perceive an extreme or moderate benefit from turbinate resection postoperatively.Conclusion:There remains debate over MT resection among otolaryngologists,but the results of this study show that the majority of participating otolaryngologists will perform a resection in certain clinical situations.展开更多
This article focuses on the practice of English external propaganda translation from the perspective of cross-cultural communication.Firstly,it briefly summarizes the connotations and characteristics of cross-cultural...This article focuses on the practice of English external propaganda translation from the perspective of cross-cultural communication.Firstly,it briefly summarizes the connotations and characteristics of cross-cultural communication and English external propaganda translation.Secondly,it comprehensively explores and analyzes the current status of English external propaganda translation practice from the perspective of cross-cultural communication.Combining relevant cases,it briefly introduces the achievements of English external propaganda translation practice,and systematically analyzes the challenges faced by China’s English external propaganda translation practice from the perspective of cross-cultural communication.Finally,based on the above exploration,it introduces the strategic choices for English external propaganda translation from the perspectives of cultural adaptation and cultural compensation.It is hoped that through this research,we can improve the effectiveness of cross-cultural communication in English external propaganda translation and provide some assistance in building a three-dimensional,authentic,and comprehensive government image.展开更多
Background:Despite trabeculectomy having long been considered the gold standard surgery for treating severe or recalcitrant glaucoma,the popularity of this operation among glaucoma specialists has gradually declined i...Background:Despite trabeculectomy having long been considered the gold standard surgery for treating severe or recalcitrant glaucoma,the popularity of this operation among glaucoma specialists has gradually declined in recent decades with a concurrent rise in alternative intraocular pressure(IOP)-lowering procedures being performed.Purpose:This pilot study investigates how experiences of recently graduated glaucoma specialists during training might have influenced their choice to either perform trabeculectomy or favor alternative procedures in their current practice.Methods:An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to American Glaucoma Society members who completed fellowship training between 2018 and 2022.Questionnaire items assessed respondents'experiences in residency and fellowship training as well as their current practice as attendings regarding four procedures:trabeculectomy,tube-shunt,XEN Gel Stent,and ab-interno angle procedures.Results:Of 66 total respondents,64(97.0%)reported feeling somewhat or entirely comfortable performing trabeculectomy following training.However,42(63.6%)said they do not often perform trabeculectomy,whereas 13(19.7%)reported that they do.Those who reported performing trabeculectomy often(N=13)were influenced by the surgery's high success rates(92.3%),preoperative(76.9%)and intraoperative(84.6%)processes,and low postoperative complications(61.5%).Those who reported not performing trabeculectomy often(N=42)were most discouraged by the postoperative process of trabeculectomy,as well as socioeconomic(66.7%)and sociocultural(52.4%)characteristics of their patients.Factors such as volume performed during training(47.6%),cost-effectiveness(19.0%),and reimbursement rates(19.0%)were not considerable contributors.Conclusions:While most young glaucoma specialists in our study report being comfortable performing trabeculectomy,the majority stated that they do not often perform the procedure in practice.Low trabeculectomy surgical volume during training was not cited as a notable barrier,whereas patient factors and preference for alternative procedures,depending on the clinical scenario,appeared to drive this trend.展开更多
Aim: To assess the safety profile and practice trend of autologous costal cartilage harvest by facial plastic surgeons in the United States (US).Methods: A 10-question online survey was distributed by the American Aca...Aim: To assess the safety profile and practice trend of autologous costal cartilage harvest by facial plastic surgeons in the United States (US).Methods: A 10-question online survey was distributed by the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery to its members.Results: Of the 2,639 members, 2,379 received the survey with 137 (5.76%) members responded. The majority (33.6%)of the respondents were expert facial plastic surgeons. One hundred and nine (79.6%) of the respondents performed rib harvest with 49.6% of them performing the procedure at a hospital facility. Among them, 21.5% exclusively performed their surgery at an ambulatory surgical center not physically attached to a hospital while 6.67% of them at the in-office accredited operating room. When comparing techniques, 64.7% performed only full-thickness rib grafts vs. 12.0%harvesting partial-thickness rib grafts. Most used an incision length between 2.1 and 4 cm (64.4%) while 2 surgeons used < 1 cm incision. The occurrence of pneumothorax after autologous rib harvest remained low (< 1%) in most (73.1%).Regarding safety practices of the surgeons, only 24.6% would order a chest X-ray post-operatively while 54.5% would not. In addition, 58.7% of respondents never kept their patients overnight for observation after autologous rib grafting while 15.0% always would. For pain management, most respondents (50.4%) did not utilize any additional analgesia protocol besides oral pain medications.Conclusion: Two thirds of the US facial plastic surgeons performed autologous costal cartilage harvest in a hospital setting. Routine chest imaging or overnight observation post-operatively was not warranted as the percentage of pneumothorax remained low and pain control was adequate.展开更多
This paper presents the behavior analysis of modular multilevel converter under DC pole-to-pole short-circuit fault, which is an important issue in fault management, electrical system design and MMC based power system...This paper presents the behavior analysis of modular multilevel converter under DC pole-to-pole short-circuit fault, which is an important issue in fault management, electrical system design and MMC based power system protection and control. Firstly, the transient behavior is analyzed and the conduction overlap- ping angle γ, is defined. Secondly, seven possible short-circuit current paths induced by different γ values are identified, and the corresponding engineering short-circuit current calculation methods for both AC and DC sides are proposed. And then, the influences of impedance distribution factor κ and equivalent short-circuit resistance Rsc on short-circuit currents are elaborated the proposed analysis methods. Finally, case study is used to verify the effectiveness of展开更多
文摘The applications of geospatial technologies and positioning data embrace every sphere of modern-day science and industry. With technological advancement, the demands for highly accurate positioning services in real-time led to the development of the Global Navigation Satellite System—Real-Time Network (GNSS-RTN). While there is numerous published information on the technical aspects of the GNSS-RTN technology, information on the best practices or guidelines in building, operating, and managing the GNSS-RTN networks is lacking in practice. To better understand the current practice in establishing and operating the GNSS-RTN systems, an online questionnaire survey was sent to the GNSS-RTN system owners/operators across the U.S. Additionally, a thorough review of available literature on business models and interviews with representatives of two major manufacturers/vendors of GNSS-RTN products and services were conducted. Study results revealed a great deal of inconsistency in current practices among states in the way the GNSS-RTN systems are built, operated, and managed. Aspects of the diversity in state practices involved the business models for the GNSS-RTN systems besides the technical attributes of the network and system products. The information gathered in this study is important in helping state agencies make informed decisions as they build, expand or manage their own GNSS-RTN systems.
文摘Objectives:Resection of the middle turbinate(MT)during endoscopic sinus surgery(ESS)has been a controversial topic among otolaryngologists for many years.Some studies advocate resection and have shown improved outcomes postoperatively,while studies favoring preservation show a decreased incidence of postoperative complications.The current practice pattern regarding this subject is unknown.The goal of this study was to learn the current practice of MT resection during ESS among otolaryngologists.Method:We performed an electronic anonymous survey of practicing otolaryngologists.Results:We found that the majority of the 252 responders stated that they will perform an MT resection in certain clinical situations,while there is a small subset that advocates never resecting the MT for inflammatory sinus disease(n=6,2.4%).Participants were significantly more likely to perform MT resection in patients undergoing revision compared to primary ESS for all conditions included.The complication of greatest concern among participants was iatrogenic frontal sinus obstruction,while empty nose was of the least concern.The majority of participants responded that MT resection was of extreme or moderate benefit for improved visualization and drug delivery postoperatively.When compared to general otolaryngologists,fellowship-trained rhinologists were less concerned about potential complications following MT resection and were more likely to perceive an extreme or moderate benefit from turbinate resection postoperatively.Conclusion:There remains debate over MT resection among otolaryngologists,but the results of this study show that the majority of participating otolaryngologists will perform a resection in certain clinical situations.
文摘This article focuses on the practice of English external propaganda translation from the perspective of cross-cultural communication.Firstly,it briefly summarizes the connotations and characteristics of cross-cultural communication and English external propaganda translation.Secondly,it comprehensively explores and analyzes the current status of English external propaganda translation practice from the perspective of cross-cultural communication.Combining relevant cases,it briefly introduces the achievements of English external propaganda translation practice,and systematically analyzes the challenges faced by China’s English external propaganda translation practice from the perspective of cross-cultural communication.Finally,based on the above exploration,it introduces the strategic choices for English external propaganda translation from the perspectives of cultural adaptation and cultural compensation.It is hoped that through this research,we can improve the effectiveness of cross-cultural communication in English external propaganda translation and provide some assistance in building a three-dimensional,authentic,and comprehensive government image.
文摘Background:Despite trabeculectomy having long been considered the gold standard surgery for treating severe or recalcitrant glaucoma,the popularity of this operation among glaucoma specialists has gradually declined in recent decades with a concurrent rise in alternative intraocular pressure(IOP)-lowering procedures being performed.Purpose:This pilot study investigates how experiences of recently graduated glaucoma specialists during training might have influenced their choice to either perform trabeculectomy or favor alternative procedures in their current practice.Methods:An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to American Glaucoma Society members who completed fellowship training between 2018 and 2022.Questionnaire items assessed respondents'experiences in residency and fellowship training as well as their current practice as attendings regarding four procedures:trabeculectomy,tube-shunt,XEN Gel Stent,and ab-interno angle procedures.Results:Of 66 total respondents,64(97.0%)reported feeling somewhat or entirely comfortable performing trabeculectomy following training.However,42(63.6%)said they do not often perform trabeculectomy,whereas 13(19.7%)reported that they do.Those who reported performing trabeculectomy often(N=13)were influenced by the surgery's high success rates(92.3%),preoperative(76.9%)and intraoperative(84.6%)processes,and low postoperative complications(61.5%).Those who reported not performing trabeculectomy often(N=42)were most discouraged by the postoperative process of trabeculectomy,as well as socioeconomic(66.7%)and sociocultural(52.4%)characteristics of their patients.Factors such as volume performed during training(47.6%),cost-effectiveness(19.0%),and reimbursement rates(19.0%)were not considerable contributors.Conclusions:While most young glaucoma specialists in our study report being comfortable performing trabeculectomy,the majority stated that they do not often perform the procedure in practice.Low trabeculectomy surgical volume during training was not cited as a notable barrier,whereas patient factors and preference for alternative procedures,depending on the clinical scenario,appeared to drive this trend.
文摘Aim: To assess the safety profile and practice trend of autologous costal cartilage harvest by facial plastic surgeons in the United States (US).Methods: A 10-question online survey was distributed by the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery to its members.Results: Of the 2,639 members, 2,379 received the survey with 137 (5.76%) members responded. The majority (33.6%)of the respondents were expert facial plastic surgeons. One hundred and nine (79.6%) of the respondents performed rib harvest with 49.6% of them performing the procedure at a hospital facility. Among them, 21.5% exclusively performed their surgery at an ambulatory surgical center not physically attached to a hospital while 6.67% of them at the in-office accredited operating room. When comparing techniques, 64.7% performed only full-thickness rib grafts vs. 12.0%harvesting partial-thickness rib grafts. Most used an incision length between 2.1 and 4 cm (64.4%) while 2 surgeons used < 1 cm incision. The occurrence of pneumothorax after autologous rib harvest remained low (< 1%) in most (73.1%).Regarding safety practices of the surgeons, only 24.6% would order a chest X-ray post-operatively while 54.5% would not. In addition, 58.7% of respondents never kept their patients overnight for observation after autologous rib grafting while 15.0% always would. For pain management, most respondents (50.4%) did not utilize any additional analgesia protocol besides oral pain medications.Conclusion: Two thirds of the US facial plastic surgeons performed autologous costal cartilage harvest in a hospital setting. Routine chest imaging or overnight observation post-operatively was not warranted as the percentage of pneumothorax remained low and pain control was adequate.
文摘This paper presents the behavior analysis of modular multilevel converter under DC pole-to-pole short-circuit fault, which is an important issue in fault management, electrical system design and MMC based power system protection and control. Firstly, the transient behavior is analyzed and the conduction overlap- ping angle γ, is defined. Secondly, seven possible short-circuit current paths induced by different γ values are identified, and the corresponding engineering short-circuit current calculation methods for both AC and DC sides are proposed. And then, the influences of impedance distribution factor κ and equivalent short-circuit resistance Rsc on short-circuit currents are elaborated the proposed analysis methods. Finally, case study is used to verify the effectiveness of
