Ultrasonic-Assisted Grinding(UAG)is a novel manufacturing technology that shows promising promise for use in processing Ceramic Matrix Composites(CMCs).Nevertheless,analyzing the material removal process of CMCs with ...Ultrasonic-Assisted Grinding(UAG)is a novel manufacturing technology that shows promising promise for use in processing Ceramic Matrix Composites(CMCs).Nevertheless,analyzing the material removal process of CMCs with multidirectional structure during UAG is challenging,impeding the progress and improvement of the UAG process.This work examined the impact of ultrasonic vibration on the dynamic mechanical characteristics during processing.Additionally,we experimentally elucidated the material removal mechanism of CMCs during the scratching process under the influence of vertical vibration.The results indicate that the introduction of ultrasonic vibration causes a strain rate effect,resulting in a modification of the material removal mechanism,subsequently impacting the processing quality.Ultrasonic vibration increases the dynamic strength and brittleness of the fibers in CMCs,leading to more cracks at fracture,which changes from the original bending fracture to shear fracture.In addition,ultrasonic vibration can effectively inhibit the impact of scratching depth and anisotropy on the removal mechanism of CMCs,resulting in a more uniform surface of CMCs after processing.展开更多
The service life of refractory brick in the slag tapping hole of gasifiers is a significant concern for long-term and stable operation.This study examined the damage mechanism of high chromia refractory of four commer...The service life of refractory brick in the slag tapping hole of gasifiers is a significant concern for long-term and stable operation.This study examined the damage mechanism of high chromia refractory of four commercial coal-water slurry gasifiers with their corresponding gasification coal samples and the corroded refractory bricks in the slag tapping hole of the gasifier.The slag characteristic,including crystallization and viscosity-temperature of four gasification coal samples were analyzed.The results revealed that the low viscosity slag could lead to more severe damage to refractory bricks.Given the risk of slag crystallization,it is recommended to establish a safe slag tapping temperature range should be set as tICT(initial crystallization temperature)−t_(2.5) when tICT is higher than t_(25).Upon examining interior morphology of these corroded refractory bricks,some cracks were observed within them.The chemical composition of molten slag was analyzed using SEM-EDS.However,XRD results found no spinel containing zirconium in these cracks.This suggests that the emergence of these cracks are mainly attributed to the molten slag penetration and the subsequent reaction with the refractory material.The difference in thermal expansion between the newly formed substances and refractory material is critical in forming these cracks.Furthermore,SEM-EDS analysis was also conducted on the slag-aggregate and the slag-matrix interface.The results reveal that the reduction in Cr_(2)O_(3) content is the earliest characteristic of damage in high chromia refractories.A proposed damage mechanism of refractory brick suggests that the matrix and aggregate of high chromia refractory are initially compromised because of the reduced Cr_(2)O_(3) content.Subsequently,the molten slag penetrates the interior of the refractory brick,forming new substances,leading to damage caused by the difference in thermal expansion between the new substances and the refractory brick.Understanding and preventing the reduction of Cr_(2)O_(3) content is vital to prolonging the service life of refractory brick in the slag tapping hole of the gasifier based on this damage mechanism.展开更多
In this study,thyme essential oil(TEO)nanoemulsion(tPTNs)was constructed with transglutaminase(TGase)-modified potato protein,and its antibacterial activity and mechanism of action were evaluated and explored.Results ...In this study,thyme essential oil(TEO)nanoemulsion(tPTNs)was constructed with transglutaminase(TGase)-modified potato protein,and its antibacterial activity and mechanism of action were evaluated and explored.Results indicated that tPTNs exhibited great antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli,with minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC)and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL,respectively.Also,the antibacterial effects of tPTNs were concentration-dependent.We observed a significant decrease in the absolute value of the zeta potential,and significant increases in particle size,cell membrane hydrophobicity,conductivity,the release of metal ions,and the leakage of nucleic acid as the concentration of tPTNs increased from 0 mg/mL to MBC.Furthermore,sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE)demonstrated that protein synthesis was inhibited or even disrupted.Analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)indicated that treatment with tPTNs caused significant changes in bacterial metabolites,1117 and 692 differential metabolites being found for S.aureus and E.coli,respectively.The differential metabolites were involved in nucleotide metabolism,amino acid metabolism,tricarboxylic acid cycle and other metabolic pathways.These findings provide valuable insights for the application of thyme essential oil as an efficient antibacterial agent and for the understanding of its mechanism of action.展开更多
Fusarium crown rot(FCR),predominantly caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum,has been listed as a Category Ⅱ disease in six provinces of China,posing a significant threat to wheat production.The phenylpyrrole fungicide...Fusarium crown rot(FCR),predominantly caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum,has been listed as a Category Ⅱ disease in six provinces of China,posing a significant threat to wheat production.The phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil is a key agent for FCR control.Previous studies indicated that resistance to fludioxonil in F.pseudograminearum is primarily associated with altered expression levels of the FpOS1 gene,which encodes a hybrid histidine kinase.However,the roles of mutations in other FpOS genes and the molecular interactions between FpOS proteins and fludioxonil remain elusive.To address these gaps,we generated 16 fludioxonil-resistant mutants with heritable resistance traits by in vitro selection of four sensitive F.pseudograminearum isolates.These mutants exhibited high resistance levels,with resistance factors(RF)ranging from 633.73 to 8617.07.Compared to their parental isolates,the resistant mutants showed significantly reduced mycelial growth rate,sporulation capacity,and pathogenicity.They were also more sensitive to ionic,osmotic,and oxidative stresses and displayed compromised cell wall and membrane integrity.Fludioxonil demonstrated no cross-resistance with tebuconazole or pydiflumetofen;however,it exhibited weak positive crossresistance to pyraclostrobin and moderate positive cross-resistance to iprodione.Fludioxonil treatment significantly promoted glycerol synthesis and inhibited deoxynivalenol(DON)production in parental isolates,whereas these regulatory effects were markedly attenuated in the resistant mutants.Mutation analysis identified mutation sites in FpOS1,FpOS4,and FpOS5 genes,with a lower mutation frequency in FpOS1 and no mutations detected in FpOS2.Molecular docking indicated that amino acid substitutions in FpOS4 and FpOS5 significantly reduced the binding affinity of fludioxonil to these target proteins.In conclusion,F.pseudograminearum poses a moderate risk of resistance to fludioxonil.Point mutations in FpOS4 and FpOS5 genes emerge as key molecular drivers of resistance,likely by diminishing the binding affinity between the fungicide and its proteins.This study clarifies the molecular basis of fludioxonil resistance in F.pseudograminearum and provides a scientific rationale for the judicious use of this fungicide in managing FCR.展开更多
Methane dehydroaromatization(MDA)presents a promising carbon-neutral pathway for benzene,toluene,and xylene(BTX)production,alternative to petroleumderived routes.Elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of Brønsted ...Methane dehydroaromatization(MDA)presents a promising carbon-neutral pathway for benzene,toluene,and xylene(BTX)production,alternative to petroleumderived routes.Elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of Brønsted acid site(BAS)strength on reaction pathways,alongside the spatial proximity effects between BAS and Mo active sites in bifunctional synergy,remains a critical scientific challenge in catalyst design.This study systematically tunes both BAS strength(via isomorphous metal substitution)and Mo-BAS spatial proximity in zeolites,integrating MDA catalytic evaluations with density functional theory(DFT)calculations to dissect their individual contributions.Strongly acidic BAS catalysts(compared to moderately acidic Fe/Ga-substituted counterparts)exhibit superior performance,evidenced by enhanced aromatic yields.Conversely,weakly acidic Bsubstituted zeolites demonstrate optimal mono-/bifunctional synergy,outperforming moderate-acid systems.DFT results reveal that acid strength dictates C−H activation mechanisms by modulating the energy barriers of rate-determining steps.While Al-zeolites deliver the highest activity,B-substituted systems display unique potential for mechanistic investigations.Spatial proximity analysis indicates that micrometer-scale Mo-BAS distances hinder effective synergy due to exceeding electron interaction and mass transfer limits,whereas nanometer-scale proximity enhances activity(via accelerated intermediate transport)and suppresses coke formation.These findings establish a theoretical framework for rationalizing zeolite catalyst optimization through BAS property engineering and spatial control of Mo-BAS cooperation,providing actionable guidelines for designing next-generation MDA catalysts.展开更多
The multi-principal element characteristic of high-entropy alloys has revolutionized the conventional alloy design concept of single-principal element,endowing them with excellent mechanical properties.However,owing t...The multi-principal element characteristic of high-entropy alloys has revolutionized the conventional alloy design concept of single-principal element,endowing them with excellent mechanical properties.However,owing to this multi-principal element nature,high-entropy alloys exhibit complex deformation behavior dominated by alternating and coupled deformation mechanisms.Therefore,elucidating these intricate deformation mechanisms remains a key challenge in current research.Neutron diffraction(ND)techniques offer distinct advantages over traditional microscopic methods for characterizing such complex deformation behavior.The strong penetration capability of neutrons enables in-situ,real-time,and non-destructive detection of structural evolution in most centimeter-level bulk samples under complex environments,and ND allows precise characterization of lattice site occupations for light elements,such as C and O,and neighboring elements.This review discussed the principles of ND,experiment procedures,and data analysis.Combining with recent advances in the research about face-centered cubic high-entropy alloy,typical examples of using ND to investigate the deformation behavior were summarized,ultimately revealing deformation mechanisms dominated by dislocations,stacking faults,twinning,and phase transformations.展开更多
Two-dimensional(2D)materials have attracted extensive attention from aerospace,integrated circuits,precision sensors,and flexible electronics due to their unique layered structure and excellent physicochemical propert...Two-dimensional(2D)materials have attracted extensive attention from aerospace,integrated circuits,precision sensors,and flexible electronics due to their unique layered structure and excellent physicochemical properties.In practice applications,the components of functional nanodevices are subjected to mechanical stress,which can affect the robust performance and structural reliability of these devices.Therefore,it is imperative to explore the mechanical properties and underlying mechanisms of 2D materials.However,researchers have an inadequate understanding of the accuracy of various in situ microscopy techniques and neglect the significance of high-quality,clean transfer techniques,resulting in deviated measurement results.There is now an urgent need to develop guidelines that allow researchers to select appropriate material transfer techniques and mechanical testing strategies based on the specific properties of 2D materials.Furthermore,the mechanical mechanism of 2D materials lacks systematic and comprehensive studies,which hinders researchers from deeply understanding the relationship between the material structure and the device performance.This work reviews the latest progress in the mechanics of 2D materials,focusing on the challenges of various transfer techniques and in situ microscopy techniques in mechanical testing,and provides effective guidance for the formulation of experimental schemes for mechanical testing.In addition,we offer detailed mechanistic insights into the fracture behavior,geometric dimension effects,edge defects,and interlayer bonding effects of 2D materials.This work is expected to advance the field development of 2D material mechanics.展开更多
Utilization of ceramic wastes to fabricate concrete can not only effectively dispose the wastes,but also reduce the energy and source consumptions.Therefore,we fabricated a green ultra high performance concrete using ...Utilization of ceramic wastes to fabricate concrete can not only effectively dispose the wastes,but also reduce the energy and source consumptions.Therefore,we fabricated a green ultra high performance concrete using ceramic waste powder(CWP)to replace 55%of cement,and ceramic waste aggregate(CWA)to replace 100%natural quartz sand.However,high content of ceramic wastes will harm the concrete performance including workability and mechanical properties.Therefore,a low-cost and low carbon nano-calcium carbonate(NC)was introduced to compensate for the defects caused by large amounts of CWP and CWA to workability and mechanical behavior.The experimental results show that the workability of ultra high performance concrete with large amounts of CWP and CWA(UHPCLCC)increases by 28.57%with NC content of 5%.Moreover,the flexural strengths,fracture energy,compressive strengths,and compressive toughness of UHPCLCC increase up to 29.6%,56.5%,20.4%,and 37.6%,respectively,which is caused by the nano-core effect of NC.展开更多
Against the backdrop of escalating global climate change and energy crises,the resource utilization of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),a major greenhouse gas,has become a crucial pathway for achieving carbon peaking and carbon...Against the backdrop of escalating global climate change and energy crises,the resource utilization of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),a major greenhouse gas,has become a crucial pathway for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.The hydrogenation of CO_(2)to methanol not only enables carbon sequestration and recycling,but also provides a route to produce high value-added fuels and basic chemical feedstocks,holding significant environmental and economic potential.However,this conversion process is thermodynamically and kinetically limited,and traditional catalyst systems(e.g.,Cu/ZnO/Al_(2)O_(3))exhibit inadequate activity,selectivity,and stability under mild conditions.Therefore,the development of novel high-performance catalysts with precisely tunable structures and functionalities is imperative.Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),as crystalline porous materials with high surface area,tunable pore structures,and diverse metal-ligand compositions,have the great potential in CO_(2)hydrogenation catalysis.Their structural design flexibility allows for the construction of well-dispersed active sites,tailored electronic environments,and enhanced metal-support interactions.This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in MOF-based and MOF-derived catalysts for CO_(2)hydrogenation to methanol,focusing on four design strategies:(1)spatial confinement and in situ construction,(2)defect engineering and ion-exchange,(3)bimetallic synergy and hybrid structure design,and(4)MOF-derived nanomaterial synthesis.These approaches significantly improve CO_(2)conversion and methanol selectivity by optimizing metal dispersion,interfacial structures,and reaction pathways.The reaction mechanism is further explored by focusing on the three main reaction pathways:the formate pathway(HCOO*),the RWGS(Reverse Water Gas Shift reaction)+CO*hydrogenation pathway,and the trans-COOH pathway.In situ spectroscopic studies and density functional theory(DFT)calculations elucidate the formation and transformation of key intermediates,as well as the roles of active sites,metal-support interfaces,oxygen vacancies,and promoters.Additionally,representative catalytic performance data for MOFbased systems are compiled and compared,demonstrating their advantages over traditional catalysts in terms of CO_(2)conversion,methanol selectivity,and space-time yield.Future perspectives for MOF-based CO_(2)hydrogenation catalysts will prioritize two main directions:structural design and mechanistic understanding.The precise construction of active sites through multi-metallic synergy,defect engineering,and interfacial electronic modulation should be made to enhance catalyst selectivity and stability.In addition,advanced in situ characterization techniques combined with theoretical modeling are essential to unravel the detailed reaction mechanisms and intermediate behaviors,thereby guiding rational catalyst design.Moreover,to enable industrial application,challenges related to thermal/hydrothermal stability,catalyst recyclability,and cost-effective large-scale synthesis must be addressed.The development of green,scalable preparation methods and the integration of MOF catalysts into practical reaction systems(e.g.,flow reactors)will be crucial for bridging the gap between laboratory research and commercial deployment.Ultimately,multi-scale structure-performance optimization and catalytic system integration will be vital for accelerating the industrialization of MOF-based CO_(2)-to-methanol technologies.展开更多
The deformation and failure of coal walls in front of a working face cause significant difficulties during mining operations.This study reveals the nonuniform distribution of bearing pressure in front of coal walls ba...The deformation and failure of coal walls in front of a working face cause significant difficulties during mining operations.This study reveals the nonuniform distribution of bearing pressure in front of coal walls based on in situ monitoring data and numerical simulation.Therefore,an eccentric compression mechanical model was established to study the deformation and failure characteristics of a coal wall.The slenderness ratio of the compression bar is introduced to define coal walls.The results showed that instability failure occurs when λ>λ_(c) and material failure occurs when λ≤λ_(c).The instability failure-type coal wall spalling was related to the mining height,eccentricity of roof pressure,the horizontal force,and the reaction moment of the floor.The material failure-type coal wall spalling was related to the cohesion,the internal friction angle of the coal,the upper pressure,and the horizontal force of coal walls.Unstable and destructive coal wall peeling usually occurs at a height of 0.5–0.6 times the mining height,while material damage to coal wall peeling is determined to occur within the range of 0.4-0.6 times the mining depth.The findings contribute to the understanding of the deformation and failure of coal walls.展开更多
Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted t...Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.展开更多
Curcuma is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been utilized for centuries in the treatment of various diseases. Terpenoids, particularly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, constitute the primary bioactive component...Curcuma is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been utilized for centuries in the treatment of various diseases. Terpenoids, particularly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, constitute the primary bioactive components of the essential oil derived from Curcuma species.Among these, curdione—one of the key active constituents—has been identified in 25 Curcuma species, with the highest concentration reported in the rhizome essential oil of Curcuma trichosantha Gagnep. Curdione can also be synthesized through chemical methods,and its regio-and stereo-selectivity can be further optimized via chemo-bio transformations.This compound demonstrates significant therapeutic potential, including anticancer, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-diabetic, and multi-organ protective properties. Despite these promising biological activities, its clinical application is hindered by poor water solubility and potential toxicity. This review summarizes current knowledge on the natural sources, chemical synthesis, chemo-bio transformations, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects, potential toxicities, and molecular mechanisms of curdione. Furthermore, perspectives on future drug development are discussed with the aim of promoting the clinical translation of this promising natural compound.展开更多
Continuous variable cross-section recycled extrusion(CVCE)is an advanced technique of severe plastic deformation.Ti–6Al–4V alloy was deformed with different processing parameters by CVCE,and then the microstructure ...Continuous variable cross-section recycled extrusion(CVCE)is an advanced technique of severe plastic deformation.Ti–6Al–4V alloy was deformed with different processing parameters by CVCE,and then the microstructure characterization,refinement mechanism and deformation mechanism were investigated simultaneously.The results demonstrate that the average size of grain is refined from 14 to 2.78μm as Ti–6Al–4V alloy is deformed at 800℃ with a speed of 2 mm/s over 6 passes,and the microstructure is equiaxed and distributed homogeneously along the radial direction.Furthermore,in the process of CVCE,basal slip(0001)<110>is transformed to prismatic slip(100)<110>system and pyramidal slip(112)<113>system,with a reduction in low angle grain boundaries from 69.6%to 61.2%.Moreover,the grain refinement mechanism of CVCE is dislocation multiplication and cross-slip migration within the grain at the initial stage of deformation,which results in the formation of substructures and micro-shear bands as well as grain refinement.In addition,the nucleation and growth of dynamic recrystallization grains are beneficial to eliminating the dislocations,subgrain boundaries and other defects in the matrix,which finally results in the grains refinement.展开更多
Anthocyanin-rich foliage plants hold important applications in the pharmaceutical industry and the tea sector,beyond their significant ornamental value.These plants also possess biological and ecological importance,co...Anthocyanin-rich foliage plants hold important applications in the pharmaceutical industry and the tea sector,beyond their significant ornamental value.These plants also possess biological and ecological importance,contributing to reproduction,defense against natural enemies,and adaptation to environmental changes.Thus,a deeper understanding of their leaf coloration will be essential for both practical applications and theoretical understanding.The present study comprehensively reviews the factors influencing anthocyanin metabolism,including biosynthesis,transport,degradation,transcription factors(TF_(S)),post-transcriptional regulation,post translation regulation.Next,we summarize the application of omics technologies in unveiling the mechanisms of anthocyanin synthesis in leaves.Furthermore,we review the molecular mechanisms by which environmental factors regulate leaf coloration by inducing anthocyanin biosynthesis.Lastly,the study addresses unresolved issues in the research of plant leaf coloration and proposes future research directions in this field.This study is anticipated to provide a valuable reference for the study of plant leaf coloration.展开更多
In the Southern Sichuan Basin,China(SSBC),some moderate-sized seismic events(local magnitude M_(L)ranging between 4 and 5)have affected the safe production of shale gas.In this study,we used the recorded seismic data ...In the Southern Sichuan Basin,China(SSBC),some moderate-sized seismic events(local magnitude M_(L)ranging between 4 and 5)have affected the safe production of shale gas.In this study,we used the recorded seismic data from China national and temporary networks within the SSBC to obtain the relocated seismic hypocenter distribution between January 2016 and May 2017 based on the hypocenter double-difference(HypoDD)method.The statistical characteristics of microseismicity resulting from water injection in SSBC were analyzed,and the potential correlation between the event rate and statistical parameters,such as Gutenberg-Richter b-value,spatial correlation length,and fractal dimension,was quantified.Based on spatial variations of b-value and fractal dimension of event distribution,we identified two potential risk areas in the East and West of the Zhaotong shale gas block(YS108),respectively.The focal mechanism solutions(FMSs)of the observed seismic events(M_(L)>2.5)near the H7 well pad were calculated utilizing the generalized cut-and-paste(gCAP)technique combined with P-wave polarity.The FMSs’results show reverse faults,and some of them have fault planes oriented in the N-S direction,causing oblique slip movement.In addition,we also inverted the regional stress field using high-quality FMSs,revealing that the maximum principal stress(σ1)trends NW–SE and lies nearly horizontal,in agreement with the World Stress Map and borehole breakout records.Considering geological structures and regional stress distribution,the reasons for induced seismicity were mainly linked to pore pressure diffusion.Our obtained findings may provide insights for future seismic risk assessment and mitigation strategies.展开更多
As a crucial aspect of international governance,international standardization requires legitimacy grounded in the principles and frameworks established by international law.Building upon an understanding of the common...As a crucial aspect of international governance,international standardization requires legitimacy grounded in the principles and frameworks established by international law.Building upon an understanding of the commonalities between international law and international standardization,this paper explores the mechanism through which international law centered on treaties empowers international standardization.展开更多
Probiotics can regulate the body’s immune system through both non-specific and specific immunity,thereby regulating host health.In terms of non-specific immune regulation,probiotics can activate the intrinsic immune ...Probiotics can regulate the body’s immune system through both non-specific and specific immunity,thereby regulating host health.In terms of non-specific immune regulation,probiotics can activate the intrinsic immune system,regulate the mucosal barrier function,and play an immune role by influencing the activity of intrinsic immune cells such as macrophages,dendritic cells and natural killer cells,as well as their differentiation and maturation;in terms of specific immune regulation,probiotics play a role in regulating the immunoglobulin level and the maturation of B cells.Probiotics can also regulate T-cell differentiation according to the condition of the body,thus regulating specific immunity.Many studies have focused on the role of probiotics in metabolism and nutrition,and the mechanisms involved in the immunomodulatory role of probiotics have only been partially described.This review summarises the role of common probiotics such as Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus in immunomodulation as well as their mechanisms,describing the currently known mechanisms of immunomodulation by probiotics in improving the host immune system.A deeper understanding of probiotics and their specific mechanisms of action will facilitate the use of probiotics for immunomodulation in clinical medicine,functional foods,and other areas.This will also contribute to the development and research of engineered probiotics,next-generation probiotics,and other new functional probiotics with immunomodulatory effects.展开更多
In electrochemical energy storage systems,the sodium-ion battery is typically integrated in the form of a“cell-module-cluster”,but its cross-scale thermal runaway triggering risk and the propagation mechanism remain...In electrochemical energy storage systems,the sodium-ion battery is typically integrated in the form of a“cell-module-cluster”,but its cross-scale thermal runaway triggering risk and the propagation mechanism remain unclear.This study reveals the cross-scale thermal runaway triggering and propagation behavior of sodium-ion batteries of“cell-module-cluster”under overcharge conditions,and investigates the effects of key factors,including module spacing,triggering cell location,and heat dissipation condition,on the thermal runaway propagation behavior.Results demonstrate that the thermal runaway propagation in a module containing the overcharged cell follows a sequential triggering mode,while thermal runaway in the downstream module exhibits a simultaneous triggering mode with greater severity.Furthermore,increasing the module spacing or enhancing the heat dissipation capacity can effectively reduce the heat accumulation and prevent the trigger of thermal runaway.On the above basis,the multi-dimensional evaluation strategy is proposed to quantitatively assess the hazard of sodium-ion battery cluster thermal runaway.The findings serve as a foundation for the safe design of sodium-ion batteries in energy storage systems.展开更多
The escalating global crisis of antibiotic resistance necessitates urgent development of novel antimicrobial agents.In this context,antimicrobial peptides(AMPs)derived from fish emerge as a highly promising strategic ...The escalating global crisis of antibiotic resistance necessitates urgent development of novel antimicrobial agents.In this context,antimicrobial peptides(AMPs)derived from fish emerge as a highly promising strategic resource,owing to their unique structural diversity and the exceptional adaptability and tolerance conferred by evolutionary pressures in aquatic environments.This review systematically synthesizes key advances in fish-derived AMP research.It details their diverse sourcing avenues,encompassing tissues from live fish(e.g.,skin,mucus,gills,intestines)and processing byproducts(e.g.,scales,skins,viscera).The discussion covers efficient isolation,purification,and synthesis strategies,and critically examines their defining feature:unique multi-target synergistic antimicrobial mechanisms(including microbial membrane disruption,intracellular targeting,and immunomodulation),which contribute to a reduced propensity for resistance development.To address inherent limitations of natural AMPs(such as susceptibility to proteolysis and potential toxicity),the review highlights innovative optimization approaches,including computational-aided rational design,amino acid modification,cyclization,and hybrid peptide construction.Furthermore,the review elaborates on their significant application potential across crucial domains:food preservation(inhibiting spoilage organisms,extending shelf-life),sustainable aquaculture(as antibiotic alternatives,enhancing disease resistance,improving water quality),and the development of novel anti-infective therapeutics(particularly against drug-resistant infections).Therefore,this work aims to provide a comprehensive theoretical foundation and innovative strategic insights to foster in-depth research and the sustainable exploitation of this vital strategic biological resource.展开更多
The escalating global issues of water scarcity and pollution emphasize the critical need for the rapid development of efficient and eco-friendly water treatment technologies.Photoelectrocatalytic technology has emerge...The escalating global issues of water scarcity and pollution emphasize the critical need for the rapid development of efficient and eco-friendly water treatment technologies.Photoelectrocatalytic technology has emerged as a promising solution for effectively degrading refractory organic pollutants in water under light conditions.This review delves into the advancements made in the field,focusing on strategies to enhance the generation of active species by modulating the micro-interface of the photoanode.Strategies,such as morphological control,element doping,introduction of surface oxygen vacancies,and construction of heterostructures,significantly improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated charges and the generation of active species,thereby boosting the efficiency of photoelectrocatalytic performance.Furthermore,the review explores the potential applications of photoelectrocatalytic technology in organic pollutant degradation in solutions.It also outlines the current challenges and future development directions.Despite its remarkable laboratory success,practical implementation of photoelectrocatalytic technology encounters obstacles related to stability,cost-effectiveness,and operational efficiency.Future investigations need to focus on optimizing the performance of photoelectrocatalytic materials and exploring strategies for upscaling their application in real water treatment scenarios.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(No.52325506)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.DUT22LAB501)。
文摘Ultrasonic-Assisted Grinding(UAG)is a novel manufacturing technology that shows promising promise for use in processing Ceramic Matrix Composites(CMCs).Nevertheless,analyzing the material removal process of CMCs with multidirectional structure during UAG is challenging,impeding the progress and improvement of the UAG process.This work examined the impact of ultrasonic vibration on the dynamic mechanical characteristics during processing.Additionally,we experimentally elucidated the material removal mechanism of CMCs during the scratching process under the influence of vertical vibration.The results indicate that the introduction of ultrasonic vibration causes a strain rate effect,resulting in a modification of the material removal mechanism,subsequently impacting the processing quality.Ultrasonic vibration increases the dynamic strength and brittleness of the fibers in CMCs,leading to more cracks at fracture,which changes from the original bending fracture to shear fracture.In addition,ultrasonic vibration can effectively inhibit the impact of scratching depth and anisotropy on the removal mechanism of CMCs,resulting in a more uniform surface of CMCs after processing.
基金Supported by Carbon Neutrality and Energy System Transformation (CNEST) ProgramScience and Technology Innovation Project of CHN Energy (GJNY-24-26)。
文摘The service life of refractory brick in the slag tapping hole of gasifiers is a significant concern for long-term and stable operation.This study examined the damage mechanism of high chromia refractory of four commercial coal-water slurry gasifiers with their corresponding gasification coal samples and the corroded refractory bricks in the slag tapping hole of the gasifier.The slag characteristic,including crystallization and viscosity-temperature of four gasification coal samples were analyzed.The results revealed that the low viscosity slag could lead to more severe damage to refractory bricks.Given the risk of slag crystallization,it is recommended to establish a safe slag tapping temperature range should be set as tICT(initial crystallization temperature)−t_(2.5) when tICT is higher than t_(25).Upon examining interior morphology of these corroded refractory bricks,some cracks were observed within them.The chemical composition of molten slag was analyzed using SEM-EDS.However,XRD results found no spinel containing zirconium in these cracks.This suggests that the emergence of these cracks are mainly attributed to the molten slag penetration and the subsequent reaction with the refractory material.The difference in thermal expansion between the newly formed substances and refractory material is critical in forming these cracks.Furthermore,SEM-EDS analysis was also conducted on the slag-aggregate and the slag-matrix interface.The results reveal that the reduction in Cr_(2)O_(3) content is the earliest characteristic of damage in high chromia refractories.A proposed damage mechanism of refractory brick suggests that the matrix and aggregate of high chromia refractory are initially compromised because of the reduced Cr_(2)O_(3) content.Subsequently,the molten slag penetrates the interior of the refractory brick,forming new substances,leading to damage caused by the difference in thermal expansion between the new substances and the refractory brick.Understanding and preventing the reduction of Cr_(2)O_(3) content is vital to prolonging the service life of refractory brick in the slag tapping hole of the gasifier based on this damage mechanism.
文摘In this study,thyme essential oil(TEO)nanoemulsion(tPTNs)was constructed with transglutaminase(TGase)-modified potato protein,and its antibacterial activity and mechanism of action were evaluated and explored.Results indicated that tPTNs exhibited great antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli,with minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC)and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL,respectively.Also,the antibacterial effects of tPTNs were concentration-dependent.We observed a significant decrease in the absolute value of the zeta potential,and significant increases in particle size,cell membrane hydrophobicity,conductivity,the release of metal ions,and the leakage of nucleic acid as the concentration of tPTNs increased from 0 mg/mL to MBC.Furthermore,sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE)demonstrated that protein synthesis was inhibited or even disrupted.Analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)indicated that treatment with tPTNs caused significant changes in bacterial metabolites,1117 and 692 differential metabolites being found for S.aureus and E.coli,respectively.The differential metabolites were involved in nucleotide metabolism,amino acid metabolism,tricarboxylic acid cycle and other metabolic pathways.These findings provide valuable insights for the application of thyme essential oil as an efficient antibacterial agent and for the understanding of its mechanism of action.
基金Supported by Funding from the Henan Provincial Scientific and Technological Breakthrough Project(No.242102111113).
文摘Fusarium crown rot(FCR),predominantly caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum,has been listed as a Category Ⅱ disease in six provinces of China,posing a significant threat to wheat production.The phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil is a key agent for FCR control.Previous studies indicated that resistance to fludioxonil in F.pseudograminearum is primarily associated with altered expression levels of the FpOS1 gene,which encodes a hybrid histidine kinase.However,the roles of mutations in other FpOS genes and the molecular interactions between FpOS proteins and fludioxonil remain elusive.To address these gaps,we generated 16 fludioxonil-resistant mutants with heritable resistance traits by in vitro selection of four sensitive F.pseudograminearum isolates.These mutants exhibited high resistance levels,with resistance factors(RF)ranging from 633.73 to 8617.07.Compared to their parental isolates,the resistant mutants showed significantly reduced mycelial growth rate,sporulation capacity,and pathogenicity.They were also more sensitive to ionic,osmotic,and oxidative stresses and displayed compromised cell wall and membrane integrity.Fludioxonil demonstrated no cross-resistance with tebuconazole or pydiflumetofen;however,it exhibited weak positive crossresistance to pyraclostrobin and moderate positive cross-resistance to iprodione.Fludioxonil treatment significantly promoted glycerol synthesis and inhibited deoxynivalenol(DON)production in parental isolates,whereas these regulatory effects were markedly attenuated in the resistant mutants.Mutation analysis identified mutation sites in FpOS1,FpOS4,and FpOS5 genes,with a lower mutation frequency in FpOS1 and no mutations detected in FpOS2.Molecular docking indicated that amino acid substitutions in FpOS4 and FpOS5 significantly reduced the binding affinity of fludioxonil to these target proteins.In conclusion,F.pseudograminearum poses a moderate risk of resistance to fludioxonil.Point mutations in FpOS4 and FpOS5 genes emerge as key molecular drivers of resistance,likely by diminishing the binding affinity between the fungicide and its proteins.This study clarifies the molecular basis of fludioxonil resistance in F.pseudograminearum and provides a scientific rationale for the judicious use of this fungicide in managing FCR.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Major Project of Liaoning Province(2024JH2,1025000892)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Universities of Liaoning Province(LJ232410143051)+1 种基金Liaoning Provincial Science and Technology Program 2023JHl/10400006Shenyang Science and Technology Program(24-213-3-09)。
文摘Methane dehydroaromatization(MDA)presents a promising carbon-neutral pathway for benzene,toluene,and xylene(BTX)production,alternative to petroleumderived routes.Elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of Brønsted acid site(BAS)strength on reaction pathways,alongside the spatial proximity effects between BAS and Mo active sites in bifunctional synergy,remains a critical scientific challenge in catalyst design.This study systematically tunes both BAS strength(via isomorphous metal substitution)and Mo-BAS spatial proximity in zeolites,integrating MDA catalytic evaluations with density functional theory(DFT)calculations to dissect their individual contributions.Strongly acidic BAS catalysts(compared to moderately acidic Fe/Ga-substituted counterparts)exhibit superior performance,evidenced by enhanced aromatic yields.Conversely,weakly acidic Bsubstituted zeolites demonstrate optimal mono-/bifunctional synergy,outperforming moderate-acid systems.DFT results reveal that acid strength dictates C−H activation mechanisms by modulating the energy barriers of rate-determining steps.While Al-zeolites deliver the highest activity,B-substituted systems display unique potential for mechanistic investigations.Spatial proximity analysis indicates that micrometer-scale Mo-BAS distances hinder effective synergy due to exceeding electron interaction and mass transfer limits,whereas nanometer-scale proximity enhances activity(via accelerated intermediate transport)and suppresses coke formation.These findings establish a theoretical framework for rationalizing zeolite catalyst optimization through BAS property engineering and spatial control of Mo-BAS cooperation,providing actionable guidelines for designing next-generation MDA catalysts.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFB3711904,2022YFA1603801)National Natural Science Foundation of China(12404230,52471181,52301213,52130108,52471005)+2 种基金National Nature Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LY23E010002)Open Fund of the China Spallation Neutron Source,Songshan Lake Science City(KFKT2023B11)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515110805,2024A1515010878)。
文摘The multi-principal element characteristic of high-entropy alloys has revolutionized the conventional alloy design concept of single-principal element,endowing them with excellent mechanical properties.However,owing to this multi-principal element nature,high-entropy alloys exhibit complex deformation behavior dominated by alternating and coupled deformation mechanisms.Therefore,elucidating these intricate deformation mechanisms remains a key challenge in current research.Neutron diffraction(ND)techniques offer distinct advantages over traditional microscopic methods for characterizing such complex deformation behavior.The strong penetration capability of neutrons enables in-situ,real-time,and non-destructive detection of structural evolution in most centimeter-level bulk samples under complex environments,and ND allows precise characterization of lattice site occupations for light elements,such as C and O,and neighboring elements.This review discussed the principles of ND,experiment procedures,and data analysis.Combining with recent advances in the research about face-centered cubic high-entropy alloy,typical examples of using ND to investigate the deformation behavior were summarized,ultimately revealing deformation mechanisms dominated by dislocations,stacking faults,twinning,and phase transformations.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant.Nos.52422505,12274124)the Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research(Grant.No.22TQ14001006)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52275149)the Scientific Research Innovation Capability Support Project for Young Faculty(Grant No.ZYGXQNJSKYCXNLZCXM-D5)Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant.No.52321002)。
文摘Two-dimensional(2D)materials have attracted extensive attention from aerospace,integrated circuits,precision sensors,and flexible electronics due to their unique layered structure and excellent physicochemical properties.In practice applications,the components of functional nanodevices are subjected to mechanical stress,which can affect the robust performance and structural reliability of these devices.Therefore,it is imperative to explore the mechanical properties and underlying mechanisms of 2D materials.However,researchers have an inadequate understanding of the accuracy of various in situ microscopy techniques and neglect the significance of high-quality,clean transfer techniques,resulting in deviated measurement results.There is now an urgent need to develop guidelines that allow researchers to select appropriate material transfer techniques and mechanical testing strategies based on the specific properties of 2D materials.Furthermore,the mechanical mechanism of 2D materials lacks systematic and comprehensive studies,which hinders researchers from deeply understanding the relationship between the material structure and the device performance.This work reviews the latest progress in the mechanics of 2D materials,focusing on the challenges of various transfer techniques and in situ microscopy techniques in mechanical testing,and provides effective guidance for the formulation of experimental schemes for mechanical testing.In addition,we offer detailed mechanistic insights into the fracture behavior,geometric dimension effects,edge defects,and interlayer bonding effects of 2D materials.This work is expected to advance the field development of 2D material mechanics.
基金Funded by the National Science Foundation of China(No.52368031)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M713497)+1 种基金the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.20252BAC250115)the Jiangxi Provincial Department of Transportation Science and Technology Project(No.2022H0017)。
文摘Utilization of ceramic wastes to fabricate concrete can not only effectively dispose the wastes,but also reduce the energy and source consumptions.Therefore,we fabricated a green ultra high performance concrete using ceramic waste powder(CWP)to replace 55%of cement,and ceramic waste aggregate(CWA)to replace 100%natural quartz sand.However,high content of ceramic wastes will harm the concrete performance including workability and mechanical properties.Therefore,a low-cost and low carbon nano-calcium carbonate(NC)was introduced to compensate for the defects caused by large amounts of CWP and CWA to workability and mechanical behavior.The experimental results show that the workability of ultra high performance concrete with large amounts of CWP and CWA(UHPCLCC)increases by 28.57%with NC content of 5%.Moreover,the flexural strengths,fracture energy,compressive strengths,and compressive toughness of UHPCLCC increase up to 29.6%,56.5%,20.4%,and 37.6%,respectively,which is caused by the nano-core effect of NC.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB4104500,2023YFB4104502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22138013)the Taishan Scholar Project(ts201712020).
文摘Against the backdrop of escalating global climate change and energy crises,the resource utilization of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),a major greenhouse gas,has become a crucial pathway for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.The hydrogenation of CO_(2)to methanol not only enables carbon sequestration and recycling,but also provides a route to produce high value-added fuels and basic chemical feedstocks,holding significant environmental and economic potential.However,this conversion process is thermodynamically and kinetically limited,and traditional catalyst systems(e.g.,Cu/ZnO/Al_(2)O_(3))exhibit inadequate activity,selectivity,and stability under mild conditions.Therefore,the development of novel high-performance catalysts with precisely tunable structures and functionalities is imperative.Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),as crystalline porous materials with high surface area,tunable pore structures,and diverse metal-ligand compositions,have the great potential in CO_(2)hydrogenation catalysis.Their structural design flexibility allows for the construction of well-dispersed active sites,tailored electronic environments,and enhanced metal-support interactions.This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in MOF-based and MOF-derived catalysts for CO_(2)hydrogenation to methanol,focusing on four design strategies:(1)spatial confinement and in situ construction,(2)defect engineering and ion-exchange,(3)bimetallic synergy and hybrid structure design,and(4)MOF-derived nanomaterial synthesis.These approaches significantly improve CO_(2)conversion and methanol selectivity by optimizing metal dispersion,interfacial structures,and reaction pathways.The reaction mechanism is further explored by focusing on the three main reaction pathways:the formate pathway(HCOO*),the RWGS(Reverse Water Gas Shift reaction)+CO*hydrogenation pathway,and the trans-COOH pathway.In situ spectroscopic studies and density functional theory(DFT)calculations elucidate the formation and transformation of key intermediates,as well as the roles of active sites,metal-support interfaces,oxygen vacancies,and promoters.Additionally,representative catalytic performance data for MOFbased systems are compiled and compared,demonstrating their advantages over traditional catalysts in terms of CO_(2)conversion,methanol selectivity,and space-time yield.Future perspectives for MOF-based CO_(2)hydrogenation catalysts will prioritize two main directions:structural design and mechanistic understanding.The precise construction of active sites through multi-metallic synergy,defect engineering,and interfacial electronic modulation should be made to enhance catalyst selectivity and stability.In addition,advanced in situ characterization techniques combined with theoretical modeling are essential to unravel the detailed reaction mechanisms and intermediate behaviors,thereby guiding rational catalyst design.Moreover,to enable industrial application,challenges related to thermal/hydrothermal stability,catalyst recyclability,and cost-effective large-scale synthesis must be addressed.The development of green,scalable preparation methods and the integration of MOF catalysts into practical reaction systems(e.g.,flow reactors)will be crucial for bridging the gap between laboratory research and commercial deployment.Ultimately,multi-scale structure-performance optimization and catalytic system integration will be vital for accelerating the industrialization of MOF-based CO_(2)-to-methanol technologies.
基金Youth Innovation Team of Shandong Higher Education Institutions,Grant/Award Number:2022KJ214Shandong Postdoctoral Science Foundation,Grant/Award Number:SDCXZG‐202303031+2 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,Grant/Award Number:2023M732109National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:52209141Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China,Grant/Award Number:ZR2021QE069。
文摘The deformation and failure of coal walls in front of a working face cause significant difficulties during mining operations.This study reveals the nonuniform distribution of bearing pressure in front of coal walls based on in situ monitoring data and numerical simulation.Therefore,an eccentric compression mechanical model was established to study the deformation and failure characteristics of a coal wall.The slenderness ratio of the compression bar is introduced to define coal walls.The results showed that instability failure occurs when λ>λ_(c) and material failure occurs when λ≤λ_(c).The instability failure-type coal wall spalling was related to the mining height,eccentricity of roof pressure,the horizontal force,and the reaction moment of the floor.The material failure-type coal wall spalling was related to the cohesion,the internal friction angle of the coal,the upper pressure,and the horizontal force of coal walls.Unstable and destructive coal wall peeling usually occurs at a height of 0.5–0.6 times the mining height,while material damage to coal wall peeling is determined to occur within the range of 0.4-0.6 times the mining depth.The findings contribute to the understanding of the deformation and failure of coal walls.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.32271389,31900987(both to PY)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,No.BK20230608(to JJ)。
文摘Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 82192913 and 82304851)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (Nos. CI2023E002, CI2021B016, and CI2021A04801)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes (Nos. ZZ13-YQ-055 and ZXKT22044)。
文摘Curcuma is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been utilized for centuries in the treatment of various diseases. Terpenoids, particularly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, constitute the primary bioactive components of the essential oil derived from Curcuma species.Among these, curdione—one of the key active constituents—has been identified in 25 Curcuma species, with the highest concentration reported in the rhizome essential oil of Curcuma trichosantha Gagnep. Curdione can also be synthesized through chemical methods,and its regio-and stereo-selectivity can be further optimized via chemo-bio transformations.This compound demonstrates significant therapeutic potential, including anticancer, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-diabetic, and multi-organ protective properties. Despite these promising biological activities, its clinical application is hindered by poor water solubility and potential toxicity. This review summarizes current knowledge on the natural sources, chemical synthesis, chemo-bio transformations, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects, potential toxicities, and molecular mechanisms of curdione. Furthermore, perspectives on future drug development are discussed with the aim of promoting the clinical translation of this promising natural compound.
基金supported by the fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U25A20205)Xi'an Science and Technology Plan Program(No.24LLRHZDZX0008)+1 种基金Key R&D Project in Shaanxi Province(No.2024GX-YBXM-211)Xianyang Science and Technology Plan Program(No.L2025-ZDYF-GDZB-014).
文摘Continuous variable cross-section recycled extrusion(CVCE)is an advanced technique of severe plastic deformation.Ti–6Al–4V alloy was deformed with different processing parameters by CVCE,and then the microstructure characterization,refinement mechanism and deformation mechanism were investigated simultaneously.The results demonstrate that the average size of grain is refined from 14 to 2.78μm as Ti–6Al–4V alloy is deformed at 800℃ with a speed of 2 mm/s over 6 passes,and the microstructure is equiaxed and distributed homogeneously along the radial direction.Furthermore,in the process of CVCE,basal slip(0001)<110>is transformed to prismatic slip(100)<110>system and pyramidal slip(112)<113>system,with a reduction in low angle grain boundaries from 69.6%to 61.2%.Moreover,the grain refinement mechanism of CVCE is dislocation multiplication and cross-slip migration within the grain at the initial stage of deformation,which results in the formation of substructures and micro-shear bands as well as grain refinement.In addition,the nucleation and growth of dynamic recrystallization grains are beneficial to eliminating the dislocations,subgrain boundaries and other defects in the matrix,which finally results in the grains refinement.
基金supported by Central Finance for the Forestry Science and Technology Promotion Demonstration Project([2024]TG13)the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32201643)the Key research projects of Yibin,Research and Integrated Demonstration and Key Technologies for Smart Bamboo Industry(Grant No.YBZD2024-1).
文摘Anthocyanin-rich foliage plants hold important applications in the pharmaceutical industry and the tea sector,beyond their significant ornamental value.These plants also possess biological and ecological importance,contributing to reproduction,defense against natural enemies,and adaptation to environmental changes.Thus,a deeper understanding of their leaf coloration will be essential for both practical applications and theoretical understanding.The present study comprehensively reviews the factors influencing anthocyanin metabolism,including biosynthesis,transport,degradation,transcription factors(TF_(S)),post-transcriptional regulation,post translation regulation.Next,we summarize the application of omics technologies in unveiling the mechanisms of anthocyanin synthesis in leaves.Furthermore,we review the molecular mechanisms by which environmental factors regulate leaf coloration by inducing anthocyanin biosynthesis.Lastly,the study addresses unresolved issues in the research of plant leaf coloration and proposes future research directions in this field.This study is anticipated to provide a valuable reference for the study of plant leaf coloration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U24B2038)Scientific and technological research projects in Sichuan province(Grant Nos.2024YFHZ0286and2025NSFTD0012).
文摘In the Southern Sichuan Basin,China(SSBC),some moderate-sized seismic events(local magnitude M_(L)ranging between 4 and 5)have affected the safe production of shale gas.In this study,we used the recorded seismic data from China national and temporary networks within the SSBC to obtain the relocated seismic hypocenter distribution between January 2016 and May 2017 based on the hypocenter double-difference(HypoDD)method.The statistical characteristics of microseismicity resulting from water injection in SSBC were analyzed,and the potential correlation between the event rate and statistical parameters,such as Gutenberg-Richter b-value,spatial correlation length,and fractal dimension,was quantified.Based on spatial variations of b-value and fractal dimension of event distribution,we identified two potential risk areas in the East and West of the Zhaotong shale gas block(YS108),respectively.The focal mechanism solutions(FMSs)of the observed seismic events(M_(L)>2.5)near the H7 well pad were calculated utilizing the generalized cut-and-paste(gCAP)technique combined with P-wave polarity.The FMSs’results show reverse faults,and some of them have fault planes oriented in the N-S direction,causing oblique slip movement.In addition,we also inverted the regional stress field using high-quality FMSs,revealing that the maximum principal stress(σ1)trends NW–SE and lies nearly horizontal,in agreement with the World Stress Map and borehole breakout records.Considering geological structures and regional stress distribution,the reasons for induced seismicity were mainly linked to pore pressure diffusion.Our obtained findings may provide insights for future seismic risk assessment and mitigation strategies.
文摘As a crucial aspect of international governance,international standardization requires legitimacy grounded in the principles and frameworks established by international law.Building upon an understanding of the commonalities between international law and international standardization,this paper explores the mechanism through which international law centered on treaties empowers international standardization.
基金funded by Ausnutria-kabrita Research Fund(RS2022-14).
文摘Probiotics can regulate the body’s immune system through both non-specific and specific immunity,thereby regulating host health.In terms of non-specific immune regulation,probiotics can activate the intrinsic immune system,regulate the mucosal barrier function,and play an immune role by influencing the activity of intrinsic immune cells such as macrophages,dendritic cells and natural killer cells,as well as their differentiation and maturation;in terms of specific immune regulation,probiotics play a role in regulating the immunoglobulin level and the maturation of B cells.Probiotics can also regulate T-cell differentiation according to the condition of the body,thus regulating specific immunity.Many studies have focused on the role of probiotics in metabolism and nutrition,and the mechanisms involved in the immunomodulatory role of probiotics have only been partially described.This review summarises the role of common probiotics such as Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus in immunomodulation as well as their mechanisms,describing the currently known mechanisms of immunomodulation by probiotics in improving the host immune system.A deeper understanding of probiotics and their specific mechanisms of action will facilitate the use of probiotics for immunomodulation in clinical medicine,functional foods,and other areas.This will also contribute to the development and research of engineered probiotics,next-generation probiotics,and other new functional probiotics with immunomodulatory effects.
基金supported by the Anhui Quality Infrastructure Standardization Project(Grant No.2024MKSO7)the Science and Technology Project of State Grid(SGAHDK00DJJS2310027)the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.2208085UD03).
文摘In electrochemical energy storage systems,the sodium-ion battery is typically integrated in the form of a“cell-module-cluster”,but its cross-scale thermal runaway triggering risk and the propagation mechanism remain unclear.This study reveals the cross-scale thermal runaway triggering and propagation behavior of sodium-ion batteries of“cell-module-cluster”under overcharge conditions,and investigates the effects of key factors,including module spacing,triggering cell location,and heat dissipation condition,on the thermal runaway propagation behavior.Results demonstrate that the thermal runaway propagation in a module containing the overcharged cell follows a sequential triggering mode,while thermal runaway in the downstream module exhibits a simultaneous triggering mode with greater severity.Furthermore,increasing the module spacing or enhancing the heat dissipation capacity can effectively reduce the heat accumulation and prevent the trigger of thermal runaway.On the above basis,the multi-dimensional evaluation strategy is proposed to quantitatively assess the hazard of sodium-ion battery cluster thermal runaway.The findings serve as a foundation for the safe design of sodium-ion batteries in energy storage systems.
文摘The escalating global crisis of antibiotic resistance necessitates urgent development of novel antimicrobial agents.In this context,antimicrobial peptides(AMPs)derived from fish emerge as a highly promising strategic resource,owing to their unique structural diversity and the exceptional adaptability and tolerance conferred by evolutionary pressures in aquatic environments.This review systematically synthesizes key advances in fish-derived AMP research.It details their diverse sourcing avenues,encompassing tissues from live fish(e.g.,skin,mucus,gills,intestines)and processing byproducts(e.g.,scales,skins,viscera).The discussion covers efficient isolation,purification,and synthesis strategies,and critically examines their defining feature:unique multi-target synergistic antimicrobial mechanisms(including microbial membrane disruption,intracellular targeting,and immunomodulation),which contribute to a reduced propensity for resistance development.To address inherent limitations of natural AMPs(such as susceptibility to proteolysis and potential toxicity),the review highlights innovative optimization approaches,including computational-aided rational design,amino acid modification,cyclization,and hybrid peptide construction.Furthermore,the review elaborates on their significant application potential across crucial domains:food preservation(inhibiting spoilage organisms,extending shelf-life),sustainable aquaculture(as antibiotic alternatives,enhancing disease resistance,improving water quality),and the development of novel anti-infective therapeutics(particularly against drug-resistant infections).Therefore,this work aims to provide a comprehensive theoretical foundation and innovative strategic insights to foster in-depth research and the sustainable exploitation of this vital strategic biological resource.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52100076)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.2023MS064)。
文摘The escalating global issues of water scarcity and pollution emphasize the critical need for the rapid development of efficient and eco-friendly water treatment technologies.Photoelectrocatalytic technology has emerged as a promising solution for effectively degrading refractory organic pollutants in water under light conditions.This review delves into the advancements made in the field,focusing on strategies to enhance the generation of active species by modulating the micro-interface of the photoanode.Strategies,such as morphological control,element doping,introduction of surface oxygen vacancies,and construction of heterostructures,significantly improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated charges and the generation of active species,thereby boosting the efficiency of photoelectrocatalytic performance.Furthermore,the review explores the potential applications of photoelectrocatalytic technology in organic pollutant degradation in solutions.It also outlines the current challenges and future development directions.Despite its remarkable laboratory success,practical implementation of photoelectrocatalytic technology encounters obstacles related to stability,cost-effectiveness,and operational efficiency.Future investigations need to focus on optimizing the performance of photoelectrocatalytic materials and exploring strategies for upscaling their application in real water treatment scenarios.
