Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)have gained increasing interests as promising power sources due to their ability to convert hydrogen and oxygen directly into electricity with high efficiency and zero greenh...Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)have gained increasing interests as promising power sources due to their ability to convert hydrogen and oxygen directly into electricity with high efficiency and zero greenhouse gas emissions.Bipolar plates(BPs)are considered as a critical component of PEMFCs,serving to collect current,separate gases,distribute the flow field,and conduct heat.This paper reviews the technical status and advancements in BP materials,with special focus on strategies for enhancing interfacial contact resistance(ICR)and corrosion resistance through conductive polymer(CP)coatings.First,commonly used BP materials in PEMFCs are summarized.Then,the advantages and limitations of various coatings for metallic BPs are discussed.Finally,recent progress in CP coatings for metallic BPs,aimed at achieving high corrosion resistance and low ICR,is comprehensively reviewed.展开更多
Rapid development of energy,electrical and electronic technologies has put forward higher requirements for the thermal conductivities of polymers and their composites.However,the thermal conductivity coefficient(λ)va...Rapid development of energy,electrical and electronic technologies has put forward higher requirements for the thermal conductivities of polymers and their composites.However,the thermal conductivity coefficient(λ)values of prepared thermally conductive polymer composites are still difficult to achieve expectations,which has become the bottleneck in the fields of thermally conductive polymer composites.Aimed at that,based on the accumulation of the previous research works by related researchers and our research group,this paper proposes three possible directions for breaking through the bottlenecks:(1)preparing and synthesizing intrinsically thermally conductive polymers,(2)reducing the interfacial thermal resistance in thermally conductive polymer composites,and(3)establishing suitable thermal conduction models and studying inner thermal conduction mechanism to guide experimental optimization.Also,the future development trends of the three above-mentioned directions are foreseen,hoping to provide certain basis and guidance for the preparation,researches and development of thermally conductive polymers and their composites.展开更多
Conductive polymers(CPs)are generally insoluble,and developing hydrophilic CPs is significant to broaden the applications of CPs.In this work,a mussel-inspired strategy was proposed to construct hydrophilic CP nanopar...Conductive polymers(CPs)are generally insoluble,and developing hydrophilic CPs is significant to broaden the applications of CPs.In this work,a mussel-inspired strategy was proposed to construct hydrophilic CP nanoparticles(CP NPs),while endowing the CP NPs with redox activity and biocompatibility.This is a universal strategy applicable for a series of CPs,including polyaniline,polypyrrole,and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene).The catechol/quinone contained sulfonated lignin(LS)was doped into various CPs to form CP/LS NPs with hydrophilicity,conductivity,and redox activity.These CP/LS NPs were used as versatile nanofillers to prepare the conductive hydrogels with long-term adhesiveness.The CP/LS NPs-incorporated hydrogels have a good conductivity because of the uniform distribution of the hydrophilic NPs in the hydrogel network,forming a well-connected electric path.The hydrogel exhibits long-term adhesiveness,which is attributed to the mussel-inspired dynamic redox balance of catechol/quinone groups on the CP/LS NPs.This conductive and adhesive hydrogel shows good electroactivity and biocompatibility and therefore has broad applications in electrostimulation of tissue regeneration and implantable bioelectronics.展开更多
In recent years, the demand direction for electronic equipment has expanded into embedded and miniaturized devices. The heat radiation problem has become one of the most significant factors for hindering the developme...In recent years, the demand direction for electronic equipment has expanded into embedded and miniaturized devices. The heat radiation problem has become one of the most significant factors for hindering the development of electronic devices. Since heat radiation material is one of the important components in electronic devices, the demand for enhancing thermal conductivity is also increasingly urgent. Research on thermal conductive polymer composites has become a major direction for developing functional composites. This work reviewed the recent progress in the fabrication of thermal conductive polymer composites. Five different structures are presented, including the using of single fillers,hybrid fillers, double threshold percolation structure, segregated structure and other complex multiphase structures. Specifically, the preparation of high-performance thermal conductive polymer composites was introduced through the combination of various thermal conductive fillers.Finally, the development direction of high thermal conductive polymer composites was briefly explored.展开更多
Injuries to the nervous system manifest in various forms ranging from stroke to trauma（i.e.,motor vehicle accidents,combats）to diabetic neuropathy as well as many other neurological diseases.Nerve regeneration remai...Injuries to the nervous system manifest in various forms ranging from stroke to trauma（i.e.,motor vehicle accidents,combats）to diabetic neuropathy as well as many other neurological diseases.Nerve regeneration remains a complex biological process that is challenging to address clinically.There is no effective medical treatment for central nervous system repair.展开更多
The arc ignition based on charring conductive polymers has advantages of simple structure,low ignition power consumption and restart capacity,which bringing it broadly application prospect in hybrid propulsion system ...The arc ignition based on charring conductive polymers has advantages of simple structure,low ignition power consumption and restart capacity,which bringing it broadly application prospect in hybrid propulsion system of micro/nano satellite.In order to optimize the performance of arc ignition system,it is essential to have a deeper understanding of the ignition processes and ignition characteristics of charring conductive polymers.In this paper,the thermal decomposition,electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity characteristics of charring conductive polymers with different conductive additives and matrix materials were comprehensively evaluated.An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the ignition behaviors and characteristics of different charring conductive polymers in a visual ignition combustor.The experiment result showed that the ignition delay and external energy required for ignition are negatively correlated with voltage and initial temperature of the ignition grain,but positively correlated with oxidizer flow velocity.Compared with charring conductive polymers containing multi-walled carbon nanotube,the ignition delay of charring conductive polymers with carbon black is significantly higher and the pyrolysis time is relatively longer.However,the ignition and initial flame propagation of charring conductive polymers with carbon black is more violent and more inclined to carbon particle ignition.Finally,the restart characteristic of different charring conductive polymers was studied.The ignition delay and external energy required for ignition of different charring conductive polymers all reduced with the increasing of the number of ignitions.However,the ignition characteristics would not change a lot after repeated ignition.展开更多
Organic semiconductors,especially polymer semiconductors,have attracted extensive attention as organic thermoelectric materials due to their capabilities for flexibility,low-cost fabrication,solution processability an...Organic semiconductors,especially polymer semiconductors,have attracted extensive attention as organic thermoelectric materials due to their capabilities for flexibility,low-cost fabrication,solution processability and low thermal conductivity.However,it is challenging to obtain high-performance organic thermoelectric materials because of the low intrinsic carrier concentration of organic semiconductors.The main method to control the carrier concentration of polymers is the chemical doping process by charge transfer between polymer and dopant.Therefore,the deep understanding of doping mechanisms from the point view of chemical structure has been highly desired to overcome the bottlenecks in polymeric thermoelectrics.In this contribution,we will briefly review the recently emerging progress for discovering the structure–property relationship of organic thermoelectric materials with high performance.Highlights include some achievements about doping strategies to effectively modulate the carrier concentration,the design rules of building blocks and side chains to enhance charge transport and improve the doping efficiency.Finally,we will give our viewpoints on the challenges and opportunities in the field of polymer thermoelectric materials.展开更多
Nanopipette-based sensors are one of the most effective tools for detecting nanoparticles,bioparticles,and biomolecules.Quantitative analysis of nanoparticles with different shapes and electrical charges is achieved t...Nanopipette-based sensors are one of the most effective tools for detecting nanoparticles,bioparticles,and biomolecules.Quantitative analysis of nanoparticles with different shapes and electrical charges is achieved through measurement of the blockage currents that occur when particles pass through the nanopore.However,typical nanopipette sensors fabricated using a conventional needle-pulling method have a typical pore-diameter limitation of around 100 nm.Herein,we report a novel conductive hydrogel-composited nanopipette sensor with a tunable inner-pore diameter.This is made by electrodepositing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)polystyrene sulfonate onto the surface of a nanopipette with a prefabricated sacrificial copper layer.Because of the presence of copper ions,the conductive polymer can stably adhere to the tip of the nanopipette to form a nanopore;when nanoparticles pass through the conductive nanopore,more distinct blocking events are observed.The size of the nanopore can be changed simply by adjusting the electrodeposition time.In this way,suitable nanopores can be obtained for highly sensitive screening of a series of particles with diameters of the order of tens of nanometers.展开更多
Wearable and stretchable strain sensors have potential values in the fields of human motion and health monitoring,flexible electronics,and soft robotic skin.The wearable and stretchable strain sensors can be directly ...Wearable and stretchable strain sensors have potential values in the fields of human motion and health monitoring,flexible electronics,and soft robotic skin.The wearable and stretchable strain sensors can be directly attached to human skin,providing visualized detection for human motions and personal healthcare.Conductive polymer composites(CPC)composed of conductive fillers and flexible polymers have the advantages of high stretchability,good flexibility,superior durability,which can be used to prepare flexible strain sensors with large working strain and outstanding sensitivity.This review has put forward a comprehensive summary on the fabrication methods,advanced mechanisms and strain sensing abilities of CPC strain sensors reported in recent years,especially the sensors with superior performance.Finally,the structural design,bionic function,integration technology and further application of CPC strain sensors are prospected.展开更多
The corrosion behaviors of stainless steel and nickel plated carbon steel coupled with conductive polymer were investigated in both hot humid environment and simulated marine environment. The corrosion currents of dif...The corrosion behaviors of stainless steel and nickel plated carbon steel coupled with conductive polymer were investigated in both hot humid environment and simulated marine environment. The corrosion currents of dif-ferent steel substrates and conductive polymer in simulated marine environment at room temperature were measured. The corrosion surfaces of different steel couples were observed under a scanning electron microscope （SEM） and chemical compositions were examined by energy dispersive spectrum （EDS） analysis. The corrosion mechanism was discussed. The results showed that the stability of both stainless steel and nickel-plated carbon steel in hot humid en- vironment was excellent and no corrosion happened in the blank test for 360 h while slight corrosion existed in the contact area of coupled steel substrates. In simulated marine environment, the corrosion current of the stainless steel was lower than 100 μA and some directional rod-like particles formed on the surface of the stainless steel, which are mainly caused by oxidative corrosion among different phases. The corrosion current of the nickel-plated carbon steel couples was much greater than that of stainless steel couples and nickel plate cracking resulted in the corrosion of the internal iron because the coated nickel layer was not dense enough.展开更多
Conductive polymer composites(CPCs)are widely used in the field of organic electronics as the material basis of high-performance devices,due to their obvious advantages including electrical conductivity,lightness,proc...Conductive polymer composites(CPCs)are widely used in the field of organic electronics as the material basis of high-performance devices,due to their obvious advantages including electrical conductivity,lightness,processability and so on.Research on CPCs has focused on the enhancement of their electrical features and the exploration of their application prospects from conventional fields to heated emerging areas like flexible,stretchable,wearable,biological and biomedical electronics,where their mechanical properties are quite critical to determine their practical device performances.Also,a main challenge to ensure their safety and reliability is on the synergistic enhancement of their electrical behavior and mechanical properties.Herein,we systematically review the research progress of CPCs with different conductive fillers(metals and their oxides,carbon-based materials,intrinsically conductive polymers,MXenes,etc.)relying on rich material forms(hydrogel,aerogel,fiber,film,elastomer,etc.)in terms of mechanical property regulation strategies,mainly relying on optimized composite material systems and processing techniques.A summary and prospective overview of current issues and future developments in this field also has been presented.展开更多
Electrochemical actuators based on conductive polymers are emerging as a strong competitive in the field of soft actuators because of their intrinsically conformable/elastic nature,low cost,low operating voltage and a...Electrochemical actuators based on conductive polymers are emerging as a strong competitive in the field of soft actuators because of their intrinsically conformable/elastic nature,low cost,low operating voltage and air-working ability.Recent development has shown that adding electroactive materials,such as CNT and graphene,can improve their actuation performance.Despite the complex material systems used,their output strains(one of the key factors)are generally lower than 1%,which limited further applications of them in multiple scenarios.Here,we report soft electrochemical actuators based on conductive polymer ionogels by embedding polyaniline particles between the PEDOT:PSS nanosheets.Results show that such a hierarchical structure not only leads to a high conductivity(1250 S/cm)but also improved electrochemical activities.At a low operating voltage of 1 V,the maximum strain of these soft actuators reaches an exceptional value of 1.5%,with a high blocking force of 1.3 mN.Using these high-performance electrochemical actuators,we demonstrate soft grippers for manipulating object and a bionic flower stimulated by an electrical signal.This work sets an important step towards enabling the enhanced performance of electrochemical actuators based on conductive polymers with designed microstructures.展开更多
The arc ignition system based on charring polymers has advantages of simple structure,low ignition power consumption and multiple ignitions,which bringing it broadly application prospect in hybrid propulsion system of...The arc ignition system based on charring polymers has advantages of simple structure,low ignition power consumption and multiple ignitions,which bringing it broadly application prospect in hybrid propulsion system of micro/nano satellite.However,charring polymers alone need a relatively high input voltage to achieve pyrolysis and ignition,which increases the burden and cost of the power system of micro/nano satellite in practical application.Adding conductive substance into charring polymers can effectively decrease the conducting voltage which can realize low voltage and low power consumption repeated ignition of arc ignition system.In this paper,a charring conductive polymer ignition grain with a cavity geometry in precombustion chamber,which is composed of PLA and multiwall carbon nanotubes(MWCNT)was proposed.The detailed ignition processes were analyzed and two different ignition mechanisms in the cavity of charring conductive polymers were revealed.The ignition characteristics of charring conductive polymers were also investigated at different input voltages,ignition grain structures,ignition locations and injection schemes in a visual ignition combustor.The results demonstrated that the ignition delay and external energy required for ignition were inversely correlated with the voltages applied to ignition grain.Moreover,the incremental depth of cavity shortened the ignition delay and external energy required for ignition while accelerated the propagation of flame.As the depth of cavity increased from 2 to 6 mm(at 50 V),the time of flame propagating out of ignition grain changed from 235.6 to 108 ms,and values of mean ignition delay time and mean external energy required for ignition decreased from 462.8 to 320 ms and 16.2 to 10.75 J,respectively.The rear side of the cavity was the ideal ignition position which had a shorter ignition delay and a faster flame propagation speed in comparison to other ignition positions.Compared to direct injection scheme,swirling injection provided a more favorable flow field environment in the cavity,which was beneficial to ignition and initial flame propagation,but the ignition position needed to be away from the outlet of swirling injector.At last,the repeated ignition characteristic of charring conductive polymers was also investigated.The ignition delay time and external energy required for ignition decreased with repeated ignition times but the variation was decreasing gradually.展开更多
The polypyrrole is the high conductive polymer which was coated onto indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrate by electroplated technique to fabricate a miniaturized reference electrode.Besides,the morphology of the ITO...The polypyrrole is the high conductive polymer which was coated onto indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrate by electroplated technique to fabricate a miniaturized reference electrode.Besides,the morphology of the ITO glass reference electrode electroplated with pyrrole has been studied through the instrumental analysis utilizing cyclic voltammetry (CV). Furthermore,the sensing characteristics of the reference electrode have been measured by using commercial instrumental amplifier as the readout circuit.Using the high conductive polymer as miniaturized reference electrode has many advantages such as easy fabrication of coating polymer,without any expensive fabricating equipment,easy carry by the miniaturized technique.Hence,it is suitable for the reference electrode production.展开更多
PEDOT:PSS conductive polymers have received tremendous attention over the last two decades owing to their high conductivity,ease of processing,and biocompatibility.As a flexible versatile material,PEDOT:PSS can be dev...PEDOT:PSS conductive polymers have received tremendous attention over the last two decades owing to their high conductivity,ease of processing,and biocompatibility.As a flexible versatile material,PEDOT:PSS can be developed into various forms and has had a significant impact on emerging sensing applications.This review covers the development of PEDOT:PSS from material to physical sensors.We focus on the morphology of PEDOT:PSS in the forms of aqueous dispersions,solid films,and hydrogels.Manufacturing processes are summarized,including coating,printing,and lithography,and there is particular emphasis on nanoimprinting lithography that enables the production of PEDOT:PSS nanowires with superior sensing performance.Applications to various physical sensors,for humidity,temperature,pressure,and strain,are demonstrated.Finally,we discuss the challenges and propose new directions for the development of PEDOT:PSS.展开更多
Sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes are promising materials for high-performance safe solid-state batteries.The high ion conductivity,mechanical characteristics,and good processability of sulfide-based inorgani...Sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes are promising materials for high-performance safe solid-state batteries.The high ion conductivity,mechanical characteristics,and good processability of sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes are desirable properties for realizing high-performance safe solid-state batteries by replacing conventional liquid electrolytes.However,the low chemical and electrochemical stability of sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes hinder the commercialization of sulfide-based safe solid-state batteries.Particularly,the instability of sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes is intensified in the cathode,comprising various materials.In this study,carbonate-based ionic conductive polymers are introduced to the cathode to protect cathode materials and suppress the reactivity of sulfide electrolytes.Several instruments,including electrochemical spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy,confirm the chemical and electrochemical stability of the polymer electrolytes in contact with sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes.Sulfide-based solid-state cells show stable electrochemical performance over 100 cycles when the ionic conductive polymers were applied to the cathode.展开更多
A Langmuir-Blodgett （LB） inducing method was firstly used to prepare single layer and multilayer conducting composite PEDOT-PSS film. The film-forming ability of ionization ODA and ODA-SA monolayer spread on PEDOT-P...A Langmuir-Blodgett （LB） inducing method was firstly used to prepare single layer and multilayer conducting composite PEDOT-PSS film. The film-forming ability of ionization ODA and ODA-SA monolayer spread on PEDOT-PSS nanoparticle sub-phase and the behavior of ODA/PEDOT-PSS assembly particles on pure water were firstly investigated. The results indicated that nanoparticles in the suphase are packed in the ionization monolayer and stable complex Langmuir film is formed at the air/water interface. It has been found that the best film-forming conditions for composite film are as follows：distinct interface was formed between ODA and PEDOT-PSS layer and single layer thickness of PEDOT-PSS was about 23 nm,well accordant to the size of PEDOT-PSS nanoparticles. Different structures were designed to test the conductive ability of these composite films and a variable range hopping （VRH） model was used to explain the film conductive mechanism. The results indicated that a 3D-VRH model explained well the transferring of charge carrier in the multilayer film.展开更多
Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS),colloquially known as“forever chemicals,”have emerged as a significant environmental and public health concern due to their extraordinary chemical stability and bioaccumulati...Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS),colloquially known as“forever chemicals,”have emerged as a significant environmental and public health concern due to their extraordinary chemical stability and bioaccumulative nature.1 PFAS exposure is linked to a range of adverse health outcomes,including developmental delays in children,elevated cholesterol levels,immune system impairments,and various cancers.展开更多
Conductive polymers like poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate(PEDOT:PSS)are key materials in bioelectronics,but balancing ultrahigh conductivity with long-term tissue contact stability remains a chal...Conductive polymers like poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate(PEDOT:PSS)are key materials in bioelectronics,but balancing ultrahigh conductivity with long-term tissue contact stability remains a challenge.Here,we present a solvent-mediated solid-liquid interface doping strategy to engineer vertically phase-separated(VPS)PEDOT:PSS films.By adjusting thickness and doping solvents,a thicker PEDOT:PSS film with a strong VPS structure was achieved,featuring a higher PSS/PEDOT ratio on the surface and a lower ratio at the bottom.Doping the pristine film with a metastable liquid-liquid contact solution enables gradual PSS migration and a significant component gradient,yielding films with a hydrophilic surface and one of the highest reported conductivities(~8800 S cm^(-1))for bioelectronic devices.The films patterned by laser processing present high-fidelity signal acquisition,and excellent electrochemical stability.With low impedance and long-term biocompatibility,they are employed for real-time wearable and implantable sensors for electrophysiological monitoring,showcasing broad potentials in bioelectronics and human-machine interactions.展开更多
Developing wearable sensors that can perform seamless,long-term electrophysiological monitoring requires materials that can bridge the mechanical and electrical gap between rigid electronics and soft biological tissue...Developing wearable sensors that can perform seamless,long-term electrophysiological monitoring requires materials that can bridge the mechanical and electrical gap between rigid electronics and soft biological tissues.Conductive polymers are well-placed to meet this demand thanks to their intrinsic flexibility,tunable conductivity,and biocompatibility.This review systematically analyses the progress in the design and application of conductive polymers for wearable electrophysiological sensing.First,we discuss how the fundamental sensing mechanisms of piezoresistive,capacitive,piezoelectric,and triboelectric are realized through various conductive polymer systems,including intrinsically conductive polymers,nanocomposites,and ion-conducting networks such as hydrogels and ionogels.The core of the review emphasizes the interplay between molecular-level material design and micro/nanoscale structural engineering to enhance critical performance metrics such as sensitivity,long-term stability,and electrode-skin interface quality.Finally,we address the persistent challenges of motion artefacts and material degradation,and provide an outlook on future directions.Continued innovation in multifunctional,self-powered,and biodegradable conductive polymers,when integrated with advanced data analytics,is set to drive the evolution of wearable sensing towards truly personalized and predictive healthcare.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.12102310 and U21A20113the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation under Grant No.2020A1515110818+2 种基金the Inovation Team Project for Colleges and Universities of Guangdong Province under Grant No.2023KCXTD030the Key Project of Biomedicine and Health in Colleges and Universities of Guangdong Province under Grant No.2021ZDZX2055the Medical Science and Technology Research Fund of Guangdong Province under Grant No.A2022004.
文摘Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)have gained increasing interests as promising power sources due to their ability to convert hydrogen and oxygen directly into electricity with high efficiency and zero greenhouse gas emissions.Bipolar plates(BPs)are considered as a critical component of PEMFCs,serving to collect current,separate gases,distribute the flow field,and conduct heat.This paper reviews the technical status and advancements in BP materials,with special focus on strategies for enhancing interfacial contact resistance(ICR)and corrosion resistance through conductive polymer(CP)coatings.First,commonly used BP materials in PEMFCs are summarized.Then,the advantages and limitations of various coatings for metallic BPs are discussed.Finally,recent progress in CP coatings for metallic BPs,aimed at achieving high corrosion resistance and low ICR,is comprehensively reviewed.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(51773169 and 51973173)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2019B1515120093)+2 种基金Technological Base Scientific Research ProjectsNatural Science Basic Research Plan for Distinguished Young Scholars in Shaanxi Province(2019JC-11)Polymer Electromagnetic Functional Materials Innovation Team of Shaanxi Sanqin Scholars.
文摘Rapid development of energy,electrical and electronic technologies has put forward higher requirements for the thermal conductivities of polymers and their composites.However,the thermal conductivity coefficient(λ)values of prepared thermally conductive polymer composites are still difficult to achieve expectations,which has become the bottleneck in the fields of thermally conductive polymer composites.Aimed at that,based on the accumulation of the previous research works by related researchers and our research group,this paper proposes three possible directions for breaking through the bottlenecks:(1)preparing and synthesizing intrinsically thermally conductive polymers,(2)reducing the interfacial thermal resistance in thermally conductive polymer composites,and(3)establishing suitable thermal conduction models and studying inner thermal conduction mechanism to guide experimental optimization.Also,the future development trends of the three above-mentioned directions are foreseen,hoping to provide certain basis and guidance for the preparation,researches and development of thermally conductive polymers and their composites.
基金This work was financially supported by the R&D Program in Key Areas of Guangdong(2019B010941002)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0700802),NSFC(81671824,31700841)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2682019JQ03).
文摘Conductive polymers(CPs)are generally insoluble,and developing hydrophilic CPs is significant to broaden the applications of CPs.In this work,a mussel-inspired strategy was proposed to construct hydrophilic CP nanoparticles(CP NPs),while endowing the CP NPs with redox activity and biocompatibility.This is a universal strategy applicable for a series of CPs,including polyaniline,polypyrrole,and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene).The catechol/quinone contained sulfonated lignin(LS)was doped into various CPs to form CP/LS NPs with hydrophilicity,conductivity,and redox activity.These CP/LS NPs were used as versatile nanofillers to prepare the conductive hydrogels with long-term adhesiveness.The CP/LS NPs-incorporated hydrogels have a good conductivity because of the uniform distribution of the hydrophilic NPs in the hydrogel network,forming a well-connected electric path.The hydrogel exhibits long-term adhesiveness,which is attributed to the mussel-inspired dynamic redox balance of catechol/quinone groups on the CP/LS NPs.This conductive and adhesive hydrogel shows good electroactivity and biocompatibility and therefore has broad applications in electrostimulation of tissue regeneration and implantable bioelectronics.
基金financially supported by Graduate Innovation Fund of Wuhan Institute of Technology,Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (No.2022CFB630)Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Application for Functional Materials,Ministry of Education (Hubei University) (No.202105)。
文摘In recent years, the demand direction for electronic equipment has expanded into embedded and miniaturized devices. The heat radiation problem has become one of the most significant factors for hindering the development of electronic devices. Since heat radiation material is one of the important components in electronic devices, the demand for enhancing thermal conductivity is also increasingly urgent. Research on thermal conductive polymer composites has become a major direction for developing functional composites. This work reviewed the recent progress in the fabrication of thermal conductive polymer composites. Five different structures are presented, including the using of single fillers,hybrid fillers, double threshold percolation structure, segregated structure and other complex multiphase structures. Specifically, the preparation of high-performance thermal conductive polymer composites was introduced through the combination of various thermal conductive fillers.Finally, the development direction of high thermal conductive polymer composites was briefly explored.
基金supported in part by the American Brain Foundation/Academy of Neurology and NIH grant K08NS089976
文摘Injuries to the nervous system manifest in various forms ranging from stroke to trauma（i.e.,motor vehicle accidents,combats）to diabetic neuropathy as well as many other neurological diseases.Nerve regeneration remains a complex biological process that is challenging to address clinically.There is no effective medical treatment for central nervous system repair.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.30920041102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11802134).
文摘The arc ignition based on charring conductive polymers has advantages of simple structure,low ignition power consumption and restart capacity,which bringing it broadly application prospect in hybrid propulsion system of micro/nano satellite.In order to optimize the performance of arc ignition system,it is essential to have a deeper understanding of the ignition processes and ignition characteristics of charring conductive polymers.In this paper,the thermal decomposition,electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity characteristics of charring conductive polymers with different conductive additives and matrix materials were comprehensively evaluated.An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the ignition behaviors and characteristics of different charring conductive polymers in a visual ignition combustor.The experiment result showed that the ignition delay and external energy required for ignition are negatively correlated with voltage and initial temperature of the ignition grain,but positively correlated with oxidizer flow velocity.Compared with charring conductive polymers containing multi-walled carbon nanotube,the ignition delay of charring conductive polymers with carbon black is significantly higher and the pyrolysis time is relatively longer.However,the ignition and initial flame propagation of charring conductive polymers with carbon black is more violent and more inclined to carbon particle ignition.Finally,the restart characteristic of different charring conductive polymers was studied.The ignition delay and external energy required for ignition of different charring conductive polymers all reduced with the increasing of the number of ignitions.However,the ignition characteristics would not change a lot after repeated ignition.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21905294)the Shanghai Sailing Program。
文摘Organic semiconductors,especially polymer semiconductors,have attracted extensive attention as organic thermoelectric materials due to their capabilities for flexibility,low-cost fabrication,solution processability and low thermal conductivity.However,it is challenging to obtain high-performance organic thermoelectric materials because of the low intrinsic carrier concentration of organic semiconductors.The main method to control the carrier concentration of polymers is the chemical doping process by charge transfer between polymer and dopant.Therefore,the deep understanding of doping mechanisms from the point view of chemical structure has been highly desired to overcome the bottlenecks in polymeric thermoelectrics.In this contribution,we will briefly review the recently emerging progress for discovering the structure–property relationship of organic thermoelectric materials with high performance.Highlights include some achievements about doping strategies to effectively modulate the carrier concentration,the design rules of building blocks and side chains to enhance charge transport and improve the doping efficiency.Finally,we will give our viewpoints on the challenges and opportunities in the field of polymer thermoelectric materials.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62174119)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2021YFC3002202)+1 种基金the 111 Project(Grant No.B07014)the Scienti?c Research Transformation Foundation of Wenzhou Safety(Emergency)Institute of Tianjin University。
文摘Nanopipette-based sensors are one of the most effective tools for detecting nanoparticles,bioparticles,and biomolecules.Quantitative analysis of nanoparticles with different shapes and electrical charges is achieved through measurement of the blockage currents that occur when particles pass through the nanopore.However,typical nanopipette sensors fabricated using a conventional needle-pulling method have a typical pore-diameter limitation of around 100 nm.Herein,we report a novel conductive hydrogel-composited nanopipette sensor with a tunable inner-pore diameter.This is made by electrodepositing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)polystyrene sulfonate onto the surface of a nanopipette with a prefabricated sacrificial copper layer.Because of the presence of copper ions,the conductive polymer can stably adhere to the tip of the nanopipette to form a nanopore;when nanoparticles pass through the conductive nanopore,more distinct blocking events are observed.The size of the nanopore can be changed simply by adjusting the electrodeposition time.In this way,suitable nanopores can be obtained for highly sensitive screening of a series of particles with diameters of the order of tens of nanometers.
基金supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(NRF-2021R1A2C1008380)Nano Material Technology Development Program[NRF-2015M3A7B6027970]+1 种基金the Chey Institute for Advanced Studies'International Scholar Exchange Fellowship for the academic year of 2021-2022supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP)grant funded by the Korea government(MOTIE)(20215710100170).
文摘Wearable and stretchable strain sensors have potential values in the fields of human motion and health monitoring,flexible electronics,and soft robotic skin.The wearable and stretchable strain sensors can be directly attached to human skin,providing visualized detection for human motions and personal healthcare.Conductive polymer composites(CPC)composed of conductive fillers and flexible polymers have the advantages of high stretchability,good flexibility,superior durability,which can be used to prepare flexible strain sensors with large working strain and outstanding sensitivity.This review has put forward a comprehensive summary on the fabrication methods,advanced mechanisms and strain sensing abilities of CPC strain sensors reported in recent years,especially the sensors with superior performance.Finally,the structural design,bionic function,integration technology and further application of CPC strain sensors are prospected.
文摘The corrosion behaviors of stainless steel and nickel plated carbon steel coupled with conductive polymer were investigated in both hot humid environment and simulated marine environment. The corrosion currents of dif-ferent steel substrates and conductive polymer in simulated marine environment at room temperature were measured. The corrosion surfaces of different steel couples were observed under a scanning electron microscope （SEM） and chemical compositions were examined by energy dispersive spectrum （EDS） analysis. The corrosion mechanism was discussed. The results showed that the stability of both stainless steel and nickel-plated carbon steel in hot humid en- vironment was excellent and no corrosion happened in the blank test for 360 h while slight corrosion existed in the contact area of coupled steel substrates. In simulated marine environment, the corrosion current of the stainless steel was lower than 100 μA and some directional rod-like particles formed on the surface of the stainless steel, which are mainly caused by oxidative corrosion among different phases. The corrosion current of the nickel-plated carbon steel couples was much greater than that of stainless steel couples and nickel plate cracking resulted in the corrosion of the internal iron because the coated nickel layer was not dense enough.
基金This work was financially supported by the Academic Development Project of TongXin Funds(No.2024161804).
文摘Conductive polymer composites(CPCs)are widely used in the field of organic electronics as the material basis of high-performance devices,due to their obvious advantages including electrical conductivity,lightness,processability and so on.Research on CPCs has focused on the enhancement of their electrical features and the exploration of their application prospects from conventional fields to heated emerging areas like flexible,stretchable,wearable,biological and biomedical electronics,where their mechanical properties are quite critical to determine their practical device performances.Also,a main challenge to ensure their safety and reliability is on the synergistic enhancement of their electrical behavior and mechanical properties.Herein,we systematically review the research progress of CPCs with different conductive fillers(metals and their oxides,carbon-based materials,intrinsically conductive polymers,MXenes,etc.)relying on rich material forms(hydrogel,aerogel,fiber,film,elastomer,etc.)in terms of mechanical property regulation strategies,mainly relying on optimized composite material systems and processing techniques.A summary and prospective overview of current issues and future developments in this field also has been presented.
基金This work was supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M711372)Postdoctoral Research Program of Jiangsu Province(2021K544C)+4 种基金the General Program of Natural Science Foundation for Higher Education in Jiangsu Province(21KJB510004)G.Cheng acknowledges the support from young&middle-aged academic leaders of Jiangsu Blue Project and Jiangsu 333 talent fundL.Xu acknowledges the support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC No.51905222)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20211068)This work was also supported by International Science and Technology Cooperation Project in Zhenjiang City(Grant No:GJ2020009)。
文摘Electrochemical actuators based on conductive polymers are emerging as a strong competitive in the field of soft actuators because of their intrinsically conformable/elastic nature,low cost,low operating voltage and air-working ability.Recent development has shown that adding electroactive materials,such as CNT and graphene,can improve their actuation performance.Despite the complex material systems used,their output strains(one of the key factors)are generally lower than 1%,which limited further applications of them in multiple scenarios.Here,we report soft electrochemical actuators based on conductive polymer ionogels by embedding polyaniline particles between the PEDOT:PSS nanosheets.Results show that such a hierarchical structure not only leads to a high conductivity(1250 S/cm)but also improved electrochemical activities.At a low operating voltage of 1 V,the maximum strain of these soft actuators reaches an exceptional value of 1.5%,with a high blocking force of 1.3 mN.Using these high-performance electrochemical actuators,we demonstrate soft grippers for manipulating object and a bionic flower stimulated by an electrical signal.This work sets an important step towards enabling the enhanced performance of electrochemical actuators based on conductive polymers with designed microstructures.
基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.30920041102)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11802134).
文摘The arc ignition system based on charring polymers has advantages of simple structure,low ignition power consumption and multiple ignitions,which bringing it broadly application prospect in hybrid propulsion system of micro/nano satellite.However,charring polymers alone need a relatively high input voltage to achieve pyrolysis and ignition,which increases the burden and cost of the power system of micro/nano satellite in practical application.Adding conductive substance into charring polymers can effectively decrease the conducting voltage which can realize low voltage and low power consumption repeated ignition of arc ignition system.In this paper,a charring conductive polymer ignition grain with a cavity geometry in precombustion chamber,which is composed of PLA and multiwall carbon nanotubes(MWCNT)was proposed.The detailed ignition processes were analyzed and two different ignition mechanisms in the cavity of charring conductive polymers were revealed.The ignition characteristics of charring conductive polymers were also investigated at different input voltages,ignition grain structures,ignition locations and injection schemes in a visual ignition combustor.The results demonstrated that the ignition delay and external energy required for ignition were inversely correlated with the voltages applied to ignition grain.Moreover,the incremental depth of cavity shortened the ignition delay and external energy required for ignition while accelerated the propagation of flame.As the depth of cavity increased from 2 to 6 mm(at 50 V),the time of flame propagating out of ignition grain changed from 235.6 to 108 ms,and values of mean ignition delay time and mean external energy required for ignition decreased from 462.8 to 320 ms and 16.2 to 10.75 J,respectively.The rear side of the cavity was the ideal ignition position which had a shorter ignition delay and a faster flame propagation speed in comparison to other ignition positions.Compared to direct injection scheme,swirling injection provided a more favorable flow field environment in the cavity,which was beneficial to ignition and initial flame propagation,but the ignition position needed to be away from the outlet of swirling injector.At last,the repeated ignition characteristic of charring conductive polymers was also investigated.The ignition delay time and external energy required for ignition decreased with repeated ignition times but the variation was decreasing gradually.
文摘The polypyrrole is the high conductive polymer which was coated onto indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrate by electroplated technique to fabricate a miniaturized reference electrode.Besides,the morphology of the ITO glass reference electrode electroplated with pyrrole has been studied through the instrumental analysis utilizing cyclic voltammetry (CV). Furthermore,the sensing characteristics of the reference electrode have been measured by using commercial instrumental amplifier as the readout circuit.Using the high conductive polymer as miniaturized reference electrode has many advantages such as easy fabrication of coating polymer,without any expensive fabricating equipment,easy carry by the miniaturized technique.Hence,it is suitable for the reference electrode production.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62001325,91743110,52075384,and 21861132001)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFE0118700)+2 种基金Tianjin Applied Basic Research and Advanced Technology(Grant No.17JCJQJC43600)the Foundation for Talent Scientists of Nanchang Institute for Microtechnology of Tianjin Universitythe“111”Project(Grant No.B07014).
文摘PEDOT:PSS conductive polymers have received tremendous attention over the last two decades owing to their high conductivity,ease of processing,and biocompatibility.As a flexible versatile material,PEDOT:PSS can be developed into various forms and has had a significant impact on emerging sensing applications.This review covers the development of PEDOT:PSS from material to physical sensors.We focus on the morphology of PEDOT:PSS in the forms of aqueous dispersions,solid films,and hydrogels.Manufacturing processes are summarized,including coating,printing,and lithography,and there is particular emphasis on nanoimprinting lithography that enables the production of PEDOT:PSS nanowires with superior sensing performance.Applications to various physical sensors,for humidity,temperature,pressure,and strain,are demonstrated.Finally,we discuss the challenges and propose new directions for the development of PEDOT:PSS.
基金supported by the Enhancement of Performance and Production Technology of Lithium-based Next-generation Rechargeable Battery(project number 20012371)from the Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy(MOTIE)of Koreasupported by project number KS2322-20(A Study on the Convergence Materials for Off-Grid Energy Conversion/Storage Integrated Devices)of the Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology(KRICT).
文摘Sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes are promising materials for high-performance safe solid-state batteries.The high ion conductivity,mechanical characteristics,and good processability of sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes are desirable properties for realizing high-performance safe solid-state batteries by replacing conventional liquid electrolytes.However,the low chemical and electrochemical stability of sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes hinder the commercialization of sulfide-based safe solid-state batteries.Particularly,the instability of sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes is intensified in the cathode,comprising various materials.In this study,carbonate-based ionic conductive polymers are introduced to the cathode to protect cathode materials and suppress the reactivity of sulfide electrolytes.Several instruments,including electrochemical spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy,confirm the chemical and electrochemical stability of the polymer electrolytes in contact with sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes.Sulfide-based solid-state cells show stable electrochemical performance over 100 cycles when the ionic conductive polymers were applied to the cathode.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60372002)
文摘A Langmuir-Blodgett （LB） inducing method was firstly used to prepare single layer and multilayer conducting composite PEDOT-PSS film. The film-forming ability of ionization ODA and ODA-SA monolayer spread on PEDOT-PSS nanoparticle sub-phase and the behavior of ODA/PEDOT-PSS assembly particles on pure water were firstly investigated. The results indicated that nanoparticles in the suphase are packed in the ionization monolayer and stable complex Langmuir film is formed at the air/water interface. It has been found that the best film-forming conditions for composite film are as follows：distinct interface was formed between ODA and PEDOT-PSS layer and single layer thickness of PEDOT-PSS was about 23 nm,well accordant to the size of PEDOT-PSS nanoparticles. Different structures were designed to test the conductive ability of these composite films and a variable range hopping （VRH） model was used to explain the film conductive mechanism. The results indicated that a 3D-VRH model explained well the transferring of charge carrier in the multilayer film.
基金support from an Australian Research Council Industry Fellowship Grant(IE230100593)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42177386)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(no.2020YFC1808201).
文摘Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS),colloquially known as“forever chemicals,”have emerged as a significant environmental and public health concern due to their extraordinary chemical stability and bioaccumulative nature.1 PFAS exposure is linked to a range of adverse health outcomes,including developmental delays in children,elevated cholesterol levels,immune system impairments,and various cancers.
基金support of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility for their crucial contributions to this study.This research received funding from National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52173024,No.51973183 and No.52475610)Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering(No.2022SZTD008)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LDQ24E050001)。
文摘Conductive polymers like poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate(PEDOT:PSS)are key materials in bioelectronics,but balancing ultrahigh conductivity with long-term tissue contact stability remains a challenge.Here,we present a solvent-mediated solid-liquid interface doping strategy to engineer vertically phase-separated(VPS)PEDOT:PSS films.By adjusting thickness and doping solvents,a thicker PEDOT:PSS film with a strong VPS structure was achieved,featuring a higher PSS/PEDOT ratio on the surface and a lower ratio at the bottom.Doping the pristine film with a metastable liquid-liquid contact solution enables gradual PSS migration and a significant component gradient,yielding films with a hydrophilic surface and one of the highest reported conductivities(~8800 S cm^(-1))for bioelectronic devices.The films patterned by laser processing present high-fidelity signal acquisition,and excellent electrochemical stability.With low impedance and long-term biocompatibility,they are employed for real-time wearable and implantable sensors for electrophysiological monitoring,showcasing broad potentials in bioelectronics and human-machine interactions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52573019,22305033,52433003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2232024A-05)。
文摘Developing wearable sensors that can perform seamless,long-term electrophysiological monitoring requires materials that can bridge the mechanical and electrical gap between rigid electronics and soft biological tissues.Conductive polymers are well-placed to meet this demand thanks to their intrinsic flexibility,tunable conductivity,and biocompatibility.This review systematically analyses the progress in the design and application of conductive polymers for wearable electrophysiological sensing.First,we discuss how the fundamental sensing mechanisms of piezoresistive,capacitive,piezoelectric,and triboelectric are realized through various conductive polymer systems,including intrinsically conductive polymers,nanocomposites,and ion-conducting networks such as hydrogels and ionogels.The core of the review emphasizes the interplay between molecular-level material design and micro/nanoscale structural engineering to enhance critical performance metrics such as sensitivity,long-term stability,and electrode-skin interface quality.Finally,we address the persistent challenges of motion artefacts and material degradation,and provide an outlook on future directions.Continued innovation in multifunctional,self-powered,and biodegradable conductive polymers,when integrated with advanced data analytics,is set to drive the evolution of wearable sensing towards truly personalized and predictive healthcare.
