Regarding the lane keeping system,path tracking accuracy and lateral stability at high speeds need to be taken into account especially for commercial vehicles due to the characteristics of larger mass,longer wheelbase...Regarding the lane keeping system,path tracking accuracy and lateral stability at high speeds need to be taken into account especially for commercial vehicles due to the characteristics of larger mass,longer wheelbase and higher mass center.To improve the performance mentioned above comprehensively,the control strategy based on improved artificial potential field(APF)algorithm is proposed.In the paper,time to lane crossing(TLC)is introduced into the potential field function to enhance the accuracy of path tracking,meanwhile the vehicle dynamics parameters including yaw rate and lateral acceleration are chosen as the repulsive force field source.The lane keeping controller based on improved APF algorithm is designed and the stability of the control system is proved based on Lyapunov theory.In addition,adaptive inertial weight particle swarm optimization algorithm(AIWPSO)is applied to optimize the gain of each potential field function.The co-simulation results indicate that the comprehensive evaluation index respecting lane tracking accuracy and lateral stability is reduced remarkably.Finally,the proposed control strategy is verified by the HiL test.It provides a beneficial reference for dynamics control of commercial vehicles and enriches the theoretical development and practical application of artificial potential field method in the field of intelligent driving.展开更多
Fire incidents in commercial vehicles pose significant risks to passengers, drivers, and cargo. Traditional fire extinguishing systems, while effective, may have limitations in terms of response time, coverage, and hu...Fire incidents in commercial vehicles pose significant risks to passengers, drivers, and cargo. Traditional fire extinguishing systems, while effective, may have limitations in terms of response time, coverage, and human intervention [1]. This study investigates the efficacy of a novel fire suppression technology—the Exploding Fire Extinguishing Ball (EFEB) —as an alternative and complementary fire safety solution for commercial vehicles. The research employs a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing engineering, materials science, fire safety, and human factors analysis. A systematic literature review establishes a comprehensive understanding of existing fire suppression technologies, including EFEBs. Subsequently, this study analyzes the unique features of EFEBs, such as automatic activation, as well as manual activation upon exposure to fire, and their potential to provide rapid, localized, and autonomous fire suppression. The study presents original experimental investigations to assess the performance and effectiveness of EFEBs in various fire scenarios representative of commercial vehicles. Experiments include controlled fires in confined spaces and dynamic simulations to emulate real-world fire incidents. Data on activation times, extinguishing capability, and coverage area are collected and analyzed to compare the efficacy of EFEBs with traditional fire extinguishing methods. Furthermore, this research shows the practical aspects of implementing EFEBs in commercial vehicles. A feasibility study examines the integration challenges, cost-benefit analysis, and potential regulatory implications. The study also addresses the impact of EFEBs on vehicle weight, stability, and overall safety. Human factors and user acceptance are crucial elements in adopting new safety technologies. Therefore, this research utilizes an experimental design to assess the performance and effectiveness of EFEBs in various fire scenarios representative of commercial vehicles. This dissertation presents original controlled experiments to emulate real-world fire incidents, including controlled fires in confined spaces and dynamic simulations. The experimental approach ensures rigorous evaluation and objective insights into EFEBs’ potential as an autonomous fire suppression system for commercial vehicles. This includes the perspectives of drivers, passengers, fleet operators, insurance agencies, and regulatory bodies. Factors influencing trust, perceived safety, and willingness to adopt EFEBs are analyzed to provide insights into the successful integration of this technology. The findings of this research will contribute to the knowledge of fire safety technology and expand the understanding of the applicability of EFEBs in commercial vehicles.展开更多
今年IAA的口号“Driven by Ideas'(创意驱动)在这场全球最重要的交通、物流和移动性行业贸易展上真正得到了贯彻落实。在汉诺威,未来正在变成看得见的现实。今年IAA的口号“Driven by Ideas”(创意驱动)在这场全球最重要的交通、物...今年IAA的口号“Driven by Ideas'(创意驱动)在这场全球最重要的交通、物流和移动性行业贸易展上真正得到了贯彻落实。在汉诺威,未来正在变成看得见的现实。今年IAA的口号“Driven by Ideas”(创意驱动)在这场全球最重要的交通、物流和移动性行业贸易展上真正得到了贯彻落实。在汉诺威,未来正在变成看得见的现实。整个商用车行业向IAA观众展示了创新、创造力和先锋精神。这些品质表现在332款产品的全球首发和1 00多款产品的欧洲首发。此次IAA更是决策者的贸易展,并且国际化程度前所未有。展开更多
When heavy-duty commercial vehicles(HDCVs)must engage in emergency braking,uncertain conditions such as the brake pressure and road profile variations will inevitably affect braking control.To minimize these uncertain...When heavy-duty commercial vehicles(HDCVs)must engage in emergency braking,uncertain conditions such as the brake pressure and road profile variations will inevitably affect braking control.To minimize these uncertainties,we propose a combined longitudinal and lateral controller method based on stochastic model predictive control(SMPC)that is achieved via Chebyshev–Cantelli inequality.In our method,SMPC calculates braking control inputs based on a finite time prediction that is achieved by solving stochastic programming elements,including chance constraints.To accomplish this,SMPC explicitly describes the probabilistic uncertainties to be used when designing a robust control strategy.The main contribution of this paper is the proposal of a braking control formulation that is robust against probabilistic friction circle uncertainty effects.More specifically,the use of Chebyshev–Cantelli inequality suppresses road profile influences,which have characteristics that are different from the Gaussian distribution,thereby improving both braking robustness and control performance against statistical disturbances.Additionally,since the Kalman filtering(KF)algorithm is used to obtain the expectation and covariance used for calculating deterministic transformed chance constraints,the SMPC is reformulated as a KF embedded deterministic MPC.Herein,the effectiveness of our proposed method is verified via a MATLAB/Simulink and TruckSim co-simulation.展开更多
The extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm and acceleration sensor measurements were used to identify vehiclemass and road gradient in the work. Four different states of fixed mass, variable mass, fixed slope and vari...The extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm and acceleration sensor measurements were used to identify vehiclemass and road gradient in the work. Four different states of fixed mass, variable mass, fixed slope and variableslope were set to simulate real-time working conditions, respectively. A comprehensive electric commercial vehicleshifting strategy was formulated according to the identification results. The co-simulation results showed that,compared with the recursive least square (RLS) algorithm, the proposed algorithm could identify the real-timevehicle mass and road gradient quickly and accurately. The comprehensive shifting strategy formulated had thefollowing advantages, e.g., avoiding frequent shifting of vehicles up the hill, making full use ofmotor braking downthe hill, and improving the overall performance of vehicles.展开更多
The reduction of fuel consumption in engines is always considered of vital importance.Along these lines,in this work,this goal was attained by optimizing the heavy-duty commercial vehicle engine control strategy.More ...The reduction of fuel consumption in engines is always considered of vital importance.Along these lines,in this work,this goal was attained by optimizing the heavy-duty commercial vehicle engine control strategy.More specifically,at first,a general first principles model for heavy-duty commercial vehicles and a transient fuel consumptionmodel for heavy-duty commercial vehicles were developed and the parameters were adjusted to fit the empirical data.The accuracy of the proposed modelwas demonstrated fromthe stage and the final results.Next,the control optimization problem resulting in low fuel consumption in heavy commercial vehicles was described,with minimal fuel usage as the optimization goal and throttle opening as the control variable.Then,a time-continuous engine management approach was assessed.Next,the factors that influence low fuel consumption in heavy-duty commercial vehicles were systematically examined.To reduce the computing complexity,the control strategies related to the time constraints of the engine were parametrized using three different methods.The most effective solution was obtained by applying a global optimization strategy because the constrained optimization problem was nonlinear.Finally,the effectiveness of the low-fuel consumption engine control strategy was demonstrated by comparing the simulated and field test results.展开更多
1. An overall judgment on the situation 2006 saw the rapid growth of passenger vehicles, with the production capacity putting into use rose from less than 70 percent to around 80 percent. That with light commercial ve...1. An overall judgment on the situation 2006 saw the rapid growth of passenger vehicles, with the production capacity putting into use rose from less than 70 percent to around 80 percent. That with light commercial vehicles was similar too. The situation in 2005 and 2006 showed that there are no evidential overdone production capacity.展开更多
To prevent and reduce road traffic accidents and improve driver safety awareness and bad driving be-haviors,we propose a safety evaluation method for commercial vehicle driving behavior.Three driving style clas-sifica...To prevent and reduce road traffic accidents and improve driver safety awareness and bad driving be-haviors,we propose a safety evaluation method for commercial vehicle driving behavior.Three driving style clas-sification indexes were extracted using driving data from commercial vehicles and four primary and ten secondary safety evaluation indicators.Based on the stability of commercial vehicles transporting goods,the acceleration index is divided into three levels according to the statistical third quartile,and the evaluation expression of the safety index evaluation is established.Drivers were divided into conservative,moderate,and radical using K-means++.The weights corresponding to each index were calculated using a combination of the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)and criteria importance through intercriteria correlation(CRITIC),and the driving behavior scores of various drivers were calculated according to the safety index score standard.The established AHP-CRITIC safety evaluation model was verified using the actual driving behavior data of commercial vehicle drivers.The calculation results show that the proposed evaluation model can clearly distinguish between the types of drivers with different driving styles,verifying its rationality and validity.The evaluation results can provide a reference for transportation management departments and enterprises.展开更多
Latest data from the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers(CAAM) shows that through 2010.China’s automobile sales surpassed 18 million, breaking the world record of annual auto sales previously held by the Un...Latest data from the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers(CAAM) shows that through 2010.China’s automobile sales surpassed 18 million, breaking the world record of annual auto sales previously held by the United States.Now that China has become a major global auto production player, how is Foton faring? CAAM statistics said production and sales volume of展开更多
Ensuring adequate access to truck parking is critical to the safe and efficient movement of freight traffic. There are strict federal guidelines for commercial truck driver rest periods. Rest areas and private truck s...Ensuring adequate access to truck parking is critical to the safe and efficient movement of freight traffic. There are strict federal guidelines for commercial truck driver rest periods. Rest areas and private truck stops are the only places for the trucks to stop legally and safely. In locations without sufficient parking areas, trucks often park on interstate ramps, which create safety risks for other interstate motorists. Historically, agencies have employed costly and time intensive manual counting methods, camera surveillance, and driver surveys to assess truck parking. Connected truck data, available in near real-time, offers an efficient alternative to practitioners to assess truck parking patterns and identify areas where there may be insufficient safe parking spaces. This paper presents a case study of interstate I-70 in east central Indiana and documents the observed spatiotemporal impacts of a rest area closure on truck parking on nearby interstate ramps. Results showed that there was a 28% increase in parking on ramps during the rest area closure. Analysis also found that ramps closest to the rest area were most impacted by the closure, seeing a rise in truck parking sessions as high as 2.7 times. Parking duration on the ramps during rest area closure also increased drastically. Although it was expected that this would result in increased parking by trucks on adjacent ramps, this before, during, after scenario provided an ideal scenario to evaluate the robustness of these techniques to assess changing parking characteristics of long-haul commercial trucks. The data analytics and visualization tools presented in this study are scalable nationwide and will aid stakeholders in informed data-driven decision making when allocating resources towards improving the nations commercial vehicle parking infrastructure.展开更多
The main objective of this study is the search for methods of verification of bus rollover finite element simulation which can replace a full-scale verification rollover test using single bus section. An overview of t...The main objective of this study is the search for methods of verification of bus rollover finite element simulation which can replace a full-scale verification rollover test using single bus section. An overview of the main verification methods of the computer simulation results of bus rollover is provided in the article. A bus section rollover test is conducted. A comparison between calculation and experiment results is performed. Features of bus section motion, which affect the construction deformation value, are analyzed on the basis of received good convergence between calculation and test results. The mathematical model of planar motion of the bus section until impact with ditch surface is given. This model can be used to verify values of the center of gravity velocities and accelerations of the bus section, obtained as a result of an FE （finite element） simulation.展开更多
Rapid development of Chinese commercial launch vehicles brings new challenges under the traditional systems engineering(TSE)working method.A new model-based systems engineering(MBSE)working method was proposed for Sma...Rapid development of Chinese commercial launch vehicles brings new challenges under the traditional systems engineering(TSE)working method.A new model-based systems engineering(MBSE)working method was proposed for Smart Dragon 1(SD-1),which is a low-cost commercial launch vehicle developed by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology(CALT).Based on the characteristics of a commercial launch vehicle,the system model based on information cards was established.Through a problem-oriented working method,risk identification and management,the process of Card-MBSE was utilized and verified by the success of the maiden flight of SD-1.This paper introduces a new method and reference for the development of low-cost and high-reliability launch vehicles.展开更多
In recent years, China's automobile industry has maintained a rapid development trend, the automobile sales market has maintained a strong momentum, more and more residents began to buy or add new cars for their f...In recent years, China's automobile industry has maintained a rapid development trend, the automobile sales market has maintained a strong momentum, more and more residents began to buy or add new cars for their families, automobile production and sales mode determines the logistics of commercial vehicles has a very broad market and space. The current commercial vehicle transportation is mainly carried out by land transportation, and the railway transportation occupies a low proportion in the field of commercial vehicle logistics, which has also become an important factor restricting the development of railway logistics and exploring the market. This study analyzes and studies the problems and deficiencies exposed in the process of railway commercial car transportation, puts forward countermeasures to promote the development of railway commercial car transportation, and provides reference and reference for the sustainable development of railway commercial car.展开更多
Purpose–Advanced driving assistance system(ADAS)has been applied in commercial vehicles.This paper aims to evaluate the influence factors of commercial vehicle drivers’acceptance on ADAS and explore the characteristi...Purpose–Advanced driving assistance system(ADAS)has been applied in commercial vehicles.This paper aims to evaluate the influence factors of commercial vehicle drivers’acceptance on ADAS and explore the characteristics of each key factors.Two most widely used functions,forward collision warning(FCW)and lane departure warning(LDW),were considered in this paper.Design/methodology/approach–A random forests algorithm was applied to evaluate the influence factors of commercial drivers’acceptance.ADAS data of 24 commercial vehicles were recorded from 1 November to 21 December 2018,in Jiangsu province.Respond or not was set as dependent variables,while six influence factors were considered.Findings–The acceptance rate for FCW and LDW systems was 69.52%and 38.76%,respectively.The accuracy of random forests model for FCW and LDW systems is 0.816 and 0.820,respectively.For FCW system,vehicle speed,duration time and warning hour are three key factors.Drivers prefer to respond in a short duration during daytime and low vehicle speed.While for LDW system,duration time,vehicle speed and driver age are three key factors.Older drivers have higher respond probability under higher vehicle speed,and the respond time is longer than FCW system.Originality/value–Few research studies have focused on the attitudes of commercial vehicle drivers,though commercial vehicle accidents were proved to be more severe than passenger vehicles.The results of this study can help researchers to better understand the behavior of commercial vehicle drivers and make corresponding recommendations for ADAS of commercial vehicles.展开更多
The correlation between the wear behavior of a heavy commercial vehicle (HCV) brake liner tested under controlled laboratory conditions and that in actual field conditions is investigated.A brake liner study for frict...The correlation between the wear behavior of a heavy commercial vehicle (HCV) brake liner tested under controlled laboratory conditions and that in actual field conditions is investigated.A brake liner study for friction and wear is performed on an inertia brake dynamometer (IBD) at different temperatures (200 ℃,250 ℃,and 300 ℃) using 6000 brake actuations in a laboratory.The total wear loss of the brake liner at three different temperatures for 6000 brake actuations in IBD is found to be 1.12 mm.The actual field test is conducted on four different HCVs,namely,a city bus (CB),a high speed bus (HSB),a highway truck (HWT),and a tipper lorry (TL).These HCVs run at different terrain/traffic conditions and load conditions.When comparing the predicted life of the brake liner through the IBD test with the actual life of the brake liner in different HCVs,a vast difference is observed.Due to the large variation of liner life observed between the actual and predicted tests,an extensive field test is conducted.In the field test,the liner with identical formulation is fitted in the four types of HCVs.The predicted life of the liner using IBD is then correlated with the field test observation and a correlation factor is determined.Based on this correlation factor,the predicted life of the liner and the achieved life on the HCV are found to be fairly close.This study will be useful to design the friction material formulation and to predict the actual life of the brake liner for various HCVs.展开更多
For export salesmen of commercial vehicle manufacturers,the second half of 2008 was certainly not the best time. Mr Wang is working at a bus company which exports buses to Russia.From the second half of 2008,he found ...For export salesmen of commercial vehicle manufacturers,the second half of 2008 was certainly not the best time. Mr Wang is working at a bus company which exports buses to Russia.From the second half of 2008,he found that partial clients began cancelling their orders and there were increasing such cases.展开更多
This research investigates the intricate relationship between the number of lanes on highways and injury severities sustained by commercial motor vehicle(CMV)drivers.Many studies have addressed crash determinants,but ...This research investigates the intricate relationship between the number of lanes on highways and injury severities sustained by commercial motor vehicle(CMV)drivers.Many studies have addressed crash determinants,but the safety implications of differing numbers of lanes remain insufficiently examined,especially during the highway planning stages.Our study fills this knowledge gap by analyzing injury severity crash factors for a varied number of lane scenarios.Employing a random parameter logit modeling framework,we differentiated injury levels for 2-4 lanes and 6-10 lanes.Key factors were identified for each number of lanes,with older,loss of vehicle control,non-collision crashes,and crashes,on locations where grade or hill existed,being more perilous and increasing the risk of sustaining severe injuries on 2-lane highways.For 4-lane highways,factors such as non-Oregonian drivers,older drivers,crashes that occurred during the spring season,and crashes that occurred beyond shoulders were associated with an elevated probability of being involved in severe injury crashes.Regarding highways with 6 lanes and higher,driving too fast for conditions and driver error(drowsy,fatigued,inattentive,or reckless)increases the odds of being involved in higher levels of injury crashes.To enhance truck driver safety,we recommend the implementation of electronic stability control in CMVs,with moderated speeds on graded sections,improved curve markers,and robust public safety campaigns.展开更多
Heavy commercial vehicles(HCVs)are pivotal to India’s economy,but are also significant sources of air pollution.To address this issue,the Indian government implemented Bharat stage VI(BS-VI)emission standards in 2020...Heavy commercial vehicles(HCVs)are pivotal to India’s economy,but are also significant sources of air pollution.To address this issue,the Indian government implemented Bharat stage VI(BS-VI)emission standards in 2020.Research gap regarding realistic inputs for annual vehicle kilometres and survival rate of HCVs has been identified.The HCV sector is categorized into long-haul vehicles(32 t and above,with higher annual vehicle usage and survival rates)and pick-up and delivery HCV trucks(16-32 t,with relatively lower annual vehicle usage and survival rates).Based on the primary research by taking into account the inputs from various stakeholders regarding annual vehicle kilometres and survival rates subject to vehicle type and emission standards,an HCV emission inventory for India has been developed for regulated pollutants(NOx,PM_(2.5),and CO)till 2035.We assume no additional external technological or policy interventions,except the anticipated shift to Bharat stage VII(BS-VII)standards by 2027.Key findings reveal that the on-road HCV population is projected to marginally increase(6.5%)by 2035 compared to 2020.However,there is a notable 97%surge in goods transport tonnage by 2035,indicating more efficient commercial vehicle usage,especially in the heavier category(32 t and above).Crucially,annual emissions of NOx,PM_(2.5),and CO from the HCV segment are expected to peak in 2020,and decline significantly by 2035.Emissions are projected to decrease by 91.5%(NOx),96.6%(PM_(2.5)),and 97.6%(CO)compared to 2020 levels due to the introduction of BS-VI standards in 2020 and the anticipated adoption of BS-VII standards in 2027.This study is instrumental in defining base emission inventory till 2035 for any further policy evaluation for the HCV segment for reducing air pollution and enhancing environmental sustainability.展开更多
Heavy truck The market trend has recovered since May 2006 and it reported a year on year growth of 30.55 percent by the end of Dec. The result was partly due to the heavy fall in the second half of 2005.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51605199,U20A20333,52225212)Six Talent Peak Funding Projects in Jiangsu Province of China(Grant No.2019-GDZB-084)Key Science and Technology Support Program in Taizhou City of China(Grant No.TG202307).
文摘Regarding the lane keeping system,path tracking accuracy and lateral stability at high speeds need to be taken into account especially for commercial vehicles due to the characteristics of larger mass,longer wheelbase and higher mass center.To improve the performance mentioned above comprehensively,the control strategy based on improved artificial potential field(APF)algorithm is proposed.In the paper,time to lane crossing(TLC)is introduced into the potential field function to enhance the accuracy of path tracking,meanwhile the vehicle dynamics parameters including yaw rate and lateral acceleration are chosen as the repulsive force field source.The lane keeping controller based on improved APF algorithm is designed and the stability of the control system is proved based on Lyapunov theory.In addition,adaptive inertial weight particle swarm optimization algorithm(AIWPSO)is applied to optimize the gain of each potential field function.The co-simulation results indicate that the comprehensive evaluation index respecting lane tracking accuracy and lateral stability is reduced remarkably.Finally,the proposed control strategy is verified by the HiL test.It provides a beneficial reference for dynamics control of commercial vehicles and enriches the theoretical development and practical application of artificial potential field method in the field of intelligent driving.
文摘Fire incidents in commercial vehicles pose significant risks to passengers, drivers, and cargo. Traditional fire extinguishing systems, while effective, may have limitations in terms of response time, coverage, and human intervention [1]. This study investigates the efficacy of a novel fire suppression technology—the Exploding Fire Extinguishing Ball (EFEB) —as an alternative and complementary fire safety solution for commercial vehicles. The research employs a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing engineering, materials science, fire safety, and human factors analysis. A systematic literature review establishes a comprehensive understanding of existing fire suppression technologies, including EFEBs. Subsequently, this study analyzes the unique features of EFEBs, such as automatic activation, as well as manual activation upon exposure to fire, and their potential to provide rapid, localized, and autonomous fire suppression. The study presents original experimental investigations to assess the performance and effectiveness of EFEBs in various fire scenarios representative of commercial vehicles. Experiments include controlled fires in confined spaces and dynamic simulations to emulate real-world fire incidents. Data on activation times, extinguishing capability, and coverage area are collected and analyzed to compare the efficacy of EFEBs with traditional fire extinguishing methods. Furthermore, this research shows the practical aspects of implementing EFEBs in commercial vehicles. A feasibility study examines the integration challenges, cost-benefit analysis, and potential regulatory implications. The study also addresses the impact of EFEBs on vehicle weight, stability, and overall safety. Human factors and user acceptance are crucial elements in adopting new safety technologies. Therefore, this research utilizes an experimental design to assess the performance and effectiveness of EFEBs in various fire scenarios representative of commercial vehicles. This dissertation presents original controlled experiments to emulate real-world fire incidents, including controlled fires in confined spaces and dynamic simulations. The experimental approach ensures rigorous evaluation and objective insights into EFEBs’ potential as an autonomous fire suppression system for commercial vehicles. This includes the perspectives of drivers, passengers, fleet operators, insurance agencies, and regulatory bodies. Factors influencing trust, perceived safety, and willingness to adopt EFEBs are analyzed to provide insights into the successful integration of this technology. The findings of this research will contribute to the knowledge of fire safety technology and expand the understanding of the applicability of EFEBs in commercial vehicles.
文摘今年IAA的口号“Driven by Ideas'(创意驱动)在这场全球最重要的交通、物流和移动性行业贸易展上真正得到了贯彻落实。在汉诺威,未来正在变成看得见的现实。今年IAA的口号“Driven by Ideas”(创意驱动)在这场全球最重要的交通、物流和移动性行业贸易展上真正得到了贯彻落实。在汉诺威,未来正在变成看得见的现实。整个商用车行业向IAA观众展示了创新、创造力和先锋精神。这些品质表现在332款产品的全球首发和1 00多款产品的欧洲首发。此次IAA更是决策者的贸易展,并且国际化程度前所未有。
文摘When heavy-duty commercial vehicles(HDCVs)must engage in emergency braking,uncertain conditions such as the brake pressure and road profile variations will inevitably affect braking control.To minimize these uncertainties,we propose a combined longitudinal and lateral controller method based on stochastic model predictive control(SMPC)that is achieved via Chebyshev–Cantelli inequality.In our method,SMPC calculates braking control inputs based on a finite time prediction that is achieved by solving stochastic programming elements,including chance constraints.To accomplish this,SMPC explicitly describes the probabilistic uncertainties to be used when designing a robust control strategy.The main contribution of this paper is the proposal of a braking control formulation that is robust against probabilistic friction circle uncertainty effects.More specifically,the use of Chebyshev–Cantelli inequality suppresses road profile influences,which have characteristics that are different from the Gaussian distribution,thereby improving both braking robustness and control performance against statistical disturbances.Additionally,since the Kalman filtering(KF)algorithm is used to obtain the expectation and covariance used for calculating deterministic transformed chance constraints,the SMPC is reformulated as a KF embedded deterministic MPC.Herein,the effectiveness of our proposed method is verified via a MATLAB/Simulink and TruckSim co-simulation.
基金funded by the Innovation-Driven Development Special Fund Project of Guangxi,Grant No.Guike AA22068060the Science and Technology Planning Project of Liuzhou,Grant No.2021AAA0112the Liudong Science and Technology Project,Grant No.20210117.
文摘The extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm and acceleration sensor measurements were used to identify vehiclemass and road gradient in the work. Four different states of fixed mass, variable mass, fixed slope and variableslope were set to simulate real-time working conditions, respectively. A comprehensive electric commercial vehicleshifting strategy was formulated according to the identification results. The co-simulation results showed that,compared with the recursive least square (RLS) algorithm, the proposed algorithm could identify the real-timevehicle mass and road gradient quickly and accurately. The comprehensive shifting strategy formulated had thefollowing advantages, e.g., avoiding frequent shifting of vehicles up the hill, making full use ofmotor braking downthe hill, and improving the overall performance of vehicles.
基金This work was supported in part by the Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi under Grant AA22068001in part by the Key Research and Development Program of Guangxi AB21196029+3 种基金in part by the Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China 51965012in part by the Scientific Research and TechnologyDevelopment in Liuzhou 2022AAA0102,2021AAA0104 and 2021AAA0112in part by Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation and Extension Special Project of Jiangsu Province NJ2021-21,in part by the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology,in part by the Guilin University of Electronic Technology 20-065-40-004Zin part by the Innovation Project of GUET Graduate Education 2022YCXS017.
文摘The reduction of fuel consumption in engines is always considered of vital importance.Along these lines,in this work,this goal was attained by optimizing the heavy-duty commercial vehicle engine control strategy.More specifically,at first,a general first principles model for heavy-duty commercial vehicles and a transient fuel consumptionmodel for heavy-duty commercial vehicles were developed and the parameters were adjusted to fit the empirical data.The accuracy of the proposed modelwas demonstrated fromthe stage and the final results.Next,the control optimization problem resulting in low fuel consumption in heavy commercial vehicles was described,with minimal fuel usage as the optimization goal and throttle opening as the control variable.Then,a time-continuous engine management approach was assessed.Next,the factors that influence low fuel consumption in heavy-duty commercial vehicles were systematically examined.To reduce the computing complexity,the control strategies related to the time constraints of the engine were parametrized using three different methods.The most effective solution was obtained by applying a global optimization strategy because the constrained optimization problem was nonlinear.Finally,the effectiveness of the low-fuel consumption engine control strategy was demonstrated by comparing the simulated and field test results.
文摘1. An overall judgment on the situation 2006 saw the rapid growth of passenger vehicles, with the production capacity putting into use rose from less than 70 percent to around 80 percent. That with light commercial vehicles was similar too. The situation in 2005 and 2006 showed that there are no evidential overdone production capacity.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi(No.2020GXNSFDA238011)the Open Fund Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automation Detection Technology and Instrument(No.YQ21203)the Independent Research Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Auto Parts and Vehicle Technology(No.2020GKLACVTZZ02)。
文摘To prevent and reduce road traffic accidents and improve driver safety awareness and bad driving be-haviors,we propose a safety evaluation method for commercial vehicle driving behavior.Three driving style clas-sification indexes were extracted using driving data from commercial vehicles and four primary and ten secondary safety evaluation indicators.Based on the stability of commercial vehicles transporting goods,the acceleration index is divided into three levels according to the statistical third quartile,and the evaluation expression of the safety index evaluation is established.Drivers were divided into conservative,moderate,and radical using K-means++.The weights corresponding to each index were calculated using a combination of the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)and criteria importance through intercriteria correlation(CRITIC),and the driving behavior scores of various drivers were calculated according to the safety index score standard.The established AHP-CRITIC safety evaluation model was verified using the actual driving behavior data of commercial vehicle drivers.The calculation results show that the proposed evaluation model can clearly distinguish between the types of drivers with different driving styles,verifying its rationality and validity.The evaluation results can provide a reference for transportation management departments and enterprises.
文摘Latest data from the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers(CAAM) shows that through 2010.China’s automobile sales surpassed 18 million, breaking the world record of annual auto sales previously held by the United States.Now that China has become a major global auto production player, how is Foton faring? CAAM statistics said production and sales volume of
文摘Ensuring adequate access to truck parking is critical to the safe and efficient movement of freight traffic. There are strict federal guidelines for commercial truck driver rest periods. Rest areas and private truck stops are the only places for the trucks to stop legally and safely. In locations without sufficient parking areas, trucks often park on interstate ramps, which create safety risks for other interstate motorists. Historically, agencies have employed costly and time intensive manual counting methods, camera surveillance, and driver surveys to assess truck parking. Connected truck data, available in near real-time, offers an efficient alternative to practitioners to assess truck parking patterns and identify areas where there may be insufficient safe parking spaces. This paper presents a case study of interstate I-70 in east central Indiana and documents the observed spatiotemporal impacts of a rest area closure on truck parking on nearby interstate ramps. Results showed that there was a 28% increase in parking on ramps during the rest area closure. Analysis also found that ramps closest to the rest area were most impacted by the closure, seeing a rise in truck parking sessions as high as 2.7 times. Parking duration on the ramps during rest area closure also increased drastically. Although it was expected that this would result in increased parking by trucks on adjacent ramps, this before, during, after scenario provided an ideal scenario to evaluate the robustness of these techniques to assess changing parking characteristics of long-haul commercial trucks. The data analytics and visualization tools presented in this study are scalable nationwide and will aid stakeholders in informed data-driven decision making when allocating resources towards improving the nations commercial vehicle parking infrastructure.
文摘The main objective of this study is the search for methods of verification of bus rollover finite element simulation which can replace a full-scale verification rollover test using single bus section. An overview of the main verification methods of the computer simulation results of bus rollover is provided in the article. A bus section rollover test is conducted. A comparison between calculation and experiment results is performed. Features of bus section motion, which affect the construction deformation value, are analyzed on the basis of received good convergence between calculation and test results. The mathematical model of planar motion of the bus section until impact with ditch surface is given. This model can be used to verify values of the center of gravity velocities and accelerations of the bus section, obtained as a result of an FE （finite element） simulation.
文摘Rapid development of Chinese commercial launch vehicles brings new challenges under the traditional systems engineering(TSE)working method.A new model-based systems engineering(MBSE)working method was proposed for Smart Dragon 1(SD-1),which is a low-cost commercial launch vehicle developed by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology(CALT).Based on the characteristics of a commercial launch vehicle,the system model based on information cards was established.Through a problem-oriented working method,risk identification and management,the process of Card-MBSE was utilized and verified by the success of the maiden flight of SD-1.This paper introduces a new method and reference for the development of low-cost and high-reliability launch vehicles.
文摘In recent years, China's automobile industry has maintained a rapid development trend, the automobile sales market has maintained a strong momentum, more and more residents began to buy or add new cars for their families, automobile production and sales mode determines the logistics of commercial vehicles has a very broad market and space. The current commercial vehicle transportation is mainly carried out by land transportation, and the railway transportation occupies a low proportion in the field of commercial vehicle logistics, which has also become an important factor restricting the development of railway logistics and exploring the market. This study analyzes and studies the problems and deficiencies exposed in the process of railway commercial car transportation, puts forward countermeasures to promote the development of railway commercial car transportation, and provides reference and reference for the sustainable development of railway commercial car.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(number 52072070)the Foundation for Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Traffic and Transportation Security(TTS2020-04)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(number 2242021R10112).
文摘Purpose–Advanced driving assistance system(ADAS)has been applied in commercial vehicles.This paper aims to evaluate the influence factors of commercial vehicle drivers’acceptance on ADAS and explore the characteristics of each key factors.Two most widely used functions,forward collision warning(FCW)and lane departure warning(LDW),were considered in this paper.Design/methodology/approach–A random forests algorithm was applied to evaluate the influence factors of commercial drivers’acceptance.ADAS data of 24 commercial vehicles were recorded from 1 November to 21 December 2018,in Jiangsu province.Respond or not was set as dependent variables,while six influence factors were considered.Findings–The acceptance rate for FCW and LDW systems was 69.52%and 38.76%,respectively.The accuracy of random forests model for FCW and LDW systems is 0.816 and 0.820,respectively.For FCW system,vehicle speed,duration time and warning hour are three key factors.Drivers prefer to respond in a short duration during daytime and low vehicle speed.While for LDW system,duration time,vehicle speed and driver age are three key factors.Older drivers have higher respond probability under higher vehicle speed,and the respond time is longer than FCW system.Originality/value–Few research studies have focused on the attitudes of commercial vehicle drivers,though commercial vehicle accidents were proved to be more severe than passenger vehicles.The results of this study can help researchers to better understand the behavior of commercial vehicle drivers and make corresponding recommendations for ADAS of commercial vehicles.
文摘The correlation between the wear behavior of a heavy commercial vehicle (HCV) brake liner tested under controlled laboratory conditions and that in actual field conditions is investigated.A brake liner study for friction and wear is performed on an inertia brake dynamometer (IBD) at different temperatures (200 ℃,250 ℃,and 300 ℃) using 6000 brake actuations in a laboratory.The total wear loss of the brake liner at three different temperatures for 6000 brake actuations in IBD is found to be 1.12 mm.The actual field test is conducted on four different HCVs,namely,a city bus (CB),a high speed bus (HSB),a highway truck (HWT),and a tipper lorry (TL).These HCVs run at different terrain/traffic conditions and load conditions.When comparing the predicted life of the brake liner through the IBD test with the actual life of the brake liner in different HCVs,a vast difference is observed.Due to the large variation of liner life observed between the actual and predicted tests,an extensive field test is conducted.In the field test,the liner with identical formulation is fitted in the four types of HCVs.The predicted life of the liner using IBD is then correlated with the field test observation and a correlation factor is determined.Based on this correlation factor,the predicted life of the liner and the achieved life on the HCV are found to be fairly close.This study will be useful to design the friction material formulation and to predict the actual life of the brake liner for various HCVs.
文摘For export salesmen of commercial vehicle manufacturers,the second half of 2008 was certainly not the best time. Mr Wang is working at a bus company which exports buses to Russia.From the second half of 2008,he found that partial clients began cancelling their orders and there were increasing such cases.
文摘This research investigates the intricate relationship between the number of lanes on highways and injury severities sustained by commercial motor vehicle(CMV)drivers.Many studies have addressed crash determinants,but the safety implications of differing numbers of lanes remain insufficiently examined,especially during the highway planning stages.Our study fills this knowledge gap by analyzing injury severity crash factors for a varied number of lane scenarios.Employing a random parameter logit modeling framework,we differentiated injury levels for 2-4 lanes and 6-10 lanes.Key factors were identified for each number of lanes,with older,loss of vehicle control,non-collision crashes,and crashes,on locations where grade or hill existed,being more perilous and increasing the risk of sustaining severe injuries on 2-lane highways.For 4-lane highways,factors such as non-Oregonian drivers,older drivers,crashes that occurred during the spring season,and crashes that occurred beyond shoulders were associated with an elevated probability of being involved in severe injury crashes.Regarding highways with 6 lanes and higher,driving too fast for conditions and driver error(drowsy,fatigued,inattentive,or reckless)increases the odds of being involved in higher levels of injury crashes.To enhance truck driver safety,we recommend the implementation of electronic stability control in CMVs,with moderated speeds on graded sections,improved curve markers,and robust public safety campaigns.
文摘Heavy commercial vehicles(HCVs)are pivotal to India’s economy,but are also significant sources of air pollution.To address this issue,the Indian government implemented Bharat stage VI(BS-VI)emission standards in 2020.Research gap regarding realistic inputs for annual vehicle kilometres and survival rate of HCVs has been identified.The HCV sector is categorized into long-haul vehicles(32 t and above,with higher annual vehicle usage and survival rates)and pick-up and delivery HCV trucks(16-32 t,with relatively lower annual vehicle usage and survival rates).Based on the primary research by taking into account the inputs from various stakeholders regarding annual vehicle kilometres and survival rates subject to vehicle type and emission standards,an HCV emission inventory for India has been developed for regulated pollutants(NOx,PM_(2.5),and CO)till 2035.We assume no additional external technological or policy interventions,except the anticipated shift to Bharat stage VII(BS-VII)standards by 2027.Key findings reveal that the on-road HCV population is projected to marginally increase(6.5%)by 2035 compared to 2020.However,there is a notable 97%surge in goods transport tonnage by 2035,indicating more efficient commercial vehicle usage,especially in the heavier category(32 t and above).Crucially,annual emissions of NOx,PM_(2.5),and CO from the HCV segment are expected to peak in 2020,and decline significantly by 2035.Emissions are projected to decrease by 91.5%(NOx),96.6%(PM_(2.5)),and 97.6%(CO)compared to 2020 levels due to the introduction of BS-VI standards in 2020 and the anticipated adoption of BS-VII standards in 2027.This study is instrumental in defining base emission inventory till 2035 for any further policy evaluation for the HCV segment for reducing air pollution and enhancing environmental sustainability.
文摘Heavy truck The market trend has recovered since May 2006 and it reported a year on year growth of 30.55 percent by the end of Dec. The result was partly due to the heavy fall in the second half of 2005.
