Intracellular recordings were made from outer hair cells (OHC) and the cochlear microphonics (CM) were recorded from scala media (SM) in three turn of guinea pig cochlea, the compound action potential (CAP) were recor...Intracellular recordings were made from outer hair cells (OHC) and the cochlear microphonics (CM) were recorded from scala media (SM) in three turn of guinea pig cochlea, the compound action potential (CAP) were recorded at the round window (RW) before and after the animal were exposed to white noise. The results suggest that the nonlinear properties with 'saduration' of input/output (I/O) function of OHC AC recepter potential and CM were founded; the nonlinear properties with 'Low', 'Plateau' and 'high' of CAP also were investigated. After explosion, the threshold shift of CAP has about 10 dB. The I/O of OHC responses and CM were changed in a linearizing (i.e., nonlinearity loss), the 'plateau' of I/O CAP disappeared and the growth rate of CAP amplitude were larger than before explosion. The response amplitude recruitment of OHC appears to result from reduction in gain (i.e., hearing loss); It was due to the nonlinear growth function of OHC receptor potentials was changed in linearzing that the basilar membrance motion was changed in linearizing. Since intensity coding in the inner ear depends on an interactions of nonlinear basilar membrance and nerve fibers. So that it must lead to a linearizing of CAP as input responses.展开更多
To assess the relationship between cochlear blood flow (CBF) and auditory function, a procedure of intravital microscopy for observations of the lateral wall vessels of the cochlea coupled with the simultaneous measur...To assess the relationship between cochlear blood flow (CBF) and auditory function, a procedure of intravital microscopy for observations of the lateral wall vessels of the cochlea coupled with the simultaneous measurement of the endocochlear potential (EP) was established in guinea pigs with gradual ischemia of the cochlea. It was found that occlusions of both common carotid arteries and one of the vertebral arteries produced a minor reduction in CBF with no significant alteration in the EP. When intravenous infusion of ATP induced sharp and severe decreases in CBF, the EP varied only slightly from the baseline in some animals while there were no alteration in others. Furthermore, ATP infusions combined with arterial occlusions caused even more severe declines in CBF and a moderate decrease in the EP. The results indicate that not only does the CBF satisfy the basic needs of the processes of cochlear function, but also has a regulatory mechanism to ensure the normal function of the cochlea in the ischemia condition. It was also found that the changes in the stria vascularis vessels induced by decreases in blood pressure (BP) and heart rates were more severe than those of the spiral ligament vessels. This phenomenon indicated that the stria vascularis vessels were more sensitive to decreases of BP and heart rates.展开更多
As hybrid cochlear implant devices are increasingly used for restoring hearing in patients with residual hearing, it is important to understand electrically evoked responses in cochleae having functional hair cells. T...As hybrid cochlear implant devices are increasingly used for restoring hearing in patients with residual hearing, it is important to understand electrically evoked responses in cochleae having functional hair cells. To test the hypothesis that extracochlear electrical stimulation (EES) from sinusoidal current can provoke an auditory nerve response with normal frequency selectivity, the EES-evoked compound action potential(ECAP) was investigated in this study. Brief sinusoidal electrical currents, delivered via a round window electrode, were used to evoke ECAP. The ECAP waveform was observed to be the same as the acoustically evoked CAP(ACAP), except for a shorter latency. The input/output and intensity/latency functions of ACAPs and ECAPs were also similar. The maximum acoustic masking for both ACAP and ECAP occurred near probe frequencies. Since the masked tuning curve of a CAP reflects the frequency selectivity of neural excitation, these data demonstrate a highly specific activation of the auditory nerve, which would result in high degree of frequency selectivity. This frequency selectivity likely results from the cochlear traveling wave caused by electrically stimulated outer hair cells.展开更多
Background Ouabain, a cardiac glycoside that specifically binds to Na/K-ATPase and inhibits its activity, was applied to gerbils to develop a method for studying auditory neuropathy. Methods Ouabain was applied to the...Background Ouabain, a cardiac glycoside that specifically binds to Na/K-ATPase and inhibits its activity, was applied to gerbils to develop a method for studying auditory neuropathy. Methods Ouabain was applied to the round window of the cochlea in each gerbil by using a piece of gelfoam with 3 μl or 24 μl （1 mmol/L） ouabain solution. The changes of the threshold of auditory brainstem response, cochlear function round window electrocochleography, as well as the morphological changes of the spiral ganglion cells of the cochlea were observed after application of ouabain for 24 hours or 96 hours. Results In ouabain treated gerbils, auditory brainstem response and compound action potential thresholds showed either elevation or no response at all. However, the thresholds of cochlear microphonic and distortion product otoacoustic emissions were not affected. Degeneration and necrosis of some spiral ganglion cells in ears with applications of ouabain （24 hours, 3 μl, 1 mmol/L; 96 hours, 24 μl, 1 mmol/L ouabain）. The number of spiral ganglion cells was decreased （24 hours, 3 μl, 1 mmol/L ouabain） or near to a total loss （96 hours, 24 μl, 1 mmol/L ouabain）.Conclusions These results indicate a high degree of independence between the spiral ganglion ceils and the outer hair cell systems in the cochlear transduction mechanism. The method used in this study would provide a valuable tool for studying auditory neuropathy.展开更多
Objective To investigate the prophylactic effect of low calcium concentration perilymph on noise-induced hearing loss. Methods Forty guinea pigs with normal hearing weighing 250-350 g were assigned to five groups (8 i...Objective To investigate the prophylactic effect of low calcium concentration perilymph on noise-induced hearing loss. Methods Forty guinea pigs with normal hearing weighing 250-350 g were assigned to five groups (8 in each group): (1) Ca2+-deficient perilymph perfusion (CDP) for 2 h; (2) white noise (120 dB SPL) exposure (WNE) only for 1 h, (3) combination of calcium-deficient perilymph perfusion and white noise (120 dB SPL) exposure (WNE+CDP); (4) normal artificial perilymph (NAP) perfusion for 2 h; and (5) white noise exposure + normal artificial perilymph perfusion (WNE+NAP) for 2 h. Compound action potentials (CAP) evoked by click was recorded from round window every 15 min. The cochleae from 5 animals in each group were examined with scanning electron microscope. Results The CAP for group 1 experienced a threshold shift (TS) of 15-26 dB, while group 2 yielded a 46-59 dB TS and group 3 a 37-45 dB TS; no threshold shift occurred in group 4. The CAP TS in group 5 was 33-64 dB. The CAP TS of group 3 was less than that of group 2. After one hour of noise exposure, the CAP TS of group 3 were 45.92±2.90 dB and 59.30±3.95dB in group 2. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between groups 3 and 2. The CAP TS of group 3 was less than that of group 5 at the points of 1, 1.5 and 2 h after noise exposure. There was a significant difference between groups 3 and 5 (P<0.01). Stereocilia of 89 OHC3 were in disarray in five cochleae after noise exposure in group 2. The cuticular plates of 8 OHC2,3 sank and the stereocilia became fused in only one animal cochlea after noise exposure in group 3 combined with low calcium perilymph perfusion. Conclusions Low calcium concentration appears to participate in preventing noise-induced hearing loss and the rising of calcium concentrations in inner hair cells after noise exposure, which may have been due to the opening of calcium channels in inner hair cells during noise exposure. The mechanism of the prophylactic effect might be caused by a lower calcium concentration in inner hair cells in the cochlea attenuating the influence of noise exposure on hearing loss; calcium deficient perilymph perfusion prevented calcium accumulation in inner hair cells of the cochlea. The motility of the OHCs might be partially inhibited by low calcium concentration that reduced noise-induced hearing loss in turn.展开更多
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science FOundation of China (39470744)
文摘Intracellular recordings were made from outer hair cells (OHC) and the cochlear microphonics (CM) were recorded from scala media (SM) in three turn of guinea pig cochlea, the compound action potential (CAP) were recorded at the round window (RW) before and after the animal were exposed to white noise. The results suggest that the nonlinear properties with 'saduration' of input/output (I/O) function of OHC AC recepter potential and CM were founded; the nonlinear properties with 'Low', 'Plateau' and 'high' of CAP also were investigated. After explosion, the threshold shift of CAP has about 10 dB. The I/O of OHC responses and CM were changed in a linearizing (i.e., nonlinearity loss), the 'plateau' of I/O CAP disappeared and the growth rate of CAP amplitude were larger than before explosion. The response amplitude recruitment of OHC appears to result from reduction in gain (i.e., hearing loss); It was due to the nonlinear growth function of OHC receptor potentials was changed in linearzing that the basilar membrance motion was changed in linearizing. Since intensity coding in the inner ear depends on an interactions of nonlinear basilar membrance and nerve fibers. So that it must lead to a linearizing of CAP as input responses.
文摘To assess the relationship between cochlear blood flow (CBF) and auditory function, a procedure of intravital microscopy for observations of the lateral wall vessels of the cochlea coupled with the simultaneous measurement of the endocochlear potential (EP) was established in guinea pigs with gradual ischemia of the cochlea. It was found that occlusions of both common carotid arteries and one of the vertebral arteries produced a minor reduction in CBF with no significant alteration in the EP. When intravenous infusion of ATP induced sharp and severe decreases in CBF, the EP varied only slightly from the baseline in some animals while there were no alteration in others. Furthermore, ATP infusions combined with arterial occlusions caused even more severe declines in CBF and a moderate decrease in the EP. The results indicate that not only does the CBF satisfy the basic needs of the processes of cochlear function, but also has a regulatory mechanism to ensure the normal function of the cochlea in the ischemia condition. It was also found that the changes in the stria vascularis vessels induced by decreases in blood pressure (BP) and heart rates were more severe than those of the spiral ligament vessels. This phenomenon indicated that the stria vascularis vessels were more sensitive to decreases of BP and heart rates.
文摘As hybrid cochlear implant devices are increasingly used for restoring hearing in patients with residual hearing, it is important to understand electrically evoked responses in cochleae having functional hair cells. To test the hypothesis that extracochlear electrical stimulation (EES) from sinusoidal current can provoke an auditory nerve response with normal frequency selectivity, the EES-evoked compound action potential(ECAP) was investigated in this study. Brief sinusoidal electrical currents, delivered via a round window electrode, were used to evoke ECAP. The ECAP waveform was observed to be the same as the acoustically evoked CAP(ACAP), except for a shorter latency. The input/output and intensity/latency functions of ACAPs and ECAPs were also similar. The maximum acoustic masking for both ACAP and ECAP occurred near probe frequencies. Since the masked tuning curve of a CAP reflects the frequency selectivity of neural excitation, these data demonstrate a highly specific activation of the auditory nerve, which would result in high degree of frequency selectivity. This frequency selectivity likely results from the cochlear traveling wave caused by electrically stimulated outer hair cells.
文摘Background Ouabain, a cardiac glycoside that specifically binds to Na/K-ATPase and inhibits its activity, was applied to gerbils to develop a method for studying auditory neuropathy. Methods Ouabain was applied to the round window of the cochlea in each gerbil by using a piece of gelfoam with 3 μl or 24 μl （1 mmol/L） ouabain solution. The changes of the threshold of auditory brainstem response, cochlear function round window electrocochleography, as well as the morphological changes of the spiral ganglion cells of the cochlea were observed after application of ouabain for 24 hours or 96 hours. Results In ouabain treated gerbils, auditory brainstem response and compound action potential thresholds showed either elevation or no response at all. However, the thresholds of cochlear microphonic and distortion product otoacoustic emissions were not affected. Degeneration and necrosis of some spiral ganglion cells in ears with applications of ouabain （24 hours, 3 μl, 1 mmol/L; 96 hours, 24 μl, 1 mmol/L ouabain）. The number of spiral ganglion cells was decreased （24 hours, 3 μl, 1 mmol/L ouabain） or near to a total loss （96 hours, 24 μl, 1 mmol/L ouabain）.Conclusions These results indicate a high degree of independence between the spiral ganglion ceils and the outer hair cell systems in the cochlear transduction mechanism. The method used in this study would provide a valuable tool for studying auditory neuropathy.
基金ThisprojectwassupportedbyagrantfromtheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina (No 3 9870 797)
文摘Objective To investigate the prophylactic effect of low calcium concentration perilymph on noise-induced hearing loss. Methods Forty guinea pigs with normal hearing weighing 250-350 g were assigned to five groups (8 in each group): (1) Ca2+-deficient perilymph perfusion (CDP) for 2 h; (2) white noise (120 dB SPL) exposure (WNE) only for 1 h, (3) combination of calcium-deficient perilymph perfusion and white noise (120 dB SPL) exposure (WNE+CDP); (4) normal artificial perilymph (NAP) perfusion for 2 h; and (5) white noise exposure + normal artificial perilymph perfusion (WNE+NAP) for 2 h. Compound action potentials (CAP) evoked by click was recorded from round window every 15 min. The cochleae from 5 animals in each group were examined with scanning electron microscope. Results The CAP for group 1 experienced a threshold shift (TS) of 15-26 dB, while group 2 yielded a 46-59 dB TS and group 3 a 37-45 dB TS; no threshold shift occurred in group 4. The CAP TS in group 5 was 33-64 dB. The CAP TS of group 3 was less than that of group 2. After one hour of noise exposure, the CAP TS of group 3 were 45.92±2.90 dB and 59.30±3.95dB in group 2. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between groups 3 and 2. The CAP TS of group 3 was less than that of group 5 at the points of 1, 1.5 and 2 h after noise exposure. There was a significant difference between groups 3 and 5 (P<0.01). Stereocilia of 89 OHC3 were in disarray in five cochleae after noise exposure in group 2. The cuticular plates of 8 OHC2,3 sank and the stereocilia became fused in only one animal cochlea after noise exposure in group 3 combined with low calcium perilymph perfusion. Conclusions Low calcium concentration appears to participate in preventing noise-induced hearing loss and the rising of calcium concentrations in inner hair cells after noise exposure, which may have been due to the opening of calcium channels in inner hair cells during noise exposure. The mechanism of the prophylactic effect might be caused by a lower calcium concentration in inner hair cells in the cochlea attenuating the influence of noise exposure on hearing loss; calcium deficient perilymph perfusion prevented calcium accumulation in inner hair cells of the cochlea. The motility of the OHCs might be partially inhibited by low calcium concentration that reduced noise-induced hearing loss in turn.
