The use of high-temperature materials is especially important in power station construction, heating systems engineering, furnace industry, chemical and petrochemical industry, waste incineration plants, coal gasifica...The use of high-temperature materials is especially important in power station construction, heating systems engineering, furnace industry, chemical and petrochemical industry, waste incineration plants, coal gasification plants and for flying gas turbines in civil and military aircrafts and helicopters. Particularly in recent years, the development of new processes and the drive to improve the economics of existing processes have increased the requirements significantly so that it is necessary to change from well-proven materials to new alloys. Hitherto, heat resistant ferritic steels sufficed in conventional power station constructions for temperatures up to 550℃ newly developed ferritic/martensitic steels provide sufficient strength up to about 600 - 620℃. In new processes, e.g. fluidized-bed combustion of coal, process temperatures up to 900℃ occur. However, this is not the upper limit, since in combustion engines, e.g. gas turbines. Material temperatures up to 1100℃ are reached locally. Similar development trends can also be identified in the petrochemical industry and in the heat treatment and furnace engineering. The advance to ever higher material temperatures now not only has the consequence of having to use materials with enhanced high-strength properties, considerable attention now also has to be given to their chemical stability in corrosive media. Therefore not only examples of the use of high-temperature alloys for practical applications will be given but also be contributed to some general rules for material selection with regard to their high-temperature strength and corrosion resistance.展开更多
While increasing contact between peoples and cultures,globalization does not weaken the diversity of world's civilizations.Soft power can serve as a lubricant to prevent the clash of civilizations and enhance dial...While increasing contact between peoples and cultures,globalization does not weaken the diversity of world's civilizations.Soft power can serve as a lubricant to prevent the clash of civilizations and enhance dialogues between civilizations.The article summarizes the three components of China's soft power:cultural promoting,foreign assistance and the thought of"a harmonious world."Taking Uzbekistan as an example,the author also illustrates the path of the Islamic nations to implement"soft power"strategy.展开更多
Drones are proving out as a valuable tool and growing quickly in the world of technological advances.The applications of these vehicles are spreading widely in the areas of remote sensing,real time monitoring,goods de...Drones are proving out as a valuable tool and growing quickly in the world of technological advances.The applications of these vehicles are spreading widely in the areas of remote sensing,real time monitoring,goods delivery,security,defense,surveillance,infrastructure inspection.Although,the intent behind creating this tool was remote sensing.Smart drones will be the next big innovation and modification,which would have much wider applications especially in the field of infrastructure where it can reduce risks and lower costs.Current direct evaluation techniques are tedious,and the information caught is frequently not led in a precise manner with the areas tested not being geographically correct and the resulting reports being delivered past the point of no return.These were the reasons,which have increased the demand and usage of unmanned vehicles.In this research paper,we present critical review of main advancements of Drones in the area of transportation and agriculture.We present all the research related to civil applications in those areas and challenges including traffic monitoring,Bridge condition assessment,Roadway asset detection and many other applications related to infrastructure inspection enhancement.The paper also contributes with a discussion on the opportunities,which are opened,and the challenges that need to be addressed.Findings from the case studies,it is reported that around 25%of the bridges in united states are deficient and need continuous monitoring for enhancements to prevent any hazard.Unmanned vehicles could be a great help in monitoring these bridges and other important components of transportation,which can efficiently minimize the cost as well as the time spent on inspection for each of this component,as manual inspection requires labor and time which would be subsequently reduced by incorporating the usage of drones in the area of transportation.展开更多
Civil nuclear technology has been widely used in agriculture,industry,public safety,public health,environmental protection and other fields.As an emerging strategic industry,it has guided the direction for promoting t...Civil nuclear technology has been widely used in agriculture,industry,public safety,public health,environmental protection and other fields.As an emerging strategic industry,it has guided the direction for promoting the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries,leading to a new pole of economic growth and promoting the green development of industries.From the point of view of the carbon footprint,this study calculated the carbon emission of the civil nuclear technology application industry according to the basic accounting content of life cycle analysis(LCA).The minima,maxima and means of the carbon emission status of China(excluding Xizang,Hong Kong region,Macao region,and Taiwan region)from 2000 to 2019 were calculated using SPSS Software,and the carbon dioxide emissions were calculated by the Min-Max normalization method.We then compared the carbon emissions of each type of energy consumed by the civil nuclear industry with the carbon emissions of each of the carbon emission status of China.This comparison showed that the total emission of the civil nuclear technology application industry is small over its whole life cycle,but its output value is relatively large,so it is an environmentally-friendly industry which conforms to the trend of low-carbon development,clean production and green development.These features are in line with the requirements of economic development,so it is conducive to promoting the achievement of carbon peak carbon neutrality.In view of this,in order to further promote the development of the civil nuclear technology application industry,all departments should have a unified understanding,set up a special working coordination mechanism,actively seek the relevant policy support from their superiors,give full play to their own advantages and conduct regular inspections.In addition,we will put in place systems and policies to attract more and better projects,increase the number and improve the quality of projects,promote the“Inner Circle”development of the civil nuclear technology application industry,and expand overseas markets,in order to create an“Outer circulation”highland.展开更多
The waste-to-energy(WTE)technologies are now recovering energy and materials from over 300 million tonnes of municipal solid wastes worldwide.Extensive studies have investigated substituting natural construction mater...The waste-to-energy(WTE)technologies are now recovering energy and materials from over 300 million tonnes of municipal solid wastes worldwide.Extensive studies have investigated substituting natural construction materials with WTE residues to relieve the environmental cost of natural resource depletion.This study examined the beneficial uses of WTE residues in civil engineering applications and the corresponding environmental standards in Europe,the U.S.,and China.This review presents the opportunities and challenges for current technical approaches and the environmental standards to be met to stabilize WTE residues.The principal characteristics of WTE residues(bottom ash and fly ash)and the possible solutions for their beneficial use in developed and developing countries are summarized.The leaching procedures and environmental standards for pH,heavy metals,and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans(PCDD/Fs)are compared.The current practice and engineering properties of materials using WTE residues,including mixtures with stone aggregate or sand,cement-based or hot-mix asphalt concrete(pavement),fill material in the embankments,substitute of Portland cement or clinker production,and ceramic-based materials(bricks and lightweight aggregate)are comprehensively reviewed.展开更多
文摘The use of high-temperature materials is especially important in power station construction, heating systems engineering, furnace industry, chemical and petrochemical industry, waste incineration plants, coal gasification plants and for flying gas turbines in civil and military aircrafts and helicopters. Particularly in recent years, the development of new processes and the drive to improve the economics of existing processes have increased the requirements significantly so that it is necessary to change from well-proven materials to new alloys. Hitherto, heat resistant ferritic steels sufficed in conventional power station constructions for temperatures up to 550℃ newly developed ferritic/martensitic steels provide sufficient strength up to about 600 - 620℃. In new processes, e.g. fluidized-bed combustion of coal, process temperatures up to 900℃ occur. However, this is not the upper limit, since in combustion engines, e.g. gas turbines. Material temperatures up to 1100℃ are reached locally. Similar development trends can also be identified in the petrochemical industry and in the heat treatment and furnace engineering. The advance to ever higher material temperatures now not only has the consequence of having to use materials with enhanced high-strength properties, considerable attention now also has to be given to their chemical stability in corrosive media. Therefore not only examples of the use of high-temperature alloys for practical applications will be given but also be contributed to some general rules for material selection with regard to their high-temperature strength and corrosion resistance.
文摘While increasing contact between peoples and cultures,globalization does not weaken the diversity of world's civilizations.Soft power can serve as a lubricant to prevent the clash of civilizations and enhance dialogues between civilizations.The article summarizes the three components of China's soft power:cultural promoting,foreign assistance and the thought of"a harmonious world."Taking Uzbekistan as an example,the author also illustrates the path of the Islamic nations to implement"soft power"strategy.
文摘Drones are proving out as a valuable tool and growing quickly in the world of technological advances.The applications of these vehicles are spreading widely in the areas of remote sensing,real time monitoring,goods delivery,security,defense,surveillance,infrastructure inspection.Although,the intent behind creating this tool was remote sensing.Smart drones will be the next big innovation and modification,which would have much wider applications especially in the field of infrastructure where it can reduce risks and lower costs.Current direct evaluation techniques are tedious,and the information caught is frequently not led in a precise manner with the areas tested not being geographically correct and the resulting reports being delivered past the point of no return.These were the reasons,which have increased the demand and usage of unmanned vehicles.In this research paper,we present critical review of main advancements of Drones in the area of transportation and agriculture.We present all the research related to civil applications in those areas and challenges including traffic monitoring,Bridge condition assessment,Roadway asset detection and many other applications related to infrastructure inspection enhancement.The paper also contributes with a discussion on the opportunities,which are opened,and the challenges that need to be addressed.Findings from the case studies,it is reported that around 25%of the bridges in united states are deficient and need continuous monitoring for enhancements to prevent any hazard.Unmanned vehicles could be a great help in monitoring these bridges and other important components of transportation,which can efficiently minimize the cost as well as the time spent on inspection for each of this component,as manual inspection requires labor and time which would be subsequently reduced by incorporating the usage of drones in the area of transportation.
基金The Key Subject of Leshan Social Science Planning Project(SKL2022B13)The Science&Technology Department of Sichuan Province Research(2021JDR0229)。
文摘Civil nuclear technology has been widely used in agriculture,industry,public safety,public health,environmental protection and other fields.As an emerging strategic industry,it has guided the direction for promoting the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries,leading to a new pole of economic growth and promoting the green development of industries.From the point of view of the carbon footprint,this study calculated the carbon emission of the civil nuclear technology application industry according to the basic accounting content of life cycle analysis(LCA).The minima,maxima and means of the carbon emission status of China(excluding Xizang,Hong Kong region,Macao region,and Taiwan region)from 2000 to 2019 were calculated using SPSS Software,and the carbon dioxide emissions were calculated by the Min-Max normalization method.We then compared the carbon emissions of each type of energy consumed by the civil nuclear industry with the carbon emissions of each of the carbon emission status of China.This comparison showed that the total emission of the civil nuclear technology application industry is small over its whole life cycle,but its output value is relatively large,so it is an environmentally-friendly industry which conforms to the trend of low-carbon development,clean production and green development.These features are in line with the requirements of economic development,so it is conducive to promoting the achievement of carbon peak carbon neutrality.In view of this,in order to further promote the development of the civil nuclear technology application industry,all departments should have a unified understanding,set up a special working coordination mechanism,actively seek the relevant policy support from their superiors,give full play to their own advantages and conduct regular inspections.In addition,we will put in place systems and policies to attract more and better projects,increase the number and improve the quality of projects,promote the“Inner Circle”development of the civil nuclear technology application industry,and expand overseas markets,in order to create an“Outer circulation”highland.
文摘The waste-to-energy(WTE)technologies are now recovering energy and materials from over 300 million tonnes of municipal solid wastes worldwide.Extensive studies have investigated substituting natural construction materials with WTE residues to relieve the environmental cost of natural resource depletion.This study examined the beneficial uses of WTE residues in civil engineering applications and the corresponding environmental standards in Europe,the U.S.,and China.This review presents the opportunities and challenges for current technical approaches and the environmental standards to be met to stabilize WTE residues.The principal characteristics of WTE residues(bottom ash and fly ash)and the possible solutions for their beneficial use in developed and developing countries are summarized.The leaching procedures and environmental standards for pH,heavy metals,and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans(PCDD/Fs)are compared.The current practice and engineering properties of materials using WTE residues,including mixtures with stone aggregate or sand,cement-based or hot-mix asphalt concrete(pavement),fill material in the embankments,substitute of Portland cement or clinker production,and ceramic-based materials(bricks and lightweight aggregate)are comprehensively reviewed.
