We directly grow a lattice matched GalnP/GalnAs/GalnNAs/Ge （1.88 eVil .42 eVil .05 eV/0.67eV） four-junction （4J） solar cell on a Ge substrate by the metal organic chemical vapor deposition technology. To solve the...We directly grow a lattice matched GalnP/GalnAs/GalnNAs/Ge （1.88 eVil .42 eVil .05 eV/0.67eV） four-junction （4J） solar cell on a Ge substrate by the metal organic chemical vapor deposition technology. To solve the current limit of the GalnNAs sub cell, we design three kinds of anti-reflection coatings and adjust the base region thickness of the GalnNAs sub cell. Developed by a series of experiments, the external quantum efficiency of the GalnNAs sub cell exceeds 80%, and its current density reaches 11.24 mA/cm2. Therefore the current limit of the 4J solar cell is significantly improved. Moreover, we discuss the difference of test results between 4J and GalnP/GalnAs/Ge solar cells under the 1 sun AMO spectrum.展开更多
Microbial-Induced Carbonate Precipitation(MICP)is an emerging,environmental-friendly,and sustainable technology that has shown great potential for soil stabilization.However,its process efficiency has been re-cognized...Microbial-Induced Carbonate Precipitation(MICP)is an emerging,environmental-friendly,and sustainable technology that has shown great potential for soil stabilization.However,its process efficiency has been re-cognized as a major challenge for its practical application in engineering.Non-fat powdered milk(NFPM)has been shown to have positive effects in enzymatical-induced carbonate precipitation(EICP),so in this study,we evaluated its use as an additive in the MICP process.A comparison between conventional MICP and NFPM-modified MICP was conducted,including chemical conversion efficiency,urea hydrolysis rate,and mechanical performance of sandy soils.A series of laboratory tests including precipitation analysis,unconfined compressive strength(UCS),and microstructure analysis were conducted.The results showed that the addition of NFPM could improve urease activity,enhance chemical conversion efficiency,and lead to superior strength im-provement compared to conventional MICP.Microstructure and particle size analysis revealed that the presence of NFPM was beneficial for larger crystal cluster formation between sand grains,which could result in stronger bonds and better mechanical performance.In summary,this study indicates that the use of NFPM in MICP process can represent a more sustainable and economically viable approach for soil stabilization.The findings provide valuable information for engineers and researchers working in soil stabilization and environmental engineering,highlighting the potential of using natural additives such as NFPM to promote the sustainable development of MICP technique.展开更多
Hall plot analysis,as a widespread injection evaluation method,however,often fails to achieve the desired result because of the inconspicuous change of the curve shape.Based on the cumulative injection volume,injectio...Hall plot analysis,as a widespread injection evaluation method,however,often fails to achieve the desired result because of the inconspicuous change of the curve shape.Based on the cumulative injection volume,injection rate,and the injection pressure,this paper establishes a new method using the ratio of the pressure to the injection rate（RPI） and the rate of change of the RPI to evaluate the injection efficiency of chemical flooding.The relationship between the RPI and the apparent resistance factor（apparent residual resistance factor） is obtained,similarly to the relationship between the rate of change of the RPI and the resistance factor.In order to estimate a thief zone in a reservoir,the influence of chemical crossflow on the rate of change of the RPI is analyzed.The new method has been applied successfully in the western part of the Gudong 7th reservoir.Compared with the Hall plot analysis,it is more accurate in real-time injection data interpretation and crossflow estimation.Specially,the rate of change of the RPI could be particularly suitably applied for new wells or converted wells lacking early water flooding history.展开更多
Atmospheric air discharge above the surface of water is an effective method for water treatment.The leakage current and Joule heating of water are reduced by the air gap,which raises the energy efficiency of the water...Atmospheric air discharge above the surface of water is an effective method for water treatment.The leakage current and Joule heating of water are reduced by the air gap,which raises the energy efficiency of the water treatment.However,the application of this kind of discharge is limited by a pair of conflicting factors：the chemical efficiency grows as the discharge gap distance decreases,while the spark breakdown voltage decreases as the gap distance decreases.To raise the spark breakdown voltage and the chemical efficiency of atmospheric pressure water surface discharge,both the high-voltage electrode and the ground electrode are suspended above the water surface to form an electrode-water-electrode discharge system.For this system,there are two potential discharge directions：from one electrode to another directly,and from the electrodes to the water surface.The first step in utilizing the electrode-water-electrode discharge is to find out the discharge direction transition criterion.In this paper,the discharge direction transition criterions of spark discharge and streamer discharge are presented.By comparing the discharge characteristics and the chemical efficiencies,the discharge propagating from the electrodes to the water surface is proved to be more suitable for water treatment than that propagating directly between the electrodes.展开更多
A sequential anode-cathode double-chamber microbial fuel cell （MFC）, in which the effluent of anode chamber was used as a continuous feed for an aerated cathode chamber, was constructed in this experiment to investi...A sequential anode-cathode double-chamber microbial fuel cell （MFC）, in which the effluent of anode chamber was used as a continuous feed for an aerated cathode chamber, was constructed in this experiment to investigate the performance of brewery wastewater treatment in conjugation with electricity generation. Carbon fiber was used as anode and plain carbon felt with biofilm as cathode. When hydraulic retention time （HRT） was 14.7 h, a relatively high chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal efficiency of 91.7%-95.7% was achieved under long-term stable operation. The MFC displayed an open circuit voltage of 0.434 V and a maximum power density of 830 mW/m^3 at an external resistance of 300 0. To estimate the electrochemical performance of the MFC, electrochemical measurements were carried out and showed that polarization resistance of anode was the major limiting factor in the MFC. Since a high COD removal efficiency was achieved, we conclude that the sequential anode-cathode MFC constructed with bio-cathode in this experiment could provide a new approach for brewery wastewater treatment.展开更多
According to data collected from 1935 statistics-worthy Chinese chemical fibre enterprises surveyed by National Bureau of Statistics of China, the total profits reached CNY8.066 billion in Jan. -May, 2010, up 200.08 p...According to data collected from 1935 statistics-worthy Chinese chemical fibre enterprises surveyed by National Bureau of Statistics of China, the total profits reached CNY8.066 billion in Jan. -May, 2010, up 200.08 per cent y/y, 234.78 percentage points higher than the Jan.-May 2009 period. Technology improvement and industrial structural adjustment played a very major role on profi t growth.展开更多
CONSPECTUS:The photocatalytic generation of hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))through the utilization of only H_(2)O,O_(2),and sunlight represents an energy-efficient and ecofriendly innovation in pursuit of a sustainable ...CONSPECTUS:The photocatalytic generation of hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))through the utilization of only H_(2)O,O_(2),and sunlight represents an energy-efficient and ecofriendly innovation in pursuit of a sustainable society.Despite significant efforts that have been directed toward the development of H2O2 generation via photocatalysis,the solar-to-chemical conversion(SCC)efficiency has not yet reached the levels required for large-scale practical applications.Consequently,there is an urgent demand to develop and design novel photocatalysts characterized by several key attributes:high catalytic activity,cost-effectiveness,and good stability.However,traditional inorganic photocatalysts,such as TiO_(2),have exhibited limited activity,partly attributable to the potential decomposition of H_(2)O_(2)caused by metal cations.Recent research has found organic photocatalysts as highly promising candidates to address these limitations.Organic materials offer several remarkable advantages for photocatalysis,including narrow bandgap,adjustable band edge potentials,the ability to control surface configurations for use as active sites,and the potential for rational design of structural units that promote efficient charge separation and transfer.In the field of photocatalytic H_(2)O_(2)generation without sacrificial reagents,efficient organic photocatalysts have been widely studied,and various strategies to improve the activity and stability of organic photocatalysts have been explored.These strategies include the construction of donor−acceptor structures,the design of conjugated structures,the incorporation of heteroatoms,the enhancement of the internal electric field,and the substitution of functional groups.Currently,organic materials have exhibited exceptional activity,far exceeding that of well-established TiO_(2).In this Account,we introduce state-of-the-art organic materials for H_(2)O_(2)generation based on our recent works and typical results from other groups.This classification system encompasses the anthraquinone-mediated oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),the radical-related ORR,the water oxidation reaction(WOR),and the dual ORR and WOR pathways.Through this classification,we delve into essential kinetic parameters,such as production rate,apparent quantum efficiency(AQE),and SCC efficiency that have been achieved.Additionally,we highlight the early exploration of in situ utilization of generated H_(2)O_(2)for environmental remediation.Furthermore,we outline forthcoming challenges in the field,including suboptimal solar energy utilization,the need for a clearer understanding of the structure−activity relationship,and insufficient research on in situ H_(2)O_(2)utilization.In conclusion,this Account makes a substantial contribution to the field by providing a comprehensive overview of recent advancements based on typical works from us and other groups,addressing current challenges,and suggesting areas for future research in the development of organic photocatalysts for H_(2)O_(2) generation.The ultimate goal is to drive forward the practical applications of organic semiconductor materials in the environmental and energy fields,thereby advancing the cause of sustainable energy production and environmental remediation.展开更多
文摘We directly grow a lattice matched GalnP/GalnAs/GalnNAs/Ge （1.88 eVil .42 eVil .05 eV/0.67eV） four-junction （4J） solar cell on a Ge substrate by the metal organic chemical vapor deposition technology. To solve the current limit of the GalnNAs sub cell, we design three kinds of anti-reflection coatings and adjust the base region thickness of the GalnNAs sub cell. Developed by a series of experiments, the external quantum efficiency of the GalnNAs sub cell exceeds 80%, and its current density reaches 11.24 mA/cm2. Therefore the current limit of the 4J solar cell is significantly improved. Moreover, we discuss the difference of test results between 4J and GalnP/GalnAs/Ge solar cells under the 1 sun AMO spectrum.
基金supported by NSFC Major International Joint Research Project POW3M(51920105013)The authors also gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51978315)The corresponding author also acknowledges support from the Jiangsu Government Scholarship for Overseas Studies(UJS-2023-001).
文摘Microbial-Induced Carbonate Precipitation(MICP)is an emerging,environmental-friendly,and sustainable technology that has shown great potential for soil stabilization.However,its process efficiency has been re-cognized as a major challenge for its practical application in engineering.Non-fat powdered milk(NFPM)has been shown to have positive effects in enzymatical-induced carbonate precipitation(EICP),so in this study,we evaluated its use as an additive in the MICP process.A comparison between conventional MICP and NFPM-modified MICP was conducted,including chemical conversion efficiency,urea hydrolysis rate,and mechanical performance of sandy soils.A series of laboratory tests including precipitation analysis,unconfined compressive strength(UCS),and microstructure analysis were conducted.The results showed that the addition of NFPM could improve urease activity,enhance chemical conversion efficiency,and lead to superior strength im-provement compared to conventional MICP.Microstructure and particle size analysis revealed that the presence of NFPM was beneficial for larger crystal cluster formation between sand grains,which could result in stronger bonds and better mechanical performance.In summary,this study indicates that the use of NFPM in MICP process can represent a more sustainable and economically viable approach for soil stabilization.The findings provide valuable information for engineers and researchers working in soil stabilization and environmental engineering,highlighting the potential of using natural additives such as NFPM to promote the sustainable development of MICP technique.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51574269)the Important National Science and Technology Specific Projects of China (Grant No. 2016ZX05011-003)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 15CX08004A, 13CX05007A)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (Grant No. IRT1294)
文摘Hall plot analysis,as a widespread injection evaluation method,however,often fails to achieve the desired result because of the inconspicuous change of the curve shape.Based on the cumulative injection volume,injection rate,and the injection pressure,this paper establishes a new method using the ratio of the pressure to the injection rate（RPI） and the rate of change of the RPI to evaluate the injection efficiency of chemical flooding.The relationship between the RPI and the apparent resistance factor（apparent residual resistance factor） is obtained,similarly to the relationship between the rate of change of the RPI and the resistance factor.In order to estimate a thief zone in a reservoir,the influence of chemical crossflow on the rate of change of the RPI is analyzed.The new method has been applied successfully in the western part of the Gudong 7th reservoir.Compared with the Hall plot analysis,it is more accurate in real-time injection data interpretation and crossflow estimation.Specially,the rate of change of the RPI could be particularly suitably applied for new wells or converted wells lacking early water flooding history.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21076188,21076189,U1162128)
文摘Atmospheric air discharge above the surface of water is an effective method for water treatment.The leakage current and Joule heating of water are reduced by the air gap,which raises the energy efficiency of the water treatment.However,the application of this kind of discharge is limited by a pair of conflicting factors：the chemical efficiency grows as the discharge gap distance decreases,while the spark breakdown voltage decreases as the gap distance decreases.To raise the spark breakdown voltage and the chemical efficiency of atmospheric pressure water surface discharge,both the high-voltage electrode and the ground electrode are suspended above the water surface to form an electrode-water-electrode discharge system.For this system,there are two potential discharge directions：from one electrode to another directly,and from the electrodes to the water surface.The first step in utilizing the electrode-water-electrode discharge is to find out the discharge direction transition criterion.In this paper,the discharge direction transition criterions of spark discharge and streamer discharge are presented.By comparing the discharge characteristics and the chemical efficiencies,the discharge propagating from the electrodes to the water surface is proved to be more suitable for water treatment than that propagating directly between the electrodes.
基金Project supported by the Heilongjiang Science and Technology Key Projects (No. GC07A305)the Fund of Harbin Engineering University (No. HEUFT08008)the Daqing Science and Technology Key Projects (No. SGG2008-029), Heilongjiang, China
文摘A sequential anode-cathode double-chamber microbial fuel cell （MFC）, in which the effluent of anode chamber was used as a continuous feed for an aerated cathode chamber, was constructed in this experiment to investigate the performance of brewery wastewater treatment in conjugation with electricity generation. Carbon fiber was used as anode and plain carbon felt with biofilm as cathode. When hydraulic retention time （HRT） was 14.7 h, a relatively high chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal efficiency of 91.7%-95.7% was achieved under long-term stable operation. The MFC displayed an open circuit voltage of 0.434 V and a maximum power density of 830 mW/m^3 at an external resistance of 300 0. To estimate the electrochemical performance of the MFC, electrochemical measurements were carried out and showed that polarization resistance of anode was the major limiting factor in the MFC. Since a high COD removal efficiency was achieved, we conclude that the sequential anode-cathode MFC constructed with bio-cathode in this experiment could provide a new approach for brewery wastewater treatment.
文摘According to data collected from 1935 statistics-worthy Chinese chemical fibre enterprises surveyed by National Bureau of Statistics of China, the total profits reached CNY8.066 billion in Jan. -May, 2010, up 200.08 per cent y/y, 234.78 percentage points higher than the Jan.-May 2009 period. Technology improvement and industrial structural adjustment played a very major role on profi t growth.
基金the financial grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(22136002,22172065)National Key Research and Development Project of China(2020YFA0710304)+2 种基金Special Fund Project of Jiangsu Province for Scientific and Technological Innovation in Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality(BK20220023)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX23_2455,the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20201345)。
文摘CONSPECTUS:The photocatalytic generation of hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))through the utilization of only H_(2)O,O_(2),and sunlight represents an energy-efficient and ecofriendly innovation in pursuit of a sustainable society.Despite significant efforts that have been directed toward the development of H2O2 generation via photocatalysis,the solar-to-chemical conversion(SCC)efficiency has not yet reached the levels required for large-scale practical applications.Consequently,there is an urgent demand to develop and design novel photocatalysts characterized by several key attributes:high catalytic activity,cost-effectiveness,and good stability.However,traditional inorganic photocatalysts,such as TiO_(2),have exhibited limited activity,partly attributable to the potential decomposition of H_(2)O_(2)caused by metal cations.Recent research has found organic photocatalysts as highly promising candidates to address these limitations.Organic materials offer several remarkable advantages for photocatalysis,including narrow bandgap,adjustable band edge potentials,the ability to control surface configurations for use as active sites,and the potential for rational design of structural units that promote efficient charge separation and transfer.In the field of photocatalytic H_(2)O_(2)generation without sacrificial reagents,efficient organic photocatalysts have been widely studied,and various strategies to improve the activity and stability of organic photocatalysts have been explored.These strategies include the construction of donor−acceptor structures,the design of conjugated structures,the incorporation of heteroatoms,the enhancement of the internal electric field,and the substitution of functional groups.Currently,organic materials have exhibited exceptional activity,far exceeding that of well-established TiO_(2).In this Account,we introduce state-of-the-art organic materials for H_(2)O_(2)generation based on our recent works and typical results from other groups.This classification system encompasses the anthraquinone-mediated oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),the radical-related ORR,the water oxidation reaction(WOR),and the dual ORR and WOR pathways.Through this classification,we delve into essential kinetic parameters,such as production rate,apparent quantum efficiency(AQE),and SCC efficiency that have been achieved.Additionally,we highlight the early exploration of in situ utilization of generated H_(2)O_(2)for environmental remediation.Furthermore,we outline forthcoming challenges in the field,including suboptimal solar energy utilization,the need for a clearer understanding of the structure−activity relationship,and insufficient research on in situ H_(2)O_(2)utilization.In conclusion,this Account makes a substantial contribution to the field by providing a comprehensive overview of recent advancements based on typical works from us and other groups,addressing current challenges,and suggesting areas for future research in the development of organic photocatalysts for H_(2)O_(2) generation.The ultimate goal is to drive forward the practical applications of organic semiconductor materials in the environmental and energy fields,thereby advancing the cause of sustainable energy production and environmental remediation.
