CO_(2)reduction technology can promote the resource utilization of carbon and help alleviate global warming and energy supply pressure.It is an effective way to achieve energy conversion and utilization.Covalent organ...CO_(2)reduction technology can promote the resource utilization of carbon and help alleviate global warming and energy supply pressure.It is an effective way to achieve energy conversion and utilization.Covalent organic frameworks(COFs)are porous crystalline materials formed by connecting organic monomers through covalent bonds.They have the characteristics of functional diversity and rich chemical properties.Their advantages,such as high porosity,a wide range of visible light absorption,and excellent charge separation efficiency,give them good potential in CO_(2)capture,separation,and conversion.Currently,Cu is a key metal in the catalytic CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)for the preparation of high-value-added chemicals.The preparation of highly stable and large-pore Cu-based COFs using COFs as an ideal sacrificial template for loading Cu can be used to develop high-performance electrocatalysts and photocatalysts.In this review,we discuss the latest advancements in this field,including the development of various Cu-based COFs and their applications as catalysts for CO_(2)RR.Here,we mainly introduce the synthesis strategies,some important characterization information,and the applications of electrocatalytic and photocatalytic CO_(2)conversion using these previously reported Cu-based COFs.展开更多
Cuprous oxide(Cu_(2)O) is one of the most promising catalysts for electrochemical conversion of CO_(2) into value-added C_(2) products.The efficiency of CO_(2)-to-C_(2) conversion is highly dependent on the Cu_(2)O cr...Cuprous oxide(Cu_(2)O) is one of the most promising catalysts for electrochemical conversion of CO_(2) into value-added C_(2) products.The efficiency of CO_(2)-to-C_(2) conversion is highly dependent on the Cu_(2)O crystal plane orientation and the corresponding adsorbed ^(*)CO species.Herein,we constructed high-index crystal planes(311) in Cu_(2)O(CO-Cu_(2)O) via a facile self-selective CO-induced strategy under a CO atmosphere,which was verified by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HR-TEM) and atomic force microscopy(AFM) results.By exploiting the high surface energy of the high index crystal planes,^(*)CO species are stabilized in CO-Cu_(2)O during CO_(2)RR,resulting in exceptional catalytic performance for CO_(2)-to-C_(2)products.In situ infrared spectroscopy revealed that both atop-type(^(*)CO_(atop)) and hollow-type(^(*)CO_(hollow)) adsorption of ^(*)CO species occurred on the CO-Cu_(2)O.The asymmetric C-C coupling energy barrier between ^(*)CO_(atop) and ^(*)CO_(hollow) in(311) crystal plane decreases by 47.8 % compared to the symmetric coupling of ^(*)CO_(atop) in conventional(100) crystal planes.Consequently,the Faradaic efficiency of C_(2) products generated with CO-Cu_(2)O was increased by as high as 100 % compared to that with pristine Cu_(2)O.展开更多
The spatial variability in the atmospheric CO_(2)and CH_(4)concentrations in urban land is affected by the source type,source distribution,and emission intensity in the cityscape.In this study,we analyzed vehicle-moun...The spatial variability in the atmospheric CO_(2)and CH_(4)concentrations in urban land is affected by the source type,source distribution,and emission intensity in the cityscape.In this study,we analyzed vehicle-mounted measurements of street-level CO_(2)and CH_(4)concentrations in Hangzhou—a large metropolitan area in the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China.The results revealed that CO_(2)and CH_(4)emission hotspots did not overlap geographically,with the former occurring as linear features at elevated road intersections and expressways and the latter occurring at waste treatment facilities(sewage treatment plants and landfills).The CH_(4):CO_(2)emission ratios(ppb ppm^(-1))were ranked in increasing order as follows:traffic(1.01±1.82;mean±1 SD);overall(3.46±2.71);sewage treatment(12.76±2.50);and landfill(36.50±10.15).Waste treatment was largely responsible for the increased overall emission ratio,supporting this source category as a major contributor to the CH_(4)budget in this city and suggesting a negligible role of domestic appliances(cookstoves and water heaters).A two-source mixing model calculation indicated that 99.9%of nonelectric vehicles in Hangzhou were gasoline-powered,revealing a recent shift in vehicle fuel composition from gasoline/natural gas to gasoline/electricity.The methodology established in this study is applicable to cities elsewhere.展开更多
Microorganisms carrying cbbL,pmoA and coxL genes play crucial roles in regulating soil-atmosphere exchanges of carbon trace gases(CO_(2),CH_(4),and CO).However,the geographical distribution patterns of these functiona...Microorganisms carrying cbbL,pmoA and coxL genes play crucial roles in regulating soil-atmosphere exchanges of carbon trace gases(CO_(2),CH_(4),and CO).However,the geographical distribution patterns of these functional genes in agricultural ecosystems and their environmental drivers remain poorly understood.Here,we surveyed agricultural soils across four climate zones(tropical,subtropical,warm temperate,and mid-temperate)in eastern China to quantify the abundances of CO_(2)-assimilating bacteria(cbbL gene),methanotrophs(pmoA gene),and CO-oxidizing bacteria(coxL gene).We found significant ecosystem-specific patterns:the cbbL gene was more abundant in upland soils(averaging 9.46×10^(9)copies g^(–1))than in paddy soils(6.44×10^(9) copies g^(–1)).In contrast,methanotrophs abundance was 1 to 3 orders of magnitude higher in paddy(averaging 1.17×10^(8) copies g^(–1))than in upland(5.78×10^(6)copies g^(–1))soils.The coxL gene maintained similar abundance levels across both soil types(averaging 6.12×10^(8) vs.5.91×10^(8) copies g^(–1)).Structural equation models revealed that spatial factors primarily shaped cbbL and pmoA in uplands,whereas total bacterial abundance was the dominant predictor for all three genes in paddy soils.These results highlight distinct ecological controls on microbial functional groups and provide a predictive framework for how land use and climate change may regulate microbial mediation of carbon gas fluxes across a continental-scale transect in eastern China.展开更多
[Significance]In alignment with the national germplasm security strategy,current research efforts are accelerating the adoption of precision breeding in sheep.Within the whole-genome selection,accurate phenotyping of ...[Significance]In alignment with the national germplasm security strategy,current research efforts are accelerating the adoption of precision breeding in sheep.Within the whole-genome selection,accurate phenotyping of body morphometrics is critical for assessing growth performance and breeding value.Traditional manual measurements are inefficient,prone to human error,and may cause stress to sheep,limiting their suitability for precision sheep management.By summarizing the applications of sheep body size measurement technologies and analyzing their development directions,this paper provides theoretical references and practical guidance for the research and application of non contact sheep body size measurement.[Progress]This review synthesizes progress across three principal methodological paradigms:two-dimensional(2D)image-based techniques,three-dimensional(3D)point cloud-based approaches,and integrated 2D-3D fusion systems.2D methods,employing either handcrafted geometric features or deep learning-based keypoint detector algorithms,are cost-effective and operationally simple but sensitive to variation in imaging conditions and unable to capture critical circumference metrics.3D point-cloud approaches enable precise reconstruction of full animal morphology,supporting comprehensive body-size acquisition with higher accuracy,yet face challenges including high hardware costs,complex data workflows,and sensitivity to posture variability.Hybrid 2D-3D fusion systems combine semantic richness from RGB imagery with geometric completeness from point clouds.Having been effectively validated in other livestock specise,e.g.,cattle and pigs,these fusion systems have demonstrated excellent performance,providing important technical references and practical insights for sheep body size measurement.[Conclusions and Prospects]Firstly,future research should focus on constructing large-scale,high-quality datasets for sheep body size measurement that encompass diverse breeds,growth stages,and environmental conditions,thereby enhancing model robustness and generalization.Secondly,the development of lightweight artificial intelligence models is essential.Techniques such as model compression,quantization,and algorithmic optimization can substantially reduce computational complexity and storage requirements,facilitating deployment in resource-constrained environments.Thirdly,the 3D point cloud processing pipeline should be streamlined to improve the efficiency of data acquisition,filtering,registration,and segmentation,while promoting the integration of low-cost,high-resilience vision systems into practical farming scenarios.Fourthly,specific emphasis should be placed on improving the accuracy of curved-dimensional measurements,such as chest circumference,abdominal circumference,and shank circumference,through advances in pose standardization,refined 3D segmentation strategies,and multimodal data fusion.Finally,the cross-fertilization of sheep body size measurement technologies with analogous methods for other livestock species offers a promising pathway for mutual learning and collaborative innovation,accelerating the industrialization of automated sheep morphometric systems and supporting the development of intelligent,data-driven pasture management practices.展开更多
Large-scale CO_(2)emissions have exacerbated the greenhouse effect,reinforcing the critical need for efficient CO_(2)mitigation methods.Plasma-catalytic technology enables CO_(2)conversion under mild conditions,especi...Large-scale CO_(2)emissions have exacerbated the greenhouse effect,reinforcing the critical need for efficient CO_(2)mitigation methods.Plasma-catalytic technology enables CO_(2)conversion under mild conditions,especially for CO_(2)methanation(the Sabatier reaction),which has attracted significant attention due to its economic benefits and the potential for safe energy transportation via existing natural gas pipelines.The development of high-performance CO_(2)methanation catalysts remains an ongoing and long-term objective,and there is a lack of adequate in-situ characterization techniques to investigate the mechanisms.This study focuses on the Ni/La_(2)O_(3)(LN)catalyst and introduces two CO_(2)activation strategies through F and Na modifications:the Ni-Ov-Ni site activation with electron transfer from Ni0 under low-power conditions and basic site activation under high-power conditions.The LN-NaF catalysts enhance CO_(2)methanation activity across the entire power range compared to LN,achieving a CO_(2)conversion of 86.3%and CH4 selectivity of 99.4%.Additionally,LN-F(h)reaches a CH4 yield 4.15 times higher than that of LN at low power.Furthermore,in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform(DRIFT)spectroscopy with a self-made reactor are performed under plasma-catalytic conditions to reveal the CO_(2)adsorption and conversion mechanisms,indicating that different dopants(F,Na,and NaF)exhibit promoting effects on different intermediates,resulting in variations in CO_(2)methanation activity.This study provides valuable insights for improving catalyst performance and a thorough comprehension of mechanisms in CO_(2)methanation.展开更多
The effective channeling of fluid flow by fractures is a liability for enhanced oil recovery(EOR)methods like CO_(2) flooding or CO_(2) storage.Developing a distributed fracture model to understand the heterogeneity o...The effective channeling of fluid flow by fractures is a liability for enhanced oil recovery(EOR)methods like CO_(2) flooding or CO_(2) storage.Developing a distributed fracture model to understand the heterogeneity of the fracture network is essential in characterizing tight and low-permeability reservoirs.In the Ordos Basin,the Chang 8-1-2 layer of the Yanchang Formation is a typical tight and low permeability reservoir in the JH17 wellblock.The strong heterogeneity of distributed fractures,differing fracture scales and fracture types make it difficult to effectively characterize the fracture distribution within the Chang 8-1-2 layer.In this paper,multi-source and multi-attribute methods are used to integrate data into a neural network at different scales,and fuzzy logic control is used to judge the correlation of various attributes.The results suggest that attribute correlation between coherence and fracture indication is the best,followed by correlations with fault distance,north–south slope,and north–south curvature.Advantageous attributes from the target area are used to train the neural network,and the fracture density model and discrete fracture network(DFN)model are built at different scales.This method can be used to effectively predict the distribution characteristics of fractures in the study area.And any learning done by the neural network from this case study can be applied to fracture network modeling for reservoirs of the same type.展开更多
Objectives:The eukaryotic initiation factor 4F(eIF4F)translation initiation complex inhibitors(eIF4Fi)were recently found to hyperactivate extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2(ERK1/2)signals,which contribute to ...Objectives:The eukaryotic initiation factor 4F(eIF4F)translation initiation complex inhibitors(eIF4Fi)were recently found to hyperactivate extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2(ERK1/2)signals,which contribute to acquired resistance to BRAF(B-Raf proto-oncogene,serine/threonine kinase)inhibitors in melanoma.This present study aims to elucidate how to overcome the resistance of the eIF4Fi in BRAFV600E mutant melanoma cells and explore the underlying mechanisms.Methods:Melanoma A375(vemurafenib[VEM]-sensitive)and A375R(VEM-resistant)cells were exposed to eIF4Fi RocA at varying doses and durations in vitro.We investigated the impact of RocA on the activity of ERK1/2,AKT serine/threonine kinase 1(AKT1),eIF4E,and enhancer of zeste homolog 2(EZH2).We then examined the impact of RocA on pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins and proliferative proteins.We subsequently determined the effect of combined eIF4Fi,AKT1 inhibitor,EZH2 inhibitor or VEM on tumor growth in vitro and in vivo.Results:RocA inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in A375 cells,but inhibited proliferation in A375R cells.RocA rapidly reactivated ERK1/2 at 3 h and returned to baseline levels at 48 h.However,eIF4E and AKT1 activation began at 12 h and peaked at 48 h.ERK1/2 positively regulated EZH2 and EZH2-dependent expression of c-Fos and EGR1,while AKT1 negatively regulated c-Myc,c-Jun,and BMF,but positively regulated eIF4E.RocA downregulated ERK1/2(or EZH2,AKT1,and eIF4E)independent bcl-2 and Mcl-1 expression.AKT1i enhanced RocA-induced cell apoptosis,while EZH2i reduced RocA-induced cell proliferation.Combined CR-1-31-B,EZH2i,and AKT1i effectively overcame resistance to RocA and VEM resistance both in vitro and in vivo.Conclusion:The eIF4F complex inhibitor reactivates ERK1/2-EZH2 and AKT1 signaling pathways,resulting in resistance to both eIF4Fi and VEM.Combined administration of an eIF4Fi with EZH2 and AKT1 inhibitors effectively enhances sensitivity to both eIF4F complex and BRAF inhibitors.展开更多
Cu electrocatalysts have been demonstrated to have unique ability to reduce CO_(2)to various high value-added C_(2) products like ethylene and alcohols.However,realizing high selectivity of C_(2) products are still a ...Cu electrocatalysts have been demonstrated to have unique ability to reduce CO_(2)to various high value-added C_(2) products like ethylene and alcohols.However,realizing high selectivity of C_(2) products are still a main challenge due to complex CO_(2)electroreduction pathways and small opportunity of Csingle bondC coupling reactions.Here,we found the origin of enhanced CO_(2)electroreduction reaction activity and product selectivity towards C_(2) products and Csingle bondC coupling mechanism at halogen atoms-adsorbed Cu/H_(2)O interfaces,the corresponding CO_(2)electroreduction evolution mechanisms at the halogen atoms-modified Cu/H_(2)O interfaces are systematically studied via theoretical modeling and calculations.The calculated results indicate that halide anions modifications are beneficial to CO dimerization into OCCO dimer,especially Cl^(-)-adsorbed Cu(111)/H_(2)O interface has the optimum activity and selectivity towards OCCO dimer,subsequent Cl-adsorbed Cu(111)/H_(2)O interface can selectively reduce CO_(2)into C_(2)H_(4) product.The function relationship between adsorption free energy of Cl atom and electrode potential explain why the adsorption of Cl^(-)can enhance selectivity of C_(2)H_(4) product.The determinations of onset potentials indicate that electroreduction pathways of CO_(2)towards C_(2)H_(4) product are facile to take place and further explain the origin of the significantly enhanced CO production activity and C_(2)H_(4) product selectivity.This work on selective realization of CO_(2)electroreduction towards C_(2)H_(4) product via Cl^(-)-modified Cu(111)/H_(2)O interface provide a theoretical guideline for how to selectively realize other high value-added C_(2) products.展开更多
Elevated CO_(2)(eCO_(2))may mitigate stress-induced damage to cotton(Gossypium spp.)growth and development.However,understanding the early-stage responses of cotton to multiple abiotic stressors at eCO_(2)levels has b...Elevated CO_(2)(eCO_(2))may mitigate stress-induced damage to cotton(Gossypium spp.)growth and development.However,understanding the early-stage responses of cotton to multiple abiotic stressors at eCO_(2)levels has been limited.This study quantified the impacts of chilling(CS,22/14℃,day/night temperature),heat(HS,38/30℃),drought(DS,50%irrigation of the control),and salt(SS,8 d S m-1)stresses on pigments,physiology,growth,and development of 14 upland cotton cultivars under ambient CO_(2)(aCO_(2),420 ppm;current)and eCO_(2)(700 ppm;future)levels during the vegetative stage.The eCO_(2)partially negated the effects of all stresses by improving one or more of the pigments,physiological,growth,and development traits,except CS.For instance,HS at aCO_(2)significantly increased stomatal conductance by 36%compared with non-stressed plants at aCO_(2).However,HS at eCO_(2)significantly decreased stomatal conductance by 18%compared with HS at aCO_(2).The first squaring was delayed by one day under SS at aCO_(2)but two days earlier under SS at eCO_(2)than non-stressed plants at aCO_(2).Root and shoot dry mass and the total leaf area were significantly higher under all stresses,except for CS,at the eCO_(2)compared with similar stresses at the aCO_(2).Most growth and development traits,including plant height,leaf area,and shoot dry mass,displayed a mirroring response pattern between aCO_(2)and eCO_(2)under all environments except CS.Cultivars exhibited significant interaction with stressed environments.Further,results revealed differential sensitivity and adaptation potential of cultivars to stress environments at varying CO_(2)levels.This study highlights the need to consider eCO_(2)in designing breeding programs to develop stress-tolerant varieties for future cotton-growing environments.展开更多
Conventional low-carbon concrete design approaches have often overlooked carbonation durability and the progressive loss of cover caused by surface scaling,both of which can increase the long-term risk of reinforcemen...Conventional low-carbon concrete design approaches have often overlooked carbonation durability and the progressive loss of cover caused by surface scaling,both of which can increase the long-term risk of reinforcement corrosion.To address these limitations,this study proposes an improved design framework for low-carbon slag concrete that simultaneously incorporates carbonation durability and cover scaling effects into the mix proportioning process.Based on experimental data,a linear predictive model was developed to estimate the 28-day compressive strength of slag concrete,achieving a correlation coefficient of R=0.87711 and a root mean square error(RMSE)of 7.55 MPa.The mechanism-based equation exhibits strong physical interpretability,as each parameter corresponds to a clear physical process,satisfying the requirements of design codes for physical significance.By integrating the strength and carbon-emission models,the carbon-emission efficiency was further analyzed.Across all water–binder ratios(0.3,0.4,0.5),CO_(2) emissions per unit strength decreased steadily with increasing slag content,indicating that carbon efficiency is primarily governed by slag replacement rather than the water/binder ratio.Four design cases,all with a design strength of 30 MPa,were then evaluated to illustrate the combined effects of carbonation and scaling.In Case 1,without considering carbonation durability,the carbonation depth after 50 years exceeded the 25 mm cover,leading to potential corrosion.In Case 2,when carbonation durability was considered,the required actual strength increased to 31.28 MPa.When mild cover scaling of 3 mm was introduced(Case 3),the required strength rose to 34.59 MPa,and under severe scaling of 10 mm(Case 4),it increased to 45.73 MPa.These results indicate that intensified scaling demands higher strength and lower water/binder ratios to maintain durability.Overall,the proposed framework quantitatively balances strength,durability,and embodied carbon,supporting sustainable low-carbon concrete design.展开更多
Oxygen vacancy(Vo)engineering has been recognized as one of the most effective strategies for enhancing the photocatalytic CO_(2) conversion performance of metal oxides,as it can simultaneously facilitate photogenerat...Oxygen vacancy(Vo)engineering has been recognized as one of the most effective strategies for enhancing the photocatalytic CO_(2) conversion performance of metal oxides,as it can simultaneously facilitate photogenerated charge carrier separation efficiency and provide additional surface reaction sites.However,the wide application of Vo engineering in photocatalysis are limited by its poor stability,owing to the easy recovery of these vacancy defects by atmospheric oxygen.Herein,we develop an indium(In)doping strategy to regulate the coordination environment in CeO_(2) with abundant Vo(CeO_(2-x)),thereby enhance its stability during photocatalytic CO_(2) conversion.Confirmed by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy(PALS),In dopants combine with Vo by substituting for part of Ce^(4+),forming In^(3+)-Vo complexes that effectively inhibit the formation of unstable va-cancy clusters.Such In^(3+)-Vo complexes can also reduce the energy required for formation of the CO products.Therefore,the optimized In-doped CeO_(2-x) exhibits excellent photocatalytic CO_(2) conversion performance,with a CO yield of 301.6μmol⋅g^(-1) after 5 h of light irradiation,and maintain high activity after four cycles of experiments.Comprehensive experimental and theoretical studies indicate that the introduction of In doping not only significantly improves the stability of Vo in CeO_(2-x),but also reconstruct the reaction kinetics of the CO_(2) conversion by forming In^(3+)-Vo complexes thus facilitating the overall reaction.展开更多
The sealing capacity of caprock is critical for preventing CO_(2)migration and ensuring the safety of geological storage.However,existing research lacks a comprehensive overview of its sealing mechanisms and failure r...The sealing capacity of caprock is critical for preventing CO_(2)migration and ensuring the safety of geological storage.However,existing research lacks a comprehensive overview of its sealing mechanisms and failure risks.Here,recent findings on caprock sealing mechanisms,its influencing factors,failure risks,and evaluation methods are summarized.The main results include the following:(i)Caprock sealing mechanisms include capillary,hydraulic,hydrocarbon concentration,and hydrate sealing.(ii)Capillary and hydrate sealing block fluid-phase CO_(2),hydrocarbon concentration sealing prevents diffusive CO_(2),and hydraulic sealing prevents fluid and water-soluble phases.(iii)The sealing capacity is influenced by the storage site,stratigraphic environment,and caprock properties,with breakthrough pressure ranked as follows:gypsum rock>salt rock>mudstone/shale>limestone>silty mudstone.(iv)Diffusion leakage occurs when the diffusion coefficients is less than 10^(-12)m^(2)/s,the seepage leakage ranges between 10^(-8)m^(2)/s and 10^(-12)m^(2)/s,and the fracture leakage is greater than 10^(-8)m^(2)/s.(v)Hydro-mechanical(HM)coupling mechanisms,including CO_(2)diffusion,breakthrough migration,uplift deformation,and fracture flow,are essential for leakage risk simulations.Future research should address sealing mechanisms under complex conditions,define leakage risk thresholds,optimize multiphysical coupling computations,and implement effective engineering solutions to mitigate leakage risk.展开更多
In the present study,researchers examined a solar off-grid-connected photovoltaic system for a family house in the city of Baghdad.The design was created with the help of the“How to Design PV Program”and the“Renewa...In the present study,researchers examined a solar off-grid-connected photovoltaic system for a family house in the city of Baghdad.The design was created with the help of the“How to Design PV Program”and the“Renewable Energy Investment Calculator(REICAL)”software(Version 1.1).In Iraq,the national grid provides around 71%of the overall electricity demand,though this drops to nearly 50%during extremely hot and cold months,where the supply alternates between four hours on and four hours off.During the off periods,power is generated by local generators at high costs.To promote the adoption of photovoltaic solar systems among Iraqi citizens through loans,three options for meeting 100% of electricity needs have been proposed:an on-grid solution,a hybrid system that supplies 24 h,and an off-grid solution for a 24-h supply.The 12-h off-grid system(hybrid)is both economical and efficient for delivering electricity.Findings reveal that,over 20 years,the system’s output will amount to 141,176.71 kWh,with a payback period of 5.85 years and a performance ratio of 86.2%.Investment outcome data showed a net present value of $6445,and the profitability index was 6.16,indicating the project’s profitability.Additionally,the system could result in a net reduction of CO_(2) emissions totaling 132,810.24 kg.展开更多
Background:Sepsis,a life-threatening systemic inflammatory response to infection,presents significant challenges in the intensive care unit(ICU).The condition is frequently accompanied by persistent neurodegenerative ...Background:Sepsis,a life-threatening systemic inflammatory response to infection,presents significant challenges in the intensive care unit(ICU).The condition is frequently accompanied by persistent neurodegenerative changes and muscle atrophy,especially in patients with burn wounds,severely affecting recuperation and quality of life.Traditional physical therapy and advanced sedative screening represent pivotal approaches for the rehabilitation and management of these cases.Methods:A comprehensive transcriptomic study was conducted using gene expression datasets from sepsis patients and important biological models to identify potential targets.We subsequently employed virtual molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to screen the FDA drug library and traditional Chinese medicine databases for compounds exhibiting high binding affinity to isocitrate dehydrogenase 2(IDH2).The functional role of this target was validated in vitro using an IDH2 deficient BV-2 microglial cell model stimulated by lipopolysaccharide.Results:Key features were identified through differential expression analysis across multiple datasets.Gene set enrichment analysis(GSEA)highlighted pathways associated with chronic neurodegenerative diseases.Stable interactions between IDH2 and cobicistat or licorice glycoside E were predicted,supporting the identification of IDH2 as a promising therapeutic target.Knockdown of IDH2 in microglial cells led to markedly suppressed production of pro-inflammatory cytokines,including TNF-αand IL-6,confirming its pivotal role in neuroinflammatory response regulation.Conclusion:These findings underscore the pivotal role of IDH2 in persistent neurodegenerative changes associated with sepsis,including burn-related cases.Targeting IDH2 may reduce long-term neurovascular complications and muscle atrophy in septic ICU patients.Our findings suggest that IDH2 is a potential therapeutic target,and the combination of cobicistat and licorice glycoside E warrants further investigation as a promising therapeutic strategy.The study also emphasizes the significance of novel neuroinflammatory and neurovascular biomarkers in understanding and managing long-term sequelae in septic survivors.展开更多
Methanol,a crucial C1 intermediate,bridges traditional fossil-based chemical processes with emerging sustainable catalytic technologies by serving as both a versatile hydrogenation product from CO/CO_(2)and an active ...Methanol,a crucial C1 intermediate,bridges traditional fossil-based chemical processes with emerging sustainable catalytic technologies by serving as both a versatile hydrogenation product from CO/CO_(2)and an active intermediate for hydrocarbon synthesis.Despite significant progress in methanol-to-hydrocarbon(MTH)conversion,a comprehensive understanding of reaction mechanisms remains essential to enhance catalyst design and industrial applicability.This review critically synthesizes recent advances in mechanistic insights related to methanol conversion and methanol-mediated catalytic processes.Firstly,we systematically outline key reaction pathways involved in initial carbon–carbon(C–C)bond formation through direct and indirect mechanisms,emphasizing significant breakthroughs from spectroscopic analyses and theoretical calculations.Subsequently,we highlight the autocatalytic characteristics and dual-cycle mechanisms underlying MTH processes,critically evaluating the roles of zeolite structures,pore sizes,topology,and acidity in governing product selectivity and catalyst stability.Additionally,we discuss cutting-edge developments in tandem catalytic systems employing methanol as a pivotal intermediate for CO_(x)hydrogenation,emphasizing the transferable mechanistic principles and catalytic insights.Finally,we identify future research directions,including elucidating precise hydrocarbon pool(HCP)intermediates,optimizing zeolite structures through computational-guided design,and developing robust catalytic systems leveraging advanced characterization methods and artificial intelligence.By integrating multidisciplinary approaches from catalytic science,materials engineering,and reaction engineering,this review provides actionable guidance towards rational design and optimization of advanced catalytic systems for efficient methanol conversion processes.展开更多
Unsecured legacy wells pose significant risks to carbon capture and storage(CCS)as they present potential leakage pathways for stored CO_(2) to return to the atmosphere.In the UK,legacy wells must be assessed for a ca...Unsecured legacy wells pose significant risks to carbon capture and storage(CCS)as they present potential leakage pathways for stored CO_(2) to return to the atmosphere.In the UK,legacy wells must be assessed for a carbon storage permit to be granted and high-risk wells require costly remediation.We use a well risk assessment scheme to evaluate the risk of wells in the Southern North Sea.We then combine our well risk assessment with investigation using the analytical tool CO2BLOCK,which relies on a gravity current model to estimate pressure and plume migration distances.We evaluate the Viking,Camelot and Poseidon projects,which plan to inject CO_(2) into the depleted reservoirs of Southern North Sea gas fields.Carbon dioxide plumes are typically several kilometers wide,and it should be possible to avoid plume migration to high-risk legacy wells.In contrast,pressure fields produced by CO_(2) injection are tens of kilometers wide and low magnitude pressure increases frequently extend beyond the bounds of storage licence areas.The pressure fields encounter hundreds of wells and in the cases of the Camelot and Poseidon projects,interact with each other.展开更多
Dual-layer thermal barrier coatings(TBCs)with ultrahigh temperature resistance were prepared on the surface of molybdenum-rhenium alloy hot-end components.The preparation of the MoSi_(2)-Gd_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)dual-layer TB...Dual-layer thermal barrier coatings(TBCs)with ultrahigh temperature resistance were prepared on the surface of molybdenum-rhenium alloy hot-end components.The preparation of the MoSi_(2)-Gd_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)dual-layer TBCs was designed based on the coefficient of thermal expansion and the coating functionality,and it was completed using atmospheric plasma spraying technique.The microstructure,mechanical properties,and thermal properties were analyzed.Results indicate that the adhesion of the prepared dual-layer composite TBCs is excellent,and no noticeable cracks appear at the interface.Compared with the MoSi_(2)coating with a low fracture toughness(0.88 MPa·m^(1/2)),the Gd_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)coating exhibits higher fracture toughness(1.74 MPa·m^(1/2))and stronger resistance to crack propagation.The prepared MoSi_(2)-Gd_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)composite coatings have a high porosity(39%),low thermal conductivity(1.020 W·(m·K)^(−1),1200℃),and low thermal diffusivity(0.249 mm^(2)/s,1200℃).Additionally,they possess a high oxygen-vacancy concentration,which ensures excellent insulation performance.展开更多
Cross-band camouflage technology is a critical necessity,enabling personnel and equipment to evade detection across evolving surveillance systems,thereby enhancing survivability and mission success.Herein,this work de...Cross-band camouflage technology is a critical necessity,enabling personnel and equipment to evade detection across evolving surveillance systems,thereby enhancing survivability and mission success.Herein,this work develops a layer-structured composite system based on carbon nanotube(CNT)film comprising ionic liquid(IL)interlayer for infrared(IR)modulation and surface-engineered Cu_(2)O nanoparticles for visible camouflage.The CNT/IL/CNT architecture enables reversible IR emissivity switching(Δε≈0.55)through electrically driven ion intercalation/deintercalation within 2 s,while spray-coated Cu_(2)O nanoparticles(100~400 nm diameter)on the top CNT film layer generate rich structure colors with 90%IR transmittance.This spectral-decoupling design overcomes the traditional trade-off between color visibility and IR transmittance observed in pigment-based systems.Remarkably,due to physical interface coupling,the Cu_(2)O-coated layer-structured system maintains exceptional electrical conductivity,enabling simultaneous electromagnetic interference shielding and electrothermal energy conversion.The integrated system demonstrates long-term operational stability.By unifying visible-IR camouflage,electromagnetic protection,and energy management in a lightweight platform,this work provides an important paradigm for cross-band camouflage technologies.展开更多
Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))is the main greenhouse gas(GHG)released by human activities.The substitution of fossil resources by biomass as a bio-renewable resource,has significant potential to reduce GHG emissions.The appro...Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))is the main greenhouse gas(GHG)released by human activities.The substitution of fossil resources by biomass as a bio-renewable resource,has significant potential to reduce GHG emissions.The approach to biomass,as the only true full-scale alternative to fossil resources,is progressing rapidly.Converting biomass into furanic compounds,as versatile platform chemicals for synthesizing a wide range of bio-based products is the cornerstone of sustainable technologies.The extensive body of this review combines the biomass valorization to furanic compounds by CO_(2)utilization and furanic compounds conversion by CO_(2)fixation.These processes can be strategically applied through both‘thermochemical’and‘electrochemical’pathways,by utilizing CO_(2)from the atmosphere or industrial emission point and returning it to the natural carbon cycle.In the thermochemical pathway CO_(2)acts as a carbon source(carboxylation and polymerization)or active reaction assistant in the biomass conversion(CO_(2)-assisted conversion),without altering its oxidation state,facilitating the synthesis of valuable products and polymers.Conversely,in the electrochemical pathway,CO_(2)can be used as a carbon source(electrocarboxylation)to give the corresponding carboxylic acid,or it can undergo reduction,yielding methanol,carbon monoxide(CO),formic acid,and analogous compounds,while on the other side,furanic compounds undergo oxidation yielding high-value-added chemicals.Finally,potential future research directions are suggested to promote CO_(2)utilization and fixation in the valorization of biomass-derived furanic compounds,and challenges facing further research are highlighted.展开更多
文摘CO_(2)reduction technology can promote the resource utilization of carbon and help alleviate global warming and energy supply pressure.It is an effective way to achieve energy conversion and utilization.Covalent organic frameworks(COFs)are porous crystalline materials formed by connecting organic monomers through covalent bonds.They have the characteristics of functional diversity and rich chemical properties.Their advantages,such as high porosity,a wide range of visible light absorption,and excellent charge separation efficiency,give them good potential in CO_(2)capture,separation,and conversion.Currently,Cu is a key metal in the catalytic CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)for the preparation of high-value-added chemicals.The preparation of highly stable and large-pore Cu-based COFs using COFs as an ideal sacrificial template for loading Cu can be used to develop high-performance electrocatalysts and photocatalysts.In this review,we discuss the latest advancements in this field,including the development of various Cu-based COFs and their applications as catalysts for CO_(2)RR.Here,we mainly introduce the synthesis strategies,some important characterization information,and the applications of electrocatalytic and photocatalytic CO_(2)conversion using these previously reported Cu-based COFs.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.U23A20677,22022610 and 52400137)"Pioneer" and "Leading Goose" R&D Program of Zhejiang (Nos.2022C03146 and 2023C03017)+2 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2024T170805)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No.LDT23E06015B06)the support of the Research Computing Center in College of Chemical and Biological Engineering at Zhejiang University for assistance with the calculations。
文摘Cuprous oxide(Cu_(2)O) is one of the most promising catalysts for electrochemical conversion of CO_(2) into value-added C_(2) products.The efficiency of CO_(2)-to-C_(2) conversion is highly dependent on the Cu_(2)O crystal plane orientation and the corresponding adsorbed ^(*)CO species.Herein,we constructed high-index crystal planes(311) in Cu_(2)O(CO-Cu_(2)O) via a facile self-selective CO-induced strategy under a CO atmosphere,which was verified by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HR-TEM) and atomic force microscopy(AFM) results.By exploiting the high surface energy of the high index crystal planes,^(*)CO species are stabilized in CO-Cu_(2)O during CO_(2)RR,resulting in exceptional catalytic performance for CO_(2)-to-C_(2)products.In situ infrared spectroscopy revealed that both atop-type(^(*)CO_(atop)) and hollow-type(^(*)CO_(hollow)) adsorption of ^(*)CO species occurred on the CO-Cu_(2)O.The asymmetric C-C coupling energy barrier between ^(*)CO_(atop) and ^(*)CO_(hollow) in(311) crystal plane decreases by 47.8 % compared to the symmetric coupling of ^(*)CO_(atop) in conventional(100) crystal planes.Consequently,the Faradaic efficiency of C_(2) products generated with CO-Cu_(2)O was increased by as high as 100 % compared to that with pristine Cu_(2)O.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U24A20590,42021004)the Joint funds of the Zhejiang Provincial NaturalScienceFoundationofChina(GrantNo.LZJMZ23D050002)+2 种基金the 333 Project of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BRA2022023)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.BK20220055)the Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink,China Meteorological Administration(Grant No.ECSS-CMA202302)。
文摘The spatial variability in the atmospheric CO_(2)and CH_(4)concentrations in urban land is affected by the source type,source distribution,and emission intensity in the cityscape.In this study,we analyzed vehicle-mounted measurements of street-level CO_(2)and CH_(4)concentrations in Hangzhou—a large metropolitan area in the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China.The results revealed that CO_(2)and CH_(4)emission hotspots did not overlap geographically,with the former occurring as linear features at elevated road intersections and expressways and the latter occurring at waste treatment facilities(sewage treatment plants and landfills).The CH_(4):CO_(2)emission ratios(ppb ppm^(-1))were ranked in increasing order as follows:traffic(1.01±1.82;mean±1 SD);overall(3.46±2.71);sewage treatment(12.76±2.50);and landfill(36.50±10.15).Waste treatment was largely responsible for the increased overall emission ratio,supporting this source category as a major contributor to the CH_(4)budget in this city and suggesting a negligible role of domestic appliances(cookstoves and water heaters).A two-source mixing model calculation indicated that 99.9%of nonelectric vehicles in Hangzhou were gasoline-powered,revealing a recent shift in vehicle fuel composition from gasoline/natural gas to gasoline/electricity.The methodology established in this study is applicable to cities elsewhere.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFD1902802)the Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars in Hunan,China(2024JJ2052)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(2022J05263)the Nanping City Science and Technology Plan Project,China(NP2021KTS02)the Talent Introduction Project of Wuyi University,China(YJ202117)the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology in Shandong University,China(M2022-05)。
文摘Microorganisms carrying cbbL,pmoA and coxL genes play crucial roles in regulating soil-atmosphere exchanges of carbon trace gases(CO_(2),CH_(4),and CO).However,the geographical distribution patterns of these functional genes in agricultural ecosystems and their environmental drivers remain poorly understood.Here,we surveyed agricultural soils across four climate zones(tropical,subtropical,warm temperate,and mid-temperate)in eastern China to quantify the abundances of CO_(2)-assimilating bacteria(cbbL gene),methanotrophs(pmoA gene),and CO-oxidizing bacteria(coxL gene).We found significant ecosystem-specific patterns:the cbbL gene was more abundant in upland soils(averaging 9.46×10^(9)copies g^(–1))than in paddy soils(6.44×10^(9) copies g^(–1)).In contrast,methanotrophs abundance was 1 to 3 orders of magnitude higher in paddy(averaging 1.17×10^(8) copies g^(–1))than in upland(5.78×10^(6)copies g^(–1))soils.The coxL gene maintained similar abundance levels across both soil types(averaging 6.12×10^(8) vs.5.91×10^(8) copies g^(–1)).Structural equation models revealed that spatial factors primarily shaped cbbL and pmoA in uplands,whereas total bacterial abundance was the dominant predictor for all three genes in paddy soils.These results highlight distinct ecological controls on microbial functional groups and provide a predictive framework for how land use and climate change may regulate microbial mediation of carbon gas fluxes across a continental-scale transect in eastern China.
文摘[Significance]In alignment with the national germplasm security strategy,current research efforts are accelerating the adoption of precision breeding in sheep.Within the whole-genome selection,accurate phenotyping of body morphometrics is critical for assessing growth performance and breeding value.Traditional manual measurements are inefficient,prone to human error,and may cause stress to sheep,limiting their suitability for precision sheep management.By summarizing the applications of sheep body size measurement technologies and analyzing their development directions,this paper provides theoretical references and practical guidance for the research and application of non contact sheep body size measurement.[Progress]This review synthesizes progress across three principal methodological paradigms:two-dimensional(2D)image-based techniques,three-dimensional(3D)point cloud-based approaches,and integrated 2D-3D fusion systems.2D methods,employing either handcrafted geometric features or deep learning-based keypoint detector algorithms,are cost-effective and operationally simple but sensitive to variation in imaging conditions and unable to capture critical circumference metrics.3D point-cloud approaches enable precise reconstruction of full animal morphology,supporting comprehensive body-size acquisition with higher accuracy,yet face challenges including high hardware costs,complex data workflows,and sensitivity to posture variability.Hybrid 2D-3D fusion systems combine semantic richness from RGB imagery with geometric completeness from point clouds.Having been effectively validated in other livestock specise,e.g.,cattle and pigs,these fusion systems have demonstrated excellent performance,providing important technical references and practical insights for sheep body size measurement.[Conclusions and Prospects]Firstly,future research should focus on constructing large-scale,high-quality datasets for sheep body size measurement that encompass diverse breeds,growth stages,and environmental conditions,thereby enhancing model robustness and generalization.Secondly,the development of lightweight artificial intelligence models is essential.Techniques such as model compression,quantization,and algorithmic optimization can substantially reduce computational complexity and storage requirements,facilitating deployment in resource-constrained environments.Thirdly,the 3D point cloud processing pipeline should be streamlined to improve the efficiency of data acquisition,filtering,registration,and segmentation,while promoting the integration of low-cost,high-resilience vision systems into practical farming scenarios.Fourthly,specific emphasis should be placed on improving the accuracy of curved-dimensional measurements,such as chest circumference,abdominal circumference,and shank circumference,through advances in pose standardization,refined 3D segmentation strategies,and multimodal data fusion.Finally,the cross-fertilization of sheep body size measurement technologies with analogous methods for other livestock species offers a promising pathway for mutual learning and collaborative innovation,accelerating the industrialization of automated sheep morphometric systems and supporting the development of intelligent,data-driven pasture management practices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51878292).
文摘Large-scale CO_(2)emissions have exacerbated the greenhouse effect,reinforcing the critical need for efficient CO_(2)mitigation methods.Plasma-catalytic technology enables CO_(2)conversion under mild conditions,especially for CO_(2)methanation(the Sabatier reaction),which has attracted significant attention due to its economic benefits and the potential for safe energy transportation via existing natural gas pipelines.The development of high-performance CO_(2)methanation catalysts remains an ongoing and long-term objective,and there is a lack of adequate in-situ characterization techniques to investigate the mechanisms.This study focuses on the Ni/La_(2)O_(3)(LN)catalyst and introduces two CO_(2)activation strategies through F and Na modifications:the Ni-Ov-Ni site activation with electron transfer from Ni0 under low-power conditions and basic site activation under high-power conditions.The LN-NaF catalysts enhance CO_(2)methanation activity across the entire power range compared to LN,achieving a CO_(2)conversion of 86.3%and CH4 selectivity of 99.4%.Additionally,LN-F(h)reaches a CH4 yield 4.15 times higher than that of LN at low power.Furthermore,in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform(DRIFT)spectroscopy with a self-made reactor are performed under plasma-catalytic conditions to reveal the CO_(2)adsorption and conversion mechanisms,indicating that different dopants(F,Na,and NaF)exhibit promoting effects on different intermediates,resulting in variations in CO_(2)methanation activity.This study provides valuable insights for improving catalyst performance and a thorough comprehension of mechanisms in CO_(2)methanation.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Project of China(No.2024ZD1004300)。
文摘The effective channeling of fluid flow by fractures is a liability for enhanced oil recovery(EOR)methods like CO_(2) flooding or CO_(2) storage.Developing a distributed fracture model to understand the heterogeneity of the fracture network is essential in characterizing tight and low-permeability reservoirs.In the Ordos Basin,the Chang 8-1-2 layer of the Yanchang Formation is a typical tight and low permeability reservoir in the JH17 wellblock.The strong heterogeneity of distributed fractures,differing fracture scales and fracture types make it difficult to effectively characterize the fracture distribution within the Chang 8-1-2 layer.In this paper,multi-source and multi-attribute methods are used to integrate data into a neural network at different scales,and fuzzy logic control is used to judge the correlation of various attributes.The results suggest that attribute correlation between coherence and fracture indication is the best,followed by correlations with fault distance,north–south slope,and north–south curvature.Advantageous attributes from the target area are used to train the neural network,and the fracture density model and discrete fracture network(DFN)model are built at different scales.This method can be used to effectively predict the distribution characteristics of fractures in the study area.And any learning done by the neural network from this case study can be applied to fracture network modeling for reservoirs of the same type.
文摘Objectives:The eukaryotic initiation factor 4F(eIF4F)translation initiation complex inhibitors(eIF4Fi)were recently found to hyperactivate extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2(ERK1/2)signals,which contribute to acquired resistance to BRAF(B-Raf proto-oncogene,serine/threonine kinase)inhibitors in melanoma.This present study aims to elucidate how to overcome the resistance of the eIF4Fi in BRAFV600E mutant melanoma cells and explore the underlying mechanisms.Methods:Melanoma A375(vemurafenib[VEM]-sensitive)and A375R(VEM-resistant)cells were exposed to eIF4Fi RocA at varying doses and durations in vitro.We investigated the impact of RocA on the activity of ERK1/2,AKT serine/threonine kinase 1(AKT1),eIF4E,and enhancer of zeste homolog 2(EZH2).We then examined the impact of RocA on pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins and proliferative proteins.We subsequently determined the effect of combined eIF4Fi,AKT1 inhibitor,EZH2 inhibitor or VEM on tumor growth in vitro and in vivo.Results:RocA inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in A375 cells,but inhibited proliferation in A375R cells.RocA rapidly reactivated ERK1/2 at 3 h and returned to baseline levels at 48 h.However,eIF4E and AKT1 activation began at 12 h and peaked at 48 h.ERK1/2 positively regulated EZH2 and EZH2-dependent expression of c-Fos and EGR1,while AKT1 negatively regulated c-Myc,c-Jun,and BMF,but positively regulated eIF4E.RocA downregulated ERK1/2(or EZH2,AKT1,and eIF4E)independent bcl-2 and Mcl-1 expression.AKT1i enhanced RocA-induced cell apoptosis,while EZH2i reduced RocA-induced cell proliferation.Combined CR-1-31-B,EZH2i,and AKT1i effectively overcame resistance to RocA and VEM resistance both in vitro and in vivo.Conclusion:The eIF4F complex inhibitor reactivates ERK1/2-EZH2 and AKT1 signaling pathways,resulting in resistance to both eIF4Fi and VEM.Combined administration of an eIF4Fi with EZH2 and AKT1 inhibitors effectively enhances sensitivity to both eIF4F complex and BRAF inhibitors.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(No.2025JJ50059)Key Program of Hunan University of Arts and Science(No.23ZZ03)Aid Program for Science and Technology Innovative Research Team in Higher Educational Institutions of Hunan Province and National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21303048).
文摘Cu electrocatalysts have been demonstrated to have unique ability to reduce CO_(2)to various high value-added C_(2) products like ethylene and alcohols.However,realizing high selectivity of C_(2) products are still a main challenge due to complex CO_(2)electroreduction pathways and small opportunity of Csingle bondC coupling reactions.Here,we found the origin of enhanced CO_(2)electroreduction reaction activity and product selectivity towards C_(2) products and Csingle bondC coupling mechanism at halogen atoms-adsorbed Cu/H_(2)O interfaces,the corresponding CO_(2)electroreduction evolution mechanisms at the halogen atoms-modified Cu/H_(2)O interfaces are systematically studied via theoretical modeling and calculations.The calculated results indicate that halide anions modifications are beneficial to CO dimerization into OCCO dimer,especially Cl^(-)-adsorbed Cu(111)/H_(2)O interface has the optimum activity and selectivity towards OCCO dimer,subsequent Cl-adsorbed Cu(111)/H_(2)O interface can selectively reduce CO_(2)into C_(2)H_(4) product.The function relationship between adsorption free energy of Cl atom and electrode potential explain why the adsorption of Cl^(-)can enhance selectivity of C_(2)H_(4) product.The determinations of onset potentials indicate that electroreduction pathways of CO_(2)towards C_(2)H_(4) product are facile to take place and further explain the origin of the significantly enhanced CO production activity and C_(2)H_(4) product selectivity.This work on selective realization of CO_(2)electroreduction towards C_(2)H_(4) product via Cl^(-)-modified Cu(111)/H_(2)O interface provide a theoretical guideline for how to selectively realize other high value-added C_(2) products.
基金supported by the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station,Special Research Initiative(MAFES-SRI),USA,the USDA-Agricultural Research Service(USDA-ARS)(58-6064-3-007)the National Institute of Food and Agriculture,USA(MIS-430030)。
文摘Elevated CO_(2)(eCO_(2))may mitigate stress-induced damage to cotton(Gossypium spp.)growth and development.However,understanding the early-stage responses of cotton to multiple abiotic stressors at eCO_(2)levels has been limited.This study quantified the impacts of chilling(CS,22/14℃,day/night temperature),heat(HS,38/30℃),drought(DS,50%irrigation of the control),and salt(SS,8 d S m-1)stresses on pigments,physiology,growth,and development of 14 upland cotton cultivars under ambient CO_(2)(aCO_(2),420 ppm;current)and eCO_(2)(700 ppm;future)levels during the vegetative stage.The eCO_(2)partially negated the effects of all stresses by improving one or more of the pigments,physiological,growth,and development traits,except CS.For instance,HS at aCO_(2)significantly increased stomatal conductance by 36%compared with non-stressed plants at aCO_(2).However,HS at eCO_(2)significantly decreased stomatal conductance by 18%compared with HS at aCO_(2).The first squaring was delayed by one day under SS at aCO_(2)but two days earlier under SS at eCO_(2)than non-stressed plants at aCO_(2).Root and shoot dry mass and the total leaf area were significantly higher under all stresses,except for CS,at the eCO_(2)compared with similar stresses at the aCO_(2).Most growth and development traits,including plant height,leaf area,and shoot dry mass,displayed a mirroring response pattern between aCO_(2)and eCO_(2)under all environments except CS.Cultivars exhibited significant interaction with stressed environments.Further,results revealed differential sensitivity and adaptation potential of cultivars to stress environments at varying CO_(2)levels.This study highlights the need to consider eCO_(2)in designing breeding programs to develop stress-tolerant varieties for future cotton-growing environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52463034)supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy(No.2025-02314098)of the Republic of Koreasupported by the Regional Innovation System&Education(RISE)program through the Gangwon RISE Center,funded by the Ministry of Education(MOE)and the Gangwon State(G.S.),Republic of Korea(2025-RISE-10-002).
文摘Conventional low-carbon concrete design approaches have often overlooked carbonation durability and the progressive loss of cover caused by surface scaling,both of which can increase the long-term risk of reinforcement corrosion.To address these limitations,this study proposes an improved design framework for low-carbon slag concrete that simultaneously incorporates carbonation durability and cover scaling effects into the mix proportioning process.Based on experimental data,a linear predictive model was developed to estimate the 28-day compressive strength of slag concrete,achieving a correlation coefficient of R=0.87711 and a root mean square error(RMSE)of 7.55 MPa.The mechanism-based equation exhibits strong physical interpretability,as each parameter corresponds to a clear physical process,satisfying the requirements of design codes for physical significance.By integrating the strength and carbon-emission models,the carbon-emission efficiency was further analyzed.Across all water–binder ratios(0.3,0.4,0.5),CO_(2) emissions per unit strength decreased steadily with increasing slag content,indicating that carbon efficiency is primarily governed by slag replacement rather than the water/binder ratio.Four design cases,all with a design strength of 30 MPa,were then evaluated to illustrate the combined effects of carbonation and scaling.In Case 1,without considering carbonation durability,the carbonation depth after 50 years exceeded the 25 mm cover,leading to potential corrosion.In Case 2,when carbonation durability was considered,the required actual strength increased to 31.28 MPa.When mild cover scaling of 3 mm was introduced(Case 3),the required strength rose to 34.59 MPa,and under severe scaling of 10 mm(Case 4),it increased to 45.73 MPa.These results indicate that intensified scaling demands higher strength and lower water/binder ratios to maintain durability.Overall,the proposed framework quantitatively balances strength,durability,and embodied carbon,supporting sustainable low-carbon concrete design.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22202152)Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Bureau(No.24JCQNJC00990)Cangzhou Institute of Tiangong University(No.TGCYY-F-0304).
文摘Oxygen vacancy(Vo)engineering has been recognized as one of the most effective strategies for enhancing the photocatalytic CO_(2) conversion performance of metal oxides,as it can simultaneously facilitate photogenerated charge carrier separation efficiency and provide additional surface reaction sites.However,the wide application of Vo engineering in photocatalysis are limited by its poor stability,owing to the easy recovery of these vacancy defects by atmospheric oxygen.Herein,we develop an indium(In)doping strategy to regulate the coordination environment in CeO_(2) with abundant Vo(CeO_(2-x)),thereby enhance its stability during photocatalytic CO_(2) conversion.Confirmed by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy(PALS),In dopants combine with Vo by substituting for part of Ce^(4+),forming In^(3+)-Vo complexes that effectively inhibit the formation of unstable va-cancy clusters.Such In^(3+)-Vo complexes can also reduce the energy required for formation of the CO products.Therefore,the optimized In-doped CeO_(2-x) exhibits excellent photocatalytic CO_(2) conversion performance,with a CO yield of 301.6μmol⋅g^(-1) after 5 h of light irradiation,and maintain high activity after four cycles of experiments.Comprehensive experimental and theoretical studies indicate that the introduction of In doping not only significantly improves the stability of Vo in CeO_(2-x),but also reconstruct the reaction kinetics of the CO_(2) conversion by forming In^(3+)-Vo complexes thus facilitating the overall reaction.
基金supported by the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U23A20671)the Major Project of Inner Mongolia Science and Technology,China(Grant No.2021ZD0034)the Creative Groups of Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(Grant No.2021CFA030).
文摘The sealing capacity of caprock is critical for preventing CO_(2)migration and ensuring the safety of geological storage.However,existing research lacks a comprehensive overview of its sealing mechanisms and failure risks.Here,recent findings on caprock sealing mechanisms,its influencing factors,failure risks,and evaluation methods are summarized.The main results include the following:(i)Caprock sealing mechanisms include capillary,hydraulic,hydrocarbon concentration,and hydrate sealing.(ii)Capillary and hydrate sealing block fluid-phase CO_(2),hydrocarbon concentration sealing prevents diffusive CO_(2),and hydraulic sealing prevents fluid and water-soluble phases.(iii)The sealing capacity is influenced by the storage site,stratigraphic environment,and caprock properties,with breakthrough pressure ranked as follows:gypsum rock>salt rock>mudstone/shale>limestone>silty mudstone.(iv)Diffusion leakage occurs when the diffusion coefficients is less than 10^(-12)m^(2)/s,the seepage leakage ranges between 10^(-8)m^(2)/s and 10^(-12)m^(2)/s,and the fracture leakage is greater than 10^(-8)m^(2)/s.(v)Hydro-mechanical(HM)coupling mechanisms,including CO_(2)diffusion,breakthrough migration,uplift deformation,and fracture flow,are essential for leakage risk simulations.Future research should address sealing mechanisms under complex conditions,define leakage risk thresholds,optimize multiphysical coupling computations,and implement effective engineering solutions to mitigate leakage risk.
文摘In the present study,researchers examined a solar off-grid-connected photovoltaic system for a family house in the city of Baghdad.The design was created with the help of the“How to Design PV Program”and the“Renewable Energy Investment Calculator(REICAL)”software(Version 1.1).In Iraq,the national grid provides around 71%of the overall electricity demand,though this drops to nearly 50%during extremely hot and cold months,where the supply alternates between four hours on and four hours off.During the off periods,power is generated by local generators at high costs.To promote the adoption of photovoltaic solar systems among Iraqi citizens through loans,three options for meeting 100% of electricity needs have been proposed:an on-grid solution,a hybrid system that supplies 24 h,and an off-grid solution for a 24-h supply.The 12-h off-grid system(hybrid)is both economical and efficient for delivering electricity.Findings reveal that,over 20 years,the system’s output will amount to 141,176.71 kWh,with a payback period of 5.85 years and a performance ratio of 86.2%.Investment outcome data showed a net present value of $6445,and the profitability index was 6.16,indicating the project’s profitability.Additionally,the system could result in a net reduction of CO_(2) emissions totaling 132,810.24 kg.
基金support and insightful feedback provided by colleagues and affiliated institutions during the preparation of this manuscript.
文摘Background:Sepsis,a life-threatening systemic inflammatory response to infection,presents significant challenges in the intensive care unit(ICU).The condition is frequently accompanied by persistent neurodegenerative changes and muscle atrophy,especially in patients with burn wounds,severely affecting recuperation and quality of life.Traditional physical therapy and advanced sedative screening represent pivotal approaches for the rehabilitation and management of these cases.Methods:A comprehensive transcriptomic study was conducted using gene expression datasets from sepsis patients and important biological models to identify potential targets.We subsequently employed virtual molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to screen the FDA drug library and traditional Chinese medicine databases for compounds exhibiting high binding affinity to isocitrate dehydrogenase 2(IDH2).The functional role of this target was validated in vitro using an IDH2 deficient BV-2 microglial cell model stimulated by lipopolysaccharide.Results:Key features were identified through differential expression analysis across multiple datasets.Gene set enrichment analysis(GSEA)highlighted pathways associated with chronic neurodegenerative diseases.Stable interactions between IDH2 and cobicistat or licorice glycoside E were predicted,supporting the identification of IDH2 as a promising therapeutic target.Knockdown of IDH2 in microglial cells led to markedly suppressed production of pro-inflammatory cytokines,including TNF-αand IL-6,confirming its pivotal role in neuroinflammatory response regulation.Conclusion:These findings underscore the pivotal role of IDH2 in persistent neurodegenerative changes associated with sepsis,including burn-related cases.Targeting IDH2 may reduce long-term neurovascular complications and muscle atrophy in septic ICU patients.Our findings suggest that IDH2 is a potential therapeutic target,and the combination of cobicistat and licorice glycoside E warrants further investigation as a promising therapeutic strategy.The study also emphasizes the significance of novel neuroinflammatory and neurovascular biomarkers in understanding and managing long-term sequelae in septic survivors.
基金the Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation(2023ZD05,2025JQ028,2025MS02001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22278238,22238004)+3 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFE0211400)the Major Science and Technology Program of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(20212120326)the“Elite Talents Revitalize Inner Mongolia”Initiative–Tier-1 Talent Team(202410)the Ordos Science and Technology Breakthrough(JBGS2024003),and Ordos Laboratory for their financial support.
文摘Methanol,a crucial C1 intermediate,bridges traditional fossil-based chemical processes with emerging sustainable catalytic technologies by serving as both a versatile hydrogenation product from CO/CO_(2)and an active intermediate for hydrocarbon synthesis.Despite significant progress in methanol-to-hydrocarbon(MTH)conversion,a comprehensive understanding of reaction mechanisms remains essential to enhance catalyst design and industrial applicability.This review critically synthesizes recent advances in mechanistic insights related to methanol conversion and methanol-mediated catalytic processes.Firstly,we systematically outline key reaction pathways involved in initial carbon–carbon(C–C)bond formation through direct and indirect mechanisms,emphasizing significant breakthroughs from spectroscopic analyses and theoretical calculations.Subsequently,we highlight the autocatalytic characteristics and dual-cycle mechanisms underlying MTH processes,critically evaluating the roles of zeolite structures,pore sizes,topology,and acidity in governing product selectivity and catalyst stability.Additionally,we discuss cutting-edge developments in tandem catalytic systems employing methanol as a pivotal intermediate for CO_(x)hydrogenation,emphasizing the transferable mechanistic principles and catalytic insights.Finally,we identify future research directions,including elucidating precise hydrocarbon pool(HCP)intermediates,optimizing zeolite structures through computational-guided design,and developing robust catalytic systems leveraging advanced characterization methods and artificial intelligence.By integrating multidisciplinary approaches from catalytic science,materials engineering,and reaction engineering,this review provides actionable guidance towards rational design and optimization of advanced catalytic systems for efficient methanol conversion processes.
基金supported by the Natural Environment Research Council[grant number NE/S007415/1]Shell as iCASE sponsors。
文摘Unsecured legacy wells pose significant risks to carbon capture and storage(CCS)as they present potential leakage pathways for stored CO_(2) to return to the atmosphere.In the UK,legacy wells must be assessed for a carbon storage permit to be granted and high-risk wells require costly remediation.We use a well risk assessment scheme to evaluate the risk of wells in the Southern North Sea.We then combine our well risk assessment with investigation using the analytical tool CO2BLOCK,which relies on a gravity current model to estimate pressure and plume migration distances.We evaluate the Viking,Camelot and Poseidon projects,which plan to inject CO_(2) into the depleted reservoirs of Southern North Sea gas fields.Carbon dioxide plumes are typically several kilometers wide,and it should be possible to avoid plume migration to high-risk legacy wells.In contrast,pressure fields produced by CO_(2) injection are tens of kilometers wide and low magnitude pressure increases frequently extend beyond the bounds of storage licence areas.The pressure fields encounter hundreds of wells and in the cases of the Camelot and Poseidon projects,interact with each other.
基金Supported by Scientific and Technological Innovation of Shaanxi Provincial State-Owned Capital Operation Budget(2022-056)Institute's Self-Developed Technology Program(0801YK2317)+4 种基金Qin Chuangyuan Cites High-Level Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Program(QCYRCXM-2023-120)Qin Chuangyuan Industry Cluster Zone“Four Chains”Integration Program(2024CY-JJQ-46)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52071274)Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province(2023-YBGY-442)Science and Technology Nova Project-Innovative Talent Promotion Program of Shaanxi Province(2020KJXX-062)。
文摘Dual-layer thermal barrier coatings(TBCs)with ultrahigh temperature resistance were prepared on the surface of molybdenum-rhenium alloy hot-end components.The preparation of the MoSi_(2)-Gd_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)dual-layer TBCs was designed based on the coefficient of thermal expansion and the coating functionality,and it was completed using atmospheric plasma spraying technique.The microstructure,mechanical properties,and thermal properties were analyzed.Results indicate that the adhesion of the prepared dual-layer composite TBCs is excellent,and no noticeable cracks appear at the interface.Compared with the MoSi_(2)coating with a low fracture toughness(0.88 MPa·m^(1/2)),the Gd_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)coating exhibits higher fracture toughness(1.74 MPa·m^(1/2))and stronger resistance to crack propagation.The prepared MoSi_(2)-Gd_(2)Zr_(2)O_(7)composite coatings have a high porosity(39%),low thermal conductivity(1.020 W·(m·K)^(−1),1200℃),and low thermal diffusivity(0.249 mm^(2)/s,1200℃).Additionally,they possess a high oxygen-vacancy concentration,which ensures excellent insulation performance.
基金Financial support from the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.:52373244)the Foundation of National Science and Technology Key Laboratory(No.:KZ571801)。
文摘Cross-band camouflage technology is a critical necessity,enabling personnel and equipment to evade detection across evolving surveillance systems,thereby enhancing survivability and mission success.Herein,this work develops a layer-structured composite system based on carbon nanotube(CNT)film comprising ionic liquid(IL)interlayer for infrared(IR)modulation and surface-engineered Cu_(2)O nanoparticles for visible camouflage.The CNT/IL/CNT architecture enables reversible IR emissivity switching(Δε≈0.55)through electrically driven ion intercalation/deintercalation within 2 s,while spray-coated Cu_(2)O nanoparticles(100~400 nm diameter)on the top CNT film layer generate rich structure colors with 90%IR transmittance.This spectral-decoupling design overcomes the traditional trade-off between color visibility and IR transmittance observed in pigment-based systems.Remarkably,due to physical interface coupling,the Cu_(2)O-coated layer-structured system maintains exceptional electrical conductivity,enabling simultaneous electromagnetic interference shielding and electrothermal energy conversion.The integrated system demonstrates long-term operational stability.By unifying visible-IR camouflage,electromagnetic protection,and energy management in a lightweight platform,this work provides an important paradigm for cross-band camouflage technologies.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFC2101604)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U23A20123,22278339)+1 种基金Fujian Provincial Key Science and Technology Program of China(No.2022YZ037013)Xiamen University for the financial support.
文摘Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))is the main greenhouse gas(GHG)released by human activities.The substitution of fossil resources by biomass as a bio-renewable resource,has significant potential to reduce GHG emissions.The approach to biomass,as the only true full-scale alternative to fossil resources,is progressing rapidly.Converting biomass into furanic compounds,as versatile platform chemicals for synthesizing a wide range of bio-based products is the cornerstone of sustainable technologies.The extensive body of this review combines the biomass valorization to furanic compounds by CO_(2)utilization and furanic compounds conversion by CO_(2)fixation.These processes can be strategically applied through both‘thermochemical’and‘electrochemical’pathways,by utilizing CO_(2)from the atmosphere or industrial emission point and returning it to the natural carbon cycle.In the thermochemical pathway CO_(2)acts as a carbon source(carboxylation and polymerization)or active reaction assistant in the biomass conversion(CO_(2)-assisted conversion),without altering its oxidation state,facilitating the synthesis of valuable products and polymers.Conversely,in the electrochemical pathway,CO_(2)can be used as a carbon source(electrocarboxylation)to give the corresponding carboxylic acid,or it can undergo reduction,yielding methanol,carbon monoxide(CO),formic acid,and analogous compounds,while on the other side,furanic compounds undergo oxidation yielding high-value-added chemicals.Finally,potential future research directions are suggested to promote CO_(2)utilization and fixation in the valorization of biomass-derived furanic compounds,and challenges facing further research are highlighted.
