Objective To evaluate CC2 (N, N’-dichloro-bis [2, 4, 6-trichlorophenyl] urea) invarious hydrophilic and lipophilic formulations as a personnel decontaminant for sulphurmustard (SM). Methods Twenty percent of CC...Objective To evaluate CC2 (N, N’-dichloro-bis [2, 4, 6-trichlorophenyl] urea) invarious hydrophilic and lipophilic formulations as a personnel decontaminant for sulphurmustard (SM). Methods Twenty percent of CC2 was prepared as a suspension or ointmentwith various chemical agents and its stability was evaluated by active chlorine assay. Theefficacy was evaluated in mice by recording the mortality after applying 29 LD50 of SM (LD50 =8.1 mg/kg dermally) and decontaminating it after 2 min with 200 mg of the formulation.Studies were also carried out with 10% and 20% CC2 in acacia and hydroxypropyl cellulose,and the suspensions were stored in polyethylene containers. The stability of the suspensionswas evaluated by active chlorine assay. The efficacy was evaluated by recording themortality after applying 29 LD50 of SM in mice and 12 LD50 of SM in rats (LD50 = 2.4 mg/kgdermally), and decontaminating it with the formulations. LD50 by different routes andprimary skin irritation test of CC2 were also carried out. Results CC2 reacted with peanutoil and neem oil, and was unstable in povidone iodine and Fuller’s earth. Good stability wasachieved with petroleum jelly, honey, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, calamine lotion, acacia andhydroxypropyl cellulose. Though CC2 was stable in lipophilic formulations, it did notprotect the animals. The hydrophilic formulations particularly acacia and hydroxypropylcellulose gave very good protection and was stable in the polyethylene containers for aperiod of 1 year. The efficacy of 20% CC2 was better than 10% CC2. The oral and dermalLD50 of CC2 was found to be above 5.0 g/kg. CC2 was also found to be nonirritant.Conclusion Twenty percent of CC2 in hydroxypropyl cellulose is better with respect tostability, efficacy and ease of decontamination. CC2 is also a safe chemical.展开更多
The chlor-alkali industry faces high energy consumption,competition between the chlorine evolution reaction(CER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER),and challenges,such as high costs and poor stability of precious metal...The chlor-alkali industry faces high energy consumption,competition between the chlorine evolution reaction(CER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER),and challenges,such as high costs and poor stability of precious metal catalysts in chlorine production.At the same time,the treatment of antibiotic pollution urgently requires efficient degradation technologies.In this study,a non-precious metal anode of CuCo_(2)S_(4)/Ti(CCS/Ti)with a nanosheet structure was constructed on a foam titanium substrate using a hydrothermal method,achieving dual-functional applications for efficient chlorine evolution and the degradation of ofloxacin(OFX).The electrode exhibits an overpotential of 1.23 V(vs.Ag/AgCl)at a current density of 100 mA·cm^(−2),with a Faradaic efficiency of 95.66%,and remains stable for 180 h.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations indicate that the chlorine evolution mechanism on the CCS/Ti electrode primarily follows the Volmer-Heyrovsky pathway.Furthermore,the CCS/Ti electrode achieves a degradation efficiency of 91.34%for OFX within 5 min and demonstrates broad-spectrum degradation capabilities for various fluoroquinolone antibiotics(>83.05%).This study provides an efficient and cost-effective new approach for catalyst material design,contributing to the greening of the chlor-alkali industry and the treatment of refractory pollutants.展开更多
文摘Objective To evaluate CC2 (N, N’-dichloro-bis [2, 4, 6-trichlorophenyl] urea) invarious hydrophilic and lipophilic formulations as a personnel decontaminant for sulphurmustard (SM). Methods Twenty percent of CC2 was prepared as a suspension or ointmentwith various chemical agents and its stability was evaluated by active chlorine assay. Theefficacy was evaluated in mice by recording the mortality after applying 29 LD50 of SM (LD50 =8.1 mg/kg dermally) and decontaminating it after 2 min with 200 mg of the formulation.Studies were also carried out with 10% and 20% CC2 in acacia and hydroxypropyl cellulose,and the suspensions were stored in polyethylene containers. The stability of the suspensionswas evaluated by active chlorine assay. The efficacy was evaluated by recording themortality after applying 29 LD50 of SM in mice and 12 LD50 of SM in rats (LD50 = 2.4 mg/kgdermally), and decontaminating it with the formulations. LD50 by different routes andprimary skin irritation test of CC2 were also carried out. Results CC2 reacted with peanutoil and neem oil, and was unstable in povidone iodine and Fuller’s earth. Good stability wasachieved with petroleum jelly, honey, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, calamine lotion, acacia andhydroxypropyl cellulose. Though CC2 was stable in lipophilic formulations, it did notprotect the animals. The hydrophilic formulations particularly acacia and hydroxypropylcellulose gave very good protection and was stable in the polyethylene containers for aperiod of 1 year. The efficacy of 20% CC2 was better than 10% CC2. The oral and dermalLD50 of CC2 was found to be above 5.0 g/kg. CC2 was also found to be nonirritant.Conclusion Twenty percent of CC2 in hydroxypropyl cellulose is better with respect tostability, efficacy and ease of decontamination. CC2 is also a safe chemical.
基金supported by the Major Science and Technology Projects in Yunnan Province(China)(No.202302AE090014)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.5196080497).
文摘The chlor-alkali industry faces high energy consumption,competition between the chlorine evolution reaction(CER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER),and challenges,such as high costs and poor stability of precious metal catalysts in chlorine production.At the same time,the treatment of antibiotic pollution urgently requires efficient degradation technologies.In this study,a non-precious metal anode of CuCo_(2)S_(4)/Ti(CCS/Ti)with a nanosheet structure was constructed on a foam titanium substrate using a hydrothermal method,achieving dual-functional applications for efficient chlorine evolution and the degradation of ofloxacin(OFX).The electrode exhibits an overpotential of 1.23 V(vs.Ag/AgCl)at a current density of 100 mA·cm^(−2),with a Faradaic efficiency of 95.66%,and remains stable for 180 h.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations indicate that the chlorine evolution mechanism on the CCS/Ti electrode primarily follows the Volmer-Heyrovsky pathway.Furthermore,the CCS/Ti electrode achieves a degradation efficiency of 91.34%for OFX within 5 min and demonstrates broad-spectrum degradation capabilities for various fluoroquinolone antibiotics(>83.05%).This study provides an efficient and cost-effective new approach for catalyst material design,contributing to the greening of the chlor-alkali industry and the treatment of refractory pollutants.
