The microstructures of pharmaceutical preparations play a pivotal role in determining their critical quality attributes(CQAs),such as drug release,content uniformity,and stability,which greatly impact the safety and e...The microstructures of pharmaceutical preparations play a pivotal role in determining their critical quality attributes(CQAs),such as drug release,content uniformity,and stability,which greatly impact the safety and efficacy of drugs.Unlike the inherent molecular structures of active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs)and excipients,the microstructures of pharmaceutical preparations are developed during the formulation process,presenting unique analytical challenges.In this review,we primarily focus on presenting the research methods used to elucidate the microstructures of pharmaceutical preparations,including X-ray imaging(XRI),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),atomic force microscopy(AFM),Raman spectroscopy,infrared(IR)spectroscopy,and rheometer technology.Subsequently,we highlight the applications,advantages,and limitations of these methods.Finally,we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives in this field.This review aims to provide a comprehensive reference for understanding the microstructures of pharmaceutical preparations,offering new insights and potential advancements in their development.展开更多
This paper analyzed necessity and laws of natural and cultural resource consumption and creation activities as a branch of economics or research direction, proposed such basic frameworks of landscape economics such as...This paper analyzed necessity and laws of natural and cultural resource consumption and creation activities as a branch of economics or research direction, proposed such basic frameworks of landscape economics such as connotations, basic problems and research methods on the basis of sorting out literature. Landscape economics is a social science focusing on the public preferences for natural and humanistic landscapes, and the preference evolution laws, economic laws of landscape resource consumption and creation activities. The basic problems include evaluation of landscape resource value, optimal utilization of landscape resources, landscape resource development and protection policies, formation and creation of diversified landscape structure. The research methods include investigation of consumers' willingness, experiment and behavioral economics, logical reasoning, and case study.展开更多
Dairy wastewater,a kind of high concentration organic wastewater,is produced in large quantities and difficult to treat,and has a negative impact on the ecological environment.In this study,the source,composition,wate...Dairy wastewater,a kind of high concentration organic wastewater,is produced in large quantities and difficult to treat,and has a negative impact on the ecological environment.In this study,the source,composition,water quality characteristics of dairy wastewater and its impact on the ecological environment were analyzed,and the treatment methods of dairy wastewater at home and abroad in recent years were summarized,in order to provide a reference for the treatment of dairy wastewater.展开更多
Basic anesthesiology is a core course in anesthesiology education,and it is crucial to improve its teaching effectiveness.This proposal focuses on optimizing the lesson preparation and teaching methods for basic anest...Basic anesthesiology is a core course in anesthesiology education,and it is crucial to improve its teaching effectiveness.This proposal focuses on optimizing the lesson preparation and teaching methods for basic anesthesiology based on competency.A comprehensive anesthesiologist competency model is established,covering clinical knowledge,crisis management,doctor-patient communication,and research innovation.The course objectives and content are restructured to integrate core knowledge with competency elements.In terms of lesson preparation,a layered teaching design is adopted,incorporating real case libraries and ideological and political elements.The teaching approach adopts a blended teaching mode,utilizing diverse methods.Additionally,the teaching evaluation system is also reformed based on Miller’s Pyramid.This optimized model aims to enhance students’clinical thinking,operational skills,and professional qualities,while reducing the job adaptation period.展开更多
Erratum to:Research Methods Used for Developing Academic Wordlists:A Systematic Review of Studies Published Between 2000 and 2020,Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics,Volume 48,Issue 3,2025,pp.425-450,doi:10.1515/CJ...Erratum to:Research Methods Used for Developing Academic Wordlists:A Systematic Review of Studies Published Between 2000 and 2020,Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics,Volume 48,Issue 3,2025,pp.425-450,doi:10.1515/CJAL-2025-0210.展开更多
Diabetes is a major global metabolic disorder,with the type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)population in China expected to reach 168 million by 2050.Electroacupuncture(EA)and auricular acupuncture represent safe,accessible,...Diabetes is a major global metabolic disorder,with the type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)population in China expected to reach 168 million by 2050.Electroacupuncture(EA)and auricular acupuncture represent safe,accessible,and multitargeted strategies for glycemic control with strong translational potential.Clinical studies indicate that EA,targeting trunk and limb acupoints,can significantly reduce fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin.Mechanistically,EA modulates the neuro-endocrine-immune axis,regulates gut microbiota,and activates insulin signaling pathways.Auricular acupuncture,through vagal innervation,may also exert rapid effects on glucose homeostasis via autonomic modulation.The review’s objective is to synthesize and critically evaluate current clinical trials and animal studies on EA and auricular acupuncture for glycemic control in diabetes,particularly T2DM,and to highlight translational implications,mechanistic insights,and evidence gaps.This review also emphasizes translational considerations by highlighting species differences between rodents and humans-an underappreciated yet critical factor influencing the clinical applicability of preclinical findings.Through the integration of recent research advances,the present review not only consolidates clinical and preclinical evidence but also advances a deeper mechanistic framework and underscores the importance of species-specific factors in bridging experimental research and patient care.Future progress requires rigorously designed,adequately powered,multicenter randomized controlled trials with standardized protocols to validate efficacy and define their role in precision diabetes management.展开更多
The learning of English academic vocabulary has been the focus of numerous studies from the time Coxhead(2000)developed the academic word list to the present day.Various researchers have emphasized the importance of p...The learning of English academic vocabulary has been the focus of numerous studies from the time Coxhead(2000)developed the academic word list to the present day.Various researchers have emphasized the importance of possessing academic vocabulary knowledge for academic success.Recognizing this importance,it is crucial for researchers,teachers,and learners to understand the progress made in academic word lists.This systematic review first identifies,describes,appraises,and synthesizes the development of academic word lists from 2000 to 2020.It then examines the methods used by researchers in developing academic word lists among 56 studies that meet the pre-established criteria.The word lists were classified based on some criteria such as word counting units,corpora types/sizes,and exclusion criteria.Limitations,suggestions for further study,and implications are also discussed.Additionally,recommendations for future word list establishment are provided to help advance the field of word list development.展开更多
In 2025,I had the honor of delivering keynote speeches at the conferences of the International Society for Diet and Activity Methods in Toronto,Canada,and the International Society of Behavioural Nutrition and Physica...In 2025,I had the honor of delivering keynote speeches at the conferences of the International Society for Diet and Activity Methods in Toronto,Canada,and the International Society of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity in Auckland,Aotearoa,New Zealand.These opportunities prompted deep reflection on scientific research in general,and on physical activity and health research specifically.展开更多
Taking the Jiangsu Province as Zhenjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Hilly Areas of an example, the paper elaborated the advanced practices of agricultural research institutes in agricultural science and techn...Taking the Jiangsu Province as Zhenjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Hilly Areas of an example, the paper elaborated the advanced practices of agricultural research institutes in agricultural science and technology services and analyzed the difficulties and solutions in the services. process of science and technologyservices.展开更多
This paper deals with all aspects of liver alveolar echinococcosis (AE) including epidemiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, imaging examinations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, surgical treatment and ch...This paper deals with all aspects of liver alveolar echinococcosis (AE) including epidemiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, imaging examinations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, surgical treatment and chemotherapy.The review is not only based on personal clinical experiences but also in combination with relative basic research such as proliferation and growth of alveococcus, preclinical studies of a novel compound extracted from TCM for treatment of liver AE, and molecular immunology used for specific AE diagnosis, etc.展开更多
TCM formulae are the important guidances for clinical application of traditional Chinese medicines,which follow the principles of diagnosis and treatment in TCM.Elucidating the bio-active components of TCM formulae is...TCM formulae are the important guidances for clinical application of traditional Chinese medicines,which follow the principles of diagnosis and treatment in TCM.Elucidating the bio-active components of TCM formulae is the key to the modernization and internationalization of traditional Chinese medicines.With the rapid development of modern instruments and technology,many new theories,methods and strategies are emerging,which upgrade the research of TCM formulae into a higher level.Only when the medicinal efficacy,bio-active components,function mechanism of TCM formulae are understood,we can guarantee TCM safety and quality control.In this paper,we summarized the latest modern research thoughts and methods on bio-active components of TCM formulae including formula decomposition study,serum pharmacology and serum pharmacochemistry,association analysis,biochro-matography,network pharmacology,metabolomics and proteomics,so as to provide reference for the research and development of TCM in the future.展开更多
Traditional occupational disease control and prevention has remained prevalent in China over recent decades. There are appropriately 30,000 new case reports of occupational diseases annually. Although China has alread...Traditional occupational disease control and prevention has remained prevalent in China over recent decades. There are appropriately 30,000 new case reports of occupational diseases annually. Although China has already established a series of occupational disease prevention programs, occupational health risk assessment （OHRA） strategies continue to be a limitation.展开更多
The achievement progresses of investigation and studies on marine hazardous geology are summarized and presentsd in the late 20 century in China. The importance, research value and present-day studies of marine hazard...The achievement progresses of investigation and studies on marine hazardous geology are summarized and presentsd in the late 20 century in China. The importance, research value and present-day studies of marine hazardous geology, a newly developing branch of geoscience, are well expatiated. Several often confused concepts and theories are explained and redefined here. The comment on the means of investigations, assessment of marine hazardous geology, as well as its evolution, innovation, existing questions and future tasks are also introduced and presented. The concepts of 'hazard geology', geohazard', 'map of marine hazard geology', 'integrated evaluaton on seafloor stablity' are respectively discussed, including their definition, research objects, methods and contents. The types and classification of marine hazardous geology, principles and methods of marine hazardous geology map compilation, the assessment methods and models of marine hazardous geology environment and seafloor stability and so on are also discussed.展开更多
The exact calculation of point kinetic parameters is very important in nuclear reactor safety assessment, and most sophisticated safety codes such as RELAP5, PARCS,DYN3D, and PARET are using these parameters in their ...The exact calculation of point kinetic parameters is very important in nuclear reactor safety assessment, and most sophisticated safety codes such as RELAP5, PARCS,DYN3D, and PARET are using these parameters in their dynamic models. These parameters include effective delayed neutron fractions as well as mean generation time.These parameters are adjoint-weighted, and adjoint flux is employed as a weighting function in their evaluation.Adjoint flux calculation is an easy task for most of deterministic codes, but its evaluation is cumbersome for Monte Carlo codes. However, in recent years, some sophisticated techniques have been proposed for Monte Carlo-based point kinetic parameters calculation without any need of adjoint flux. The most straightforward scheme is known as the ‘‘prompt method'' and has been used widely in literature. The main objective of this article is dedicated to point kinetic parameters calculation in Tehran research reactor(TRR) using deterministic as well as probabilistic techniques. WIMS-D5B and CITATION codes have been used in deterministic calculation of forward and adjoint fluxes in the TRR core. On the other hand, the MCNP Monte Carlo code has been employed in the ‘‘prompt method''scheme for effective delayed neutron fraction evaluation.Deterministic results have been cross-checked with probabilistic ones and validated with SAR and experimental data. In comparison with experimental results, the relativedifferences of deterministic as well as probabilistic methods are 7.6 and 3.2%, respectively. These quantities are10.7 and 6.4%, respectively, in comparison with SAR report.展开更多
Severe brain injury can lead to disorders of consciousness （DOCs）. Since DOC patients cannot communicate functionally or behave purposefully, most remain bedridden and require laborious care. The medical community i...Severe brain injury can lead to disorders of consciousness （DOCs）. Since DOC patients cannot communicate functionally or behave purposefully, most remain bedridden and require laborious care. The medical community is often confronted with the expectations of the families of chronic DOC patients, and the social, economic, and ethical consequences are tremendous. Research on DOCs is attracting increasing attention from scientists and physicians in various fields. With the development of modern neuroimaging and neuromodulation techniques, much progress has been made in the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of DOCs in the last decade.展开更多
The root system is an important organ that plants absorb nutrients from the soil, and can synthesize the vital substances necessary for the plant. However, the study on root system is burdened with great challenges du...The root system is an important organ that plants absorb nutrients from the soil, and can synthesize the vital substances necessary for the plant. However, the study on root system is burdened with great challenges due to its underground roots. In order to further explore the research methods and techniques of plant roots, the research mainly reviewed the research methods of root system, and summarized the methods of conventional root research, such as digging method, core drilling method, container method and isotope method. The progress of CT scan method, ground penetrating radar, special environmental culture method, nucle- ar magnetic resonance method and CCD three-dimensional imaging method were reviewed. Prospects for plant root research were made according to the trends of root research methods usincl hiqh-end technolo.qy at home and abroad.展开更多
In order to understand the fundamental questions of the biology of life and to duplicate the pathogenesis of human diseases, animal models using different experimental animals, such as rodents, Drosophila, Caenorhabdi...In order to understand the fundamental questions of the biology of life and to duplicate the pathogenesis of human diseases, animal models using different experimental animals, such as rodents, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, and zebrafish, have been established and used widely for many decades. The controllability of environmental conditions, the high reproducibility, the ease of scale and the comparability of results, as well as the ability to use different standards for ethical protocols, all make an animal model the ideal tool for carrying out studies on human diseases and the development of novel pharmaceuticals and new therapies （Xue et al., 2014）. An ideal animal model should reflect the complete spectra of a specific human disease, with similar features on the following key issues： （1） genetic basis; （2） anatomy and physiology; （3） pathological response（s） and underlying mechanism（s）; （4） phenotypic endpoints as clinical studies; （5） responsiveness to known drugs with clinical efficacy; and （6） prediction of clinical efficacy （McGonigle and Ruggeri, 2014）.展开更多
Interviewing is one of the most common and most powerful research methods in sociology. To provide an overview of interviewing in social research, the preliminaries and some tactics applied in interviewing are illustr...Interviewing is one of the most common and most powerful research methods in sociology. To provide an overview of interviewing in social research, the preliminaries and some tactics applied in interviewing are illustrated firstly. Secondly, various forms of interviewing employed in social research are analyzed specifically. Finally, the issues of interviewing are critically examined.展开更多
The present paper first reviewed the major concepts and practices involves in research. A small study was conducted to survey on the prevailing research questions and methods in ELT studies in China, showing a major p...The present paper first reviewed the major concepts and practices involves in research. A small study was conducted to survey on the prevailing research questions and methods in ELT studies in China, showing a major paradigm shift from qualitative studies to quantitative research and mixed methods, with little critical research identified.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To update the current characteristics about the scope and quality of mixed methods research(MMR)in complementary and alternative medicine(CAM)after nearly 10 years.METHODS:A 5-stage approach for conducting a...OBJECTIVE:To update the current characteristics about the scope and quality of mixed methods research(MMR)in complementary and alternative medicine(CAM)after nearly 10 years.METHODS:A 5-stage approach for conducting a scoping review was adopted.Articles published on the top 10 journals in CAM with the highest impact factor in 2020 were screened for MMR.Information of included articles were extracted,and then synthesized to illustrate the current state.Methodological quality was evaluated according to the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool(MMAT)2018 version.RESULTS:A total of 55(55/2991,2%)articles using mixed methods were retrieved,including 17 medical studies and 38 ethnobotanical studies.We performed an in-depth analysis on the 17 medical studies,which studied cancer,stress,pain,fatigue,exercises,mindfulness intervention,herbal medicine use,art and acupuncture.Thirteen pilot studies applied MMR to evaluate the feasibility of interventions or programs(13/17,76%);phenomenology was inferred as the most common philosophical assumptions(13/17,76%);the most applied type of MMR was convergent design(16/17,94%);integration often took place at integration(12/17,71%).Among the 16 eligible studies for quality appraisal,majority were rated as good(14/16,88%),whereas two studies were rated as poorly described.Primarily,a poor rating was due to incomplete reporting of data analysis and citations in qualitative components;lack of confounder controlling and the sampling strategy in quantitative components;poor description of integration and justification for mixed methods.Comparing with the previous review,fewer MMR were published in 2020 in CAM,but the proportion of studies that clearly reported MMR has increased by 4 times(4%→15%).CONCLUSION:CAM researchers need to realize the benefits that MMR can have on conducting further health care research.Our findings highlight that applying MMR will be helpful to understand the complex dynamics and interdisciplinary nature of complex intervention.In addition,addressing a standardized reporting criteria for MMR is recommended.展开更多
文摘The microstructures of pharmaceutical preparations play a pivotal role in determining their critical quality attributes(CQAs),such as drug release,content uniformity,and stability,which greatly impact the safety and efficacy of drugs.Unlike the inherent molecular structures of active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs)and excipients,the microstructures of pharmaceutical preparations are developed during the formulation process,presenting unique analytical challenges.In this review,we primarily focus on presenting the research methods used to elucidate the microstructures of pharmaceutical preparations,including X-ray imaging(XRI),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),atomic force microscopy(AFM),Raman spectroscopy,infrared(IR)spectroscopy,and rheometer technology.Subsequently,we highlight the applications,advantages,and limitations of these methods.Finally,we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives in this field.This review aims to provide a comprehensive reference for understanding the microstructures of pharmaceutical preparations,offering new insights and potential advancements in their development.
文摘This paper analyzed necessity and laws of natural and cultural resource consumption and creation activities as a branch of economics or research direction, proposed such basic frameworks of landscape economics such as connotations, basic problems and research methods on the basis of sorting out literature. Landscape economics is a social science focusing on the public preferences for natural and humanistic landscapes, and the preference evolution laws, economic laws of landscape resource consumption and creation activities. The basic problems include evaluation of landscape resource value, optimal utilization of landscape resources, landscape resource development and protection policies, formation and creation of diversified landscape structure. The research methods include investigation of consumers' willingness, experiment and behavioral economics, logical reasoning, and case study.
文摘Dairy wastewater,a kind of high concentration organic wastewater,is produced in large quantities and difficult to treat,and has a negative impact on the ecological environment.In this study,the source,composition,water quality characteristics of dairy wastewater and its impact on the ecological environment were analyzed,and the treatment methods of dairy wastewater at home and abroad in recent years were summarized,in order to provide a reference for the treatment of dairy wastewater.
基金supported by the 2024 Annual Teaching Achievement Cultivation and Develop〓〓ment Project of Naval Medical University(JPY2024B18).
文摘Basic anesthesiology is a core course in anesthesiology education,and it is crucial to improve its teaching effectiveness.This proposal focuses on optimizing the lesson preparation and teaching methods for basic anesthesiology based on competency.A comprehensive anesthesiologist competency model is established,covering clinical knowledge,crisis management,doctor-patient communication,and research innovation.The course objectives and content are restructured to integrate core knowledge with competency elements.In terms of lesson preparation,a layered teaching design is adopted,incorporating real case libraries and ideological and political elements.The teaching approach adopts a blended teaching mode,utilizing diverse methods.Additionally,the teaching evaluation system is also reformed based on Miller’s Pyramid.This optimized model aims to enhance students’clinical thinking,operational skills,and professional qualities,while reducing the job adaptation period.
文摘Erratum to:Research Methods Used for Developing Academic Wordlists:A Systematic Review of Studies Published Between 2000 and 2020,Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics,Volume 48,Issue 3,2025,pp.425-450,doi:10.1515/CJAL-2025-0210.
基金Supported by The National Natural Science Foundation,Youth Science Fund Project,No.82305376The Youth Talent Support Project of the China Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association,No.2024-2026ZGZJXH-QNRC005+3 种基金The 2024 Jiangsu Province Youth Science and Technology Talent Support Project,No.JSTJ-2024-3802025 Jiangsu Provincial Science and Technology Think Tank Program Project,No.JSKX0125035The National College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program,No.202410315020ZProvincial Undergraduate Innovation Training Program,No.202410315149Y.
文摘Diabetes is a major global metabolic disorder,with the type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)population in China expected to reach 168 million by 2050.Electroacupuncture(EA)and auricular acupuncture represent safe,accessible,and multitargeted strategies for glycemic control with strong translational potential.Clinical studies indicate that EA,targeting trunk and limb acupoints,can significantly reduce fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin.Mechanistically,EA modulates the neuro-endocrine-immune axis,regulates gut microbiota,and activates insulin signaling pathways.Auricular acupuncture,through vagal innervation,may also exert rapid effects on glucose homeostasis via autonomic modulation.The review’s objective is to synthesize and critically evaluate current clinical trials and animal studies on EA and auricular acupuncture for glycemic control in diabetes,particularly T2DM,and to highlight translational implications,mechanistic insights,and evidence gaps.This review also emphasizes translational considerations by highlighting species differences between rodents and humans-an underappreciated yet critical factor influencing the clinical applicability of preclinical findings.Through the integration of recent research advances,the present review not only consolidates clinical and preclinical evidence but also advances a deeper mechanistic framework and underscores the importance of species-specific factors in bridging experimental research and patient care.Future progress requires rigorously designed,adequately powered,multicenter randomized controlled trials with standardized protocols to validate efficacy and define their role in precision diabetes management.
文摘The learning of English academic vocabulary has been the focus of numerous studies from the time Coxhead(2000)developed the academic word list to the present day.Various researchers have emphasized the importance of possessing academic vocabulary knowledge for academic success.Recognizing this importance,it is crucial for researchers,teachers,and learners to understand the progress made in academic word lists.This systematic review first identifies,describes,appraises,and synthesizes the development of academic word lists from 2000 to 2020.It then examines the methods used by researchers in developing academic word lists among 56 studies that meet the pre-established criteria.The word lists were classified based on some criteria such as word counting units,corpora types/sizes,and exclusion criteria.Limitations,suggestions for further study,and implications are also discussed.Additionally,recommendations for future word list establishment are provided to help advance the field of word list development.
文摘In 2025,I had the honor of delivering keynote speeches at the conferences of the International Society for Diet and Activity Methods in Toronto,Canada,and the International Society of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity in Auckland,Aotearoa,New Zealand.These opportunities prompted deep reflection on scientific research in general,and on physical activity and health research specifically.
文摘Taking the Jiangsu Province as Zhenjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Hilly Areas of an example, the paper elaborated the advanced practices of agricultural research institutes in agricultural science and technology services and analyzed the difficulties and solutions in the services. process of science and technologyservices.
文摘This paper deals with all aspects of liver alveolar echinococcosis (AE) including epidemiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, imaging examinations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, surgical treatment and chemotherapy.The review is not only based on personal clinical experiences but also in combination with relative basic research such as proliferation and growth of alveococcus, preclinical studies of a novel compound extracted from TCM for treatment of liver AE, and molecular immunology used for specific AE diagnosis, etc.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(No.2019ZDLSF04-05)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81974522),the Subject Innovation Team of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medi-cine(No.2019-YL10)the Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities(2020).
文摘TCM formulae are the important guidances for clinical application of traditional Chinese medicines,which follow the principles of diagnosis and treatment in TCM.Elucidating the bio-active components of TCM formulae is the key to the modernization and internationalization of traditional Chinese medicines.With the rapid development of modern instruments and technology,many new theories,methods and strategies are emerging,which upgrade the research of TCM formulae into a higher level.Only when the medicinal efficacy,bio-active components,function mechanism of TCM formulae are understood,we can guarantee TCM safety and quality control.In this paper,we summarized the latest modern research thoughts and methods on bio-active components of TCM formulae including formula decomposition study,serum pharmacology and serum pharmacochemistry,association analysis,biochro-matography,network pharmacology,metabolomics and proteomics,so as to provide reference for the research and development of TCM in the future.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(81472961)the Joint Projects of the National Health and Family Planning Commission of China and the Health Bureau of Zhejiang Province(No.WSK 2014-2-004)the Zhejiang Provincial Program for the Cultivation of High-Level Innovative Health Talents
文摘Traditional occupational disease control and prevention has remained prevalent in China over recent decades. There are appropriately 30,000 new case reports of occupational diseases annually. Although China has already established a series of occupational disease prevention programs, occupational health risk assessment （OHRA） strategies continue to be a limitation.
文摘The achievement progresses of investigation and studies on marine hazardous geology are summarized and presentsd in the late 20 century in China. The importance, research value and present-day studies of marine hazardous geology, a newly developing branch of geoscience, are well expatiated. Several often confused concepts and theories are explained and redefined here. The comment on the means of investigations, assessment of marine hazardous geology, as well as its evolution, innovation, existing questions and future tasks are also introduced and presented. The concepts of 'hazard geology', geohazard', 'map of marine hazard geology', 'integrated evaluaton on seafloor stablity' are respectively discussed, including their definition, research objects, methods and contents. The types and classification of marine hazardous geology, principles and methods of marine hazardous geology map compilation, the assessment methods and models of marine hazardous geology environment and seafloor stability and so on are also discussed.
文摘The exact calculation of point kinetic parameters is very important in nuclear reactor safety assessment, and most sophisticated safety codes such as RELAP5, PARCS,DYN3D, and PARET are using these parameters in their dynamic models. These parameters include effective delayed neutron fractions as well as mean generation time.These parameters are adjoint-weighted, and adjoint flux is employed as a weighting function in their evaluation.Adjoint flux calculation is an easy task for most of deterministic codes, but its evaluation is cumbersome for Monte Carlo codes. However, in recent years, some sophisticated techniques have been proposed for Monte Carlo-based point kinetic parameters calculation without any need of adjoint flux. The most straightforward scheme is known as the ‘‘prompt method'' and has been used widely in literature. The main objective of this article is dedicated to point kinetic parameters calculation in Tehran research reactor(TRR) using deterministic as well as probabilistic techniques. WIMS-D5B and CITATION codes have been used in deterministic calculation of forward and adjoint fluxes in the TRR core. On the other hand, the MCNP Monte Carlo code has been employed in the ‘‘prompt method''scheme for effective delayed neutron fraction evaluation.Deterministic results have been cross-checked with probabilistic ones and validated with SAR and experimental data. In comparison with experimental results, the relativedifferences of deterministic as well as probabilistic methods are 7.6 and 3.2%, respectively. These quantities are10.7 and 6.4%, respectively, in comparison with SAR report.
文摘Severe brain injury can lead to disorders of consciousness （DOCs）. Since DOC patients cannot communicate functionally or behave purposefully, most remain bedridden and require laborious care. The medical community is often confronted with the expectations of the families of chronic DOC patients, and the social, economic, and ethical consequences are tremendous. Research on DOCs is attracting increasing attention from scientists and physicians in various fields. With the development of modern neuroimaging and neuromodulation techniques, much progress has been made in the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of DOCs in the last decade.
文摘The root system is an important organ that plants absorb nutrients from the soil, and can synthesize the vital substances necessary for the plant. However, the study on root system is burdened with great challenges due to its underground roots. In order to further explore the research methods and techniques of plant roots, the research mainly reviewed the research methods of root system, and summarized the methods of conventional root research, such as digging method, core drilling method, container method and isotope method. The progress of CT scan method, ground penetrating radar, special environmental culture method, nucle- ar magnetic resonance method and CCD three-dimensional imaging method were reviewed. Prospects for plant root research were made according to the trends of root research methods usincl hiqh-end technolo.qy at home and abroad.
文摘In order to understand the fundamental questions of the biology of life and to duplicate the pathogenesis of human diseases, animal models using different experimental animals, such as rodents, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, and zebrafish, have been established and used widely for many decades. The controllability of environmental conditions, the high reproducibility, the ease of scale and the comparability of results, as well as the ability to use different standards for ethical protocols, all make an animal model the ideal tool for carrying out studies on human diseases and the development of novel pharmaceuticals and new therapies （Xue et al., 2014）. An ideal animal model should reflect the complete spectra of a specific human disease, with similar features on the following key issues： （1） genetic basis; （2） anatomy and physiology; （3） pathological response（s） and underlying mechanism（s）; （4） phenotypic endpoints as clinical studies; （5） responsiveness to known drugs with clinical efficacy; and （6） prediction of clinical efficacy （McGonigle and Ruggeri, 2014）.
文摘Interviewing is one of the most common and most powerful research methods in sociology. To provide an overview of interviewing in social research, the preliminaries and some tactics applied in interviewing are illustrated firstly. Secondly, various forms of interviewing employed in social research are analyzed specifically. Finally, the issues of interviewing are critically examined.
文摘The present paper first reviewed the major concepts and practices involves in research. A small study was conducted to survey on the prevailing research questions and methods in ELT studies in China, showing a major paradigm shift from qualitative studies to quantitative research and mixed methods, with little critical research identified.
基金Supported by the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences:Design and Application of Mixed Method Research in Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.CI2021B003)Special Project of China Center for Evidence Based Traditional Chinese Medicine:Integrated Innovation and Application of Traditional Trial and Real-World Study of Chinese Medicine in Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Setting(No.2020YJSZX-3)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes:the Optimal Subject Setting and Design of Evidence-Based Research Implementation in the Area of Brain Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.ZZ13-024-3)
文摘OBJECTIVE:To update the current characteristics about the scope and quality of mixed methods research(MMR)in complementary and alternative medicine(CAM)after nearly 10 years.METHODS:A 5-stage approach for conducting a scoping review was adopted.Articles published on the top 10 journals in CAM with the highest impact factor in 2020 were screened for MMR.Information of included articles were extracted,and then synthesized to illustrate the current state.Methodological quality was evaluated according to the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool(MMAT)2018 version.RESULTS:A total of 55(55/2991,2%)articles using mixed methods were retrieved,including 17 medical studies and 38 ethnobotanical studies.We performed an in-depth analysis on the 17 medical studies,which studied cancer,stress,pain,fatigue,exercises,mindfulness intervention,herbal medicine use,art and acupuncture.Thirteen pilot studies applied MMR to evaluate the feasibility of interventions or programs(13/17,76%);phenomenology was inferred as the most common philosophical assumptions(13/17,76%);the most applied type of MMR was convergent design(16/17,94%);integration often took place at integration(12/17,71%).Among the 16 eligible studies for quality appraisal,majority were rated as good(14/16,88%),whereas two studies were rated as poorly described.Primarily,a poor rating was due to incomplete reporting of data analysis and citations in qualitative components;lack of confounder controlling and the sampling strategy in quantitative components;poor description of integration and justification for mixed methods.Comparing with the previous review,fewer MMR were published in 2020 in CAM,but the proportion of studies that clearly reported MMR has increased by 4 times(4%→15%).CONCLUSION:CAM researchers need to realize the benefits that MMR can have on conducting further health care research.Our findings highlight that applying MMR will be helpful to understand the complex dynamics and interdisciplinary nature of complex intervention.In addition,addressing a standardized reporting criteria for MMR is recommended.
