We study a proposed model describing the propagation of computer virus in the network with antidote in vulnerable system. Mathematical analysis shows that dynamics of the spread of computer viruses is determined by th...We study a proposed model describing the propagation of computer virus in the network with antidote in vulnerable system. Mathematical analysis shows that dynamics of the spread of computer viruses is determined by the threshold Ro. If Ro 〈 1, the virusfree equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable, and if R0 〉 1, the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. Lyapunov functional method as well as geometric approach are used for proving the global stability of equilibria. A numerical investigation is carried out to confirm the analytical results. Through parameter analysis, some effective strategies for eliminating viruses are suggested.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">A simple method for assessment of the toxicity and antidote effect of selenium nanoparticles with </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verd...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">A simple method for assessment of the toxicity and antidote effect of selenium nanoparticles with </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Paramecium</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> is presented. Light microscopy in combination with computerized video tracking is employed for </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">determination of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">survival time of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P.</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Up to 800 mg/L, selenium nanoparticles are not acutely toxic. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">With</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> respect to a potential antidote effect, the lethality of silver nanoparticles, silver nitrate, sodium hydrogen selenite, and sodium selenite to <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P.</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was decreased and survival time was extend</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ed upon pre-treatment with selenium nanoparticles. Taken together, these findings suggest that administration of selenium nanoparticles attenuates</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> exposure </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> toxicants. Selenium nanoparticles could be a good functional additive for food management in animals.</span>展开更多
Two new species of Curcuma, C. sattayasaii A. Chaveerach ＆ R. Sudmoon and C. zedoaroides A. Chaveerach ＆ T. Tanee with rhizomes traditionally used for many decades as cobra-bite antidotes are described and illustrat...Two new species of Curcuma, C. sattayasaii A. Chaveerach ＆ R. Sudmoon and C. zedoaroides A. Chaveerach ＆ T. Tanee with rhizomes traditionally used for many decades as cobra-bite antidotes are described and illustrated. Curcuma sattayasaii is similar to C. longa L., but differs in rhizome horizontally branching on ground; coma bracts pinkish-white or pinkish-pale green; corolla pale yellow with orange tip; labellum pale orange with an orange central band; anther crest very short, broadly ovate, wider than long. Curcuma zedoaroides is similar to C. zedoaria （Christm.） Roscoe, but differs in rhizome branching pattern; the protruding secondary rhizomes curved down; blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate; peduncle glabrous; fertile and coma bracts glabrous; corolla lobes pale yellow to white, lateral lobe ovate, dorsal lobe broadly ovate. The new taxa have been found in a village of Khon Kaen Province, Northeastern Thailand.展开更多
The Zimbabwean financial sector has been retrogressive,constrained,and unpredictable since the year 2000,serving for the multiple currency periods(2009-2013)after the demonetization of the domestic dollar.The sector s...The Zimbabwean financial sector has been retrogressive,constrained,and unpredictable since the year 2000,serving for the multiple currency periods(2009-2013)after the demonetization of the domestic dollar.The sector since then has seen a number of commercial banks fail to meet RBZ(Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe)minimum capital requirements,put under curatorship,delisted or liquidated because of a myriad of operational and financial challenges.The objective of this study is to make an assessment of whether or not the introduction of bond notes has been a curse or blessing.The study drew raw data from bank account holders,academics,general public,corporate world and commercial banks in Masvingo for analysis and interpretation.The study established that the majority of people,corporate world and commercial banks were sceptical to embrace the surrogate bond notes because of the uncertainties,operational and financial risks that they paused on the domestic financial markets.It was also discovered that most banks were quick to pay clients’withdrawals in bond notes,deduct US dollar equivalences from their accounts,and distinguish bond notes from US dollars at the point of making deposits and foreign business transactions.It was also realized that there was market indiscipline and trading in bigger US dollar notes in the informal sector and serious shortage of the same notes in the formal sector.The study concluded that the introduction of bond notes to trade parallel to the US dollar brought a serious shortage of cash on formal markets and increases in the general price level of goods and services.The study therefore recommends that the RBZ should completely withdraw the bond notes from the market to accord the US dollar its world market value and restore confidence and discipline in the Zimbabwean financial sector.The study also recommends another option of the adoption of the South African Rand as an interventionist way of solving Zimbabwe’s liquidity crises.展开更多
The present work was initiated for searching and evaluating the total heavy metal content in some selected local resources used by traditional healers in locally made antidotes to search for their toxicity. Elekat pub...The present work was initiated for searching and evaluating the total heavy metal content in some selected local resources used by traditional healers in locally made antidotes to search for their toxicity. Elekat public slaughterhouse in the city of Bukavu, the central market of Kadutu and in the Ruzizi plain, precisely in Sange city, have been the purchased centers. The samples of bull and cow horns, oil palm nut shells, cow bones, ginger, black pepper and Mwenga salt were used. The spectrometric method has been used to carry out heavy metal content in each local resource using the atomic absorption spectrometer (VARIAN 1275). The heavy metals found and their average content are as follows: copper (Cu: 124.79 mg/kg), lead (Pb: 76.41 mg/kg), chromium (Cr: 33.9 mg/kg), zinc (Zn: 190.86 mg/kg), Arsenic (As: 107.41 mg/kg) and cadmium (Cd: 0.05 mg/kg). The averages of total heavy metal contents for all samples are below the standard of each one. The determination of the heavy metal contents in these samples allows evaluating human intoxication risk. These results show that antidote technology can be run without any toxicity risk and showed statistically significant differences compared to the controls (p 0.05) for chromium, zinc and cadmium have been recorded. However, most of the heavy metals molecules being thioloprives and then bioccumulatives, antidotes made from them shall not be consumed during a long period.展开更多
Gelsemium elegans(G.elegans)is an extremely poisonous plant that is widely distributed in southern China and southeastern Asia.G.elegans poisoning events occur frequently in southern China,and are therefore an urgent ...Gelsemium elegans(G.elegans)is an extremely poisonous plant that is widely distributed in southern China and southeastern Asia.G.elegans poisoning events occur frequently in southern China,and are therefore an urgent public health problem requiring multidisciplinary action.However,the toxic components and toxicological mechanisms remain unclear.Here,we describe a systematic investigation on the toxic components of G.elegans,resulting in the isolation and identification of 120 alkaloids.Based on acute toxicity screening,the structure-toxicity relationship of Gelsemium alkaloids was proposed for the first time.Moreover,gelsedine-and humantenine-type alkaloids were detected in the clinical blood sample,and were confirmed to be causative in the poisoning.The most toxic compound,gelsenicine(1),had selective inhibitory effects toward ventral respiratory group(VRG)neurons in the medulla,which is the main brain region controlling respiration in the central nervous system.Gelsenicine(1)strongly inhibited the firing of action potentials in VRG neurons through its ability to stimulate GABA_(A)receptors,the main receptors involved in inhibitory neurotransmission.Application of GABA_(A)receptor antagonists successively reversed action potential firing in gelsenicine(1)-treated VRG neurons.Importantly,the GABA_(A)receptor antagonists securinine and flumazenil significantly increased the survival of poisoned animals.Our findings provide insight into the components and mechanisms of G.elegans toxicity,and should assist the development of effective emergency treatments for G.elegans poisoning.展开更多
This is a correction to:Mark P Mattson,Soy peptide as an antidote to undernutrition,Life Metabolism,Volume 3,Issue 5,October 2024,https://doi.org/10.1093/lifemeta/loae034,The article title has been updated to address ...This is a correction to:Mark P Mattson,Soy peptide as an antidote to undernutrition,Life Metabolism,Volume 3,Issue 5,October 2024,https://doi.org/10.1093/lifemeta/loae034,The article title has been updated to address a typographical error:"anecdote"now reads"antidote".展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effects of coconut water intake on lipid profile and atherogenic predictor indices of albino rabbits overdosed with paracetamol using standard methods.Methods:Thirty-five albino rabbits we...Objective:To investigate the effects of coconut water intake on lipid profile and atherogenic predictor indices of albino rabbits overdosed with paracetamol using standard methods.Methods:Thirty-five albino rabbits weighing between 800-1200 g and aged between 2 and 3 months,were divided into 7 groups(I-VII)of 5 animals each.Groups I,II and III were orally administered distilled water(20 mL/kg body weight),coconut water(20 mL/kg body weight)and paracetamol(1000 mg/kg body weight)respectively,for 7 days.Groups IV and V were administered coconut water(20 mL/kg body weight)and silymarin(35 mg/kg body weight),respectively,for 6 days,then paracetamol(1000 mg/kg body weight)on the 7th day.Groups VI and VII were administered distilled water for 6 days,paracetamol on the 7th day,then coconut water and silymarin,respectively,after 3 h.Results:The results showed that paracetamol overdose significantly reduced(P<0.05)the mean body weight of the animals,increased the concentrations of serum total cholesterol,triacylglycerol,very low density lipoprotein cholesterol,low density lipoprotein cholesterol and the atherogenic predictor indices but reduced the serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration of the animals relative to the control.The observed changes in the lipid profile and atherogenic predictor indices were countered more by post-than pre-treatment with coconut water and silymarin.Conclusions:The results indicated that coconut water acted as an effective antidote to paracetamol overdose-induced lipid abnormality in animals.展开更多
Chemotherapy extravasation remains an accidental complication of chemotherapy administration and may result in serious damage to patients. We review in this article the clinical aspects of chemotherapy extravasation a...Chemotherapy extravasation remains an accidental complication of chemotherapy administration and may result in serious damage to patients. We review in this article the clinical aspects of chemotherapy extravasation and latest advances in definitions, classification, pre-vention, management and guidelines. We review the grading of extravasation and tissue damage according to various chemotherapeutic drugs and present an update on treatment and new antidotes including dexrazoxane for anthracyclines extravasation. We highlight the importance of education and training of the oncology team for prevention and prompt pharmacological and non-pharmacological management and stress the availability of new antidotes like dexrazoxane wherever anthracyclines are being infused.展开更多
Cardio-oncology is a discipline based on early screening,monitoring,and treating chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity.There are many chemotherapeutics known for their cardiac toxic effects,including fluoropyrimidines.F...Cardio-oncology is a discipline based on early screening,monitoring,and treating chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity.There are many chemotherapeutics known for their cardiac toxic effects,including fluoropyrimidines.Fluoropyrimidine represents the cornerstone of many types of cancer and each year almost two million cancer patients undergo this treatment.Fluoropyrimidine-induced cardiotoxicity can be manifested in several forms,from angina pectoris to sudden death.This paper is a review of how the cardiotoxicity of fluoropyrimidines is presented,the mechanisms of its occurrence,its diagnosis,and management.展开更多
This paper reviews milestones in antidotal therapies for cyanide(CN) spanning early remedies,current antidotal systems and research towards next generation therapies.CN has been a part of plant defense mechanisms for ...This paper reviews milestones in antidotal therapies for cyanide(CN) spanning early remedies,current antidotal systems and research towards next generation therapies.CN has been a part of plant defense mechanisms for millions of years.It became industrially important in the nineteenth century with the advent of CN assisted gold mining and the use of CN as a pest control agent.The biochemical basis of CN poisoning was actively studied and key mechanisms were understood as early as 1929.These fundamental studies led to a variety of antidotes,including indirect CN binders that generate methemoglobin,direct CN binders such as hydroxocobalamin,and sulfur donors that convert CN to the less toxic thiocyanate.Research on blood gases at the end of the twentieth century shed new light on the role of nitric oxide(NO) in the body.The discovery of NO's ability to compete with CN for enzymatic binding sites provided a previously missed explanation for the rapid efficacy of NO generating antidotes such as the nitrites.Presently used CN therapies include:methemoglobin/NO generators(e.g.,sodium nitrite,amyl nitrite,and dimethyl aminophenol),sulfur donors(e.g.,sodium thiosulfate and glutathione),and direct binding agents [(e.g.,hydroxocobalamin and dicobalt salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(dicobalt edetate)].A strong effort is being made to explore novel antidotal systems and to formulate them for rapid administration at the point of intoxication in mass casualty scenarios.New antidotes,formulations,and delivery systems are enhancing bioavailability and efficacy and hold promise for a new generation of improved CN countermeasures.展开更多
The 18 crude drugs in Bofutsushosan (BOF: Pulvis ledebouriellae compositae: 防風通聖散) are separated into 6 groups such as diaphoretic, cathartic, antidote, antipyretic, neutralizer and diuretic groups. The effects o...The 18 crude drugs in Bofutsushosan (BOF: Pulvis ledebouriellae compositae: 防風通聖散) are separated into 6 groups such as diaphoretic, cathartic, antidote, antipyretic, neutralizer and diuretic groups. The effects of single administered BOF and composed crude drugs in 6 groups were investigated on the levels of diabetic parameters (serum glucose, insulin, triglyceride and cholesterol) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The anti-hyperglycemic action of BOF was depended on Ephedrae Herba, Saposhnikoviae Radix and Schizonepetae Spica in diaphoretic group, Forsythiae Fructus, Saposhnikoviae Radix, Schizonepetae Spica and Cnidii Rhizoma in antidote group, Scutellariae Radix, Gardeniae Fructus and Gypsum Fibrosum in antipyretic group and Paeoniae Radix in neutralizer group. In these crude drugs, Ephedrae Herba, Saposhnikoviae Radix, Schizonepetae Spica, Forsythiae Fructus, Scutellariae Radix, Gypsum Fibrosum and Paeoniae Radix increased serum insulin level, but Cnidii Rhizoma and Gardeniae Fructus did not affect serum insulin level. From these results, it suggested that anti-hyperglycemic action of BOF was through insulin-dependent and insulin independent manners. The lowering effect of BOF on serum triglyceride level was dependent on actions of Platycodi Radix in antidote and diuretic groups and Gardeniae Fructus in antipyretic group. The lowering effect of Gardeniae Fructus was parallel with its anti-hyperglycemic action. The lowering effect of BOF on high serum triglyceride level also included both direct action and indirect action. The reducing effect of BOF on serum cholesterol level was observed together with the actions of Ephedrae Herba and Zingiberis Rhizoma in diaphoretic group, Schizonepetae Spica in diaphoretic and antidote groups and Paeoniae Radix in neutralizer group. The lowering effects of Ephedrae Herba, Schizonepetae Spica and Paeoniae Radix on serum cholesterol level were parallel with their anti-hyperglycemic actions. Zingiberis Rhizoma in diaphoretic group might be direct reducing effect on serum cholesterol level but no serum glucose level. The Ephedrae Herba in diaphoretic group, Schizonepetae Spica in diaphoretic and antidote groups and Paeoniae Radix in neutralizer group might have reduced serum cholesterol level by reducing blood glucose level. From these results, composed crude drugs in 6 groups show various mechanisms in the action of BOF.展开更多
Curcumin(CUR), the main phenolic composition in turmeric, shows preventive effects in various diseases. CUR is commonly found in the Curcuma species and historically applied in herbal medicine. Numerous studies have i...Curcumin(CUR), the main phenolic composition in turmeric, shows preventive effects in various diseases. CUR is commonly found in the Curcuma species and historically applied in herbal medicine. Numerous studies have indicated that CUR possesses protective effects against toxic agents in the various animal tissues including the brain. This study found that CUR may be effective in nervous system problems induced by neurotoxic agents. However, due to the lack of information on human, more investigations are needed to determine the efficacy of CUR as an antidote matter. The current study aimed to critically review the recent literature data from 2014 to 2016 that regarding the therapeutic aspects of CUR versus neurotoxic agents-induced brain damage and its involved mechanisms.展开更多
We study the stability of vortices pinning and dynamics in a superconducting thin strip containing a square array of antidot triplets by using the nonlinear Ginzburg–Landau(GL)theory.Compared with the regular square ...We study the stability of vortices pinning and dynamics in a superconducting thin strip containing a square array of antidot triplets by using the nonlinear Ginzburg–Landau(GL)theory.Compared with the regular square array of circular holes,the vortices are no longer pinned inside the circular holes,but instead stabilized at the center of the antidot triplets depending on the geometry parameters.Moreover,the influences of the geometry parameters and the polarity of the applied current on the current–voltage(I–V)characteristics are also studied.The critical current for the sample turning into a normal state becomes smaller when the hole diameter D is smaller and the spacing B between the holes is larger.Due to the asymmetric pinning sites,our numerical simulations demonstrate that the positive and negative rectified voltages appear alternately in the resistive state of the sample under an ac current of square pulses.展开更多
In this work, Co 2D antidot arrays with well-ordered hexagonal holes ranging in size from 1.3 to 6.2 μm were fabricated by colloidal crystal template method. The geometry configuration and magnetic properties of the ...In this work, Co 2D antidot arrays with well-ordered hexagonal holes ranging in size from 1.3 to 6.2 μm were fabricated by colloidal crystal template method. The geometry configuration and magnetic properties of the samples were investigated. An enormous increase in coercivity and squareness, as compared with the corresponding continuous film, was observed. Magnetic properties of Co 2D antidot arrays showed a close dependence on pore diameter. According to geometric calculation, the effect of the pore diameter on magnetic properties was also discussed. The Co 2D antidot arrays obtained by this method are promising candidates for high-density information storage.展开更多
The present study was designed to analyze the metabolites of all-trans-retinal(atRal) and compare the cytotoxicity of atRal versus its derivative all-trans-retinoic acid(atRA) in human retinal pigment epithelial(RPE) ...The present study was designed to analyze the metabolites of all-trans-retinal(atRal) and compare the cytotoxicity of atRal versus its derivative all-trans-retinoic acid(atRA) in human retinal pigment epithelial(RPE) cells. We confirmed that atRA was produced in normal pig neural retina and RPE. The amount of all-trans-retinol(atROL) converted from atRal was about 2.7 times that of atRal-derived atRA after incubating RPE cells with 10 μmol/L atRal for 24 h, whereas atRA in medium supernatant is more plentiful(91 vs. 29 pmol/mL), suggesting that atRA conversion ? facilitates elimination of excess atRal in the retina. Moreover, we found that mRNA expression of retinoic acid-specific hydroxylase CYP26 b1 was dose-dependently up-regulated by atRal exposure in RPE cells, indicating that atRA inactivation may be also initiated in atRal-accumulated RPE cells. Our data show that atRA-caused viability inhibition was evidently reduced compared with the equal concentration of its precursor atRal. Excess accumulation of atRal provoked intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS) overproduction, heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) expression, and increased cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1(PARP1) expression in RPE cells. In contrast, comparable dosage of atRA-induced oxidative stress was much weaker, and it could not activate apoptosis in RPE cells. These results suggest that atRA generation is an antidotal metabolism pathway for atRal in the retina. Moreover, we found that in the eyes of ABCA4-/-RDH8-/-mice, a mouse model with atRal accumulation in the retina, the atRA content was almost the same as that in the wild type. It is possible that atRal accumulation simultaneously and equally promotes atRA synthesis and clearance in eyes of ABCA4-/-RDH8-/-mice, thus inhibiting the further increase of atRA in the retina. Our present study provides further insights into atRal clearance in the retina.展开更多
Ferromagnetic resonance is introduced to examine the microwave frequency response of Ni Fe/Ir Mn bilayers, patterned as antidot arrays. In the experiment, field direction dependence on mode is obtained by rotating the...Ferromagnetic resonance is introduced to examine the microwave frequency response of Ni Fe/Ir Mn bilayers, patterned as antidot arrays. In the experiment, field direction dependence on mode is obtained by rotating the applied magnetic field. We find that at a given resonance frequency, the dependence of the resonance field on the angle has a tendency of sinusoid/cosine variation in the experiment. From micromagnetic simulation it can be seen that spin waves are localized between dots from a given mode profile. This is caused by a demagnetization distribution with a larger value in the center of the two nearest dots than that of the next-nearest dots.展开更多
文摘We study a proposed model describing the propagation of computer virus in the network with antidote in vulnerable system. Mathematical analysis shows that dynamics of the spread of computer viruses is determined by the threshold Ro. If Ro 〈 1, the virusfree equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable, and if R0 〉 1, the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. Lyapunov functional method as well as geometric approach are used for proving the global stability of equilibria. A numerical investigation is carried out to confirm the analytical results. Through parameter analysis, some effective strategies for eliminating viruses are suggested.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">A simple method for assessment of the toxicity and antidote effect of selenium nanoparticles with </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Paramecium</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> is presented. Light microscopy in combination with computerized video tracking is employed for </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">determination of </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">survival time of <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P.</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Up to 800 mg/L, selenium nanoparticles are not acutely toxic. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">With</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> respect to a potential antidote effect, the lethality of silver nanoparticles, silver nitrate, sodium hydrogen selenite, and sodium selenite to <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P.</span></i><span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caudatum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was decreased and survival time was extend</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ed upon pre-treatment with selenium nanoparticles. Taken together, these findings suggest that administration of selenium nanoparticles attenuates</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> exposure </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">to</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> toxicants. Selenium nanoparticles could be a good functional additive for food management in animals.</span>
文摘Two new species of Curcuma, C. sattayasaii A. Chaveerach ＆ R. Sudmoon and C. zedoaroides A. Chaveerach ＆ T. Tanee with rhizomes traditionally used for many decades as cobra-bite antidotes are described and illustrated. Curcuma sattayasaii is similar to C. longa L., but differs in rhizome horizontally branching on ground; coma bracts pinkish-white or pinkish-pale green; corolla pale yellow with orange tip; labellum pale orange with an orange central band; anther crest very short, broadly ovate, wider than long. Curcuma zedoaroides is similar to C. zedoaria （Christm.） Roscoe, but differs in rhizome branching pattern; the protruding secondary rhizomes curved down; blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate; peduncle glabrous; fertile and coma bracts glabrous; corolla lobes pale yellow to white, lateral lobe ovate, dorsal lobe broadly ovate. The new taxa have been found in a village of Khon Kaen Province, Northeastern Thailand.
文摘The Zimbabwean financial sector has been retrogressive,constrained,and unpredictable since the year 2000,serving for the multiple currency periods(2009-2013)after the demonetization of the domestic dollar.The sector since then has seen a number of commercial banks fail to meet RBZ(Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe)minimum capital requirements,put under curatorship,delisted or liquidated because of a myriad of operational and financial challenges.The objective of this study is to make an assessment of whether or not the introduction of bond notes has been a curse or blessing.The study drew raw data from bank account holders,academics,general public,corporate world and commercial banks in Masvingo for analysis and interpretation.The study established that the majority of people,corporate world and commercial banks were sceptical to embrace the surrogate bond notes because of the uncertainties,operational and financial risks that they paused on the domestic financial markets.It was also discovered that most banks were quick to pay clients’withdrawals in bond notes,deduct US dollar equivalences from their accounts,and distinguish bond notes from US dollars at the point of making deposits and foreign business transactions.It was also realized that there was market indiscipline and trading in bigger US dollar notes in the informal sector and serious shortage of the same notes in the formal sector.The study concluded that the introduction of bond notes to trade parallel to the US dollar brought a serious shortage of cash on formal markets and increases in the general price level of goods and services.The study therefore recommends that the RBZ should completely withdraw the bond notes from the market to accord the US dollar its world market value and restore confidence and discipline in the Zimbabwean financial sector.The study also recommends another option of the adoption of the South African Rand as an interventionist way of solving Zimbabwe’s liquidity crises.
文摘The present work was initiated for searching and evaluating the total heavy metal content in some selected local resources used by traditional healers in locally made antidotes to search for their toxicity. Elekat public slaughterhouse in the city of Bukavu, the central market of Kadutu and in the Ruzizi plain, precisely in Sange city, have been the purchased centers. The samples of bull and cow horns, oil palm nut shells, cow bones, ginger, black pepper and Mwenga salt were used. The spectrometric method has been used to carry out heavy metal content in each local resource using the atomic absorption spectrometer (VARIAN 1275). The heavy metals found and their average content are as follows: copper (Cu: 124.79 mg/kg), lead (Pb: 76.41 mg/kg), chromium (Cr: 33.9 mg/kg), zinc (Zn: 190.86 mg/kg), Arsenic (As: 107.41 mg/kg) and cadmium (Cd: 0.05 mg/kg). The averages of total heavy metal contents for all samples are below the standard of each one. The determination of the heavy metal contents in these samples allows evaluating human intoxication risk. These results show that antidote technology can be run without any toxicity risk and showed statistically significant differences compared to the controls (p 0.05) for chromium, zinc and cadmium have been recorded. However, most of the heavy metals molecules being thioloprives and then bioccumulatives, antidotes made from them shall not be consumed during a long period.
基金supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Nos.2024B1515040014,2022B1515130007,2023B1515040015,and 2023A1515030012,China)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82373750,82293681(82293680),82204236,and 82371175)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Key Project of Guangdong Province(Nos.2020B1111110004 and 2023A0505050121,China)the Science and Technology Project in Guangzhou(Nos.2024B03J1286 and 202102070001,China).
文摘Gelsemium elegans(G.elegans)is an extremely poisonous plant that is widely distributed in southern China and southeastern Asia.G.elegans poisoning events occur frequently in southern China,and are therefore an urgent public health problem requiring multidisciplinary action.However,the toxic components and toxicological mechanisms remain unclear.Here,we describe a systematic investigation on the toxic components of G.elegans,resulting in the isolation and identification of 120 alkaloids.Based on acute toxicity screening,the structure-toxicity relationship of Gelsemium alkaloids was proposed for the first time.Moreover,gelsedine-and humantenine-type alkaloids were detected in the clinical blood sample,and were confirmed to be causative in the poisoning.The most toxic compound,gelsenicine(1),had selective inhibitory effects toward ventral respiratory group(VRG)neurons in the medulla,which is the main brain region controlling respiration in the central nervous system.Gelsenicine(1)strongly inhibited the firing of action potentials in VRG neurons through its ability to stimulate GABA_(A)receptors,the main receptors involved in inhibitory neurotransmission.Application of GABA_(A)receptor antagonists successively reversed action potential firing in gelsenicine(1)-treated VRG neurons.Importantly,the GABA_(A)receptor antagonists securinine and flumazenil significantly increased the survival of poisoned animals.Our findings provide insight into the components and mechanisms of G.elegans toxicity,and should assist the development of effective emergency treatments for G.elegans poisoning.
文摘This is a correction to:Mark P Mattson,Soy peptide as an antidote to undernutrition,Life Metabolism,Volume 3,Issue 5,October 2024,https://doi.org/10.1093/lifemeta/loae034,The article title has been updated to address a typographical error:"anecdote"now reads"antidote".
文摘Objective:To investigate the effects of coconut water intake on lipid profile and atherogenic predictor indices of albino rabbits overdosed with paracetamol using standard methods.Methods:Thirty-five albino rabbits weighing between 800-1200 g and aged between 2 and 3 months,were divided into 7 groups(I-VII)of 5 animals each.Groups I,II and III were orally administered distilled water(20 mL/kg body weight),coconut water(20 mL/kg body weight)and paracetamol(1000 mg/kg body weight)respectively,for 7 days.Groups IV and V were administered coconut water(20 mL/kg body weight)and silymarin(35 mg/kg body weight),respectively,for 6 days,then paracetamol(1000 mg/kg body weight)on the 7th day.Groups VI and VII were administered distilled water for 6 days,paracetamol on the 7th day,then coconut water and silymarin,respectively,after 3 h.Results:The results showed that paracetamol overdose significantly reduced(P<0.05)the mean body weight of the animals,increased the concentrations of serum total cholesterol,triacylglycerol,very low density lipoprotein cholesterol,low density lipoprotein cholesterol and the atherogenic predictor indices but reduced the serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration of the animals relative to the control.The observed changes in the lipid profile and atherogenic predictor indices were countered more by post-than pre-treatment with coconut water and silymarin.Conclusions:The results indicated that coconut water acted as an effective antidote to paracetamol overdose-induced lipid abnormality in animals.
文摘Chemotherapy extravasation remains an accidental complication of chemotherapy administration and may result in serious damage to patients. We review in this article the clinical aspects of chemotherapy extravasation and latest advances in definitions, classification, pre-vention, management and guidelines. We review the grading of extravasation and tissue damage according to various chemotherapeutic drugs and present an update on treatment and new antidotes including dexrazoxane for anthracyclines extravasation. We highlight the importance of education and training of the oncology team for prevention and prompt pharmacological and non-pharmacological management and stress the availability of new antidotes like dexrazoxane wherever anthracyclines are being infused.
文摘Cardio-oncology is a discipline based on early screening,monitoring,and treating chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity.There are many chemotherapeutics known for their cardiac toxic effects,including fluoropyrimidines.Fluoropyrimidine represents the cornerstone of many types of cancer and each year almost two million cancer patients undergo this treatment.Fluoropyrimidine-induced cardiotoxicity can be manifested in several forms,from angina pectoris to sudden death.This paper is a review of how the cardiotoxicity of fluoropyrimidines is presented,the mechanisms of its occurrence,its diagnosis,and management.
基金Robert A.Welch Foundation(x-0011)at Sam Houston State University
文摘This paper reviews milestones in antidotal therapies for cyanide(CN) spanning early remedies,current antidotal systems and research towards next generation therapies.CN has been a part of plant defense mechanisms for millions of years.It became industrially important in the nineteenth century with the advent of CN assisted gold mining and the use of CN as a pest control agent.The biochemical basis of CN poisoning was actively studied and key mechanisms were understood as early as 1929.These fundamental studies led to a variety of antidotes,including indirect CN binders that generate methemoglobin,direct CN binders such as hydroxocobalamin,and sulfur donors that convert CN to the less toxic thiocyanate.Research on blood gases at the end of the twentieth century shed new light on the role of nitric oxide(NO) in the body.The discovery of NO's ability to compete with CN for enzymatic binding sites provided a previously missed explanation for the rapid efficacy of NO generating antidotes such as the nitrites.Presently used CN therapies include:methemoglobin/NO generators(e.g.,sodium nitrite,amyl nitrite,and dimethyl aminophenol),sulfur donors(e.g.,sodium thiosulfate and glutathione),and direct binding agents [(e.g.,hydroxocobalamin and dicobalt salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(dicobalt edetate)].A strong effort is being made to explore novel antidotal systems and to formulate them for rapid administration at the point of intoxication in mass casualty scenarios.New antidotes,formulations,and delivery systems are enhancing bioavailability and efficacy and hold promise for a new generation of improved CN countermeasures.
文摘The 18 crude drugs in Bofutsushosan (BOF: Pulvis ledebouriellae compositae: 防風通聖散) are separated into 6 groups such as diaphoretic, cathartic, antidote, antipyretic, neutralizer and diuretic groups. The effects of single administered BOF and composed crude drugs in 6 groups were investigated on the levels of diabetic parameters (serum glucose, insulin, triglyceride and cholesterol) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The anti-hyperglycemic action of BOF was depended on Ephedrae Herba, Saposhnikoviae Radix and Schizonepetae Spica in diaphoretic group, Forsythiae Fructus, Saposhnikoviae Radix, Schizonepetae Spica and Cnidii Rhizoma in antidote group, Scutellariae Radix, Gardeniae Fructus and Gypsum Fibrosum in antipyretic group and Paeoniae Radix in neutralizer group. In these crude drugs, Ephedrae Herba, Saposhnikoviae Radix, Schizonepetae Spica, Forsythiae Fructus, Scutellariae Radix, Gypsum Fibrosum and Paeoniae Radix increased serum insulin level, but Cnidii Rhizoma and Gardeniae Fructus did not affect serum insulin level. From these results, it suggested that anti-hyperglycemic action of BOF was through insulin-dependent and insulin independent manners. The lowering effect of BOF on serum triglyceride level was dependent on actions of Platycodi Radix in antidote and diuretic groups and Gardeniae Fructus in antipyretic group. The lowering effect of Gardeniae Fructus was parallel with its anti-hyperglycemic action. The lowering effect of BOF on high serum triglyceride level also included both direct action and indirect action. The reducing effect of BOF on serum cholesterol level was observed together with the actions of Ephedrae Herba and Zingiberis Rhizoma in diaphoretic group, Schizonepetae Spica in diaphoretic and antidote groups and Paeoniae Radix in neutralizer group. The lowering effects of Ephedrae Herba, Schizonepetae Spica and Paeoniae Radix on serum cholesterol level were parallel with their anti-hyperglycemic actions. Zingiberis Rhizoma in diaphoretic group might be direct reducing effect on serum cholesterol level but no serum glucose level. The Ephedrae Herba in diaphoretic group, Schizonepetae Spica in diaphoretic and antidote groups and Paeoniae Radix in neutralizer group might have reduced serum cholesterol level by reducing blood glucose level. From these results, composed crude drugs in 6 groups show various mechanisms in the action of BOF.
文摘Curcumin(CUR), the main phenolic composition in turmeric, shows preventive effects in various diseases. CUR is commonly found in the Curcuma species and historically applied in herbal medicine. Numerous studies have indicated that CUR possesses protective effects against toxic agents in the various animal tissues including the brain. This study found that CUR may be effective in nervous system problems induced by neurotoxic agents. However, due to the lack of information on human, more investigations are needed to determine the efficacy of CUR as an antidote matter. The current study aimed to critically review the recent literature data from 2014 to 2016 that regarding the therapeutic aspects of CUR versus neurotoxic agents-induced brain damage and its involved mechanisms.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11702034,11702218,and 11421062)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant Nos.310812171011 and G2016KY0305)the National Key Project of Magneto-Constrained Fusion Energy Development Program,China(Grant No.2013GB110002)
文摘We study the stability of vortices pinning and dynamics in a superconducting thin strip containing a square array of antidot triplets by using the nonlinear Ginzburg–Landau(GL)theory.Compared with the regular square array of circular holes,the vortices are no longer pinned inside the circular holes,but instead stabilized at the center of the antidot triplets depending on the geometry parameters.Moreover,the influences of the geometry parameters and the polarity of the applied current on the current–voltage(I–V)characteristics are also studied.The critical current for the sample turning into a normal state becomes smaller when the hole diameter D is smaller and the spacing B between the holes is larger.Due to the asymmetric pinning sites,our numerical simulations demonstrate that the positive and negative rectified voltages appear alternately in the resistive state of the sample under an ac current of square pulses.
基金financially supported by the Innovation Foundation of Aviation Industry Corporation of China (No. JK65150307)
文摘In this work, Co 2D antidot arrays with well-ordered hexagonal holes ranging in size from 1.3 to 6.2 μm were fabricated by colloidal crystal template method. The geometry configuration and magnetic properties of the samples were investigated. An enormous increase in coercivity and squareness, as compared with the corresponding continuous film, was observed. Magnetic properties of Co 2D antidot arrays showed a close dependence on pore diameter. According to geometric calculation, the effect of the pore diameter on magnetic properties was also discussed. The Co 2D antidot arrays obtained by this method are promising candidates for high-density information storage.
基金Project supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LQ17H120001)the Medical Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province(Nos.2016KYA195 and 2017KY714)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81801424)the 211 Talents Training Program of Taizhou,China
文摘The present study was designed to analyze the metabolites of all-trans-retinal(atRal) and compare the cytotoxicity of atRal versus its derivative all-trans-retinoic acid(atRA) in human retinal pigment epithelial(RPE) cells. We confirmed that atRA was produced in normal pig neural retina and RPE. The amount of all-trans-retinol(atROL) converted from atRal was about 2.7 times that of atRal-derived atRA after incubating RPE cells with 10 μmol/L atRal for 24 h, whereas atRA in medium supernatant is more plentiful(91 vs. 29 pmol/mL), suggesting that atRA conversion ? facilitates elimination of excess atRal in the retina. Moreover, we found that mRNA expression of retinoic acid-specific hydroxylase CYP26 b1 was dose-dependently up-regulated by atRal exposure in RPE cells, indicating that atRA inactivation may be also initiated in atRal-accumulated RPE cells. Our data show that atRA-caused viability inhibition was evidently reduced compared with the equal concentration of its precursor atRal. Excess accumulation of atRal provoked intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS) overproduction, heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) expression, and increased cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1(PARP1) expression in RPE cells. In contrast, comparable dosage of atRA-induced oxidative stress was much weaker, and it could not activate apoptosis in RPE cells. These results suggest that atRA generation is an antidotal metabolism pathway for atRal in the retina. Moreover, we found that in the eyes of ABCA4-/-RDH8-/-mice, a mouse model with atRal accumulation in the retina, the atRA content was almost the same as that in the wild type. It is possible that atRal accumulation simultaneously and equally promotes atRA synthesis and clearance in eyes of ABCA4-/-RDH8-/-mice, thus inhibiting the further increase of atRA in the retina. Our present study provides further insights into atRal clearance in the retina.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11304407)the Scientific Research Foundation for Returned Scholars,Ministry of Education of China(Grant No.47)
文摘Ferromagnetic resonance is introduced to examine the microwave frequency response of Ni Fe/Ir Mn bilayers, patterned as antidot arrays. In the experiment, field direction dependence on mode is obtained by rotating the applied magnetic field. We find that at a given resonance frequency, the dependence of the resonance field on the angle has a tendency of sinusoid/cosine variation in the experiment. From micromagnetic simulation it can be seen that spin waves are localized between dots from a given mode profile. This is caused by a demagnetization distribution with a larger value in the center of the two nearest dots than that of the next-nearest dots.
