INTRODUCTION With the expansion of the ageing population,cognitive decline has become an increas-ingly pressing challenge.1 As life expectancy increases,its socioeconomic burden is also increasing,highlighting the urg...INTRODUCTION With the expansion of the ageing population,cognitive decline has become an increas-ingly pressing challenge.1 As life expectancy increases,its socioeconomic burden is also increasing,highlighting the urgent need for effective interventions.Numerous studies suggest that specific dietary patterns and nutritional interventions may help mitigate cognitive decline associated with ageing.展开更多
AlSi7Mg is an age hardening aluminium alloy that is growing in popularity in additive manufacturing as its good processability makes it well suited to the powder bed fusion process,allowing for its use in the aerospac...AlSi7Mg is an age hardening aluminium alloy that is growing in popularity in additive manufacturing as its good processability makes it well suited to the powder bed fusion process,allowing for its use in the aerospace and automotive industries.The alloy relies on heat treatment to reach its peak strength,with precipitates in the Mg_(2) Si precipitation sequence providing the majority of this strengthening.Powder bed fusion,however,produces components with unique microstructures that differ to those of traditional manufacturing methods such as casting,meaning heat treatments must be carefully tailored for additively manufactured parts.This study therefore investigated the effects of solution treatment temperatures on the final properties and microstructures of T6 treated,additively manufactured AlSi7Mg.Due to the use of a heated build plate,samples aged from the as built and stress relieved conditions exhibited over ageing behaviour,necessitating a solution treatment step to induce useful strength properties.Solution treatments below 500℃were found to provide minimal strengthening upon ageing due to the pres-ence of theπ-Al_(18) Fe_(2)Mg_(7) Si_(10) phase,which reduced the amount of magnesium in solid solution and so reduced the age hardening response of the alloy by restricting the growth of strengthening precipitates.Solution treatments over 500℃,however,demonstrated excellent age hardening due to the replacement of theπ-Al_(18) Fe_(2)Mg_(7) Si_(10) phase with theβ-Al_(9)Fe_(2)Si_(2) phase,increasing the concentration of magnesium in solid solution and therefore improving its age hardening response.A T6 treatment then demonstrated an improvement in yield strength and ductility when compared to the as built state,but a decrease in tensile strength and impact toughness.The variability in the age hardening response of AlSi7Mg suggests that the careful selection of a solution treatment temperature is crucial to property optimisation.展开更多
This paper undertakes an analysis of labour market outcomes among aging population in Indian labour market by using household and personal level characteristics obtained from periodic labour force survey(PLFS)data for...This paper undertakes an analysis of labour market outcomes among aging population in Indian labour market by using household and personal level characteristics obtained from periodic labour force survey(PLFS)data for 2023-2024.It provides an analysis of the association of demographic and household characteristics with probability of choosing either paid-employment or self-employment by applying discrete choice model,after controlling for sample selection bias.By following strategic choice framework,endogenous sample selected probit model is used in finding out the role of different covariates in determining the chance of continuing work in self-employment and wage employment of any type after the age of statutory retirement.Social,economic,and other factors like gender are considered as key factors towards labour market participation of the aging population.This study examines the effects of age and education on decision to choose type of employment by the people beyond their statutory retirement age.The coefficient of female dummy is positive in regular-paid jobs and unpaid household work,but negative for own accounts work and employer irrespective of age cohorts suggesting that women are more likely to continue as regular paid jobs and unpaid household work,but less likely to be employer and own account worker as compared to men even after age 60 years and above.展开更多
为检测和鉴定引起西藏日喀则地区的辣椒根腐病病原菌种类,2024年7—9月从西藏日喀则白朗县巴扎乡彭仓村、桑珠孜区聂日雄乡盘孔村、江孜县达孜乡德吉村和拉孜县拉孜镇玉哲村4个区域采集了16份辣椒感病植株样品。采用常规组织分离法对发...为检测和鉴定引起西藏日喀则地区的辣椒根腐病病原菌种类,2024年7—9月从西藏日喀则白朗县巴扎乡彭仓村、桑珠孜区聂日雄乡盘孔村、江孜县达孜乡德吉村和拉孜县拉孜镇玉哲村4个区域采集了16份辣椒感病植株样品。采用常规组织分离法对发病部位进行病原菌分离与培养后得到25株病原真菌,利用显微形态学观察将分离物代表菌株分为LJ1、LJ2和LJ3共3类真菌分离物。结合分子生物学方法及系统发育树构建,将LJ1类病原菌鉴定为镰孢菌属茄病镰孢菌,LJ2类病原菌为丝核菌属立枯丝核菌AG-4菌丝融合群的HGⅠ亚群(Rhizoctonia solani AG 4 HG-Ⅰ),LJ3类病原菌为镰孢菌属尖孢镰孢菌。采用幼苗刺伤接种法进行病原菌致病性评价,3类真菌分离物均能够侵染辣椒幼苗造成根腐病,且尖孢镰孢菌致病性最强。日喀则各地辣椒根腐病病原菌优势菌有差异,尖孢镰孢菌是优势致病菌,分离频率为52.0%;茄病镰孢菌分离频率为32.0%;立枯丝核菌分离频率为16.0%。西藏日喀则地区的辣椒根腐病是由尖孢镰孢菌、茄病镰孢菌和立枯丝核菌AG-4菌丝融合群的HGI亚群复合侵染导致,茄病镰孢菌和立枯丝核菌AG-4菌丝融合群的HGI亚群均是首次在西藏被分离鉴定。展开更多
The corrosion behaviors of Mg-10Gd-4.8Y-0.6Zr extruded-alloys with various ageing time were investigated by immersion test and electrochemical measurements.The results show that the corrosion rate of the experimental ...The corrosion behaviors of Mg-10Gd-4.8Y-0.6Zr extruded-alloys with various ageing time were investigated by immersion test and electrochemical measurements.The results show that the corrosion rate of the experimental alloy decreases with the increase of ageing time from 0 to 108 h.The corrosion resistance of the experimental alloy was found to increase with the increase of the size of the precipitate phases.The open circuit potential of the experimental alloy increases with the increase of the ageing time.The potentiodynamic polarization curves show that the cathodic over-potential increases with the increase of ageing time,leading to a decrease in the current density of anodic current plateau with the increase of ageing time.展开更多
Mierostruetural development of a commercial 7055 （Al-Zn-Mg-Cu）alloy is studied by transmission electron mieroseope（TEM） during the process of single-ageing for up to 48 h. It is observed that Guinier-Preston （GP...Mierostruetural development of a commercial 7055 （Al-Zn-Mg-Cu）alloy is studied by transmission electron mieroseope（TEM） during the process of single-ageing for up to 48 h. It is observed that Guinier-Preston （GP） zones are formed on { 111} planes when the sample is aged for a short time and grows up gradually with increase of ageing time. η＇ phase is formsed after ageing for 4 h at 120℃, having the orientation relationship with the matrix as[0 0 0 1]η＇//[1 1^- 1]Al and （1 0 1^- 1）η＇//（1 1 0）Al.η phase starts to occur after 24 h ageing and has an orientation relationship with matrix as [1^- 1 0 0]η//[1 1 0]Al and （0 0 0 1）η// （1 1 1）Al. Since the density of both η＇ phase and η phase particles is much lower than that of GP zone on aged alloy, GP zones are important to control the properties of the alloy.展开更多
Persistent postsurgical pain is a major clinical concern,especially in the aging population,who represent a growing proportion of surgical patients.Although age is a known pain risk factor,the mechanisms driving age-r...Persistent postsurgical pain is a major clinical concern,especially in the aging population,who represent a growing proportion of surgical patients.Although age is a known pain risk factor,the mechanisms driving age-related vulnerability to chronic postoperative pain remain poorly understood.This study aims to investigate how aging influences the resolution of postoperative pain and to elucidate the roles of microglial activation and synaptic remodeling in the spinal dorsal horn.A plantar incision model in young(3-month-old)and aged(18-month-old)male and female mice was used to mimic postoperative pain conditions.Mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity at various postoperative intervals were assessed by von Frey and Hargreaves tests.Microglial activation and inhibitory/excitatory synaptic densities in the spinal dorsal horn were evaluated using immunofluorescence and 3D reconstruction with Imaris software.On postoperative day(POD)3,both age groups exhibited reduced pain thresholds on the ipsilateral side,along with microglial activation in the dorsal horn.On POD 7,pain thresholds in young mice had returned to baseline with no significant microglial activation,while aged mice showed sustained reduction in pain thresholds,continuous microglial activation,and significant loss of inhibitory synapses without detectable changes in excitatory synapse density.These findings are consistent across both sexes,with no sex-related differences.Collectively,these results suggest that aging is associated with persistent postoperative pain,which correlates with microglial activation and inhibitory synapse loss.These insights advance our understanding of age-related pain vulnerability and may inform the development of more effective,targeted,and age-specific therapeutic strategies to prevent or alleviate persistent postoperative pain in elderly patients.展开更多
Countries around the world have been making efforts to reduce pollutant emissions. However, the response of global black carbon(BC) aging to emission changes remains unclear. Using the Community Atmosphere Model versi...Countries around the world have been making efforts to reduce pollutant emissions. However, the response of global black carbon(BC) aging to emission changes remains unclear. Using the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 with a machine-learning-integrated four-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module, we quantify global BC aging responses to emission reductions for 2011–2018 and for 2050 and 2100 under carbon neutrality. During 2011–18, global trends in BC aging degree(mass ratio of coatings to BC, R_(BC)) exhibited marked regional disparities, with a significant increase in China(5.4% yr^(-1)), which contrasts with minimal changes in the USA, Europe, and India. The divergence is attributed to opposing trends in secondary organic aerosol(SOA) and sulfate coatings, driven by regional changes in the emission ratios of corresponding coating precursors to BC(volatile organic compounds-VOCs/BC and SO_(2)/BC). Projections under carbon neutrality reveal that R_(BC) will increase globally by 47%(118%) in 2050(2100), with strong convergent increases expected across major source regions. The R_(BC) increase, primarily driven by enhanced SOA coatings due to sharper BC reductions relative to VOCs, will enhance the global BC mass absorption cross-section(MAC) by 11%(17%) in 2050(2100).Consequently, although the global BC burden will decline sharply by 60%(76%), the enhanced MAC partially offsets the magnitude of the decline in the BC direct radiative effect, resulting in the moderation of global BC DRE decreases to 88%(92%) of the BC burden reductions in 2050(2100). This study highlights the globally enhanced BC aging and light absorption capacity under carbon neutrality, thereby partly offsetting the impact of BC direct emission reductions on future changes in BC radiative effects globally.展开更多
A stochastic model of conducting crack propagation is presented to provide a conceptual framework dedicated to the study of the formation of fractal structure of dielectric ageing patterns as a result of a competition...A stochastic model of conducting crack propagation is presented to provide a conceptual framework dedicated to the study of the formation of fractal structure of dielectric ageing patterns as a result of a competition between random fluctuation growth and applied electric strength enhanced deterministic growth. The necessary and sufficient conditions resulting in fractal behaviour in dielectric ageing are found.展开更多
A kinetic model of dielectric ageing is presented. The central finding of this investigation is that there is a power-law relationship between the local electric field concentration and the rate of defect-tip initiate...A kinetic model of dielectric ageing is presented. The central finding of this investigation is that there is a power-law relationship between the local electric field concentration and the rate of defect-tip initiated conducting crack growth. By applying such a power-law conducting crack growth rate expression to the evaluation of the life of solid dielectrics, the empirical classical ageing law of insulation materials can be derived theoretically as a lobical result. All the results are universal and agree with the experimental data of oxide films.展开更多
Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in older adults,with early-stage features including subretinal lipid deposits and progressing to retinal geographic atrophy and cho...Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in older adults,with early-stage features including subretinal lipid deposits and progressing to retinal geographic atrophy and choroidal neovascularization in advanced stages.The dysregulation of ocular lipid metabolism,oxidative stress,and inflammation are critical risk factors for AMD pathogenesis.7-ketocholesterol(7-KC),a hallmark of ocular lipid metabolism disorders,is a significant component of subretinal lipid deposits in AMD patients,exhibiting toxicity to retinal cells and exacerbating lipotoxic aging.This review elaborates on the biosynthesis and metabolism of 7-KC in the retina,investigates its detoxification mechanisms by examining its binding proteins,and summarizes recent progress on kinase signaling pathways induced by 7-KC through inflammatory cytokines and intracellular effectors.The aim is to pinpoint potential pharmacological targets,nutritional compounds,and synthetic molecules to explore the potential of targeting 7-KC for AMD treatment.展开更多
基金supported by the Shandong Second Medical University Overseas Visiting Scholar Programthe National Medical Research Council of Singapore (grant numbers NMRC/TA/0053/2016 and NMRC/CSA/INV/0009/2022)
文摘INTRODUCTION With the expansion of the ageing population,cognitive decline has become an increas-ingly pressing challenge.1 As life expectancy increases,its socioeconomic burden is also increasing,highlighting the urgent need for effective interventions.Numerous studies suggest that specific dietary patterns and nutritional interventions may help mitigate cognitive decline associated with ageing.
文摘AlSi7Mg is an age hardening aluminium alloy that is growing in popularity in additive manufacturing as its good processability makes it well suited to the powder bed fusion process,allowing for its use in the aerospace and automotive industries.The alloy relies on heat treatment to reach its peak strength,with precipitates in the Mg_(2) Si precipitation sequence providing the majority of this strengthening.Powder bed fusion,however,produces components with unique microstructures that differ to those of traditional manufacturing methods such as casting,meaning heat treatments must be carefully tailored for additively manufactured parts.This study therefore investigated the effects of solution treatment temperatures on the final properties and microstructures of T6 treated,additively manufactured AlSi7Mg.Due to the use of a heated build plate,samples aged from the as built and stress relieved conditions exhibited over ageing behaviour,necessitating a solution treatment step to induce useful strength properties.Solution treatments below 500℃were found to provide minimal strengthening upon ageing due to the pres-ence of theπ-Al_(18) Fe_(2)Mg_(7) Si_(10) phase,which reduced the amount of magnesium in solid solution and so reduced the age hardening response of the alloy by restricting the growth of strengthening precipitates.Solution treatments over 500℃,however,demonstrated excellent age hardening due to the replacement of theπ-Al_(18) Fe_(2)Mg_(7) Si_(10) phase with theβ-Al_(9)Fe_(2)Si_(2) phase,increasing the concentration of magnesium in solid solution and therefore improving its age hardening response.A T6 treatment then demonstrated an improvement in yield strength and ductility when compared to the as built state,but a decrease in tensile strength and impact toughness.The variability in the age hardening response of AlSi7Mg suggests that the careful selection of a solution treatment temperature is crucial to property optimisation.
文摘This paper undertakes an analysis of labour market outcomes among aging population in Indian labour market by using household and personal level characteristics obtained from periodic labour force survey(PLFS)data for 2023-2024.It provides an analysis of the association of demographic and household characteristics with probability of choosing either paid-employment or self-employment by applying discrete choice model,after controlling for sample selection bias.By following strategic choice framework,endogenous sample selected probit model is used in finding out the role of different covariates in determining the chance of continuing work in self-employment and wage employment of any type after the age of statutory retirement.Social,economic,and other factors like gender are considered as key factors towards labour market participation of the aging population.This study examines the effects of age and education on decision to choose type of employment by the people beyond their statutory retirement age.The coefficient of female dummy is positive in regular-paid jobs and unpaid household work,but negative for own accounts work and employer irrespective of age cohorts suggesting that women are more likely to continue as regular paid jobs and unpaid household work,but less likely to be employer and own account worker as compared to men even after age 60 years and above.
文摘为检测和鉴定引起西藏日喀则地区的辣椒根腐病病原菌种类,2024年7—9月从西藏日喀则白朗县巴扎乡彭仓村、桑珠孜区聂日雄乡盘孔村、江孜县达孜乡德吉村和拉孜县拉孜镇玉哲村4个区域采集了16份辣椒感病植株样品。采用常规组织分离法对发病部位进行病原菌分离与培养后得到25株病原真菌,利用显微形态学观察将分离物代表菌株分为LJ1、LJ2和LJ3共3类真菌分离物。结合分子生物学方法及系统发育树构建,将LJ1类病原菌鉴定为镰孢菌属茄病镰孢菌,LJ2类病原菌为丝核菌属立枯丝核菌AG-4菌丝融合群的HGⅠ亚群(Rhizoctonia solani AG 4 HG-Ⅰ),LJ3类病原菌为镰孢菌属尖孢镰孢菌。采用幼苗刺伤接种法进行病原菌致病性评价,3类真菌分离物均能够侵染辣椒幼苗造成根腐病,且尖孢镰孢菌致病性最强。日喀则各地辣椒根腐病病原菌优势菌有差异,尖孢镰孢菌是优势致病菌,分离频率为52.0%;茄病镰孢菌分离频率为32.0%;立枯丝核菌分离频率为16.0%。西藏日喀则地区的辣椒根腐病是由尖孢镰孢菌、茄病镰孢菌和立枯丝核菌AG-4菌丝融合群的HGI亚群复合侵染导致,茄病镰孢菌和立枯丝核菌AG-4菌丝融合群的HGI亚群均是首次在西藏被分离鉴定。
基金Project(51074186) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The corrosion behaviors of Mg-10Gd-4.8Y-0.6Zr extruded-alloys with various ageing time were investigated by immersion test and electrochemical measurements.The results show that the corrosion rate of the experimental alloy decreases with the increase of ageing time from 0 to 108 h.The corrosion resistance of the experimental alloy was found to increase with the increase of the size of the precipitate phases.The open circuit potential of the experimental alloy increases with the increase of the ageing time.The potentiodynamic polarization curves show that the cathodic over-potential increases with the increase of ageing time,leading to a decrease in the current density of anodic current plateau with the increase of ageing time.
文摘Mierostruetural development of a commercial 7055 （Al-Zn-Mg-Cu）alloy is studied by transmission electron mieroseope（TEM） during the process of single-ageing for up to 48 h. It is observed that Guinier-Preston （GP） zones are formed on { 111} planes when the sample is aged for a short time and grows up gradually with increase of ageing time. η＇ phase is formsed after ageing for 4 h at 120℃, having the orientation relationship with the matrix as[0 0 0 1]η＇//[1 1^- 1]Al and （1 0 1^- 1）η＇//（1 1 0）Al.η phase starts to occur after 24 h ageing and has an orientation relationship with matrix as [1^- 1 0 0]η//[1 1 0]Al and （0 0 0 1）η// （1 1 1）Al. Since the density of both η＇ phase and η phase particles is much lower than that of GP zone on aged alloy, GP zones are important to control the properties of the alloy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82401445 and 82271249)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M752251)+3 种基金the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(No.GZC20241141)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2024NSFSC1636 and 2025ZNSFSC1645)the Postdoctoral Research Fund of West China Hospital of Sichuan University(No.2024HXBH013)1-3-5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence of West China Hospital of Sichuan University(No.ZYYC23002)。
文摘Persistent postsurgical pain is a major clinical concern,especially in the aging population,who represent a growing proportion of surgical patients.Although age is a known pain risk factor,the mechanisms driving age-related vulnerability to chronic postoperative pain remain poorly understood.This study aims to investigate how aging influences the resolution of postoperative pain and to elucidate the roles of microglial activation and synaptic remodeling in the spinal dorsal horn.A plantar incision model in young(3-month-old)and aged(18-month-old)male and female mice was used to mimic postoperative pain conditions.Mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity at various postoperative intervals were assessed by von Frey and Hargreaves tests.Microglial activation and inhibitory/excitatory synaptic densities in the spinal dorsal horn were evaluated using immunofluorescence and 3D reconstruction with Imaris software.On postoperative day(POD)3,both age groups exhibited reduced pain thresholds on the ipsilateral side,along with microglial activation in the dorsal horn.On POD 7,pain thresholds in young mice had returned to baseline with no significant microglial activation,while aged mice showed sustained reduction in pain thresholds,continuous microglial activation,and significant loss of inhibitory synapses without detectable changes in excitatory synapse density.These findings are consistent across both sexes,with no sex-related differences.Collectively,these results suggest that aging is associated with persistent postoperative pain,which correlates with microglial activation and inhibitory synapse loss.These insights advance our understanding of age-related pain vulnerability and may inform the development of more effective,targeted,and age-specific therapeutic strategies to prevent or alleviate persistent postoperative pain in elderly patients.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42505149,41925023,U2342223,42105069,and 91744208)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2025M770303)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (14380230)the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent,and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change。
文摘Countries around the world have been making efforts to reduce pollutant emissions. However, the response of global black carbon(BC) aging to emission changes remains unclear. Using the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 with a machine-learning-integrated four-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module, we quantify global BC aging responses to emission reductions for 2011–2018 and for 2050 and 2100 under carbon neutrality. During 2011–18, global trends in BC aging degree(mass ratio of coatings to BC, R_(BC)) exhibited marked regional disparities, with a significant increase in China(5.4% yr^(-1)), which contrasts with minimal changes in the USA, Europe, and India. The divergence is attributed to opposing trends in secondary organic aerosol(SOA) and sulfate coatings, driven by regional changes in the emission ratios of corresponding coating precursors to BC(volatile organic compounds-VOCs/BC and SO_(2)/BC). Projections under carbon neutrality reveal that R_(BC) will increase globally by 47%(118%) in 2050(2100), with strong convergent increases expected across major source regions. The R_(BC) increase, primarily driven by enhanced SOA coatings due to sharper BC reductions relative to VOCs, will enhance the global BC mass absorption cross-section(MAC) by 11%(17%) in 2050(2100).Consequently, although the global BC burden will decline sharply by 60%(76%), the enhanced MAC partially offsets the magnitude of the decline in the BC direct radiative effect, resulting in the moderation of global BC DRE decreases to 88%(92%) of the BC burden reductions in 2050(2100). This study highlights the globally enhanced BC aging and light absorption capacity under carbon neutrality, thereby partly offsetting the impact of BC direct emission reductions on future changes in BC radiative effects globally.
文摘A stochastic model of conducting crack propagation is presented to provide a conceptual framework dedicated to the study of the formation of fractal structure of dielectric ageing patterns as a result of a competition between random fluctuation growth and applied electric strength enhanced deterministic growth. The necessary and sufficient conditions resulting in fractal behaviour in dielectric ageing are found.
文摘A kinetic model of dielectric ageing is presented. The central finding of this investigation is that there is a power-law relationship between the local electric field concentration and the rate of defect-tip initiated conducting crack growth. By applying such a power-law conducting crack growth rate expression to the evaluation of the life of solid dielectrics, the empirical classical ageing law of insulation materials can be derived theoretically as a lobical result. All the results are universal and agree with the experimental data of oxide films.
文摘Age-related macular degeneration(AMD)is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in older adults,with early-stage features including subretinal lipid deposits and progressing to retinal geographic atrophy and choroidal neovascularization in advanced stages.The dysregulation of ocular lipid metabolism,oxidative stress,and inflammation are critical risk factors for AMD pathogenesis.7-ketocholesterol(7-KC),a hallmark of ocular lipid metabolism disorders,is a significant component of subretinal lipid deposits in AMD patients,exhibiting toxicity to retinal cells and exacerbating lipotoxic aging.This review elaborates on the biosynthesis and metabolism of 7-KC in the retina,investigates its detoxification mechanisms by examining its binding proteins,and summarizes recent progress on kinase signaling pathways induced by 7-KC through inflammatory cytokines and intracellular effectors.The aim is to pinpoint potential pharmacological targets,nutritional compounds,and synthetic molecules to explore the potential of targeting 7-KC for AMD treatment.
