While 2D/3D heterostructures are widely employed to improve the stability of perovskite optoelectronic devices,their effectiveness is fundamentally governed by the crystallinity of the interfacial structure -a factor ...While 2D/3D heterostructures are widely employed to improve the stability of perovskite optoelectronic devices,their effectiveness is fundamentally governed by the crystallinity of the interfacial structure -a factor often overlooked.Disordered interfaces exhibit thermodynamic metastability,where ion diffusion induces sequential phase transitions from low-n to high-n phases.Here,we construct atomically ordered 2D/3D interfaces using phase-pure 2D perovskite capping layers,which reduce the interfacial phase transition rate by 95%and effectively suppress ion migration.As a result,devices exhibit outstanding operational stability,retaining over 99%of their initial power conversion efficiency after 1500 h of continuous operation,along with excellent thermal durability at 85℃.These findings identify interfacial order as a critical parameter for regulating ion dynamics and phase behavior,providing a robust design principle for achieving high-efficiency,long-lifetime perovskite technologies.展开更多
Optimizing the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)kinetics requires precise control of intermediate adsorption at active sites,which can be achieved through orbital engineering by regulating the electronic structure.This s...Optimizing the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)kinetics requires precise control of intermediate adsorption at active sites,which can be achieved through orbital engineering by regulating the electronic structure.This study addresses the challenge by exploring how modulation of the 3d-orbital electronic structure of FeN_(4) active sites influences ORR electrocatalysis.To realize this,a catalyst composed of Fe_(3)C nanoparticles and FeN_(4) single atoms anchored on carbon black(Fe_(3)C-FeN_(4)/CB)was synthesized via a synergistic strategy of spatial confinement and atmosphere control.This unique heterostructure creates interfaces between Fe_(3)C and FeN_(4) that modulate the electronic configuration of the FeN_(4) center,transforming its geometry from square-planar to quasi-octahedral.Spectroscopic characterizations and theoretical calculations reveal that this orbital modulation results in a downward shift of the Fe dband center,altering the reaction pathway and lowering the energy barrier for ORR.Consequently,the Fe_(3)C-FeN_(4)/CB catalyst exhibits outstanding ORR activity,four-electron selectivity,excellent methanol tolerance,and remarkable electrochemical stability.When applied in a zinc-air battery,it achieves a peak power density of 178.4 mW cm^(-2)and superior cycling stability compared to commercial Pt/C catalysts.This work provides valuable insights into heterointerface-induced orbital modulation as a promising design principle for high-performance ORR electrocatalysts.展开更多
The development of robust anode-electrolyte interfaces(AEI)with enhanced compatibility and mechanical strength is critical for regulating zinc-ion nucleation kinetics,suppressing dendrite formation,and advancing zinc-...The development of robust anode-electrolyte interfaces(AEI)with enhanced compatibility and mechanical strength is critical for regulating zinc-ion nucleation kinetics,suppressing dendrite formation,and advancing zinc-ion battery commercialization.To address persistent interface degradation during battery cycling,we propose a novel manufacturing strategy utilizing digital-light-processing(DLP)3D printing.This approach enables programmable regulation of gel-polymer electrolyte(GPE)structures through layer-by-layer photopolymerization,achieving precision regulation of macro-microstructures and interfacial stresses.The DLP-manufactured GPEs feature cross-scale structures combining dense porous networks with smooth surface topography,providing abundant electrochemical active sites and stable interfacial contact.Multiphase-field simulations integrated with in-situ/ex-situ characterizations reveal stress-enhanced zinc deposition mechanisms,where optimized interfacial stress eliminates AEI contact instability,ensuring rapid mass transfer between electrode and electrolyte.Under regulated interface stress,the symmetrical cell demonstrates stability exceeding 2000 hours,and the full cell retains 91.72%capacity after 8000 ultralong cycles,with reliable operation under extreme temperature conditions(-10℃/60℃).The precise regulation of interfacial stresses establishes stable AEI configurations,demonstrating a transformative approach to durable zinc-ion battery design.展开更多
The interfacial properties of Schottky contacts crucially affect the performance of power devices. While a few studies have explored the impact of fluorine on Schottky contacts, a comprehensive theoretical explanation...The interfacial properties of Schottky contacts crucially affect the performance of power devices. While a few studies have explored the impact of fluorine on Schottky contacts, a comprehensive theoretical explanation supported by experimental evidence remains lacking. This work investigates the effects of fluorine incorporation and electrothermal annealing(ETA) on the current transport process at Ni/β-Ga_(2)O_(3) Schottky contacts. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and first-principles calculations confirm the presence of fluorine substitutions for oxygen and oxygen vacancies and their lowering effect on the Schottky barrier heights. Additionally, accurate electrothermal hybrid TCAD simulations validates the extremely short-duration high temperatures(683 K) induced by ETA, which facilitates lattice rearrangement and reduces interface trap states. The interface trap states are quantitatively resolved through frequency-dependent conductance technique, showing the trap density(DT)reduction from(0.88-2.48) × 10^(11) cm^(-2)·eV^(-1) to(0.46-2.09) × 10^(11) cm^(-2)·eV^(-1). This investigation offers critical insights into the β-Ga_(2)O_(3) contacts with the collaborative treatment and solids the promotion of high-performance β-Ga_(2)O_(3) power devices.展开更多
CsPbBr_(3)perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have attracted significant interest for their remarkable stability under high temperatures and humidity.However,challenges such as energy loss at the CsPbBr_(3)/oxide buried inter...CsPbBr_(3)perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have attracted significant interest for their remarkable stability under high temperatures and humidity.However,challenges such as energy loss at the CsPbBr_(3)/oxide buried interface and imperfect band alignment have impeded further efficiency enhancements.In this study,TiO_(2),SnO_(2),or ZnO was employed as electron transport layer(ETL)materials,respectively,in CsPbBr_(3)-based PSCs to optimize the band alignment at the ETL/CsPbBr_(3)interface and enhance the film quality of CsPbBr_(3)materials.The research findings indicate that the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of PSCs is influenced by the choice of ETL material.Specifically,TiO_(2)-based PSCs achieved a PCE of 10.37%efficiency,higher than SnO_(2)-or ZnO-based PSCs.This disparity in PCE can be attributed to variations in open-circuit voltage,which stem from different band alignments at the ETL/CsPbBr_(3)interface.Notably,superior photovoltaic performance was consistently observed in TiO_(2)-based PSCs due to the substantial conduction band offset(∆Ec)at the TiO_(2)/CsPbBr_(3)interface and the high quality of the CsPbBr_(3)film.This not only enhances electron extraction at the TiO_(2)/CsPbBr_(3)interface but also diminishes non-radiative recombination at the interface,as confirmed by density functional theory(DFT)calculations and experiments.Furthermore,photodetectors(PDs)based on TiO_(2)/CsPbBr_(3)heterojunction exhibit high photoresponse and photodetectivity.In conclusion,this study underscores the critical importance of the buried interface contact in CsPbBr_(3)and offers a direct approach for fabricating efficient and stable inorganic PSCs and PDs.展开更多
The 2D/3D heterojunction perovskites have garnered increasing attention due to their exceptional moisture and thermal stability.However,few works have paid attention to the influence of the subsequent change process o...The 2D/3D heterojunction perovskites have garnered increasing attention due to their exceptional moisture and thermal stability.However,few works have paid attention to the influence of the subsequent change process of 2D/3D heterojunction PSC on the stability of PSCs.Moreover,the evolution of the interface and carrier dynamic behavior of the 2D/3D perovskite films with long-term operation has not been systematically developed befo re.In this work,the effects of 2D/3 D heterojunction evolution on the interface of perovskite films and different carrier dynamics during 2D/3D evolution are systematically analyzed for the first time.The decomposition of 2D/3D heterojunction in the perovskite film will have a certain impact on the surface and carrier dynamics behavior of perovskite.During the evolution of 2D/3D heterojunction,PbI_(2)crystals will appear,which will improve the interfacial energy level matching between the electron transport layer and perovskite film.With a long evolution time,some holes will appear on the surface of perovskite film.The open circuit voltage(V_(OC))of PSCs increased from 1.14 to1.18 V and the PCE increased to 23.21%after 300 h storage in the nitrogen atmosphere,and maintained 89%initial performance for with 3000 h stability test in N_(2)box.This discovery has a significant role in promoting the development of inverted heterojunction PSCs and constructing the revolution mechanism of charge carrier dynamic.展开更多
Poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)is one of the most promising hole-transporting materials in the pursuit of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells due to its outstanding stability and low cost.However,the intrinsic lo...Poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)is one of the most promising hole-transporting materials in the pursuit of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells due to its outstanding stability and low cost.However,the intrinsic low carrier density of P3 HT and poor contact between the P3HT/perovskite interface always lead to a low performance of the solar cell,while conventional chemical doping always makes the films unstable and limits the scalability.In this work,for the first time,we simultaneously enhanced the hole transporting properties of P3HT film and the interface of perovskite by doping it with a judiciously designed oxidized small molecule organic semiconductor.The organic salt not only can promote the lamellar crystallinity of P3HT to obtain better charge transport properties,but also reduce the defects of perovskite.As a result,we achieved champion efficiencies of 23.0%for small-area solar cells and 18.8%for larger-area modules(48.0 cm^(2)).This efficiency is the highest value for P3HT-based perovskite modules.Moreover,the solar cells show excellent operational stability,retaining over 95%of their initial efficiencies after1200 h of continuous operation.展开更多
Exploring earth-abundant,highly effective,and stable electrocatalysts for overall water and urea electrolysis is urgent and essential for developing hydrogen energy technology.Herein,a simple interface engineering is ...Exploring earth-abundant,highly effective,and stable electrocatalysts for overall water and urea electrolysis is urgent and essential for developing hydrogen energy technology.Herein,a simple interface engineering is used to fabricate an amorphous/crystalline Rh(OH)_(3)/NiMoO_(4)electrocatalyst.It exhibits an impressive trifunctional catalyst,with low overpotentials of 414 and 150 mV at500 mA cm^(-2)for the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),and with a low voltage of 1.457 V for urea oxidation reaction(UOR)at 500 mA cm^(-2).The outstanding OER,HER,and UOR activities are attributed to the unique amorphous/crystalline heterostructure of Rh(OH)_(3)/NiMoO_(4),which possesses special hydrophilic features that accelerate mass transfer and provide abundant exposed active sites and appropriate defects.In situ Raman spectra reveal that the incorporation of amorphous Rh(OH)_(3)facilitates the catalyst reconstruction.The two-electrode electrolyzer needs cell voltages of only 1.93 and 1.59 V to achieve a current density of500 mA cm^(-2)and remarkable durability for more than50 h at 500 mA cm^(-2)for overall water and urea-as sis ted splitting.This work provides a new idea for using amorphous/crystalline heterostructure to design electrocatalysts for overall water and urea electrolysis at industrial current densities.展开更多
Metal-ceramic composites combine the excellent properties of metals and ceramics,which have high strength,stability,and corrosion re-sistance.Al_(2)O_(3)/FeCo composites have been proven to be useful in ap-plications ...Metal-ceramic composites combine the excellent properties of metals and ceramics,which have high strength,stability,and corrosion re-sistance.Al_(2)O_(3)/FeCo composites have been proven to be useful in ap-plications such as catalysts,mi-crowave absorption materials,and enhanced permeability dielectric.The understanding of the mechani-cal properties and dynamics at the atomic scale of the Al_(2)O_(3)/FeCo in-terface can promote the design and exploitment of metal-ceramic composites.In this work,we have obtained Young’s modulus and diffusion coefficient of the Al_(2)O_(3)/FeCo interface using molecular dynamics simulation,elucidated the structural characteristics of the Al_(2)O_(3)/FeCo interface at the atomic scale,and investigated the impact of atomic magnetism and the exter-nal magnetic field on the interface.Simulated results show that Young’s modulus of the Al_(2)O_(3)/FeCo interface is significantly improved compared with pure Al_(2)O_(3)and FeCo alloy at room and high temperatures.When the atomic magnetism and the external magnetic field are applied,Young’s modulus of the Al_(2)O_(3)/FeCo interface further increases to 612 GPa at 300 K and 602 GPa at 500 K.Moreover,the average density,diffusion coefficient,and radial distri-bution function are found to be modified substantially.This study will shed light on the atom-istic investigations of the metal-ceramic composites.展开更多
Interface engineering has been regarded as an effective and noninvasive means to optimize the performance of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Here,doping engineering of a ZnO electron transport layer(ETL)and CsPbI3/ZnO in...Interface engineering has been regarded as an effective and noninvasive means to optimize the performance of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Here,doping engineering of a ZnO electron transport layer(ETL)and CsPbI3/ZnO interface engineering via introduction of an interfacial layer are employed to improve the performances of CsPbI3-based PSCs.The results show that when introducing a TiO2 buffer layer while increasing the ZnO layer doping concentration,the open-circuit voltage,power conversion efficiency,and fill factor of the CsPbI3-based PSCs can be improved to 1.31 V,21.06%,and 74.07%,respectively,which are superior to those of PSCs only modified by the TiO2 buffer layer or high-concentration doping of ZnO layer.On the one hand,the buffer layer relieves the band bending and structural disorder of CsPbI3.On the other hand,the increased doping concentration of the ZnO layer improves the conductivity of the TiO2/ZnO bilayer ETL because of the strong interaction between the TiO2 and ZnO layers.However,such phenomena are not observed for those of a PCBM/ZnO bilayer ETL because of the weak interlayer interaction of the PCBM/ZnO interface.These results provide a comprehensive understanding of the CsPbI3/ZnO interface and suggest a guideline to design high-performance PSCs.展开更多
Ammonia borane(AB)is an excellent candidate for the chemical storage of hydrogen.However,its practical utilization for hydrogen production is hindered by the need for expensive noble-metal-based catalysts.Herein,we re...Ammonia borane(AB)is an excellent candidate for the chemical storage of hydrogen.However,its practical utilization for hydrogen production is hindered by the need for expensive noble-metal-based catalysts.Herein,we report Co-Co3O4 nanoparticles(NPs)facilely deposited on carbon dots(CDs)as a highly efficient,robust,and noble-metal-free catalyst for the hydrolysis of AB.The incorporation of the multiinterfaces between Co,Co3O4 NPs,and CDs endows this hybrid material with excellent catalytic activity(rB=6816 mLH2 min^-1 gCo^-1)exceeding that of previous non-noble-metal NP systems and even that of some noble-metal NP systems.A further mechanistic study suggests that these interfacial interactions can affect the electronic structures of interfacial atoms and provide abundant adsorption sites for AB and water molecules,resulting in a low energy barrier for the activation of reactive molecules and thus substantial improvement of the catalytic rate.展开更多
Due to the complexity of soil-structure interaction, simple constitutive models typically used for interface elements in general computer programs cannot satisfy the requirements of discontinuous deformation analysis ...Due to the complexity of soil-structure interaction, simple constitutive models typically used for interface elements in general computer programs cannot satisfy the requirements of discontinuous deformation analysis of structures that contain different interfaces. In order to simulate the strain-softening characteristics of interfaces, a nonlinear strain-softening interface constitutive model was incorporated into fast Lagrange analysis of continua in three dimensions （FLAC3D） through a user-defined program in the FISH environment. A numerical simulation of a direct shear test for geosynthetic interfaces was conducted to verify that the interface model was implemented correctly. Results of the numerical tests show good agreement with the results obtained from theoretical calculations, indicating that the model incorporated into FLAC3D can simulate the nonlinear strain-softening behavior of interfaces involving geosynthetic materials. The results confirmed the validity and reliability of the improved interface model. The procedure and method of implementing an interface constitutive model into a commercial computer program also provide a reference for implementation of a new interface constitutive model in FLAC3D.展开更多
Sulfide solid electrolytes are promising for high energy density and safety in all-solid-state batteries due to their high ionic conductivity and good mechanical properties.However,the application of sulfide solid ele...Sulfide solid electrolytes are promising for high energy density and safety in all-solid-state batteries due to their high ionic conductivity and good mechanical properties.However,the application of sulfide solid electrolytes in all-solid-state batteries with lithium anode is restricted by the side reactions at lithium/electrolytes interfaces and the growth of lithium dendrite caused by nonuniform lithium deposition.Herein,a homogeneous LiF-Li_(3)N composite protective layer is in situ formed via a manipulated reaction of pentafluorobenzamide with Li metal.The LiF-Li_(3)N layer with both high interfacial energy and interfacial adhesion energy can synergistically suppress side reactions and inhibit the growth of lithium dendrite,achieving uniform deposition of lithium.The critical current densities of Li_(10)GeP_(2)S_(12)and Li_(6)PS_(5)Cl are increased to 3.25 and 1.25 mA cm^(-2)with Li@LiF-Li_(3)N layer,which are almost triple and twice as those of Li-symmetric cells in the absence of protection layer,respectively.Moreover,the Li@LiF-Li_(3)N/Li10GeP2S12/Li@LiF-Li_(3)N cell can stably cycle for 9000 h at 0.1 mA cm^(-2)under 0.1 mA h cm^(-2),and Li@LiF-Li_(3)N/Li_(6)PS_(5)Cl/Li@LiF-Li_(3)N cell achieves stable Li plating/stripping for 8000 h at 0.1 mA cm^(-2)under10 m A h cm^(-2).The improved dynamic stability of lithium plating/stripping in Li@LiF-Li_(3)N/Li_(10)GeP_(2)S_(12)or Li_(6)PS_(5)Cl interfaces is proved by three-electrode cells.As a result,LiCoO_(2)/electrolytes/Li@LiF-Li_(3)N batteries with Li_(10)GeP_(2)S_(12)and Li_(6)PS_(5)Cl exhibit remarkable cycling stability of 500 cycles with capacity retentions of 93.5%and 89.2%at 1 C,respectively.展开更多
There has been much interest in developing multilayered or nanolayered physical vapor deposition（PVD） coatings identified as a group of promising protective coatings for their excellent mechanical properties and cor...There has been much interest in developing multilayered or nanolayered physical vapor deposition（PVD） coatings identified as a group of promising protective coatings for their excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. In this study, the multilayered Cr N/Cr2O3 coatings with different bilayer periods（L） were synthesized on the polished high speed steel substrates from a Cr target with the alternative atmosphere of pure nitrogen and pure oxygen by arc ion plating（AIP） technique. The results revealed that the microstructure,morphologies and properties of the multilayered coatings were strongly influenced by the bilayer period（L）.There were two kinds of interfaces in the multilayered Cr N/Cr2O3coatings： the sharp ones and the blurry ones. With reducing the value of L, the macro-particles densities decreased gradually, whereas the coating microhardness, adhesive strength and wear resistance first increased, and then decreased slightly or remained stable as the bilayer period L 〈 590 nm. The multilayered Cr N/Cr2O3 coating with the bilayer period L of 590 nm possessed the best comprehensive properties, namely the highest microhardness, the strongest adhesion, and the lowest wear rate.展开更多
Inhibiting the “shuttle effect” of soluble polysulfides and improving reaction kinetics are the key factors necessary for further exploration of high-performance Li-S batteries. Herein, an effective interface engine...Inhibiting the “shuttle effect” of soluble polysulfides and improving reaction kinetics are the key factors necessary for further exploration of high-performance Li-S batteries. Herein, an effective interface engineering strategy is reported, wherein nitriding of an Ni-based precursor is controlled to enhance Li-S cell regulation. The resulting in-situ formed NiO-Ni_(3)N heterostructure interface not only has a stronger polysulfide adsorption effect than that of monomeric NiO or Ni_(3)N but also has a faster Li ion diffusion ability than a simple physical mixture. More importantly, this approach couples the respective advantages of NiO and Ni_(3)N to reduce polarization and facilitate electron transfer during polysulfide reactions and synergistically catalyze polysulfide conversion. In addition, ultrafine nanoparticles are thought to effectively improve the use of additive materials. In summary, Li-S batteries based on this NiO-Ni_(3)N heterostructure have the features of long cycle stability, rapid charging-discharging, and good performance under high sulfur loading.展开更多
Herein,a bottom-down design is presented to successfully fabricate ZIF-derived Co3O4,grown in situ on a one-dimensional(1D)α-MnO2 material,denoted as α-MnO2@Co3O4.The synergistic effect derived from the coupled inte...Herein,a bottom-down design is presented to successfully fabricate ZIF-derived Co3O4,grown in situ on a one-dimensional(1D)α-MnO2 material,denoted as α-MnO2@Co3O4.The synergistic effect derived from the coupled interface constructed betweenα-MnO2 and Co3O4 is responsible for the enhanced catalytic activity.The resultantα-MnO2@Co3O4 catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activity at a T90%(temperature required to achieve a toluene conversion of 90%)of approximately 229℃,which is 47 and 28℃ lower than those of the pureα-MnO2 nanowire and Co3O4-b obtained via pyrolysis of ZIF-67,respectively.This activity is attributed to the increase in the number of surface-adsorbed oxygen species,which accelerate the oxygen mobility and enhance the redox pairs of Mn^4+/Mn^3+ and Co^2+/Co^3+.Moreover,the result of in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy suggests that the gaseous oxygen could be more easily activated to adsorbed oxygen species on the surface of α-MnO2@Co3O4 than on that of α-MnO2.The catalytic reaction route of toluene oxidation over theα-MnO2@Co3O4 catalyst is as follows:toluene→benzoate species→alkanes containing oxygen functional group→CO2 and H2O.In addition,the α-MnO2@Co3O4 catalyst shows excellent stability and good water resistance for toluene oxidation.Furthermore,the preparation method can be extended to other 1D MnO2 materials.A new strategy for the development of high-performance catalysts of practical significance is provided.展开更多
Effect of cooling rate on the 3 D morphology and the growth mechanism of the proeutectic Al3Ni intermetallic compound(IMC) that forms at the Al/Ni interface after solidification was investigated by synchrotron X-ray m...Effect of cooling rate on the 3 D morphology and the growth mechanism of the proeutectic Al3Ni intermetallic compound(IMC) that forms at the Al/Ni interface after solidification was investigated by synchrotron X-ray microtomography in combination with EBSD analysis. The proeutectic Al3Ni phase that forms under an average cooling rate of 0.1 Ks^(-1) shows a characteristic faceted growth behavior and presents a typical 3 D morphology as partially hollow quadrangular prisms. On the contrary, that forms under an average cooling rate of 10 Ks^(-1) shows complicated dendritic morphology with asymmetrically distributed arms and faceted V-shape groove at the distal end, indicating a gradual transition of the growth behavior from non-faceted to faceted during the solidification process. These results reveal that the morphology of the proeutectic Al3Ni is highly sensitive to the solidification condition so that fine control of the desired morphology may be achieved by carefully manipulating the cooling profile.展开更多
The as-forged Ti3Al-based alloy and TC11 titanium alloy were welded by electron beams in vacuum, and then they were processed using near isothermal forging and gradient heat treatment. The experimental results show th...The as-forged Ti3Al-based alloy and TC11 titanium alloy were welded by electron beams in vacuum, and then they were processed using near isothermal forging and gradient heat treatment. The experimental results show that the near isothermal forging processing parameters have little effect on the phase constitution of the weld. The weld consists of Ti2AlNb, MoNb, Nb3Al, and TiAl3 phases as well as the two main phases of α and α2. However, the near isothermal forging processing parameters have significant effect on the shape, size, and volume fraction of α and α2 phases of the welding interface. The sizes of the α and α2 phases increase as the strain rate decreases. Because the distortion energy of the lattice and the volume fraction of the grains occurring in dynamic recrystallization increase with an increase in deformation, the sizes of the α and α2 phases of the welding interface decrease.展开更多
基金funding supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB1140000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22379156,U23A20141)+1 种基金Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory(QIBEBT/SEI/QNESL S202305)Key R&D Program of Shandong Province,China(2024SFGC0102)。
文摘While 2D/3D heterostructures are widely employed to improve the stability of perovskite optoelectronic devices,their effectiveness is fundamentally governed by the crystallinity of the interfacial structure -a factor often overlooked.Disordered interfaces exhibit thermodynamic metastability,where ion diffusion induces sequential phase transitions from low-n to high-n phases.Here,we construct atomically ordered 2D/3D interfaces using phase-pure 2D perovskite capping layers,which reduce the interfacial phase transition rate by 95%and effectively suppress ion migration.As a result,devices exhibit outstanding operational stability,retaining over 99%of their initial power conversion efficiency after 1500 h of continuous operation,along with excellent thermal durability at 85℃.These findings identify interfacial order as a critical parameter for regulating ion dynamics and phase behavior,providing a robust design principle for achieving high-efficiency,long-lifetime perovskite technologies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.22272105 and 22572118)Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(Grant No.23ZR1423900)。
文摘Optimizing the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)kinetics requires precise control of intermediate adsorption at active sites,which can be achieved through orbital engineering by regulating the electronic structure.This study addresses the challenge by exploring how modulation of the 3d-orbital electronic structure of FeN_(4) active sites influences ORR electrocatalysis.To realize this,a catalyst composed of Fe_(3)C nanoparticles and FeN_(4) single atoms anchored on carbon black(Fe_(3)C-FeN_(4)/CB)was synthesized via a synergistic strategy of spatial confinement and atmosphere control.This unique heterostructure creates interfaces between Fe_(3)C and FeN_(4) that modulate the electronic configuration of the FeN_(4) center,transforming its geometry from square-planar to quasi-octahedral.Spectroscopic characterizations and theoretical calculations reveal that this orbital modulation results in a downward shift of the Fe dband center,altering the reaction pathway and lowering the energy barrier for ORR.Consequently,the Fe_(3)C-FeN_(4)/CB catalyst exhibits outstanding ORR activity,four-electron selectivity,excellent methanol tolerance,and remarkable electrochemical stability.When applied in a zinc-air battery,it achieves a peak power density of 178.4 mW cm^(-2)and superior cycling stability compared to commercial Pt/C catalysts.This work provides valuable insights into heterointerface-induced orbital modulation as a promising design principle for high-performance ORR electrocatalysts.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A20193)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFB3409000)+1 种基金TCL science and technology innovation fund(20231751)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2024ZYGXZR066)。
文摘The development of robust anode-electrolyte interfaces(AEI)with enhanced compatibility and mechanical strength is critical for regulating zinc-ion nucleation kinetics,suppressing dendrite formation,and advancing zinc-ion battery commercialization.To address persistent interface degradation during battery cycling,we propose a novel manufacturing strategy utilizing digital-light-processing(DLP)3D printing.This approach enables programmable regulation of gel-polymer electrolyte(GPE)structures through layer-by-layer photopolymerization,achieving precision regulation of macro-microstructures and interfacial stresses.The DLP-manufactured GPEs feature cross-scale structures combining dense porous networks with smooth surface topography,providing abundant electrochemical active sites and stable interfacial contact.Multiphase-field simulations integrated with in-situ/ex-situ characterizations reveal stress-enhanced zinc deposition mechanisms,where optimized interfacial stress eliminates AEI contact instability,ensuring rapid mass transfer between electrode and electrolyte.Under regulated interface stress,the symmetrical cell demonstrates stability exceeding 2000 hours,and the full cell retains 91.72%capacity after 8000 ultralong cycles,with reliable operation under extreme temperature conditions(-10℃/60℃).The precise regulation of interfacial stresses establishes stable AEI configurations,demonstrating a transformative approach to durable zinc-ion battery design.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62174019, 52302046, L2424216)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant No. 2024A1515012139)+2 种基金the Major Program (JD) of Hubei Province (Grant No. 2023BAA009)the Knowledge Innovation Program of Wuhan-Shuguang Project (Grant No. 2023010201020262)the Basic Research Program of Jiangsu (Grant No. BK20230268)。
文摘The interfacial properties of Schottky contacts crucially affect the performance of power devices. While a few studies have explored the impact of fluorine on Schottky contacts, a comprehensive theoretical explanation supported by experimental evidence remains lacking. This work investigates the effects of fluorine incorporation and electrothermal annealing(ETA) on the current transport process at Ni/β-Ga_(2)O_(3) Schottky contacts. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and first-principles calculations confirm the presence of fluorine substitutions for oxygen and oxygen vacancies and their lowering effect on the Schottky barrier heights. Additionally, accurate electrothermal hybrid TCAD simulations validates the extremely short-duration high temperatures(683 K) induced by ETA, which facilitates lattice rearrangement and reduces interface trap states. The interface trap states are quantitatively resolved through frequency-dependent conductance technique, showing the trap density(DT)reduction from(0.88-2.48) × 10^(11) cm^(-2)·eV^(-1) to(0.46-2.09) × 10^(11) cm^(-2)·eV^(-1). This investigation offers critical insights into the β-Ga_(2)O_(3) contacts with the collaborative treatment and solids the promotion of high-performance β-Ga_(2)O_(3) power devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62304171 and 62374128)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M722500)+2 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(No.2024GX-YBXM-512)Xidian University Specially Funded Project for Interdisciplinary Exploration(Nos.TZJH2024052 and TZJH2024050)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,the open fund of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing,Wuhan University of Technology(No.2024-KF-12).
文摘CsPbBr_(3)perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have attracted significant interest for their remarkable stability under high temperatures and humidity.However,challenges such as energy loss at the CsPbBr_(3)/oxide buried interface and imperfect band alignment have impeded further efficiency enhancements.In this study,TiO_(2),SnO_(2),or ZnO was employed as electron transport layer(ETL)materials,respectively,in CsPbBr_(3)-based PSCs to optimize the band alignment at the ETL/CsPbBr_(3)interface and enhance the film quality of CsPbBr_(3)materials.The research findings indicate that the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of PSCs is influenced by the choice of ETL material.Specifically,TiO_(2)-based PSCs achieved a PCE of 10.37%efficiency,higher than SnO_(2)-or ZnO-based PSCs.This disparity in PCE can be attributed to variations in open-circuit voltage,which stem from different band alignments at the ETL/CsPbBr_(3)interface.Notably,superior photovoltaic performance was consistently observed in TiO_(2)-based PSCs due to the substantial conduction band offset(∆Ec)at the TiO_(2)/CsPbBr_(3)interface and the high quality of the CsPbBr_(3)film.This not only enhances electron extraction at the TiO_(2)/CsPbBr_(3)interface but also diminishes non-radiative recombination at the interface,as confirmed by density functional theory(DFT)calculations and experiments.Furthermore,photodetectors(PDs)based on TiO_(2)/CsPbBr_(3)heterojunction exhibit high photoresponse and photodetectivity.In conclusion,this study underscores the critical importance of the buried interface contact in CsPbBr_(3)and offers a direct approach for fabricating efficient and stable inorganic PSCs and PDs.
基金financial support provided by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2022NSFSC0226)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2023ZYD0163)+6 种基金the Production-Education Integration Demonstration Project of Sichuan Provincethe Photovoltaic Industry Production-Education Integration Comprehensive Demonstration Base of Sichuan Province(Sichuan Financial Education[2022]No.106)China Tianfu Yongxing Laboratory Science and Technology Key Project(2023KJGG15)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3803300)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(IS23037)the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero(project ID:NEXTCCUS)the ACT program(Accelerating CCS Technologies,Horizon2020 project NO.691712)。
文摘The 2D/3D heterojunction perovskites have garnered increasing attention due to their exceptional moisture and thermal stability.However,few works have paid attention to the influence of the subsequent change process of 2D/3D heterojunction PSC on the stability of PSCs.Moreover,the evolution of the interface and carrier dynamic behavior of the 2D/3D perovskite films with long-term operation has not been systematically developed befo re.In this work,the effects of 2D/3 D heterojunction evolution on the interface of perovskite films and different carrier dynamics during 2D/3D evolution are systematically analyzed for the first time.The decomposition of 2D/3D heterojunction in the perovskite film will have a certain impact on the surface and carrier dynamics behavior of perovskite.During the evolution of 2D/3D heterojunction,PbI_(2)crystals will appear,which will improve the interfacial energy level matching between the electron transport layer and perovskite film.With a long evolution time,some holes will appear on the surface of perovskite film.The open circuit voltage(V_(OC))of PSCs increased from 1.14 to1.18 V and the PCE increased to 23.21%after 300 h storage in the nitrogen atmosphere,and maintained 89%initial performance for with 3000 h stability test in N_(2)box.This discovery has a significant role in promoting the development of inverted heterojunction PSCs and constructing the revolution mechanism of charge carrier dynamic.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52472248 and 22075221)the Key Research and Development Project of Shanxi Province(202202060301003 and 202202060301015)the Innovation Program of Wuhan-Shuguang Project(2023010201020367)。
文摘Poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)is one of the most promising hole-transporting materials in the pursuit of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells due to its outstanding stability and low cost.However,the intrinsic low carrier density of P3 HT and poor contact between the P3HT/perovskite interface always lead to a low performance of the solar cell,while conventional chemical doping always makes the films unstable and limits the scalability.In this work,for the first time,we simultaneously enhanced the hole transporting properties of P3HT film and the interface of perovskite by doping it with a judiciously designed oxidized small molecule organic semiconductor.The organic salt not only can promote the lamellar crystallinity of P3HT to obtain better charge transport properties,but also reduce the defects of perovskite.As a result,we achieved champion efficiencies of 23.0%for small-area solar cells and 18.8%for larger-area modules(48.0 cm^(2)).This efficiency is the highest value for P3HT-based perovskite modules.Moreover,the solar cells show excellent operational stability,retaining over 95%of their initial efficiencies after1200 h of continuous operation.
基金financially supported by Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects(No.202101AU070183)the Young Talent Project of the“Xing Dian Talent Support Program”of Yunnan Province(No.KKXX202452057)+1 种基金Yunnan Major Scientific and Technology Projects(No.202202AG050017-02)the National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(No.202410674112)
文摘Exploring earth-abundant,highly effective,and stable electrocatalysts for overall water and urea electrolysis is urgent and essential for developing hydrogen energy technology.Herein,a simple interface engineering is used to fabricate an amorphous/crystalline Rh(OH)_(3)/NiMoO_(4)electrocatalyst.It exhibits an impressive trifunctional catalyst,with low overpotentials of 414 and 150 mV at500 mA cm^(-2)for the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),and with a low voltage of 1.457 V for urea oxidation reaction(UOR)at 500 mA cm^(-2).The outstanding OER,HER,and UOR activities are attributed to the unique amorphous/crystalline heterostructure of Rh(OH)_(3)/NiMoO_(4),which possesses special hydrophilic features that accelerate mass transfer and provide abundant exposed active sites and appropriate defects.In situ Raman spectra reveal that the incorporation of amorphous Rh(OH)_(3)facilitates the catalyst reconstruction.The two-electrode electrolyzer needs cell voltages of only 1.93 and 1.59 V to achieve a current density of500 mA cm^(-2)and remarkable durability for more than50 h at 500 mA cm^(-2)for overall water and urea-as sis ted splitting.This work provides a new idea for using amorphous/crystalline heterostructure to design electrocatalysts for overall water and urea electrolysis at industrial current densities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22173057,52130204,12074241,11929401,12311530675)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(Nos.21JC1402700,22XD1400900,20501130600,21JC1402600)High-Performance Computing Center,Shanghai Technical Service Center of Science and Engineering Computing,Shanghai University。
文摘Metal-ceramic composites combine the excellent properties of metals and ceramics,which have high strength,stability,and corrosion re-sistance.Al_(2)O_(3)/FeCo composites have been proven to be useful in ap-plications such as catalysts,mi-crowave absorption materials,and enhanced permeability dielectric.The understanding of the mechani-cal properties and dynamics at the atomic scale of the Al_(2)O_(3)/FeCo in-terface can promote the design and exploitment of metal-ceramic composites.In this work,we have obtained Young’s modulus and diffusion coefficient of the Al_(2)O_(3)/FeCo interface using molecular dynamics simulation,elucidated the structural characteristics of the Al_(2)O_(3)/FeCo interface at the atomic scale,and investigated the impact of atomic magnetism and the exter-nal magnetic field on the interface.Simulated results show that Young’s modulus of the Al_(2)O_(3)/FeCo interface is significantly improved compared with pure Al_(2)O_(3)and FeCo alloy at room and high temperatures.When the atomic magnetism and the external magnetic field are applied,Young’s modulus of the Al_(2)O_(3)/FeCo interface further increases to 612 GPa at 300 K and 602 GPa at 500 K.Moreover,the average density,diffusion coefficient,and radial distri-bution function are found to be modified substantially.This study will shed light on the atom-istic investigations of the metal-ceramic composites.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61604119,61704131,and 61804111)Initiative Postdocs Supporting Program(No.BX20180234)+2 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2018M643578)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2016QNRC001)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Interface engineering has been regarded as an effective and noninvasive means to optimize the performance of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Here,doping engineering of a ZnO electron transport layer(ETL)and CsPbI3/ZnO interface engineering via introduction of an interfacial layer are employed to improve the performances of CsPbI3-based PSCs.The results show that when introducing a TiO2 buffer layer while increasing the ZnO layer doping concentration,the open-circuit voltage,power conversion efficiency,and fill factor of the CsPbI3-based PSCs can be improved to 1.31 V,21.06%,and 74.07%,respectively,which are superior to those of PSCs only modified by the TiO2 buffer layer or high-concentration doping of ZnO layer.On the one hand,the buffer layer relieves the band bending and structural disorder of CsPbI3.On the other hand,the increased doping concentration of the ZnO layer improves the conductivity of the TiO2/ZnO bilayer ETL because of the strong interaction between the TiO2 and ZnO layers.However,such phenomena are not observed for those of a PCBM/ZnO bilayer ETL because of the weak interlayer interaction of the PCBM/ZnO interface.These results provide a comprehensive understanding of the CsPbI3/ZnO interface and suggest a guideline to design high-performance PSCs.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21774041 and 51433003)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M640681 and 2019T120632)。
文摘Ammonia borane(AB)is an excellent candidate for the chemical storage of hydrogen.However,its practical utilization for hydrogen production is hindered by the need for expensive noble-metal-based catalysts.Herein,we report Co-Co3O4 nanoparticles(NPs)facilely deposited on carbon dots(CDs)as a highly efficient,robust,and noble-metal-free catalyst for the hydrolysis of AB.The incorporation of the multiinterfaces between Co,Co3O4 NPs,and CDs endows this hybrid material with excellent catalytic activity(rB=6816 mLH2 min^-1 gCo^-1)exceeding that of previous non-noble-metal NP systems and even that of some noble-metal NP systems.A further mechanistic study suggests that these interfacial interactions can affect the electronic structures of interfacial atoms and provide abundant adsorption sites for AB and water molecules,resulting in a low energy barrier for the activation of reactive molecules and thus substantial improvement of the catalytic rate.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51079047)
文摘Due to the complexity of soil-structure interaction, simple constitutive models typically used for interface elements in general computer programs cannot satisfy the requirements of discontinuous deformation analysis of structures that contain different interfaces. In order to simulate the strain-softening characteristics of interfaces, a nonlinear strain-softening interface constitutive model was incorporated into fast Lagrange analysis of continua in three dimensions （FLAC3D） through a user-defined program in the FISH environment. A numerical simulation of a direct shear test for geosynthetic interfaces was conducted to verify that the interface model was implemented correctly. Results of the numerical tests show good agreement with the results obtained from theoretical calculations, indicating that the model incorporated into FLAC3D can simulate the nonlinear strain-softening behavior of interfaces involving geosynthetic materials. The results confirmed the validity and reliability of the improved interface model. The procedure and method of implementing an interface constitutive model into a commercial computer program also provide a reference for implementation of a new interface constitutive model in FLAC3D.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3807700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1964205,51872303,52172253)+3 种基金the Ningbo S&T Innovation 2025 Major Special Programme(2019B10044,2021Z122)the Zhejiang Provincial Key R&D Program of China(2022C01072)the Jiangsu Provincial S&T Innovation Special Programme for carbon peak and carbon neutrality(BE2022007)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(Y2021080)。
文摘Sulfide solid electrolytes are promising for high energy density and safety in all-solid-state batteries due to their high ionic conductivity and good mechanical properties.However,the application of sulfide solid electrolytes in all-solid-state batteries with lithium anode is restricted by the side reactions at lithium/electrolytes interfaces and the growth of lithium dendrite caused by nonuniform lithium deposition.Herein,a homogeneous LiF-Li_(3)N composite protective layer is in situ formed via a manipulated reaction of pentafluorobenzamide with Li metal.The LiF-Li_(3)N layer with both high interfacial energy and interfacial adhesion energy can synergistically suppress side reactions and inhibit the growth of lithium dendrite,achieving uniform deposition of lithium.The critical current densities of Li_(10)GeP_(2)S_(12)and Li_(6)PS_(5)Cl are increased to 3.25 and 1.25 mA cm^(-2)with Li@LiF-Li_(3)N layer,which are almost triple and twice as those of Li-symmetric cells in the absence of protection layer,respectively.Moreover,the Li@LiF-Li_(3)N/Li10GeP2S12/Li@LiF-Li_(3)N cell can stably cycle for 9000 h at 0.1 mA cm^(-2)under 0.1 mA h cm^(-2),and Li@LiF-Li_(3)N/Li_(6)PS_(5)Cl/Li@LiF-Li_(3)N cell achieves stable Li plating/stripping for 8000 h at 0.1 mA cm^(-2)under10 m A h cm^(-2).The improved dynamic stability of lithium plating/stripping in Li@LiF-Li_(3)N/Li_(10)GeP_(2)S_(12)or Li_(6)PS_(5)Cl interfaces is proved by three-electrode cells.As a result,LiCoO_(2)/electrolytes/Li@LiF-Li_(3)N batteries with Li_(10)GeP_(2)S_(12)and Li_(6)PS_(5)Cl exhibit remarkable cycling stability of 500 cycles with capacity retentions of 93.5%and 89.2%at 1 C,respectively.
基金financial supports from the National Key Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, No. 2012CB625100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51001106 and 51301181)the Doctoral Starting up Foundation of Liaoning Province Science and Technology Agency, China (No. 20131118)
文摘There has been much interest in developing multilayered or nanolayered physical vapor deposition（PVD） coatings identified as a group of promising protective coatings for their excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. In this study, the multilayered Cr N/Cr2O3 coatings with different bilayer periods（L） were synthesized on the polished high speed steel substrates from a Cr target with the alternative atmosphere of pure nitrogen and pure oxygen by arc ion plating（AIP） technique. The results revealed that the microstructure,morphologies and properties of the multilayered coatings were strongly influenced by the bilayer period（L）.There were two kinds of interfaces in the multilayered Cr N/Cr2O3coatings： the sharp ones and the blurry ones. With reducing the value of L, the macro-particles densities decreased gradually, whereas the coating microhardness, adhesive strength and wear resistance first increased, and then decreased slightly or remained stable as the bilayer period L 〈 590 nm. The multilayered Cr N/Cr2O3 coating with the bilayer period L of 590 nm possessed the best comprehensive properties, namely the highest microhardness, the strongest adhesion, and the lowest wear rate.
基金financial support of the Youth Project of the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Anhui(No. 2008085QE267)the Doctoral Research Initiation Foundation of Anhui Normal University (No. 751973)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51972162)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 0213-14380196)the Science and Technology Project of Nanchang (No. 2017-SJSYS-008)。
文摘Inhibiting the “shuttle effect” of soluble polysulfides and improving reaction kinetics are the key factors necessary for further exploration of high-performance Li-S batteries. Herein, an effective interface engineering strategy is reported, wherein nitriding of an Ni-based precursor is controlled to enhance Li-S cell regulation. The resulting in-situ formed NiO-Ni_(3)N heterostructure interface not only has a stronger polysulfide adsorption effect than that of monomeric NiO or Ni_(3)N but also has a faster Li ion diffusion ability than a simple physical mixture. More importantly, this approach couples the respective advantages of NiO and Ni_(3)N to reduce polarization and facilitate electron transfer during polysulfide reactions and synergistically catalyze polysulfide conversion. In addition, ultrafine nanoparticles are thought to effectively improve the use of additive materials. In summary, Li-S batteries based on this NiO-Ni_(3)N heterostructure have the features of long cycle stability, rapid charging-discharging, and good performance under high sulfur loading.
文摘Herein,a bottom-down design is presented to successfully fabricate ZIF-derived Co3O4,grown in situ on a one-dimensional(1D)α-MnO2 material,denoted as α-MnO2@Co3O4.The synergistic effect derived from the coupled interface constructed betweenα-MnO2 and Co3O4 is responsible for the enhanced catalytic activity.The resultantα-MnO2@Co3O4 catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activity at a T90%(temperature required to achieve a toluene conversion of 90%)of approximately 229℃,which is 47 and 28℃ lower than those of the pureα-MnO2 nanowire and Co3O4-b obtained via pyrolysis of ZIF-67,respectively.This activity is attributed to the increase in the number of surface-adsorbed oxygen species,which accelerate the oxygen mobility and enhance the redox pairs of Mn^4+/Mn^3+ and Co^2+/Co^3+.Moreover,the result of in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy suggests that the gaseous oxygen could be more easily activated to adsorbed oxygen species on the surface of α-MnO2@Co3O4 than on that of α-MnO2.The catalytic reaction route of toluene oxidation over theα-MnO2@Co3O4 catalyst is as follows:toluene→benzoate species→alkanes containing oxygen functional group→CO2 and H2O.In addition,the α-MnO2@Co3O4 catalyst shows excellent stability and good water resistance for toluene oxidation.Furthermore,the preparation method can be extended to other 1D MnO2 materials.A new strategy for the development of high-performance catalysts of practical significance is provided.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Excellent Young Scholars(No.51922068)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51727802,51821001 and 51904187)The support of synchrotron radiation phase-contrast imaging by the BL13W1 beam line of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF),China,is gratefully acknowledged。
文摘Effect of cooling rate on the 3 D morphology and the growth mechanism of the proeutectic Al3Ni intermetallic compound(IMC) that forms at the Al/Ni interface after solidification was investigated by synchrotron X-ray microtomography in combination with EBSD analysis. The proeutectic Al3Ni phase that forms under an average cooling rate of 0.1 Ks^(-1) shows a characteristic faceted growth behavior and presents a typical 3 D morphology as partially hollow quadrangular prisms. On the contrary, that forms under an average cooling rate of 10 Ks^(-1) shows complicated dendritic morphology with asymmetrically distributed arms and faceted V-shape groove at the distal end, indicating a gradual transition of the growth behavior from non-faceted to faceted during the solidification process. These results reveal that the morphology of the proeutectic Al3Ni is highly sensitive to the solidification condition so that fine control of the desired morphology may be achieved by carefully manipulating the cooling profile.
基金supported by the Natural Na-tional Science Foundation of China (No. 50775187)
文摘The as-forged Ti3Al-based alloy and TC11 titanium alloy were welded by electron beams in vacuum, and then they were processed using near isothermal forging and gradient heat treatment. The experimental results show that the near isothermal forging processing parameters have little effect on the phase constitution of the weld. The weld consists of Ti2AlNb, MoNb, Nb3Al, and TiAl3 phases as well as the two main phases of α and α2. However, the near isothermal forging processing parameters have significant effect on the shape, size, and volume fraction of α and α2 phases of the welding interface. The sizes of the α and α2 phases increase as the strain rate decreases. Because the distortion energy of the lattice and the volume fraction of the grains occurring in dynamic recrystallization increase with an increase in deformation, the sizes of the α and α2 phases of the welding interface decrease.
