The formation and evolution of binary stars are key steps in star formation and evolution,and thus their research has become the core content of modern astronomical research.Although as early as 1976,Bodan Pachenski p...The formation and evolution of binary stars are key steps in star formation and evolution,and thus their research has become the core content of modern astronomical research.Although as early as 1976,Bodan Pachenski proposed the theory of the evolution of shared envelopes in binary stars,but it was never confirmed until 2022 when the Yunnan Astronomical Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and an Australian team first observed the phenomenon of shared envelope ejection in binary stars,which provided support for Bodan Pachenski’s theory,but the true formation mechanism and evolution process of binary stars remain undetermined.For this reason,the author of this paper has proposed a theory of the formation and evolution of binary stars based on the theory of the evolution of common envelopes in binary stars and the theory of tidal disruption events,laying a foundation for establishing a complete theory of star formation and evolution.展开更多
The modified molecular interaction volume model(M-MIVM)was used to calculate the activity values and their deviations from experimental data for Ag-Cu and Ag-Sb binary alloys.Subsequently,theoretical vapor-liquid equi...The modified molecular interaction volume model(M-MIVM)was used to calculate the activity values and their deviations from experimental data for Ag-Cu and Ag-Sb binary alloys.Subsequently,theoretical vapor-liquid equilibrium phase diagrams(T-x-y and p-x-y)were plotted via combining M-MIVM and vacuum theory.The vapor-liquid phase equilibrium(VLE)experiments were conducted on the Ag-Cu alloy at 1500-1560 K and 10-15 Pa and Ag-Sb alloys at 950-1350 K and 10 Pa.The results showed that the average relative deviation and average standard deviation of activity were lower than 5%and 0.02,respectively.A comparison of theoretical and experiment results for VLE revealed that the simulated data on the T-x-y diagram were well consistent with experimental values.Therefore,the VLE phase diagrams can serve as a guide in vacuum separation experiments and industrial production for Ag-Cu and Ag-Sb binary alloys.展开更多
The core-shell structure in bulk TiNb binary alloy was designed and studied by phase-field simulations,where various core-shell structures were obtained by precise control of the initial and boundary conditions of the...The core-shell structure in bulk TiNb binary alloy was designed and studied by phase-field simulations,where various core-shell structures were obtained by precise control of the initial and boundary conditions of the TiNb binary alloy system during spinodal decomposition,and then the formation mechanism of core-shell structure was revealed.In addition,the influences of initial temperature gradient,average temperature,and initial concentration distribution of the system on the core-shell structure were investigated.Results show that the initial concentration gradient is the key factor for forming the core-shell structure.Besides,larger initial temperature gradient and higher average temperature can promote the formation of core-shell structure,which can be stabilized by adjusting the initial concentration distribution of the Nb-rich region in TiNb binary alloy.As a theoretical basis,this research provides a novel and simple strategy for the preparation of TiNb-based alloys and other materials with peculiar core-shell structures and desirable mechanical and physical properties.展开更多
Binary segmentation tasks in computer vision exhibit diverse appearance distributions and complex boundary characteristics.To address the limited generalization and adaptability of existing models across heterogeneous...Binary segmentation tasks in computer vision exhibit diverse appearance distributions and complex boundary characteristics.To address the limited generalization and adaptability of existing models across heterogeneous tasks,we propose Abel-Net,an Aggregated Bilateral Edge Localization Network designed as a universal framework formulti-task binary segmentation.Abel-Net integrates global and local contextual cues to enhance feature learning and edge precision.Specifically,amulti-scale feature pyramid fusion strategy is implemented via anAggregated Skip Connection(ASC)module to strengthen feature adaptability,while the Edge Dual Localization(EDL)mechanism performs coarse-to-fine refinement through edge-aware supervision.Additionally,Edge Attention(EA)and Edge Fusion Attention(EFA)modules prioritize edge-critical regions and facilitate accurate boundary alignment.Extensive experiments on nine diverse binary segmentation tasks demonstrate thatAbel-Net performs comparably to or surpasses state-of-the-art task-specific networks,exhibiting strong adaptability to a wide range of visual perception challenges.展开更多
Single Image Super-Resolution(SISR)seeks to reconstruct high-resolution(HR)images from lowresolution(LR)inputs,thereby enhancing visual fidelity and the perception of fine details.While Transformer-based models—such ...Single Image Super-Resolution(SISR)seeks to reconstruct high-resolution(HR)images from lowresolution(LR)inputs,thereby enhancing visual fidelity and the perception of fine details.While Transformer-based models—such as SwinIR,Restormer,and HAT—have recently achieved impressive results in super-resolution tasks by capturing global contextual information,these methods often suffer from substantial computational and memory overhead,which limits their deployment on resource-constrained edge devices.To address these challenges,we propose a novel lightweight super-resolution network,termed Binary Attention-Guided Information Distillation(BAID),which integrates frequency-aware modeling with a binary attention mechanism to significantly reduce computational complexity and parameter count whilemaintaining strong reconstruction performance.The network combines a high–low frequency decoupling strategy with a local–global attention sharing mechanism,enabling efficient compression of redundant computations through binary attention guidance.At the core of the architecture lies the Attention-Guided Distillation Block(AGDB),which retains the strengths of the information distillation framework while introducing a sparse binary attention module to enhance both inference efficiency and feature representation.Extensive×4 superresolution experiments on four standard benchmarks—Set5,Set14,BSD100,and Urban100—demonstrate that BAID achieves Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR)values of 32.13,28.51,27.47,and 26.15,respectively,with only 1.22 million parameters and 26.1 G Floating-Point Operations(FLOPs),outperforming other state-of-the-art lightweight methods such as Information Multi-Distillation Network(IMDN)and Residual Feature Distillation Network(RFDN).These results highlight the proposed model’s ability to deliver high-quality image reconstruction while offering strong deployment efficiency,making it well-suited for image restoration tasks in resource-limited environments.展开更多
Transformer-based models have significantly advanced binary code similarity detection(BCSD)by leveraging their semantic encoding capabilities for efficient function matching across diverse compilation settings.Althoug...Transformer-based models have significantly advanced binary code similarity detection(BCSD)by leveraging their semantic encoding capabilities for efficient function matching across diverse compilation settings.Although adversarial examples can strategically undermine the accuracy of BCSD models and protect critical code,existing techniques predominantly depend on inserting artificial instructions,which incur high computational costs and offer limited diversity of perturbations.To address these limitations,we propose AIMA,a novel gradient-guided assembly instruction relocation method.Our method decouples the detection model into tokenization,embedding,and encoding layers to enable efficient gradient computation.Since token IDs of instructions are discrete and nondifferentiable,we compute gradients in the continuous embedding space to evaluate the influence of each token.The most critical tokens are identified by calculating the L2 norm of their embedding gradients.We then establish a mapping between instructions and their corresponding tokens to aggregate token-level importance into instructionlevel significance.To maximize adversarial impact,a sliding window algorithm selects the most influential contiguous segments for relocation,ensuring optimal perturbation with minimal length.This approach efficiently locates critical code regions without expensive search operations.The selected segments are relocated outside their original function boundaries via a jump mechanism,which preserves runtime control flow and functionality while introducing“deletion”effects in the static instruction sequence.Extensive experiments show that AIMA reduces similarity scores by up to 35.8%in state-of-the-art BCSD models.When incorporated into training data,it also enhances model robustness,achieving a 5.9%improvement in AUROC.展开更多
Although extensive research has been conducted on CO_(2)-enhanced coalbed methane(CO_(2)-ECBM)recovery,most prior studies have focused on the impact of gas adsorption-induced swelling on coal permeability under equili...Although extensive research has been conducted on CO_(2)-enhanced coalbed methane(CO_(2)-ECBM)recovery,most prior studies have focused on the impact of gas adsorption-induced swelling on coal permeability under equilibrium conditions.This paper presents a comprehensive thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical(THMC)model that integrates thermal expansion and heat conduction(T),gas diffusion in the matrix and gas-water two-phase flow in the fractures(H),matrix and fracture deformation due to poroelasticity(M),and non-equilibrium binary gas adsorption-induced matrix swelling(C)during CO_(2)-ECBM recovery.The accuracy of the proposed model was verified through experimental data,and the model was simulated using finite element method(FEM)software.Simulation results indicate that the permeability evolution can be categorized into three stages.Ignoring the impact of water on gas adsorption properties would lead to an overestimation of the influence of adsorption-induced swelling,while disregarding non-equilibrium adsorption underestimates it.An examination of five designed cases identified critical factors influencing permeability.Parametric analysis shows that increases in the injection pressure,the injection temperature,and the initial permeability promote the competitive adsorption-induced swelling between CH_(4)and CO_(2),leading to increased CH_(4)production and CO_(2)storage.Conversely,an increase in initial water saturation reduces available gas flow space,decreasing both CH_(4)production and CO_(2)storage.Higher irreducible water saturation favors early gas recovery,while lower irreducible water saturation is more advantageous for long-term recovery.展开更多
This paper analyzes binary opposition thinking,dominant in Western societies since ancient Greece,its prevalence in philosophy,international relations,etc.While it influenced science and technology,it also caused conf...This paper analyzes binary opposition thinking,dominant in Western societies since ancient Greece,its prevalence in philosophy,international relations,etc.While it influenced science and technology,it also caused conflicts,hindering the sustainable development of humanity.The paper explores the“binary co-existence”philosophy from Eastern thought.It explains its basis,applications,and significance in overcoming global social issues currently encountered.This philosophy emphasizes mutual dependence of opposites,offering solutions to global challenges.The paper stresses the urgency of shifting from binary opposition to binary co-existence,crucial for resolving conflicts and promoting sustainable development.It discusses ways like education and media to achieve this for global harmony.展开更多
The gravitational memory effect manifests gravitational nonlinearity,degenerate vacua,and asymptotic symmetries;its detection is considered challenging.We propose using a space-borne interferometer to detect memory si...The gravitational memory effect manifests gravitational nonlinearity,degenerate vacua,and asymptotic symmetries;its detection is considered challenging.We propose using a space-borne interferometer to detect memory signals from stellar-mass binary black holes(BBHs),typically targeted by ground-based detectors.We use DECIGO detector as an example.Over 5 years,DECIGO is estimated to detect approximately 2,036 memory signals(SNRs>3)from stellar-mass BBHs.Simulations used frequency-domain memory waveforms for direct SNR estimation.Predictions utilized a GWTC-3 constrained BBH population model(Power law+Peak mass,DEFAULT spin,Madau-Dickinson merger rate).The analysis used conservative lower merger rate limits and considered orbital eccentricity.The high detection rate stems from strong memory signals within DECIGO’s bandwidth and the abundance of stellar-mass BBHs.This substantial and conservative detection count enables statistical use of the memory effect for fundamental physics and astrophysics.DECIGO exemplifies that space interferometers may better detect memory signals from smaller mass binaries than their typical targets.Detectors in lower frequency bands are expected to find strong memory signals from∼10^(4)M⊙binaries.展开更多
Sodium cocoyl glycinate(SCG),an environmentally friendly anionic amino acid surfactant,is widely used in daily chemical products as an upgraded alternative to traditional surfactants.In this study,crude Camellia oleif...Sodium cocoyl glycinate(SCG),an environmentally friendly anionic amino acid surfactant,is widely used in daily chemical products as an upgraded alternative to traditional surfactants.In this study,crude Camellia oleifera saponin(COS)was purified using AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin,and its composition and structure were analyzed.The effects of different mole fractions of COS(αCOS)on surface tension(γ),oil-water interfacial tension(IFT),emulsification,and foam properties of COS-SCG binary mixed systems were investigated in mixtures of SCG with purified COS.The stability ofγand foamability under diverse environmental conditions were also discussed.The results indicated that the COS-SCG system exhibited remarkable surface-active synergism.The minimum critical micelle concentration(cmc)of the mixed system was lower than that of SCG,and adding a small mole fraction of COS(1%-2%)induced a synergistic reduction ofγ.Specifically,the cmc andγwere 2.50×10-4 mol/L and 23.1 mN/m forαCOS=1%,respectively.The system exhibited exceptional IFT reduction capacity,achieving a minimum value of 1.42 mN/m atαCOS=10%.The mixed system reached a foaming volume(atαCOS=50%)and foam stability(atαCOS=75%)were 51.0 mL and 97.37%,respectively.Microscopic analysis further confirmed these outstanding foam properties.Moreover,the COS-SCG system displayed reducedγwith enhanced foaming volume under elevated temperatures(35-75℃)and salinity(0-20 g/L).However,acidic conditions and hard water compromised bothγstability and foamability.展开更多
In this paper,based on the structure-behavior coupling paradigm,we propose the concept of deviation of central town to describe the geography-market distance between farmers and the central regional town.Using the sur...In this paper,based on the structure-behavior coupling paradigm,we propose the concept of deviation of central town to describe the geography-market distance between farmers and the central regional town.Using the survey data from farmers in a poverty-stricken village in Western China,the impact of deviation of central town on farmers'livelihood strategies is analyzed.The results indicate that farmers exhibit spatial heterogeneity in their livelihood strategies.Those with low deviation show a strong inclination towards working in urban areas,while those with high deviation tend to integrate into rural industries.The deviation of central town influences farmers'livelihood strategies through the information effect,which is also affected by the level of rural infrastructure and public services,labor force structure and assistance policies.The obtained results are expected to provide guidance for promoting the integration of farmers into the urban-rural economic cycle based on sustainable livelihoods and connecting poverty alleviation with rural revitalization.展开更多
Most material distribution-based topology optimization methods work on a relaxed form of the optimization problem and then push the solution toward the binary limits.However,when benchmarking these methods,researchers...Most material distribution-based topology optimization methods work on a relaxed form of the optimization problem and then push the solution toward the binary limits.However,when benchmarking these methods,researchers use known solutions to only a single form of benchmark problem.This paper proposes a comparison platform for systematic benchmarking of topology optimization methods using both binary and relaxed forms.A greyness measure is implemented to evaluate how far a solution is from the desired binary form.The well-known ZhouRozvany(ZR)problem is selected as the benchmarking problem here,making use of available global solutions for both its relaxed and binary forms.The recently developed non-penalization Smooth-edged Material Distribution for Optimizing Topology(SEMDOT),well-established Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization(SIMP),and continuation methods are studied on this platform.Interestingly,in most cases,the grayscale solutions obtained by SEMDOT demonstrate better performance in dealing with the ZR problem than SIMP.The reasons are investigated and attributed to the usage of two different regularization techniques,namely,the Heaviside smooth function in SEMDOT and the power-law penalty in SIMP.More importantly,a simple-to-use benchmarking graph is proposed for evaluating newly developed topology optimization methods.展开更多
High-temperature performance of energy storage dielectric polymers is desired for many electronics and electrical applications,but the trade-off between energy density and temperature stability remains fundamentally c...High-temperature performance of energy storage dielectric polymers is desired for many electronics and electrical applications,but the trade-off between energy density and temperature stability remains fundamentally challenging.Here,we report a general material design strategy to enhance energy storage performance at high temperatures by crosslinking a polar polymer and a high glass-transition temperature polymer as a crosslinked binary blend.Such crosslinked binary polymers display a temperature-insensitive and high energy density behavior of about6.2~8.5 J cm^(-3) up to 110℃,showing a significant enhancement in thermal resistant properties and consequently outperforming most of the other ferroelectric polymers.Further microstructural investigations reveal that the improved thermal stability stems from the confinement effect on conformational motion of the crosslinking network,which is evidenced by the increased rigid amorphous fraction and steady intermolecular distance of amorphous regions from temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction results.Our findings provide a general and straightforward strategy to attain temperature-stable,high-energy-density polymer-based dielectrics for energy storage capacitors.展开更多
This work studies the impact of the carbon diffusion on the growth kinetics of austenite and the solute segregation,by utilizing the phase-field(PF)method to simulate the solidification of a Fe-C binary alloy.It is re...This work studies the impact of the carbon diffusion on the growth kinetics of austenite and the solute segregation,by utilizing the phase-field(PF)method to simulate the solidification of a Fe-C binary alloy.It is revealed that increasing the ratio of the carbon diffusion coefficient in solid to that in liquid is advantageous in reducing the solute segregation,and a novel microsegregation model is developed based on the quantitative analysis of the results from PF simulations.The simplified one-dimensional diffusion simulation is employed to analyse the quantitative relationship between the parameters of the proposed microsegregation model and the properties of materials.The universality and reliability of the new microsegregation model are then validated by comparing with the experimental data of various alloy systems.These findings contribute to our comprehension of the fundamental theory of solidification and also provide a potential and promising approach to controlling the solidification microstructure.展开更多
Following publication of the original article[1],the authors found that they pasted the same data when drawing XRD for sample NCO-1 and NCO-2 in Fig.2a,however,the XRD of all four samples in the manuscript was tested,...Following publication of the original article[1],the authors found that they pasted the same data when drawing XRD for sample NCO-1 and NCO-2 in Fig.2a,however,the XRD of all four samples in the manuscript was tested,and XRD raw data were kept and can be offered.The correct Fig.2 has been provided in this Correction.展开更多
The chain conformation of polymers in binary solvent mixtures is a key issue in the study of functional soft matter and lies at the heart of various applications such as smart soft materials.Based on a minimal lattice...The chain conformation of polymers in binary solvent mixtures is a key issue in the study of functional soft matter and lies at the heart of various applications such as smart soft materials.Based on a minimal lattice model,we employ Monte Carlo(MC)simulation to systematically investigate the effects of solvent qualities on the conformation of a single homopolymer chain in binary mixed solvents.We also perform calculations using a Flory-type mean-field theory.We focus on how the introduction of a second solvent B affects the dependence of chain conformation on the quality of solvent A.We mainly examine the effects of the composition of solvent B,denoted by x,and the interactions between the two solvents.First,when x is low,the mean-square chain radius of gyration exhibits qualitatively similar behaviors to those in an individual solvent A,with a slight chain contraction when solvent A is very good.Second,in equal-molar mixtures with x=0.5,a homopolymer chain collapses when solvent A is either poor or very good,while expands at intermediate qualities.Lastly,at large x,a chain undergoes a coil-to-globule transition with the increasing quality of solvent A when solvent B is good,but mainly adopts the collapsed conformation when solvent B is poor.Our findings not only improve our understanding on the chain conformation in binary solvent mixtures,but also provide valuable guidance on the rational design of stimuli-responsive polymeric materials.展开更多
Background:To investigate the consistency level of binary symptom assessment in patients with heart failure and their primary caregivers,and to analyze the related factors influencing consistency.Methods:By using the ...Background:To investigate the consistency level of binary symptom assessment in patients with heart failure and their primary caregivers,and to analyze the related factors influencing consistency.Methods:By using the convenience sampling method,patients with heart failure and their main caregivers in the Department of Cardiology of a tertiary hospital in Suzhou from May to November 2023 were selected as the research subjects.The HFSS scale was used for data collection.The paired t-test or paired Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate the differences in the binary symptom assessment scores of heart failure.The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to assess the consistency level of the binary symptom assessment.The Pearson correlation test was used to examine the correlation of the binary symptom assessment.Regression analysis was employed to explore the factors related to the consistency assessment.Results:A total of 103 pairs of valid questionnaires were collected.The consistency levels of symptom evaluations in patients with heart failure and their primary caregivers were statistically significant(P<0.05).The most frequently reported and severe symptom by patients with heart failure and their primary caregivers is shortness of breath during activity.Both have a high consensus on the severity and urgency of most heart failure symptoms.The patient’s gender,body mass index,number of children,history of diabetes,number of comorbidities,mean arterial pressure,LVEF,number of stents,whether a defibrillator was implanted,as well as the gender,marital status,education level,relationship with the patient,care time,whether they lived together,and communication and interaction situation of the main caregiver were the influencing factors for the consistency of binary symptom assessment of heart failure(P<0.05).Conclusion:The degree of consistency in binary symptom assessment between patients with heart failure and their primary caregivers was moderate or higher,which emphasizes the importance of including binary groups in clinical assessment.展开更多
Protocol Reverse Engineering(PRE)is of great practical importance in Internet security-related fields such as intrusion detection,vulnerability mining,and protocol fuzzing.For unknown binary protocols having fixed-len...Protocol Reverse Engineering(PRE)is of great practical importance in Internet security-related fields such as intrusion detection,vulnerability mining,and protocol fuzzing.For unknown binary protocols having fixed-length fields,and the accurate identification of field boundaries has a great impact on the subsequent analysis and final performance.Hence,this paper proposes a new protocol segmentation method based on Information-theoretic statistical analysis for binary protocols by formulating the field segmentation of unsupervised binary protocols as a probabilistic inference problem and modeling its uncertainty.Specifically,we design four related constructions between entropy changes and protocol field segmentation,introduce random variables,and construct joint probability distributions with traffic sample observations.Probabilistic inference is then performed to identify the possible protocol segmentation points.Extensive trials on nine common public and industrial control protocols show that the proposed method yields higher-quality protocol segmentation results.展开更多
In integrated circuit packaging,thermal interface materials(TIMs)must exhibit high thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity to prevent short circuits,enhance reliability,and ensure safety in high-voltage applic...In integrated circuit packaging,thermal interface materials(TIMs)must exhibit high thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity to prevent short circuits,enhance reliability,and ensure safety in high-voltage applications.We proposed the thermal-percolation electrical-resistive TIM incorporating binary fillers of both insulating and metallic nanowires with an orientation in the insulating polymer matrix.High thermal conductivity can be achieved through thermal percolation,while electrical non-conductivity is preserved by carefully controlling the electrical percolation threshold through metallic nanowire orientation.The electrical conductivity of the composite can be further regulated by adjusting the orientation and aspect ratio of the metallic fillers.A thermal conductivity of 10 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)is achieved,with electrical non-conductive behavior preserved.This approach offers a pathway to realizing“thermal-percolation electrical-resistive”in hybrid TIMs,providing a strategic framework for designing high-performance TIMs.展开更多
Binary Code Similarity Detection(BCSD)is vital for vulnerability discovery,malware detection,and software security,especially when source code is unavailable.Yet,it faces challenges from semantic loss,recompilation va...Binary Code Similarity Detection(BCSD)is vital for vulnerability discovery,malware detection,and software security,especially when source code is unavailable.Yet,it faces challenges from semantic loss,recompilation variations,and obfuscation.Recent advances in artificial intelligence—particularly natural language processing(NLP),graph representation learning(GRL),and large language models(LLMs)—have markedly improved accuracy,enabling better recognition of code variants and deeper semantic understanding.This paper presents a comprehensive review of 82 studies published between 1975 and 2025,systematically tracing the historical evolution of BCSD and analyzing the progressive incorporation of artificial intelligence(AI)techniques.Particular emphasis is placed on the role of LLMs,which have recently emerged as transformative tools in advancing semantic representation and enhancing detection performance.The review is organized around five central research questions:(1)the chronological development and milestones of BCSD;(2)the construction of AI-driven technical roadmaps that chart methodological transitions;(3)the design and implementation of general analytical workflows for binary code analysis;(4)the applicability,strengths,and limitations of LLMs in capturing semantic and structural features of binary code;and(5)the persistent challenges and promising directions for future investigation.By synthesizing insights across these dimensions,the study demonstrates how LLMs reshape the landscape of binary code analysis,offering unprecedented opportunities to improve accuracy,scalability,and adaptability in real-world scenarios.This review not only bridges a critical gap in the existing literature but also provides a forward-looking perspective,serving as a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners aiming to advance AI-powered BCSD methodologies and applications.展开更多
文摘The formation and evolution of binary stars are key steps in star formation and evolution,and thus their research has become the core content of modern astronomical research.Although as early as 1976,Bodan Pachenski proposed the theory of the evolution of shared envelopes in binary stars,but it was never confirmed until 2022 when the Yunnan Astronomical Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and an Australian team first observed the phenomenon of shared envelope ejection in binary stars,which provided support for Bodan Pachenski’s theory,but the true formation mechanism and evolution process of binary stars remain undetermined.For this reason,the author of this paper has proposed a theory of the formation and evolution of binary stars based on the theory of the evolution of common envelopes in binary stars and the theory of tidal disruption events,laying a foundation for establishing a complete theory of star formation and evolution.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52274352)。
文摘The modified molecular interaction volume model(M-MIVM)was used to calculate the activity values and their deviations from experimental data for Ag-Cu and Ag-Sb binary alloys.Subsequently,theoretical vapor-liquid equilibrium phase diagrams(T-x-y and p-x-y)were plotted via combining M-MIVM and vacuum theory.The vapor-liquid phase equilibrium(VLE)experiments were conducted on the Ag-Cu alloy at 1500-1560 K and 10-15 Pa and Ag-Sb alloys at 950-1350 K and 10 Pa.The results showed that the average relative deviation and average standard deviation of activity were lower than 5%and 0.02,respectively.A comparison of theoretical and experiment results for VLE revealed that the simulated data on the T-x-y diagram were well consistent with experimental values.Therefore,the VLE phase diagrams can serve as a guide in vacuum separation experiments and industrial production for Ag-Cu and Ag-Sb binary alloys.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(12372152)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023A1515011819,2024A1515012469)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2023MA058)。
文摘The core-shell structure in bulk TiNb binary alloy was designed and studied by phase-field simulations,where various core-shell structures were obtained by precise control of the initial and boundary conditions of the TiNb binary alloy system during spinodal decomposition,and then the formation mechanism of core-shell structure was revealed.In addition,the influences of initial temperature gradient,average temperature,and initial concentration distribution of the system on the core-shell structure were investigated.Results show that the initial concentration gradient is the key factor for forming the core-shell structure.Besides,larger initial temperature gradient and higher average temperature can promote the formation of core-shell structure,which can be stabilized by adjusting the initial concentration distribution of the Nb-rich region in TiNb binary alloy.As a theoretical basis,this research provides a novel and simple strategy for the preparation of TiNb-based alloys and other materials with peculiar core-shell structures and desirable mechanical and physical properties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62206083.
文摘Binary segmentation tasks in computer vision exhibit diverse appearance distributions and complex boundary characteristics.To address the limited generalization and adaptability of existing models across heterogeneous tasks,we propose Abel-Net,an Aggregated Bilateral Edge Localization Network designed as a universal framework formulti-task binary segmentation.Abel-Net integrates global and local contextual cues to enhance feature learning and edge precision.Specifically,amulti-scale feature pyramid fusion strategy is implemented via anAggregated Skip Connection(ASC)module to strengthen feature adaptability,while the Edge Dual Localization(EDL)mechanism performs coarse-to-fine refinement through edge-aware supervision.Additionally,Edge Attention(EA)and Edge Fusion Attention(EFA)modules prioritize edge-critical regions and facilitate accurate boundary alignment.Extensive experiments on nine diverse binary segmentation tasks demonstrate thatAbel-Net performs comparably to or surpasses state-of-the-art task-specific networks,exhibiting strong adaptability to a wide range of visual perception challenges.
基金funded by Project of Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology under 2025JDKP0150the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under 25CAFUC03093.
文摘Single Image Super-Resolution(SISR)seeks to reconstruct high-resolution(HR)images from lowresolution(LR)inputs,thereby enhancing visual fidelity and the perception of fine details.While Transformer-based models—such as SwinIR,Restormer,and HAT—have recently achieved impressive results in super-resolution tasks by capturing global contextual information,these methods often suffer from substantial computational and memory overhead,which limits their deployment on resource-constrained edge devices.To address these challenges,we propose a novel lightweight super-resolution network,termed Binary Attention-Guided Information Distillation(BAID),which integrates frequency-aware modeling with a binary attention mechanism to significantly reduce computational complexity and parameter count whilemaintaining strong reconstruction performance.The network combines a high–low frequency decoupling strategy with a local–global attention sharing mechanism,enabling efficient compression of redundant computations through binary attention guidance.At the core of the architecture lies the Attention-Guided Distillation Block(AGDB),which retains the strengths of the information distillation framework while introducing a sparse binary attention module to enhance both inference efficiency and feature representation.Extensive×4 superresolution experiments on four standard benchmarks—Set5,Set14,BSD100,and Urban100—demonstrate that BAID achieves Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR)values of 32.13,28.51,27.47,and 26.15,respectively,with only 1.22 million parameters and 26.1 G Floating-Point Operations(FLOPs),outperforming other state-of-the-art lightweight methods such as Information Multi-Distillation Network(IMDN)and Residual Feature Distillation Network(RFDN).These results highlight the proposed model’s ability to deliver high-quality image reconstruction while offering strong deployment efficiency,making it well-suited for image restoration tasks in resource-limited environments.
基金supported by Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security,Ministry of Education,China。
文摘Transformer-based models have significantly advanced binary code similarity detection(BCSD)by leveraging their semantic encoding capabilities for efficient function matching across diverse compilation settings.Although adversarial examples can strategically undermine the accuracy of BCSD models and protect critical code,existing techniques predominantly depend on inserting artificial instructions,which incur high computational costs and offer limited diversity of perturbations.To address these limitations,we propose AIMA,a novel gradient-guided assembly instruction relocation method.Our method decouples the detection model into tokenization,embedding,and encoding layers to enable efficient gradient computation.Since token IDs of instructions are discrete and nondifferentiable,we compute gradients in the continuous embedding space to evaluate the influence of each token.The most critical tokens are identified by calculating the L2 norm of their embedding gradients.We then establish a mapping between instructions and their corresponding tokens to aggregate token-level importance into instructionlevel significance.To maximize adversarial impact,a sliding window algorithm selects the most influential contiguous segments for relocation,ensuring optimal perturbation with minimal length.This approach efficiently locates critical code regions without expensive search operations.The selected segments are relocated outside their original function boundaries via a jump mechanism,which preserves runtime control flow and functionality while introducing“deletion”effects in the static instruction sequence.Extensive experiments show that AIMA reduces similarity scores by up to 35.8%in state-of-the-art BCSD models.When incorporated into training data,it also enhances model robustness,achieving a 5.9%improvement in AUROC.
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52079077)Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Provincial(2025AFB358).
文摘Although extensive research has been conducted on CO_(2)-enhanced coalbed methane(CO_(2)-ECBM)recovery,most prior studies have focused on the impact of gas adsorption-induced swelling on coal permeability under equilibrium conditions.This paper presents a comprehensive thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical(THMC)model that integrates thermal expansion and heat conduction(T),gas diffusion in the matrix and gas-water two-phase flow in the fractures(H),matrix and fracture deformation due to poroelasticity(M),and non-equilibrium binary gas adsorption-induced matrix swelling(C)during CO_(2)-ECBM recovery.The accuracy of the proposed model was verified through experimental data,and the model was simulated using finite element method(FEM)software.Simulation results indicate that the permeability evolution can be categorized into three stages.Ignoring the impact of water on gas adsorption properties would lead to an overestimation of the influence of adsorption-induced swelling,while disregarding non-equilibrium adsorption underestimates it.An examination of five designed cases identified critical factors influencing permeability.Parametric analysis shows that increases in the injection pressure,the injection temperature,and the initial permeability promote the competitive adsorption-induced swelling between CH_(4)and CO_(2),leading to increased CH_(4)production and CO_(2)storage.Conversely,an increase in initial water saturation reduces available gas flow space,decreasing both CH_(4)production and CO_(2)storage.Higher irreducible water saturation favors early gas recovery,while lower irreducible water saturation is more advantageous for long-term recovery.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Funding Project of Westlake University under Grant No.WU2024A001.
文摘This paper analyzes binary opposition thinking,dominant in Western societies since ancient Greece,its prevalence in philosophy,international relations,etc.While it influenced science and technology,it also caused conflicts,hindering the sustainable development of humanity.The paper explores the“binary co-existence”philosophy from Eastern thought.It explains its basis,applications,and significance in overcoming global social issues currently encountered.This philosophy emphasizes mutual dependence of opposites,offering solutions to global challenges.The paper stresses the urgency of shifting from binary opposition to binary co-existence,crucial for resolving conflicts and promoting sustainable development.It discusses ways like education and media to achieve this for global harmony.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11633001,11920101003,and 12205222 for S.H.)the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12433001)+1 种基金the Strate-gic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB23000000)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFC2203001 for Z.C.Z.).
文摘The gravitational memory effect manifests gravitational nonlinearity,degenerate vacua,and asymptotic symmetries;its detection is considered challenging.We propose using a space-borne interferometer to detect memory signals from stellar-mass binary black holes(BBHs),typically targeted by ground-based detectors.We use DECIGO detector as an example.Over 5 years,DECIGO is estimated to detect approximately 2,036 memory signals(SNRs>3)from stellar-mass BBHs.Simulations used frequency-domain memory waveforms for direct SNR estimation.Predictions utilized a GWTC-3 constrained BBH population model(Power law+Peak mass,DEFAULT spin,Madau-Dickinson merger rate).The analysis used conservative lower merger rate limits and considered orbital eccentricity.The high detection rate stems from strong memory signals within DECIGO’s bandwidth and the abundance of stellar-mass BBHs.This substantial and conservative detection count enables statistical use of the memory effect for fundamental physics and astrophysics.DECIGO exemplifies that space interferometers may better detect memory signals from smaller mass binaries than their typical targets.Detectors in lower frequency bands are expected to find strong memory signals from∼10^(4)M⊙binaries.
文摘Sodium cocoyl glycinate(SCG),an environmentally friendly anionic amino acid surfactant,is widely used in daily chemical products as an upgraded alternative to traditional surfactants.In this study,crude Camellia oleifera saponin(COS)was purified using AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin,and its composition and structure were analyzed.The effects of different mole fractions of COS(αCOS)on surface tension(γ),oil-water interfacial tension(IFT),emulsification,and foam properties of COS-SCG binary mixed systems were investigated in mixtures of SCG with purified COS.The stability ofγand foamability under diverse environmental conditions were also discussed.The results indicated that the COS-SCG system exhibited remarkable surface-active synergism.The minimum critical micelle concentration(cmc)of the mixed system was lower than that of SCG,and adding a small mole fraction of COS(1%-2%)induced a synergistic reduction ofγ.Specifically,the cmc andγwere 2.50×10-4 mol/L and 23.1 mN/m forαCOS=1%,respectively.The system exhibited exceptional IFT reduction capacity,achieving a minimum value of 1.42 mN/m atαCOS=10%.The mixed system reached a foaming volume(atαCOS=50%)and foam stability(atαCOS=75%)were 51.0 mL and 97.37%,respectively.Microscopic analysis further confirmed these outstanding foam properties.Moreover,the COS-SCG system displayed reducedγwith enhanced foaming volume under elevated temperatures(35-75℃)and salinity(0-20 g/L).However,acidic conditions and hard water compromised bothγstability and foamability.
文摘In this paper,based on the structure-behavior coupling paradigm,we propose the concept of deviation of central town to describe the geography-market distance between farmers and the central regional town.Using the survey data from farmers in a poverty-stricken village in Western China,the impact of deviation of central town on farmers'livelihood strategies is analyzed.The results indicate that farmers exhibit spatial heterogeneity in their livelihood strategies.Those with low deviation show a strong inclination towards working in urban areas,while those with high deviation tend to integrate into rural industries.The deviation of central town influences farmers'livelihood strategies through the information effect,which is also affected by the level of rural infrastructure and public services,labor force structure and assistance policies.The obtained results are expected to provide guidance for promoting the integration of farmers into the urban-rural economic cycle based on sustainable livelihoods and connecting poverty alleviation with rural revitalization.
文摘Most material distribution-based topology optimization methods work on a relaxed form of the optimization problem and then push the solution toward the binary limits.However,when benchmarking these methods,researchers use known solutions to only a single form of benchmark problem.This paper proposes a comparison platform for systematic benchmarking of topology optimization methods using both binary and relaxed forms.A greyness measure is implemented to evaluate how far a solution is from the desired binary form.The well-known ZhouRozvany(ZR)problem is selected as the benchmarking problem here,making use of available global solutions for both its relaxed and binary forms.The recently developed non-penalization Smooth-edged Material Distribution for Optimizing Topology(SEMDOT),well-established Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization(SIMP),and continuation methods are studied on this platform.Interestingly,in most cases,the grayscale solutions obtained by SEMDOT demonstrate better performance in dealing with the ZR problem than SIMP.The reasons are investigated and attributed to the usage of two different regularization techniques,namely,the Heaviside smooth function in SEMDOT and the power-law penalty in SIMP.More importantly,a simple-to-use benchmarking graph is proposed for evaluating newly developed topology optimization methods.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52207031)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2020YFA0710500)。
文摘High-temperature performance of energy storage dielectric polymers is desired for many electronics and electrical applications,but the trade-off between energy density and temperature stability remains fundamentally challenging.Here,we report a general material design strategy to enhance energy storage performance at high temperatures by crosslinking a polar polymer and a high glass-transition temperature polymer as a crosslinked binary blend.Such crosslinked binary polymers display a temperature-insensitive and high energy density behavior of about6.2~8.5 J cm^(-3) up to 110℃,showing a significant enhancement in thermal resistant properties and consequently outperforming most of the other ferroelectric polymers.Further microstructural investigations reveal that the improved thermal stability stems from the confinement effect on conformational motion of the crosslinking network,which is evidenced by the increased rigid amorphous fraction and steady intermolecular distance of amorphous regions from temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction results.Our findings provide a general and straightforward strategy to attain temperature-stable,high-energy-density polymer-based dielectrics for energy storage capacitors.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.J2019-VI-0019-0134)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52203301)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2021TQ0335)the Liaoning Province Science and Technology Plan Joint Fund(Doctoral Research Initiation Project)(Grant No.2024-BSLH-195).
文摘This work studies the impact of the carbon diffusion on the growth kinetics of austenite and the solute segregation,by utilizing the phase-field(PF)method to simulate the solidification of a Fe-C binary alloy.It is revealed that increasing the ratio of the carbon diffusion coefficient in solid to that in liquid is advantageous in reducing the solute segregation,and a novel microsegregation model is developed based on the quantitative analysis of the results from PF simulations.The simplified one-dimensional diffusion simulation is employed to analyse the quantitative relationship between the parameters of the proposed microsegregation model and the properties of materials.The universality and reliability of the new microsegregation model are then validated by comparing with the experimental data of various alloy systems.These findings contribute to our comprehension of the fundamental theory of solidification and also provide a potential and promising approach to controlling the solidification microstructure.
文摘Following publication of the original article[1],the authors found that they pasted the same data when drawing XRD for sample NCO-1 and NCO-2 in Fig.2a,however,the XRD of all four samples in the manuscript was tested,and XRD raw data were kept and can be offered.The correct Fig.2 has been provided in this Correction.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22473024,22073016 and 21803011)the award of Shanghai Dongfang Scholar。
文摘The chain conformation of polymers in binary solvent mixtures is a key issue in the study of functional soft matter and lies at the heart of various applications such as smart soft materials.Based on a minimal lattice model,we employ Monte Carlo(MC)simulation to systematically investigate the effects of solvent qualities on the conformation of a single homopolymer chain in binary mixed solvents.We also perform calculations using a Flory-type mean-field theory.We focus on how the introduction of a second solvent B affects the dependence of chain conformation on the quality of solvent A.We mainly examine the effects of the composition of solvent B,denoted by x,and the interactions between the two solvents.First,when x is low,the mean-square chain radius of gyration exhibits qualitatively similar behaviors to those in an individual solvent A,with a slight chain contraction when solvent A is very good.Second,in equal-molar mixtures with x=0.5,a homopolymer chain collapses when solvent A is either poor or very good,while expands at intermediate qualities.Lastly,at large x,a chain undergoes a coil-to-globule transition with the increasing quality of solvent A when solvent B is good,but mainly adopts the collapsed conformation when solvent B is poor.Our findings not only improve our understanding on the chain conformation in binary solvent mixtures,but also provide valuable guidance on the rational design of stimuli-responsive polymeric materials.
文摘Background:To investigate the consistency level of binary symptom assessment in patients with heart failure and their primary caregivers,and to analyze the related factors influencing consistency.Methods:By using the convenience sampling method,patients with heart failure and their main caregivers in the Department of Cardiology of a tertiary hospital in Suzhou from May to November 2023 were selected as the research subjects.The HFSS scale was used for data collection.The paired t-test or paired Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate the differences in the binary symptom assessment scores of heart failure.The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to assess the consistency level of the binary symptom assessment.The Pearson correlation test was used to examine the correlation of the binary symptom assessment.Regression analysis was employed to explore the factors related to the consistency assessment.Results:A total of 103 pairs of valid questionnaires were collected.The consistency levels of symptom evaluations in patients with heart failure and their primary caregivers were statistically significant(P<0.05).The most frequently reported and severe symptom by patients with heart failure and their primary caregivers is shortness of breath during activity.Both have a high consensus on the severity and urgency of most heart failure symptoms.The patient’s gender,body mass index,number of children,history of diabetes,number of comorbidities,mean arterial pressure,LVEF,number of stents,whether a defibrillator was implanted,as well as the gender,marital status,education level,relationship with the patient,care time,whether they lived together,and communication and interaction situation of the main caregiver were the influencing factors for the consistency of binary symptom assessment of heart failure(P<0.05).Conclusion:The degree of consistency in binary symptom assessment between patients with heart failure and their primary caregivers was moderate or higher,which emphasizes the importance of including binary groups in clinical assessment.
文摘Protocol Reverse Engineering(PRE)is of great practical importance in Internet security-related fields such as intrusion detection,vulnerability mining,and protocol fuzzing.For unknown binary protocols having fixed-length fields,and the accurate identification of field boundaries has a great impact on the subsequent analysis and final performance.Hence,this paper proposes a new protocol segmentation method based on Information-theoretic statistical analysis for binary protocols by formulating the field segmentation of unsupervised binary protocols as a probabilistic inference problem and modeling its uncertainty.Specifically,we design four related constructions between entropy changes and protocol field segmentation,introduce random variables,and construct joint probability distributions with traffic sample observations.Probabilistic inference is then performed to identify the possible protocol segmentation points.Extensive trials on nine common public and industrial control protocols show that the proposed method yields higher-quality protocol segmentation results.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program(Grant No.2022YFA1203-100)sponsorship by Shanghai Sailing Program(Grant No.24YF2713800)+2 种基金financial support from the Local College Capacity Building Project of Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission(Grant No.20010500700)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(Grant No.23ZR1424300)Shanghai Shuguang Program(Grant No.22SG56)。
文摘In integrated circuit packaging,thermal interface materials(TIMs)must exhibit high thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity to prevent short circuits,enhance reliability,and ensure safety in high-voltage applications.We proposed the thermal-percolation electrical-resistive TIM incorporating binary fillers of both insulating and metallic nanowires with an orientation in the insulating polymer matrix.High thermal conductivity can be achieved through thermal percolation,while electrical non-conductivity is preserved by carefully controlling the electrical percolation threshold through metallic nanowire orientation.The electrical conductivity of the composite can be further regulated by adjusting the orientation and aspect ratio of the metallic fillers.A thermal conductivity of 10 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)is achieved,with electrical non-conductive behavior preserved.This approach offers a pathway to realizing“thermal-percolation electrical-resistive”in hybrid TIMs,providing a strategic framework for designing high-performance TIMs.
文摘Binary Code Similarity Detection(BCSD)is vital for vulnerability discovery,malware detection,and software security,especially when source code is unavailable.Yet,it faces challenges from semantic loss,recompilation variations,and obfuscation.Recent advances in artificial intelligence—particularly natural language processing(NLP),graph representation learning(GRL),and large language models(LLMs)—have markedly improved accuracy,enabling better recognition of code variants and deeper semantic understanding.This paper presents a comprehensive review of 82 studies published between 1975 and 2025,systematically tracing the historical evolution of BCSD and analyzing the progressive incorporation of artificial intelligence(AI)techniques.Particular emphasis is placed on the role of LLMs,which have recently emerged as transformative tools in advancing semantic representation and enhancing detection performance.The review is organized around five central research questions:(1)the chronological development and milestones of BCSD;(2)the construction of AI-driven technical roadmaps that chart methodological transitions;(3)the design and implementation of general analytical workflows for binary code analysis;(4)the applicability,strengths,and limitations of LLMs in capturing semantic and structural features of binary code;and(5)the persistent challenges and promising directions for future investigation.By synthesizing insights across these dimensions,the study demonstrates how LLMs reshape the landscape of binary code analysis,offering unprecedented opportunities to improve accuracy,scalability,and adaptability in real-world scenarios.This review not only bridges a critical gap in the existing literature but also provides a forward-looking perspective,serving as a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners aiming to advance AI-powered BCSD methodologies and applications.
