Maize yield is critically endangered by diseases throughout its growth cycle,posing significant risks to food security.The spatial and temporal dynamics of maize yield loss and the rate of yield loss attributable to t...Maize yield is critically endangered by diseases throughout its growth cycle,posing significant risks to food security.The spatial and temporal dynamics of maize yield loss and the rate of yield loss attributable to these threats on a regional scale have been challenging to ascertain due to scarce continuous observation data.This study compiled county-level data on maize yield and yield loss across China's six primary cropping regions over twenty years from 1999 to 2018.These include the Spring-sown area of Northern China(1-NC),the Summer-sown Huang-Huai-Hai Plain(2-HHP),the Southwest Mountain(3-SM),the Southern Hilly(4-SH),the Northwest Irrigated(5-NI),and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Maize Regions(6-QTP).We identified 15 major diseases affecting these regions.The annual average yield loss due to maize diseases in the regions 1-NC,2-HHP,3-SM,4-SH,5-NI,and 6-QTP were 0.40,0.58,0.12,0.05,0.04 and<0.01 million tons,respectively,and the corresponding average yield loss rate(the ratio of yield loss to total yield)in these regions was 0.63,0.90,0.65,0.63,0.44,and 0.05.The yield loss due to all diseases increased for three regions in 3-SM,4-SH and 5-NI.The yield loss rate due to diseases significantly increased in region 4-SH and 5-NI.Predominantly,maize leaf blight has become the most significant threats.In region 1-NC,maize head smut(D1)and maize leaf blight(D2)were the primary diseases.In region 2-HHP,maize leaf blight(D2),maize rust(D3),maize brown spot(D5),Curvularia leaf spot(D7),and maize virus disease(D14)were the key pathogens.Bivariate trend analysis(joint analysis of yield loss and loss rate trends)indicated that maize head smut(D1)decreased significantly in 1-NC,while in 2-HHP,six diseases showed a significant decrease in both yield loss and loss rate,namely sheath blight(D4),brown spot(D5),root rot(D11),downy mildew(D12)and virus disease(D14).By providing a long-term,national-scale perspective,this study not only supports the development of broad management strategies but also guides the creation of precise,region-specific control protocols to safeguard maize production.展开更多
Research on neutron-induced fission product yields of^(232)Th is crucial for understanding the competition between symmetric and asymmetric fission in actinide nuclei.However,obtaining complete isotopic yield distribu...Research on neutron-induced fission product yields of^(232)Th is crucial for understanding the competition between symmetric and asymmetric fission in actinide nuclei.However,obtaining complete isotopic yield distributions over a wide range of neutron energies remains a challenge.In this study,a Bayesian neural network model was developed to predict the independent(IND)and cumulative fission yields of^(232)Th under neutron irradiation at various incident energies.To address the limited availability of experimental data for the analysis of IND mass distributions,we substituted mass-number-based yields with the yields of specific isotopes.Furthermore,physical phenomena or quantities,such as the odd-even effect and isospin,were introduced as constraints to enhance the physical consistency of the predictions.The impact of these constraints was evaluated using mass-chain yield distributions and their dependence on energy.Incorporating physical constraints significantly improves the prediction accuracy,yielding more reliable and physically meaningful fission yield data for nuclear physics and reactor design applications.展开更多
Photorespiration consumes photosynthetically fixed carbon and reduces yields by 20%–50%in C3 crops.In an attempt to increase photosynthetic efficiency in rice by bypassing the carbon-consuming process of photorespira...Photorespiration consumes photosynthetically fixed carbon and reduces yields by 20%–50%in C3 crops.In an attempt to increase photosynthetic efficiency in rice by bypassing the carbon-consuming process of photorespiration,a photorespiratory bypass consisting of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii glycolate dehydrogenase and Cucurbita maxima malate synthase(termed the GMS bypass)was introduced into the rice cultivar Zhonghua 11 and osplgg1b,a mutant of the rice chloroplast glycolate transporter,to generate GMS/ZH11 and GMS/osplgg1b transgenic plants.The GMS bypass reduced photorespiration and increased photosynthesis in the transgenic plants.The straw biomass of GMS/ZH11 and GMS/osplgg1b increased by up to 16.0%and 85.7%,respectively.The yield of GMS/ZH11 increased by 22.0%–34.7%in paddy fields.Thus,the GMS bypass can increase photosynthetic efficiency and yield in rice.展开更多
To address the issue of residual pollution caused by polyethylene mulch,this study explored the effects of different mulching methods on the soil environment of the yam field,as well as on yam yield and quality.The ex...To address the issue of residual pollution caused by polyethylene mulch,this study explored the effects of different mulching methods on the soil environment of the yam field,as well as on yam yield and quality.The experiment comprised six treatments in total:one non-mulched treatment served as the control(CK),along with five different film-mulched treatments,namely PE,FZS12,FZS15,FC12,and FC15.The degradation of these films and their effects on soil physicochemical properties,microbial community,yam yield and quality were compared.The results showed that the FZS12 treatment achieved grade 5 degradation by the end of the planting period.Compared with PE treatment,the total soluble sugar content and yield of yam treated with FZS12 were significantly increased by 35.78%and 74.97%,respectively(p<0.05).Compared with CK and PE treatments,FZS12 significantly increased soil available nitrogen by 31.62%and 6.20%,respectively(p<0.05),and significantly increased soil available phosphorus by 8.58%and 4.45%,respectively(p<0.05).Soil pH,available nitrogen,and available phosphorus were the main environmental factors affecting the soil bacterial community.The FZS12 treatment significantly increased the relative abundances of soil bacteria phylum including Acidobacteriota,Myxococcota,Patescibacteria,and Proteobacteria compared with the CK and PE treatments.Functional prediction using Picrust2 revealed that the FZS12 treatment had significantly higher levels of signal transduction and amino acid metabolism than the CK and PE treatments.In conclusion,covering with 12μm PBAT/PLA humic acid biodegradable film enhances yam yield and total soluble sugar content by shaping beneficial soil microbial communities,activating soil nutrients.展开更多
Persistent overcast rain was an essential limiting factor for summer maize production,of which immediate impact was the dual pressure of waterlogging and shading.However,the mechanisms underlying independent and combi...Persistent overcast rain was an essential limiting factor for summer maize production,of which immediate impact was the dual pressure of waterlogging and shading.However,the mechanisms underlying independent and combined effects of waterlogging and shading on maize yield losses remain understudied,particularly across different growth stages.Denghai 605(DH605)was selected to be subjected shading,waterlogging,and their combined stress at the 3rd leaf stage(V3),the 6th leaf stage(V6),and tasseling stage(VT).Results showed that shading,waterlogging and their combination significantly restricted leaf area expansion,reduced leaf net photosynthetic rate(P_(n))and net assimilation rate(NAR),thereby decreasing the crop growth rate(CGR)and biomass accumulation.Additionally,compared to control,the process of lignin synthesis was inhibited under stressed treatment,resulting in diminished stem mechanical strength and impaired vascular system development,which substantially reduced assimilate remobilization efficiency to the ear and ultimate grain yield.Waterlogging and combined stresses exhibited maximum impact at the V3 stage,followed by V6 and VT stages,while shading effects were most pronounced at the VT stage,followed by V6 and V3 stages.Moreover,the compound stress exacerbated the damage brought about by a single stress.As climate change is projected to increase the frequency of multiple abiotic stress occurrences,these findings provide valuable insights for future summer maize breeding research under persistent rainfall conditions.展开更多
Clarifying the photosynthetic and population characteristics of conventional japonica rice at different yield levels is crucial for boosting yield and ensuring food security.Therefore,a two-year field trial with two c...Clarifying the photosynthetic and population characteristics of conventional japonica rice at different yield levels is crucial for boosting yield and ensuring food security.Therefore,a two-year field trial with two conventional japonica varieties was conducted at four planting densities:16 cm×30 cm(D1),14 cm×30 cm(D2),12 cm×30 cm(D3),and 10 cm×30 cm(D4).This study aimed to investigate how photosynthetic and population characteristics influence grain yield under varying planting densities.The results indicated that higher yields were primarily driven by increased grain weight and seed-setting rate(with a 9.68%‒11.40%higher single panicle weight),supported by optimized dry matter translocation and source-sink relationships.Elevated planting density(D2‒D4)enhanced panicle number and total spikelet number(by 3.91%‒15.00%)but reduced the number of spikelets per panicle,1000-grain weight,and photosynthetic efficiency due to mutual shading.Despite these trade-offs,yield increased by 4.10%‒12.42%under higher densities.The use of planting density D4 in japonica rice cultivation contributed to maximize yield.These findings provide important theoretical insights and practical significance for increasing the yield of conventional japonica rice and ensuring food security.展开更多
Lodging is a major constraint limiting oil flax production efficiency in northern China.Crop lodging susceptibility is closely related to stem lignin content,and the regulatory mechanisms by which nitrogen and potassi...Lodging is a major constraint limiting oil flax production efficiency in northern China.Crop lodging susceptibility is closely related to stem lignin content,and the regulatory mechanisms by which nitrogen and potassium fertilization interactively influence lignin biosynthesis in oil flax stems require further investigation.Therefore,this study aimed to enhance lodging resistance and increase grain yield in oil flax.We examined the interactive effects of different nitrogen (75,150,and 225 kg N ha^(–1)) and potassium (60 and 90 kg K_(2)O ha^(–1)) fertilizer rates on lignin metabolism,lodging resistance,and grain yield during the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons.Results indicated that nitrogen and potassium fertilizer levels and their interactions promoted lignin accumulation,improved lodging resistance,and increased grain yield.Compared to the control (CK),the75–150 kg N ha^(–1) combined with 60 kg K_(2)O ha^(–1) treatments significantly enhanced the activities of key lignin-synthesizing enzymes (tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL),phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL),cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD),and peroxidase (POD)) and upregulated the expression of 4CL1 and F5H3 genes,leading to a 29.63–43.30%increase in lignin content,improved stem bending strength and lodging resistance index,and a 23.27–32.34%increase in grain yield.Correlation analysis revealed that nitrogen and potassium fertilizers positively regulated enzyme activities and gene expression related to lignin biosynthesis,thereby facilitating lignin accumulation and enhancing stem mechanical strength and lodging resistance.Positive correlations were observed among lignin-related enzyme activities,gene expression,lodging resistance traits,and grain yield.In summary,the application of 75–150 kg N ha^(–1) in conjunction with 60 kg K_(2)O ha^(–1)promoted lignin biosynthesis and accumulation,enhanced lodging resistance,and increased grain yield in oil flax grown in the dryland farming region of central Gansu,China.Furthermore,this treatment provides a technical basis for cultivating stress-tolerant and high-yield oil flax in arid regions.展开更多
Dimethylphenols serve as important intermediates in synthesizing pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals,yet traditional distillation struggles to separate their isomers due to minimal boiling point differences,and the deve...Dimethylphenols serve as important intermediates in synthesizing pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals,yet traditional distillation struggles to separate their isomers due to minimal boiling point differences,and the development of melt crystallization is hampered by lacking solid–liquid equilibrium (SLE) data for some isomers.Therefore,the SLE data of both binary and ternary mixtures of 2,3-dimethylphenol (2,3-DMP),3,5-dimethylphenol (3,5-DMP),and 3,4-dimethylphenol (3,4-DMP) were determined by using differential scanning calorimetry in this work.Additionally,crystallographic analysis was conducted to investigate the thermodynamic characteristics of these mixtures.The experimental results indicated that all the systems investigated in this research exhibited eutectic behavior.The experimentally obtained SLE data were well correlated with the Wilson and non-random two-liquid models.The excess thermodynamic functions were calculated to analyze the types and intensities of the molecular interactions occurring in the mixtures.Furthermore,this study developed a model for the correlation between the theoretical crystallization yield and the actual cooling yield and final yield in melt crystallization.This study has furnished reliable data essential for developing and optimizing the melt crystallization process of mixtures of 2,3-DMP,3,5-DMP,and 3,4-DMP.展开更多
Highlights OsCAX2 is localized to tonoplast,and cadmium induces its expression.OsCAX2 overexpression reduces cadmium concentration in indica rice grains by 49.1%.Cadmium(Cd)exposure poses significant health risks to h...Highlights OsCAX2 is localized to tonoplast,and cadmium induces its expression.OsCAX2 overexpression reduces cadmium concentration in indica rice grains by 49.1%.Cadmium(Cd)exposure poses significant health risks to humans,and the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified it as a Group I carcinogen.Cadmium undergoes minimal metabolism in the human body;consequently,prolonged Cd^(2+)exposure can cause severe damage to multiple organs including the liver,kidneys,lungs,bones,and immune system(Shao et al.2024).Rice,one of the three global staple crops,and Cd exposure in humans primarily occurs the consumption of contaminated rice grains.The contribution of rice to the total dietary Cd intake is over 50% for non-smoking Asian populations(Chen et al.2018;Shi et al.2020).展开更多
Soil erosion is a fundamental physical process driving land degradation across various spatial and temporal scales.The Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)model is a robust tool for predicting soil erosion and evaluat...Soil erosion is a fundamental physical process driving land degradation across various spatial and temporal scales.The Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)model is a robust tool for predicting soil erosion and evaluating water and soil quality within watersheds.The latest version,SWAT+,introduces advanced encoding capabilities and improved performance,making it better suited for addressing complex watershed modeling challenges.This study implemented the SWAT+model to quantify soil erosion rates within the Chehelchay watershed in northern Iran.The foundational dataset comprises a 30-meter resolution Digital Elevation Model(DEM),land use classification,soil,and weather data.Model performance was evaluated using Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency(NSE),coefficient of determination(R^(2)),root mean square error(RMSE),and percent bias(PBIAS).The SWAT+simulation revealed substantial spatial variation in erosion patterns across the watershed,with annual sediment yields in critical HRUs,reflecting diverse erosion intensities driven by variations in land use,soil characteristics,and slope.Among the Hydrological Response Units(HRUs),50 critical units,representing approximately 9%of the total watershed area,generate sediment yields exceeding 5 tons per hectare per year.The most severe erosion occurs predominantly in the central zone of the watershed.Downstream regions exhibit minimal soil loss due to gentle topography while upstream areas maintain soil stability through protective forest cover,resulting in negligible erosion rates.Best Management Practices(BMPs)were designed to safeguard water and soil resources at a watershed level.The study evaluated three strategic conservation interventions:alfalfa cultivation,agroforestry implementation,and garden development.When applied in combination,these measures achieved approximately 30%reduction in sediment yield at the HRU level.This integrated approach demonstrates the potential of combining multiple land management strategies to combat erosion effectively.展开更多
The vertical heterogeneity of the pore structure in deep coal seams with varying ash yields is a key control for coalbed methane storage and producibility;however,its specific impact on gas adsorption is not clearly d...The vertical heterogeneity of the pore structure in deep coal seams with varying ash yields is a key control for coalbed methane storage and producibility;however,its specific impact on gas adsorption is not clearly defined.The focus of this study is the No.8 coal seam of the Carboniferous Benxi Formation in the Central-Eastern Ordos Basin.By integrating microscopic identification,proximate analysis,gas adsorption(CO_(2),N_(2),and CH_(4)),and the multifractal theory,we quantitatively characterized the nanopore structure(micropores<2 nm and mesopores 2 nm-100 nm)of coal reservoirs with varying ash yields.The results indicate that(1)ash yield is the primary factor that controls the vertical evolution of pore structures in coal seams.In low-ash yield coal seams,the extent of thermal evolution and ash yield jointly constrain the heterogeneity of pore size distribution.In mediumto high-ash yield coal seams,the heterogeneity of pore structure and pore size distribution are predominantly constrained by ash yield.(2)As the ash yield vertically increases,the mesoporous pore volume and specific surface area initially decrease and subsequently increase,while the contribution of micropores to both pore volume and specific surface area continuously diminishes.Consequently,the total pore volume and specific surface area of the coal samples exhibit a two-stage reduction close to an ash yield threshold of approximately 20%.(3)Further,the Langmuir volume for CH_(4)adsorption sharply declines below the 20%threshold,followed by a gradual decrease;in contrast,the Langmuir pressure initially decreases and subsequently increases.Hence,the vertical increase in ash yield constrains the development of pore systems and diminishes pore connectivity,thereby reducing methane adsorption capacity and adversely affecting coalbed methane productivity.(4)Low-ash yield coal reservoirs are characterized by a rapid gas breakthrough and high productivity,whereas medium-ash yield coal reservoirs generally require prolonged depressurization to achieve peak gas production.These findings reveal that in medium-high rank coal,ash yield―and not thermal evolution―is the main factor that controls vertical pore evolution and methane adsorption efficiency.The quantitative ash yield threshold(20%)established in this study provides a practical criterion for evaluating reservoir quality and predicting vertical variations in gas storage potential in the Ordos Basin.展开更多
In maize production,the development of density-tolerant and lodging-resistant varieties has made dense planting an effective strategy for achieving high and stable yields,with superior hybrids serving as a prerequisit...In maize production,the development of density-tolerant and lodging-resistant varieties has made dense planting an effective strategy for achieving high and stable yields,with superior hybrids serving as a prerequisite for successful highdensity cultivation.However,the photosynthetic mechanisms underlying improved density tolerance in maize hybrids released across different eras in China remain unclear.This study investigates 40 years of breeding progress toward enhanced photosynthetic traits under varying planting densities and elucidates the physiological and ecological bases of improved density tolerance in maize hybrids.A three-year field experiment was conducted from 2019 to 2021 to compare eight major Chinese hybrids from four decadal cohorts under three planting densities:45,000(D1),67,500(D2),and 90,000(D3)plants ha^(-1).At high density(D3),modern hybrids exhibited a more optimal canopy architecture and superior leaf photosynthetic performance compared to older hybrids,despite a slight reduction in specific leaf nitrogen.Notably,modern hybrids(2000s)were able to maintain higher net photosynthetic rates and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency(PNUE)at D3,resulting in the highest grain yield(GY),which was 118.47%greater than that of older hybrids(1970s).Leaf area duration after anthesis,total chlorophyll content,key photosynthetic enzyme activities,and maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry were all positively correlated with GY.Among these,PNUE showed the strongest correlation with grain yield and thus represents a key indicator for optimizing maize hybrids.Based on these findings,breeders should continue selecting hybrids under high-density and suboptimal conditions,focusing on optimizing population architecture and enhancing photosynthetic capacity while fine-tuning leaf nitrogen status to develop high-yielding,density-tolerant hybrids capable of sustaining long-term increases in maize grain yield.展开更多
To examine the impact of anthropogenic land reconstruction,particularly the consolidation of small terraces into larger fields,on soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN)dynamics,rice yield,and its components,soil ...To examine the impact of anthropogenic land reconstruction,particularly the consolidation of small terraces into larger fields,on soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN)dynamics,rice yield,and its components,soil and plant samples were collected from seven newly reconstructed fields in Japanese Andosols in Tochigi,Japan.Samples were obtained from both the former low-and high-elevation sides within each field plot.During harvest season,nine rice plants were randomly selected from each plot(0.675 m^(2),comprising 3 rows and 3 hills per row),collected from a 3-m stretch along both the east(former low side)and west(former high side)ridges.Soil cores were collected from identical plots at two depths(0–15 and 15–30 cm)and combined into one composite sample per layer.Rice plant samples were air-dried for two weeks until reaching constant moisture content,after which stems and ears were separated and weighed to determine biomass,yield,yield components,and nitrogen uptake.This indicated that land reconstruction significantly affected rice yield and its components between the two sides of all field plots.SOC,TN,and their decomposition following land reconstruction showed notable changes,especially in the 15–30 cm subsurface soil layer.Additionally,grain weight demonstrated significant correlation with SOC,TN,and carbon decomposition in both the 0–15 and 15–30 cm layers,indicating that soil fertility to a depth of 30 cm was crucial for rice productivity after land reconstruction.展开更多
Ensuring national food security amidst rapid population growth and increasing extreme weather events remains a critical global challenge.However,the extent to which agricultural modernization in China enhances grain y...Ensuring national food security amidst rapid population growth and increasing extreme weather events remains a critical global challenge.However,the extent to which agricultural modernization in China enhances grain yield and contributes to food security remains unclear.Therefore,using panel data from 327 Chinese cities(2013–2021),this study employs spatial econometric models to analyze the spatial spillover effects of agricultural modernization level(AML)on grain yield and to reveal regional heterogeneity across nine major agricultural zones.The results showed a cumulative grain yield increase of 23.7 million tons,with peak productivity concentrated along the Hu Line and declining eastward and westward.AML also exhibited a steady increase but a clear spatial gradient,decreasing from coastal to inland regions,with the highest level observed in Southern China(SC).A key finding was that a 1%increase in AML directly raised local grain yield by an average of 4.185%,accompanied by significant positive spillover effects on neighboring regions.Regional variations revealed distinct patterns:the direct effects of AML were more pronounced in southern and eastern zones,while spillover effects dominated in northern and western zones.The largest positive direct impact of AML on grain yield was observed in the SC(8.499%),while Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain ranked second but exhibited the strongest positive spatial spillover effect(4.534%).These findings highlight the critical role of agricultural modernization in promoting grain production and provide a solid basis for optimizing regional agricultural systems,ensuring food security,and advancing sustainable agriculture.展开更多
To address the challenges of complexity,power consumption,and cost constraints in traditional display driver integrated circuits(DDICs)caused by external NOR Flash and SRAM,this work proposes an embedded resistive ran...To address the challenges of complexity,power consumption,and cost constraints in traditional display driver integrated circuits(DDICs)caused by external NOR Flash and SRAM,this work proposes an embedded resistive random-access memory(RRAM)integration solution based on a 40 nm high-voltage CMOS logic platform.Targeting the yield fluctuations and stability challenges during RRAM mass production,systematic process optimizations are implemented to achieve synergistic improvements in RRAM performance and yield.Through modifications to the film sputtering and pre-deposition treatment,the withinwafer resistance uniformity(RSU)of the oxygen-deficient layer(ODL)thin film is improved from 11%to 8%,while inter-wafer process stability variation reduces from 23%to below 6%.Consequently,the yield of 8 Mb RRAM embedded mass production products increases from 87%to 98.5%.In terms of device performance,the RRAM demonstrates a fast 4.8 ns read speed,exceptional read disturb immunity of 3×10^(8) cycles at 95℃,10^(3) write/erase endurance cycles for the 1 Mb cells,and data retention of 12.5 years at 125℃.Post high-temperature operating life(HTOL)testing exhibits stable high/low resistance window.This study provides process optimization strategies and a reliability assurance framework for the mass production of highly integrated,low-power embedded RRAM display driver IC.展开更多
Four modern hybrid and four japonica rice varieties differing in biomass,yield,and daily biomass production rate during the grain-filling period(DBPGF),were used to reveal the eco-physiological photosynthetic characte...Four modern hybrid and four japonica rice varieties differing in biomass,yield,and daily biomass production rate during the grain-filling period(DBPGF),were used to reveal the eco-physiological photosynthetic characteristics of high-yield and high-efficiency rice.Varietal differences were analyzed in leaf and canopy photosynthetic parameters,associated leaf morphological and anatomical traits(e.g.,stomatal density,vein density,mesophyll cell arrangement),as well as differences in canopy light interception and leaf area index,and their effects on yield and biomass accumulation.Hybrid rice with yield higher than 11.0 t/hm^(2) and DBPGF higher than 200 kg/(hm^(2)·d),and japonica rice with yield higher than 9.0 t/hm^(2) and DBPGF higher than 200 kg/(hm^(2)·d),were classified as high-yield and high-efficiency varieties;other varieties were considered general types.Based on this criterion,two hybrid(Yongyou 2640 and Shanyou 63)and two japonica varieties(Huaidao 5 and Nangeng 5718)were categorized as high-yield and high-efficiency types,while the remaining two hybrid(Liangyoupeijiu and C Liangyou 513)and two japonica varieties(Suxiu 867 and Yangnongdao 1)were classified as general types.Results indicated that high-yield and high-efficiency varieties generally have higher leaf and canopy photosynthesis,superior leaf stomatal,vascular,and mesophyll structures that facilitate CO_(2)diffusion and hydraulic transport,higher canopy light transmittance,and slower leaf area attenuation.Rice yield and biomass were positively correlated with photosynthetic parameters and closely linked to associated photosynthetic traits.Efficient rice production was attributed to coordinated improvements in leaf structure,canopy architecture,and delayed leaf area attenuation.This study provides important theoretical guidance for breeding high-efficiency rice varieties.展开更多
[Objectives]To determine the optimal concentration of topping agents applied by unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)to effectively regulate cotton growth and improve production efficiency.[Methods]A field experiment was con...[Objectives]To determine the optimal concentration of topping agents applied by unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)to effectively regulate cotton growth and improve production efficiency.[Methods]A field experiment was conducted in Shihezi City,Xinjiang,employing a randomized block design.Five UAV-based chemical topping treatments were applied at dosages of 0.300,0.525,0.750,0.975,and 1.200 L/hm 2,designated as H1,H2,H3,H4,and H5,respectively.Additionally,manual topping(CK1)and tractor topping(CK2)treatments,both at a concentration of 0.750 L/hm 2,were included as control treatments.During the first 20 d following topping,parameters including primary agronomic traits of cotton(plant height,leaf age,number of fruit branches),dry matter accumulation and distribution,leaf area boll load(LAB),root-to-shoot ratio(RSR),leaf mass area(LMA),and leaf area index(LAI)were examined.At harvest,yield components,lint cotton yield,harvest index,and fiber quality were evaluated.[Results]Twenty days after topping,the concentration of the topping agent applied via UAV did not significantly affect cotton leaf age or the number of fruit branches.Additionally,no significant differences in plant height were observed among the five concentration treatments compared to CK2.However,plants treated with H1 exhibited significantly greater height compared to those treated with H5 and CK1,indicating that H1 was the least effective in controlling vegetative growth.Total dry matter accumulation(TDM),boll dry matter accumulation(BDM),LAB,and LMA all demonstrated an initial increase followed by a decrease as the spraying concentration increased.The highest TDM and reproductive organ dry matter ratio(RRDM)were observed in the H3 treatment.No significant differences were found among treatments for LMA,RSR,or LAI;however,LAB and single boll weight were greatest in the H3 treatment.Fiber quality parameters,including fiber length uniformity,micronaire(MIC),specific strength,and fiber maturity,initially increased and then decreased with increasing spraying concentration,whereas fiber elongation rate exhibited the opposite trend.The H3 treatment yielded the highest average fiber length uniformity and specific strength.[Conclusions]At optimal spraying concentrations,UAV-based application more effectively controls vegetative growth,promotes dry matter accumulation and distribution in cotton bolls,increases single boll weight,and enhances the MIC,specific strength,and fiber elongation rate of cotton fibers compared to manual and tractor spraying of topping agents.In summary,the use of UAVs for spraying chemical topping agents is recommended,with a suggested dosage range of 0.750 and 0.975 L/hm 2.展开更多
Synergistically improving the yield and grain quality of rice remains a major breeding challenge.Amino acid transporters play key roles in regulating plant growth and development,but their mechanisms in synergisticall...Synergistically improving the yield and grain quality of rice remains a major breeding challenge.Amino acid transporters play key roles in regulating plant growth and development,but their mechanisms in synergistically regulating yield and quality remain unclear.Here,we report that the plasma membrane-localized transporter OsAAP18,which is more highly expressed in indica than japonica rice,positively correlates with tiller number and yield but negatively with grain width.OsAAP18 transports eight amino acids,including asparagine(Asn),proline(Pro),leucine(Leu),and valine(Val).Its overexpression increases yield through enhanced tillering and grain number per panicle while also improving rice processing and cooking quality.Transcriptome analysis showed that OsAAP18 coordinates grain development and quality formation by regulating the expression of key genes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism,nitrogen metabolism,and plant hormone signaling pathways.These findings establish OsAAP18 as a dual-function regulator that synergistically enhances yield and quality,offering a promising target for rice breeding.展开更多
Coordinating light and nitrogen(N)distribution within a canopy is essential for improving rice yield and resource use efficiency.However,limited research has examined light and N distribution in response to planting d...Coordinating light and nitrogen(N)distribution within a canopy is essential for improving rice yield and resource use efficiency.However,limited research has examined light and N distribution in response to planting density and N rate,and their relationships with grain yield,radiation use efficiency(RUE),and N use efficiency for grain production(NUEg)in rice.A two-year field experiment was conducted with two hybrid varieties under three N levels,0 kg ha^(-1)(N1),90 kg ha^(-1)(N2)and 180 kg ha^(-1)(N3),and two planting densities,22.2 hills m-2(D1)and 33.3 hills m^(-2)(D2).Results showed 3.4%higher yield and 4.4%higher NUEg under N2D2 compared with N3D1.The extinction coefficient for N(K_(N))and light(K_(L))and their ratio(K_(N)/K_(L))at heading stage were significantly influenced by N rate,planting density,and their interaction.K_(N)decreased with the increase of N input or planting density.Compared to N1,K_(N)decreased by 43.5 and 58.8%under N2 and N3,respectively,while K_(N)under D2 decreased by 16.0%compared to D1.Higher K_(L)and K_(N)/K_(L)values occurred under low N rates,with opposite trends under high N rates.Increased planting density led to decreased K_(L)and K_(N)/K_(L)values.N2D2 demonstrated higher K_(L)and K_(N),and thus comparable K_(N)/K_(L),compared to N3D1.Correlation analysis revealed K_(L)negatively correlated with RUE,while K_(N)and K_(N)/K_(L)positively correlated with NUEg.These findings indicate that increasing planting density under reduced N input could maintain rice yield while enhancing resource use efficiency through regulation of canopy light and N distribution.展开更多
To elucidate the yielding performance of compact yielding anchor cables in working state,a yielding mechanical model incorporating extrusion friction and fastening rotation under confining pressure is constructed.The ...To elucidate the yielding performance of compact yielding anchor cables in working state,a yielding mechanical model incorporating extrusion friction and fastening rotation under confining pressure is constructed.The yielding resistance enhancement effect(ω)caused by working environment constraints is evaluated through multi-layer composite sleeve hole expansion analysis,forming a theoretical framework for calculating the working yielding force.Laboratory and in-situ pull-out tests are conducted to determine the yielding performance and validate the analytical theory.The main conclusions are:(1)Yielding force and energy-release capacity increase withω,significantly outperforming the unconfined state.(2)In-situ tests under varying rockmass and geostress conditions(F1–F3)determine the yielding force increases to 183.4–290.1,204.0–290.8,and 235.0–327.1 kN.(3)The slight deviation(–12.5%to 6.2%)between the theoretical and measured yielding force confirms that the analytical theory effectively describes the working yielding performance.(4)ωincreases with higher geostress and improved rock mechanical properties,with initial geostress(σ_(0))and elastic modulus of surrounding rock(E_(3))identified as critical parameters.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China,China(2022YFF1301801)Agricultural scientific and technological innovation project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China(333 Project)(06202214442066)+1 种基金Beijing Natural Science Foundation,China(5232018)Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China(06202214442062).
文摘Maize yield is critically endangered by diseases throughout its growth cycle,posing significant risks to food security.The spatial and temporal dynamics of maize yield loss and the rate of yield loss attributable to these threats on a regional scale have been challenging to ascertain due to scarce continuous observation data.This study compiled county-level data on maize yield and yield loss across China's six primary cropping regions over twenty years from 1999 to 2018.These include the Spring-sown area of Northern China(1-NC),the Summer-sown Huang-Huai-Hai Plain(2-HHP),the Southwest Mountain(3-SM),the Southern Hilly(4-SH),the Northwest Irrigated(5-NI),and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Maize Regions(6-QTP).We identified 15 major diseases affecting these regions.The annual average yield loss due to maize diseases in the regions 1-NC,2-HHP,3-SM,4-SH,5-NI,and 6-QTP were 0.40,0.58,0.12,0.05,0.04 and<0.01 million tons,respectively,and the corresponding average yield loss rate(the ratio of yield loss to total yield)in these regions was 0.63,0.90,0.65,0.63,0.44,and 0.05.The yield loss due to all diseases increased for three regions in 3-SM,4-SH and 5-NI.The yield loss rate due to diseases significantly increased in region 4-SH and 5-NI.Predominantly,maize leaf blight has become the most significant threats.In region 1-NC,maize head smut(D1)and maize leaf blight(D2)were the primary diseases.In region 2-HHP,maize leaf blight(D2),maize rust(D3),maize brown spot(D5),Curvularia leaf spot(D7),and maize virus disease(D14)were the key pathogens.Bivariate trend analysis(joint analysis of yield loss and loss rate trends)indicated that maize head smut(D1)decreased significantly in 1-NC,while in 2-HHP,six diseases showed a significant decrease in both yield loss and loss rate,namely sheath blight(D4),brown spot(D5),root rot(D11),downy mildew(D12)and virus disease(D14).By providing a long-term,national-scale perspective,this study not only supports the development of broad management strategies but also guides the creation of precise,region-specific control protocols to safeguard maize production.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12247126 and 12375123)Henan Postdoctoral Foundation(No.HN2024013)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(No.242300421048)。
文摘Research on neutron-induced fission product yields of^(232)Th is crucial for understanding the competition between symmetric and asymmetric fission in actinide nuclei.However,obtaining complete isotopic yield distributions over a wide range of neutron energies remains a challenge.In this study,a Bayesian neural network model was developed to predict the independent(IND)and cumulative fission yields of^(232)Th under neutron irradiation at various incident energies.To address the limited availability of experimental data for the analysis of IND mass distributions,we substituted mass-number-based yields with the yields of specific isotopes.Furthermore,physical phenomena or quantities,such as the odd-even effect and isospin,were introduced as constraints to enhance the physical consistency of the predictions.The impact of these constraints was evaluated using mass-chain yield distributions and their dependence on energy.Incorporating physical constraints significantly improves the prediction accuracy,yielding more reliable and physically meaningful fission yield data for nuclear physics and reactor design applications.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFA0907600)the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2024ZD04080)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270252)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2024A1515011085).
文摘Photorespiration consumes photosynthetically fixed carbon and reduces yields by 20%–50%in C3 crops.In an attempt to increase photosynthetic efficiency in rice by bypassing the carbon-consuming process of photorespiration,a photorespiratory bypass consisting of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii glycolate dehydrogenase and Cucurbita maxima malate synthase(termed the GMS bypass)was introduced into the rice cultivar Zhonghua 11 and osplgg1b,a mutant of the rice chloroplast glycolate transporter,to generate GMS/ZH11 and GMS/osplgg1b transgenic plants.The GMS bypass reduced photorespiration and increased photosynthesis in the transgenic plants.The straw biomass of GMS/ZH11 and GMS/osplgg1b increased by up to 16.0%and 85.7%,respectively.The yield of GMS/ZH11 increased by 22.0%–34.7%in paddy fields.Thus,the GMS bypass can increase photosynthetic efficiency and yield in rice.
基金supported by the Wencheng County Science and Technology Plan Project(2023NKY03)Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(Grant Number CARS-24-B04,CARS-23-B05)Additional support was provided by Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops(Vegetables),Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,China.
文摘To address the issue of residual pollution caused by polyethylene mulch,this study explored the effects of different mulching methods on the soil environment of the yam field,as well as on yam yield and quality.The experiment comprised six treatments in total:one non-mulched treatment served as the control(CK),along with five different film-mulched treatments,namely PE,FZS12,FZS15,FC12,and FC15.The degradation of these films and their effects on soil physicochemical properties,microbial community,yam yield and quality were compared.The results showed that the FZS12 treatment achieved grade 5 degradation by the end of the planting period.Compared with PE treatment,the total soluble sugar content and yield of yam treated with FZS12 were significantly increased by 35.78%and 74.97%,respectively(p<0.05).Compared with CK and PE treatments,FZS12 significantly increased soil available nitrogen by 31.62%and 6.20%,respectively(p<0.05),and significantly increased soil available phosphorus by 8.58%and 4.45%,respectively(p<0.05).Soil pH,available nitrogen,and available phosphorus were the main environmental factors affecting the soil bacterial community.The FZS12 treatment significantly increased the relative abundances of soil bacteria phylum including Acidobacteriota,Myxococcota,Patescibacteria,and Proteobacteria compared with the CK and PE treatments.Functional prediction using Picrust2 revealed that the FZS12 treatment had significantly higher levels of signal transduction and amino acid metabolism than the CK and PE treatments.In conclusion,covering with 12μm PBAT/PLA humic acid biodegradable film enhances yam yield and total soluble sugar content by shaping beneficial soil microbial communities,activating soil nutrients.
基金supported by the University Youth Innovation Science and Technology Support Program of Shandong Province,China(2021KJ073)the Postdoctoral Innovation Program of Shandong Province,China(202003039)+2 种基金the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02-21)the State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation(NCCIR2023KF-8)the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province,China(2023TZXD08603)。
文摘Persistent overcast rain was an essential limiting factor for summer maize production,of which immediate impact was the dual pressure of waterlogging and shading.However,the mechanisms underlying independent and combined effects of waterlogging and shading on maize yield losses remain understudied,particularly across different growth stages.Denghai 605(DH605)was selected to be subjected shading,waterlogging,and their combined stress at the 3rd leaf stage(V3),the 6th leaf stage(V6),and tasseling stage(VT).Results showed that shading,waterlogging and their combination significantly restricted leaf area expansion,reduced leaf net photosynthetic rate(P_(n))and net assimilation rate(NAR),thereby decreasing the crop growth rate(CGR)and biomass accumulation.Additionally,compared to control,the process of lignin synthesis was inhibited under stressed treatment,resulting in diminished stem mechanical strength and impaired vascular system development,which substantially reduced assimilate remobilization efficiency to the ear and ultimate grain yield.Waterlogging and combined stresses exhibited maximum impact at the V3 stage,followed by V6 and VT stages,while shading effects were most pronounced at the VT stage,followed by V6 and V3 stages.Moreover,the compound stress exacerbated the damage brought about by a single stress.As climate change is projected to increase the frequency of multiple abiotic stress occurrences,these findings provide valuable insights for future summer maize breeding research under persistent rainfall conditions.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2024YFD2300301)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 32472223 and 31901447)+1 种基金the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutionsthe Qinglan Project of Jiangsu Province, China
文摘Clarifying the photosynthetic and population characteristics of conventional japonica rice at different yield levels is crucial for boosting yield and ensuring food security.Therefore,a two-year field trial with two conventional japonica varieties was conducted at four planting densities:16 cm×30 cm(D1),14 cm×30 cm(D2),12 cm×30 cm(D3),and 10 cm×30 cm(D4).This study aimed to investigate how photosynthetic and population characteristics influence grain yield under varying planting densities.The results indicated that higher yields were primarily driven by increased grain weight and seed-setting rate(with a 9.68%‒11.40%higher single panicle weight),supported by optimized dry matter translocation and source-sink relationships.Elevated planting density(D2‒D4)enhanced panicle number and total spikelet number(by 3.91%‒15.00%)but reduced the number of spikelets per panicle,1000-grain weight,and photosynthetic efficiency due to mutual shading.Despite these trade-offs,yield increased by 4.10%‒12.42%under higher densities.The use of planting density D4 in japonica rice cultivation contributed to maximize yield.These findings provide important theoretical insights and practical significance for increasing the yield of conventional japonica rice and ensuring food security.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31760363)the Earmarked Fund for CARS (CARS-14-1-16)+1 种基金the Gansu Education Science and Technology Innovation Industry Support Program,China (2021CYZC-38)the Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science,Gansu Agricultural University,China (GSCS-2020-Z6)。
文摘Lodging is a major constraint limiting oil flax production efficiency in northern China.Crop lodging susceptibility is closely related to stem lignin content,and the regulatory mechanisms by which nitrogen and potassium fertilization interactively influence lignin biosynthesis in oil flax stems require further investigation.Therefore,this study aimed to enhance lodging resistance and increase grain yield in oil flax.We examined the interactive effects of different nitrogen (75,150,and 225 kg N ha^(–1)) and potassium (60 and 90 kg K_(2)O ha^(–1)) fertilizer rates on lignin metabolism,lodging resistance,and grain yield during the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons.Results indicated that nitrogen and potassium fertilizer levels and their interactions promoted lignin accumulation,improved lodging resistance,and increased grain yield.Compared to the control (CK),the75–150 kg N ha^(–1) combined with 60 kg K_(2)O ha^(–1) treatments significantly enhanced the activities of key lignin-synthesizing enzymes (tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL),phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL),cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD),and peroxidase (POD)) and upregulated the expression of 4CL1 and F5H3 genes,leading to a 29.63–43.30%increase in lignin content,improved stem bending strength and lodging resistance index,and a 23.27–32.34%increase in grain yield.Correlation analysis revealed that nitrogen and potassium fertilizers positively regulated enzyme activities and gene expression related to lignin biosynthesis,thereby facilitating lignin accumulation and enhancing stem mechanical strength and lodging resistance.Positive correlations were observed among lignin-related enzyme activities,gene expression,lodging resistance traits,and grain yield.In summary,the application of 75–150 kg N ha^(–1) in conjunction with 60 kg K_(2)O ha^(–1)promoted lignin biosynthesis and accumulation,enhanced lodging resistance,and increased grain yield in oil flax grown in the dryland farming region of central Gansu,China.Furthermore,this treatment provides a technical basis for cultivating stress-tolerant and high-yield oil flax in arid regions.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22308358,22208346,22421003)IPE Project for Frontier Basic Research(QYJC-2023-05)CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-038).
文摘Dimethylphenols serve as important intermediates in synthesizing pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals,yet traditional distillation struggles to separate their isomers due to minimal boiling point differences,and the development of melt crystallization is hampered by lacking solid–liquid equilibrium (SLE) data for some isomers.Therefore,the SLE data of both binary and ternary mixtures of 2,3-dimethylphenol (2,3-DMP),3,5-dimethylphenol (3,5-DMP),and 3,4-dimethylphenol (3,4-DMP) were determined by using differential scanning calorimetry in this work.Additionally,crystallographic analysis was conducted to investigate the thermodynamic characteristics of these mixtures.The experimental results indicated that all the systems investigated in this research exhibited eutectic behavior.The experimentally obtained SLE data were well correlated with the Wilson and non-random two-liquid models.The excess thermodynamic functions were calculated to analyze the types and intensities of the molecular interactions occurring in the mixtures.Furthermore,this study developed a model for the correlation between the theoretical crystallization yield and the actual cooling yield and final yield in melt crystallization.This study has furnished reliable data essential for developing and optimizing the melt crystallization process of mixtures of 2,3-DMP,3,5-DMP,and 3,4-DMP.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFD1200800)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(2024A1515030094)。
文摘Highlights OsCAX2 is localized to tonoplast,and cadmium induces its expression.OsCAX2 overexpression reduces cadmium concentration in indica rice grains by 49.1%.Cadmium(Cd)exposure poses significant health risks to humans,and the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified it as a Group I carcinogen.Cadmium undergoes minimal metabolism in the human body;consequently,prolonged Cd^(2+)exposure can cause severe damage to multiple organs including the liver,kidneys,lungs,bones,and immune system(Shao et al.2024).Rice,one of the three global staple crops,and Cd exposure in humans primarily occurs the consumption of contaminated rice grains.The contribution of rice to the total dietary Cd intake is over 50% for non-smoking Asian populations(Chen et al.2018;Shi et al.2020).
文摘Soil erosion is a fundamental physical process driving land degradation across various spatial and temporal scales.The Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)model is a robust tool for predicting soil erosion and evaluating water and soil quality within watersheds.The latest version,SWAT+,introduces advanced encoding capabilities and improved performance,making it better suited for addressing complex watershed modeling challenges.This study implemented the SWAT+model to quantify soil erosion rates within the Chehelchay watershed in northern Iran.The foundational dataset comprises a 30-meter resolution Digital Elevation Model(DEM),land use classification,soil,and weather data.Model performance was evaluated using Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency(NSE),coefficient of determination(R^(2)),root mean square error(RMSE),and percent bias(PBIAS).The SWAT+simulation revealed substantial spatial variation in erosion patterns across the watershed,with annual sediment yields in critical HRUs,reflecting diverse erosion intensities driven by variations in land use,soil characteristics,and slope.Among the Hydrological Response Units(HRUs),50 critical units,representing approximately 9%of the total watershed area,generate sediment yields exceeding 5 tons per hectare per year.The most severe erosion occurs predominantly in the central zone of the watershed.Downstream regions exhibit minimal soil loss due to gentle topography while upstream areas maintain soil stability through protective forest cover,resulting in negligible erosion rates.Best Management Practices(BMPs)were designed to safeguard water and soil resources at a watershed level.The study evaluated three strategic conservation interventions:alfalfa cultivation,agroforestry implementation,and garden development.When applied in combination,these measures achieved approximately 30%reduction in sediment yield at the HRU level.This integrated approach demonstrates the potential of combining multiple land management strategies to combat erosion effectively.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42202205)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(Grant No.ZR2021QD072).-。
文摘The vertical heterogeneity of the pore structure in deep coal seams with varying ash yields is a key control for coalbed methane storage and producibility;however,its specific impact on gas adsorption is not clearly defined.The focus of this study is the No.8 coal seam of the Carboniferous Benxi Formation in the Central-Eastern Ordos Basin.By integrating microscopic identification,proximate analysis,gas adsorption(CO_(2),N_(2),and CH_(4)),and the multifractal theory,we quantitatively characterized the nanopore structure(micropores<2 nm and mesopores 2 nm-100 nm)of coal reservoirs with varying ash yields.The results indicate that(1)ash yield is the primary factor that controls the vertical evolution of pore structures in coal seams.In low-ash yield coal seams,the extent of thermal evolution and ash yield jointly constrain the heterogeneity of pore size distribution.In mediumto high-ash yield coal seams,the heterogeneity of pore structure and pore size distribution are predominantly constrained by ash yield.(2)As the ash yield vertically increases,the mesoporous pore volume and specific surface area initially decrease and subsequently increase,while the contribution of micropores to both pore volume and specific surface area continuously diminishes.Consequently,the total pore volume and specific surface area of the coal samples exhibit a two-stage reduction close to an ash yield threshold of approximately 20%.(3)Further,the Langmuir volume for CH_(4)adsorption sharply declines below the 20%threshold,followed by a gradual decrease;in contrast,the Langmuir pressure initially decreases and subsequently increases.Hence,the vertical increase in ash yield constrains the development of pore systems and diminishes pore connectivity,thereby reducing methane adsorption capacity and adversely affecting coalbed methane productivity.(4)Low-ash yield coal reservoirs are characterized by a rapid gas breakthrough and high productivity,whereas medium-ash yield coal reservoirs generally require prolonged depressurization to achieve peak gas production.These findings reveal that in medium-high rank coal,ash yield―and not thermal evolution―is the main factor that controls vertical pore evolution and methane adsorption efficiency.The quantitative ash yield threshold(20%)established in this study provides a practical criterion for evaluating reservoir quality and predicting vertical variations in gas storage potential in the Ordos Basin.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071960)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0300603)。
文摘In maize production,the development of density-tolerant and lodging-resistant varieties has made dense planting an effective strategy for achieving high and stable yields,with superior hybrids serving as a prerequisite for successful highdensity cultivation.However,the photosynthetic mechanisms underlying improved density tolerance in maize hybrids released across different eras in China remain unclear.This study investigates 40 years of breeding progress toward enhanced photosynthetic traits under varying planting densities and elucidates the physiological and ecological bases of improved density tolerance in maize hybrids.A three-year field experiment was conducted from 2019 to 2021 to compare eight major Chinese hybrids from four decadal cohorts under three planting densities:45,000(D1),67,500(D2),and 90,000(D3)plants ha^(-1).At high density(D3),modern hybrids exhibited a more optimal canopy architecture and superior leaf photosynthetic performance compared to older hybrids,despite a slight reduction in specific leaf nitrogen.Notably,modern hybrids(2000s)were able to maintain higher net photosynthetic rates and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency(PNUE)at D3,resulting in the highest grain yield(GY),which was 118.47%greater than that of older hybrids(1970s).Leaf area duration after anthesis,total chlorophyll content,key photosynthetic enzyme activities,and maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry were all positively correlated with GY.Among these,PNUE showed the strongest correlation with grain yield and thus represents a key indicator for optimizing maize hybrids.Based on these findings,breeders should continue selecting hybrids under high-density and suboptimal conditions,focusing on optimizing population architecture and enhancing photosynthetic capacity while fine-tuning leaf nitrogen status to develop high-yielding,density-tolerant hybrids capable of sustaining long-term increases in maize grain yield.
基金support of the Japanese Government(Monbukagakusho)Scholarship for his studies in Japansupported by the Yamagata University YU-COE(S)program and by the Advanced Agri-food System Research Center of Yamagata University,Japan+2 种基金financially supported by a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(26310304)Yamagata University YU-COE(S)programby the Advanced Agri-food System Research Center of Yamagata University,Japan。
文摘To examine the impact of anthropogenic land reconstruction,particularly the consolidation of small terraces into larger fields,on soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN)dynamics,rice yield,and its components,soil and plant samples were collected from seven newly reconstructed fields in Japanese Andosols in Tochigi,Japan.Samples were obtained from both the former low-and high-elevation sides within each field plot.During harvest season,nine rice plants were randomly selected from each plot(0.675 m^(2),comprising 3 rows and 3 hills per row),collected from a 3-m stretch along both the east(former low side)and west(former high side)ridges.Soil cores were collected from identical plots at two depths(0–15 and 15–30 cm)and combined into one composite sample per layer.Rice plant samples were air-dried for two weeks until reaching constant moisture content,after which stems and ears were separated and weighed to determine biomass,yield,yield components,and nitrogen uptake.This indicated that land reconstruction significantly affected rice yield and its components between the two sides of all field plots.SOC,TN,and their decomposition following land reconstruction showed notable changes,especially in the 15–30 cm subsurface soil layer.Additionally,grain weight demonstrated significant correlation with SOC,TN,and carbon decomposition in both the 0–15 and 15–30 cm layers,indicating that soil fertility to a depth of 30 cm was crucial for rice productivity after land reconstruction.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42471455,No.42230113National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2022YFC3800804-01。
文摘Ensuring national food security amidst rapid population growth and increasing extreme weather events remains a critical global challenge.However,the extent to which agricultural modernization in China enhances grain yield and contributes to food security remains unclear.Therefore,using panel data from 327 Chinese cities(2013–2021),this study employs spatial econometric models to analyze the spatial spillover effects of agricultural modernization level(AML)on grain yield and to reveal regional heterogeneity across nine major agricultural zones.The results showed a cumulative grain yield increase of 23.7 million tons,with peak productivity concentrated along the Hu Line and declining eastward and westward.AML also exhibited a steady increase but a clear spatial gradient,decreasing from coastal to inland regions,with the highest level observed in Southern China(SC).A key finding was that a 1%increase in AML directly raised local grain yield by an average of 4.185%,accompanied by significant positive spillover effects on neighboring regions.Regional variations revealed distinct patterns:the direct effects of AML were more pronounced in southern and eastern zones,while spillover effects dominated in northern and western zones.The largest positive direct impact of AML on grain yield was observed in the SC(8.499%),while Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain ranked second but exhibited the strongest positive spatial spillover effect(4.534%).These findings highlight the critical role of agricultural modernization in promoting grain production and provide a solid basis for optimizing regional agricultural systems,ensuring food security,and advancing sustainable agriculture.
文摘To address the challenges of complexity,power consumption,and cost constraints in traditional display driver integrated circuits(DDICs)caused by external NOR Flash and SRAM,this work proposes an embedded resistive random-access memory(RRAM)integration solution based on a 40 nm high-voltage CMOS logic platform.Targeting the yield fluctuations and stability challenges during RRAM mass production,systematic process optimizations are implemented to achieve synergistic improvements in RRAM performance and yield.Through modifications to the film sputtering and pre-deposition treatment,the withinwafer resistance uniformity(RSU)of the oxygen-deficient layer(ODL)thin film is improved from 11%to 8%,while inter-wafer process stability variation reduces from 23%to below 6%.Consequently,the yield of 8 Mb RRAM embedded mass production products increases from 87%to 98.5%.In terms of device performance,the RRAM demonstrates a fast 4.8 ns read speed,exceptional read disturb immunity of 3×10^(8) cycles at 95℃,10^(3) write/erase endurance cycles for the 1 Mb cells,and data retention of 12.5 years at 125℃.Post high-temperature operating life(HTOL)testing exhibits stable high/low resistance window.This study provides process optimization strategies and a reliability assurance framework for the mass production of highly integrated,low-power embedded RRAM display driver IC.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32201890 and 32272197)the Special Funds for Scientific and Technological Innovation of Jiangsu province,China(Grant Nos.BE2022425 and BK20220017)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFD2301401)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China.
文摘Four modern hybrid and four japonica rice varieties differing in biomass,yield,and daily biomass production rate during the grain-filling period(DBPGF),were used to reveal the eco-physiological photosynthetic characteristics of high-yield and high-efficiency rice.Varietal differences were analyzed in leaf and canopy photosynthetic parameters,associated leaf morphological and anatomical traits(e.g.,stomatal density,vein density,mesophyll cell arrangement),as well as differences in canopy light interception and leaf area index,and their effects on yield and biomass accumulation.Hybrid rice with yield higher than 11.0 t/hm^(2) and DBPGF higher than 200 kg/(hm^(2)·d),and japonica rice with yield higher than 9.0 t/hm^(2) and DBPGF higher than 200 kg/(hm^(2)·d),were classified as high-yield and high-efficiency varieties;other varieties were considered general types.Based on this criterion,two hybrid(Yongyou 2640 and Shanyou 63)and two japonica varieties(Huaidao 5 and Nangeng 5718)were categorized as high-yield and high-efficiency types,while the remaining two hybrid(Liangyoupeijiu and C Liangyou 513)and two japonica varieties(Suxiu 867 and Yangnongdao 1)were classified as general types.Results indicated that high-yield and high-efficiency varieties generally have higher leaf and canopy photosynthesis,superior leaf stomatal,vascular,and mesophyll structures that facilitate CO_(2)diffusion and hydraulic transport,higher canopy light transmittance,and slower leaf area attenuation.Rice yield and biomass were positively correlated with photosynthetic parameters and closely linked to associated photosynthetic traits.Efficient rice production was attributed to coordinated improvements in leaf structure,canopy architecture,and delayed leaf area attenuation.This study provides important theoretical guidance for breeding high-efficiency rice varieties.
基金Supported by Xinjiang"Tianshan Talents"Program Project"Research and Demonstration of Key Technologies for Precise Monitoring and Pesticide Application by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle during the Cotton Topping Stage"(2023TSYCCX0126)Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Science and Technology Innovation Project"Innovation Team Project for Intelligent Information Collection and Smart Management in Cotton Fields"(NCG202304).
文摘[Objectives]To determine the optimal concentration of topping agents applied by unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)to effectively regulate cotton growth and improve production efficiency.[Methods]A field experiment was conducted in Shihezi City,Xinjiang,employing a randomized block design.Five UAV-based chemical topping treatments were applied at dosages of 0.300,0.525,0.750,0.975,and 1.200 L/hm 2,designated as H1,H2,H3,H4,and H5,respectively.Additionally,manual topping(CK1)and tractor topping(CK2)treatments,both at a concentration of 0.750 L/hm 2,were included as control treatments.During the first 20 d following topping,parameters including primary agronomic traits of cotton(plant height,leaf age,number of fruit branches),dry matter accumulation and distribution,leaf area boll load(LAB),root-to-shoot ratio(RSR),leaf mass area(LMA),and leaf area index(LAI)were examined.At harvest,yield components,lint cotton yield,harvest index,and fiber quality were evaluated.[Results]Twenty days after topping,the concentration of the topping agent applied via UAV did not significantly affect cotton leaf age or the number of fruit branches.Additionally,no significant differences in plant height were observed among the five concentration treatments compared to CK2.However,plants treated with H1 exhibited significantly greater height compared to those treated with H5 and CK1,indicating that H1 was the least effective in controlling vegetative growth.Total dry matter accumulation(TDM),boll dry matter accumulation(BDM),LAB,and LMA all demonstrated an initial increase followed by a decrease as the spraying concentration increased.The highest TDM and reproductive organ dry matter ratio(RRDM)were observed in the H3 treatment.No significant differences were found among treatments for LMA,RSR,or LAI;however,LAB and single boll weight were greatest in the H3 treatment.Fiber quality parameters,including fiber length uniformity,micronaire(MIC),specific strength,and fiber maturity,initially increased and then decreased with increasing spraying concentration,whereas fiber elongation rate exhibited the opposite trend.The H3 treatment yielded the highest average fiber length uniformity and specific strength.[Conclusions]At optimal spraying concentrations,UAV-based application more effectively controls vegetative growth,promotes dry matter accumulation and distribution in cotton bolls,increases single boll weight,and enhances the MIC,specific strength,and fiber elongation rate of cotton fibers compared to manual and tractor spraying of topping agents.In summary,the use of UAVs for spraying chemical topping agents is recommended,with a suggested dosage range of 0.750 and 0.975 L/hm 2.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32560065 and 32572249)the Guizhou Provincial Excellent Young Talents Project of Science and Technology,China(Grant No.qiankehepingtairencai-YQK(2023)002)+4 种基金the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects,China(Grant Nos.qiankehechengguo(2024)General 116 and qiankehejichu-ZK(2022)Key 008)the Key Laboratory of High Quality,High Efficiency,and Yield Enhancement in Grain and Oil Crops,China(Grant No.Qiankehe-Platform ZSYS(2025)037)the Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture of Guizhou Provincial Department of Education,China(Grant No.Qianjiaoji(2023)007)Guizhou Provincial Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Construction Special Program(Grant No.GZSDCYJSTX-202602)the Qiandongnan Science and Technology Support Project,China(Grant No.Qiandongnan Kehe Support(2023)07).
文摘Synergistically improving the yield and grain quality of rice remains a major breeding challenge.Amino acid transporters play key roles in regulating plant growth and development,but their mechanisms in synergistically regulating yield and quality remain unclear.Here,we report that the plasma membrane-localized transporter OsAAP18,which is more highly expressed in indica than japonica rice,positively correlates with tiller number and yield but negatively with grain width.OsAAP18 transports eight amino acids,including asparagine(Asn),proline(Pro),leucine(Leu),and valine(Val).Its overexpression increases yield through enhanced tillering and grain number per panicle while also improving rice processing and cooking quality.Transcriptome analysis showed that OsAAP18 coordinates grain development and quality formation by regulating the expression of key genes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism,nitrogen metabolism,and plant hormone signaling pathways.These findings establish OsAAP18 as a dual-function regulator that synergistically enhances yield and quality,offering a promising target for rice breeding.
基金supported by the Hubei Provincial Science and Technology Project,China(2025CSA039)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001467)。
文摘Coordinating light and nitrogen(N)distribution within a canopy is essential for improving rice yield and resource use efficiency.However,limited research has examined light and N distribution in response to planting density and N rate,and their relationships with grain yield,radiation use efficiency(RUE),and N use efficiency for grain production(NUEg)in rice.A two-year field experiment was conducted with two hybrid varieties under three N levels,0 kg ha^(-1)(N1),90 kg ha^(-1)(N2)and 180 kg ha^(-1)(N3),and two planting densities,22.2 hills m-2(D1)and 33.3 hills m^(-2)(D2).Results showed 3.4%higher yield and 4.4%higher NUEg under N2D2 compared with N3D1.The extinction coefficient for N(K_(N))and light(K_(L))and their ratio(K_(N)/K_(L))at heading stage were significantly influenced by N rate,planting density,and their interaction.K_(N)decreased with the increase of N input or planting density.Compared to N1,K_(N)decreased by 43.5 and 58.8%under N2 and N3,respectively,while K_(N)under D2 decreased by 16.0%compared to D1.Higher K_(L)and K_(N)/K_(L)values occurred under low N rates,with opposite trends under high N rates.Increased planting density led to decreased K_(L)and K_(N)/K_(L)values.N2D2 demonstrated higher K_(L)and K_(N),and thus comparable K_(N)/K_(L),compared to N3D1.Correlation analysis revealed K_(L)negatively correlated with RUE,while K_(N)and K_(N)/K_(L)positively correlated with NUEg.These findings indicate that increasing planting density under reduced N input could maintain rice yield while enhancing resource use efficiency through regulation of canopy light and N distribution.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2468217,U2034205,and 52308391)。
文摘To elucidate the yielding performance of compact yielding anchor cables in working state,a yielding mechanical model incorporating extrusion friction and fastening rotation under confining pressure is constructed.The yielding resistance enhancement effect(ω)caused by working environment constraints is evaluated through multi-layer composite sleeve hole expansion analysis,forming a theoretical framework for calculating the working yielding force.Laboratory and in-situ pull-out tests are conducted to determine the yielding performance and validate the analytical theory.The main conclusions are:(1)Yielding force and energy-release capacity increase withω,significantly outperforming the unconfined state.(2)In-situ tests under varying rockmass and geostress conditions(F1–F3)determine the yielding force increases to 183.4–290.1,204.0–290.8,and 235.0–327.1 kN.(3)The slight deviation(–12.5%to 6.2%)between the theoretical and measured yielding force confirms that the analytical theory effectively describes the working yielding performance.(4)ωincreases with higher geostress and improved rock mechanical properties,with initial geostress(σ_(0))and elastic modulus of surrounding rock(E_(3))identified as critical parameters.
