互联网电视(over the top,OTT)视频业务逐渐成为最流行的在线业务之一,然而网络视频往往由于网络质量差、服务平台过载等原因,出现播放失败、卡顿次数增加、缓冲时间过长等质量问题,导致用户感知质量(quality of experience,QoE)下降.因...互联网电视(over the top,OTT)视频业务逐渐成为最流行的在线业务之一,然而网络视频往往由于网络质量差、服务平台过载等原因,出现播放失败、卡顿次数增加、缓冲时间过长等质量问题,导致用户感知质量(quality of experience,QoE)下降.因此,运营商需要精确评估和掌握用户在使用网络视频业务过程中的质量体验,以便提前发现质量问题,进一步开展网络和业务优化工作.为了解决该问题,提出一种基于用户呼叫/事务/会话记录数据(extend data record,XDR)的无参考网络视频质量评估方法.该方法从大量XDR数据中提取出与视频质量相关性高的少量信息,将大规模、低价值的XDR话单数据转化为高价值、小规模的视频质量特征信息,有利于后续人工智能算法的应用和视频业务质量评价,降低进一步数据挖掘的资源成本,提升机器学习的输入样本质量和QoE评价结果的准确性.实验表明:使用该方法提取后的数据进行QoE预测,得到的预测结果在准确性方面明显优于目前基于原始XDR数据的QoE机器学习评估方法.展开更多
Background & Objectives: Emergence of drug resistant Tuberculosis (TB) is a major obstacle in the TB control programme of Bangladesh. This study was carried out to detect pre-extensively drug resistant TB (pre-XDR...Background & Objectives: Emergence of drug resistant Tuberculosis (TB) is a major obstacle in the TB control programme of Bangladesh. This study was carried out to detect pre-extensively drug resistant TB (pre-XDR-TB) cases among the multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients in Bangladesh, as the early detection of pre-XDR-TB can guide clinicians in the appropriate modification of MDR-TB treatment regimen with effective drugs to prevent treatment failure. Methodology: A total of 68 MDR-TB cases were enrolled in this study. Multiplex Real-time PCR was done to detect pre-XDR-TB cases directly from sputum samples of MDR-TB patients. Results: Out of 68 MDR-TB cases 11 (16.18%) cases were detected as pre-XDR-TB. The resistant profile of the 11 pre-XDR-TB revealed 9 (81.82%) cases of fluoroquinolone (FLQ) resistant pre-XDR-TB and 2 (18.18%) cases of injectable second line (ISL) agent resistant pre-XDR-TB. Out of 11 pre-XDR-TB cases 7 (63.64%) cases had history of taking treatment for MDR-TB regularly, 1 (9.09%) case had history of taking treatment for MDR-TB irregularly and 3 (27.27%) cases had no history of taking treatment for MDR-TB. Conclusion: This study encountered a high rate of pre-XDR-TB cases along with a significant number of primarily resistant bacilli which is of concern in the management of MDR-TB. It is evident that Bangladesh is in urgent need to device strategies for rapid and early detection of pre-XDR-TB in order to prevent treatment failure of MDR-TB cases and also to halt the progression of MDR-TB cases to extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB), which is not only difficult but also very expensive to treat.展开更多
Background: Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is a serious problem in public health and XDR-TB patients usually develop from multi-drug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and pre-XDR-TB. The rapid molecul...Background: Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is a serious problem in public health and XDR-TB patients usually develop from multi-drug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and pre-XDR-TB. The rapid molecular test for drug susceptibility testing (DST) can be used for early detection to prevent XDR-TB. Methods: We examined 34 clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) isolates from MDR/XDR-TB patients in the upper north of Thailand that were identified with drug susceptibility profiles by indirect agar proportion method from 2005-2012. Our study investigated the genetic mutations in gyrA for ofloxacin resistance and rrs for kanamycin resistance. The genetic mutations and drug susceptibility test results were analyzed using the exact test. Results: The majority of the ofloxacin resistance was detected in gyrA 21, gyrA 70, gyrA 87, gyrA 102, gyrA 162, and gyrA 187 were at 0%, 12.5%, 37.5%, 0%, 50.0% and 25.0% sensitivity, respectively, and at 96.2, 96.2%, 20.1%, 96.2%, 57.7% and 61.5% specificity, respectively. Kanamycin resistance was found in rrs 512, rrs 241, rrs 223, rrs 414 and rrs 408 at 16.7%, 0%, 0%, 16.7% and 16.7% sensitivity, respectively, and at 96.4%, 92.9%, 82.1%, 82.1% and 71.4% specificity, respectively. This study found no significant correlation between gyrA mutations and ofloxacin resistance and also no correlation between the rrs gene and kanamycin resistance. Conclusion: These primer sequences and PCR products in our study such as gyrA and rrs might be unsuitable to detect ofloxacin and kanamycin resistance in the upper north of Thailand.展开更多
Background: Molecular diagnosis based on the detection of mutations conferring genetic drug resistance is useful for early diagnosis and treatment of Pre-XDR and XDR-TB patients. However, the study of mutation as a ma...Background: Molecular diagnosis based on the detection of mutations conferring genetic drug resistance is useful for early diagnosis and treatment of Pre-XDR and XDR-TB patients. However, the study of mutation as a marker to predict Pre-XDR and XDR-TB is rare. Methods: Thirty-four Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates from MDR, Pre-XDR and XDR-TB patients in the upper north of Thailand, who had been identified for drug susceptibility using the indirect agar proportion method from 2005-2012, were examined for genetic site mutations of katG, inhA, and ahpC for isoniazid (INH) drug resistance, rpoB for rifampicin (RIF) drug resistance, gyrA for ofloxacin (OFX), and rrs for kanamycin (KAN). Associations between resistant genes and Pre-XDR and XDR-TB in the MDR patients were performed using exact probability tests. Univariable logistic regression was used to quantify the strength of association between the gene mutation with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the prevalence of Pre-XDR and XDR-TB in the MDR patients. Results: The mutations in the region of the rpoB gene at codon 445 (C445T) in the Pre-XDR or XDR-TB patients were significantly 20.6 times more prevalent among the MDR-TB patients. The inhA gene mutation at codon 114 (T114G) was also significantly 8.1 times more prevalent. Conclusion: The findings can be used to predict the odds of Pre-XDR and XDR-TB in MDR-TB patients, as a guide for prevention and treatments.展开更多
We combined the new SensititreTM MYCOTB test with the MODS assay for detection of MDR- and XDR-TB. Categorical agreement of the MODS assay with the critical concentrations at 3 days of incubation was highest for INH (...We combined the new SensititreTM MYCOTB test with the MODS assay for detection of MDR- and XDR-TB. Categorical agreement of the MODS assay with the critical concentrations at 3 days of incubation was highest for INH (91.4%) and RIF (100%) and at 5 days 86.7% and 94.6% for the fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides, respectively. By combining these two methods, it is possible to identify MDR-TB in as little as 3 days and XDR- or pre-XDR-TB within 5 days.展开更多
<b>Objective:</b> Almost all year round occurrence of typhoid fever remains a major public health issue in Bangladesh. In recent years, there has been a significant rise in the prevalence of multi-drug res...<b>Objective:</b> Almost all year round occurrence of typhoid fever remains a major public health issue in Bangladesh. In recent years, there has been a significant rise in the prevalence of multi-drug resistance <i>Salmonella typhi</i> in Dhaka city. The major objective of this study was to observe the prevalence of multi-drug and Extended drug-resistant patterns of typhoidal <i>Salmonella typhi</i> among the patients attending a tertiary medical center by conventional culture and serologic test. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Blood was collected by syringe and equally divided between aerobic & anaerobic BacT Alert bottle, 10 mL for paediatrics. Post isolation <i>Salmonella</i> strains were identified and were tested for antibiotic resistance. <b>Results:</b> A total of 600 blood samples of typhoid suspected patients were tested, where 32.5% came out positive, which were identified as <i>Salmonella typhi</i>. These isolates were susceptible to carbapenem drugs but highly resistant to Fluoroquinolones and Aminoglycosides antibiotics. <b>Discussion:</b> It was seen that 73.23% of isolates among male patients were extensively drug-resistant (XDR) meaning that isolates were sensitive against only one or two antibiotics while in the female it was 58.46%. Isolates from Female patients showed higher multi-drug resistant (MDR) (26.15%) isolates resistance to multiple antibiotics in comparison to isolates from the male (16.54%). 87.19% of the strains showed high drug resistance (XDR and MDR). <b>Conclusion:</b> The emergence of XDR and MDR strains of <i>S. typhi</i> in recent years is becoming a significant threat. Although no PAN-Drug resistance (resistant against all tested drugs) was observed in the current study, a high level of XDR and MDR isolates are indicating that the scenario might take place sooner than later.展开更多
文摘互联网电视(over the top,OTT)视频业务逐渐成为最流行的在线业务之一,然而网络视频往往由于网络质量差、服务平台过载等原因,出现播放失败、卡顿次数增加、缓冲时间过长等质量问题,导致用户感知质量(quality of experience,QoE)下降.因此,运营商需要精确评估和掌握用户在使用网络视频业务过程中的质量体验,以便提前发现质量问题,进一步开展网络和业务优化工作.为了解决该问题,提出一种基于用户呼叫/事务/会话记录数据(extend data record,XDR)的无参考网络视频质量评估方法.该方法从大量XDR数据中提取出与视频质量相关性高的少量信息,将大规模、低价值的XDR话单数据转化为高价值、小规模的视频质量特征信息,有利于后续人工智能算法的应用和视频业务质量评价,降低进一步数据挖掘的资源成本,提升机器学习的输入样本质量和QoE评价结果的准确性.实验表明:使用该方法提取后的数据进行QoE预测,得到的预测结果在准确性方面明显优于目前基于原始XDR数据的QoE机器学习评估方法.
文摘Background & Objectives: Emergence of drug resistant Tuberculosis (TB) is a major obstacle in the TB control programme of Bangladesh. This study was carried out to detect pre-extensively drug resistant TB (pre-XDR-TB) cases among the multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients in Bangladesh, as the early detection of pre-XDR-TB can guide clinicians in the appropriate modification of MDR-TB treatment regimen with effective drugs to prevent treatment failure. Methodology: A total of 68 MDR-TB cases were enrolled in this study. Multiplex Real-time PCR was done to detect pre-XDR-TB cases directly from sputum samples of MDR-TB patients. Results: Out of 68 MDR-TB cases 11 (16.18%) cases were detected as pre-XDR-TB. The resistant profile of the 11 pre-XDR-TB revealed 9 (81.82%) cases of fluoroquinolone (FLQ) resistant pre-XDR-TB and 2 (18.18%) cases of injectable second line (ISL) agent resistant pre-XDR-TB. Out of 11 pre-XDR-TB cases 7 (63.64%) cases had history of taking treatment for MDR-TB regularly, 1 (9.09%) case had history of taking treatment for MDR-TB irregularly and 3 (27.27%) cases had no history of taking treatment for MDR-TB. Conclusion: This study encountered a high rate of pre-XDR-TB cases along with a significant number of primarily resistant bacilli which is of concern in the management of MDR-TB. It is evident that Bangladesh is in urgent need to device strategies for rapid and early detection of pre-XDR-TB in order to prevent treatment failure of MDR-TB cases and also to halt the progression of MDR-TB cases to extensively drug resistant TB (XDR-TB), which is not only difficult but also very expensive to treat.
文摘Background: Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is a serious problem in public health and XDR-TB patients usually develop from multi-drug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and pre-XDR-TB. The rapid molecular test for drug susceptibility testing (DST) can be used for early detection to prevent XDR-TB. Methods: We examined 34 clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) isolates from MDR/XDR-TB patients in the upper north of Thailand that were identified with drug susceptibility profiles by indirect agar proportion method from 2005-2012. Our study investigated the genetic mutations in gyrA for ofloxacin resistance and rrs for kanamycin resistance. The genetic mutations and drug susceptibility test results were analyzed using the exact test. Results: The majority of the ofloxacin resistance was detected in gyrA 21, gyrA 70, gyrA 87, gyrA 102, gyrA 162, and gyrA 187 were at 0%, 12.5%, 37.5%, 0%, 50.0% and 25.0% sensitivity, respectively, and at 96.2, 96.2%, 20.1%, 96.2%, 57.7% and 61.5% specificity, respectively. Kanamycin resistance was found in rrs 512, rrs 241, rrs 223, rrs 414 and rrs 408 at 16.7%, 0%, 0%, 16.7% and 16.7% sensitivity, respectively, and at 96.4%, 92.9%, 82.1%, 82.1% and 71.4% specificity, respectively. This study found no significant correlation between gyrA mutations and ofloxacin resistance and also no correlation between the rrs gene and kanamycin resistance. Conclusion: These primer sequences and PCR products in our study such as gyrA and rrs might be unsuitable to detect ofloxacin and kanamycin resistance in the upper north of Thailand.
文摘Background: Molecular diagnosis based on the detection of mutations conferring genetic drug resistance is useful for early diagnosis and treatment of Pre-XDR and XDR-TB patients. However, the study of mutation as a marker to predict Pre-XDR and XDR-TB is rare. Methods: Thirty-four Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates from MDR, Pre-XDR and XDR-TB patients in the upper north of Thailand, who had been identified for drug susceptibility using the indirect agar proportion method from 2005-2012, were examined for genetic site mutations of katG, inhA, and ahpC for isoniazid (INH) drug resistance, rpoB for rifampicin (RIF) drug resistance, gyrA for ofloxacin (OFX), and rrs for kanamycin (KAN). Associations between resistant genes and Pre-XDR and XDR-TB in the MDR patients were performed using exact probability tests. Univariable logistic regression was used to quantify the strength of association between the gene mutation with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the prevalence of Pre-XDR and XDR-TB in the MDR patients. Results: The mutations in the region of the rpoB gene at codon 445 (C445T) in the Pre-XDR or XDR-TB patients were significantly 20.6 times more prevalent among the MDR-TB patients. The inhA gene mutation at codon 114 (T114G) was also significantly 8.1 times more prevalent. Conclusion: The findings can be used to predict the odds of Pre-XDR and XDR-TB in MDR-TB patients, as a guide for prevention and treatments.
文摘We combined the new SensititreTM MYCOTB test with the MODS assay for detection of MDR- and XDR-TB. Categorical agreement of the MODS assay with the critical concentrations at 3 days of incubation was highest for INH (91.4%) and RIF (100%) and at 5 days 86.7% and 94.6% for the fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides, respectively. By combining these two methods, it is possible to identify MDR-TB in as little as 3 days and XDR- or pre-XDR-TB within 5 days.
文摘<b>Objective:</b> Almost all year round occurrence of typhoid fever remains a major public health issue in Bangladesh. In recent years, there has been a significant rise in the prevalence of multi-drug resistance <i>Salmonella typhi</i> in Dhaka city. The major objective of this study was to observe the prevalence of multi-drug and Extended drug-resistant patterns of typhoidal <i>Salmonella typhi</i> among the patients attending a tertiary medical center by conventional culture and serologic test. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Blood was collected by syringe and equally divided between aerobic & anaerobic BacT Alert bottle, 10 mL for paediatrics. Post isolation <i>Salmonella</i> strains were identified and were tested for antibiotic resistance. <b>Results:</b> A total of 600 blood samples of typhoid suspected patients were tested, where 32.5% came out positive, which were identified as <i>Salmonella typhi</i>. These isolates were susceptible to carbapenem drugs but highly resistant to Fluoroquinolones and Aminoglycosides antibiotics. <b>Discussion:</b> It was seen that 73.23% of isolates among male patients were extensively drug-resistant (XDR) meaning that isolates were sensitive against only one or two antibiotics while in the female it was 58.46%. Isolates from Female patients showed higher multi-drug resistant (MDR) (26.15%) isolates resistance to multiple antibiotics in comparison to isolates from the male (16.54%). 87.19% of the strains showed high drug resistance (XDR and MDR). <b>Conclusion:</b> The emergence of XDR and MDR strains of <i>S. typhi</i> in recent years is becoming a significant threat. Although no PAN-Drug resistance (resistant against all tested drugs) was observed in the current study, a high level of XDR and MDR isolates are indicating that the scenario might take place sooner than later.
