Organisms are capable of self-growth through the integration of the nutrients provided by the external environment.This process slows down when they grow.In this study,we mimicked this self-regulated growth via a simp...Organisms are capable of self-growth through the integration of the nutrients provided by the external environment.This process slows down when they grow.In this study,we mimicked this self-regulated growth via a simple swelling-polymerization strategy in which the stretching polymer chains in the original networks provide entropic elasticity to restrict growth in high growth cycles.Using typical covalently crosslinked polymers,such as acrylamide-based hydrogels and HBA-based elastomers,as examples,we demonstrate that the crosslinked polymers can absorb polymerizable compounds through a swelling-polymerization process to expand their sizes,but the growth extent becomes smaller with increasing growth cycle until reaching a plateau.In addition to their size,these materials become stiffer and exhibit less swelling ability in solvents.Our work not only provides a new growing mode to tune the properties of crosslinked polymers but also discloses the underlying mechanism of crosslinked polymers in multi-cyclic swelling conditions.展开更多
Heavy metal pollution poses serious risks to the human health and the natural environment,and there is an urgent need to develop efficient heavy metal removal technologies.The adsorption strategy is one of the most fa...Heavy metal pollution poses serious risks to the human health and the natural environment,and there is an urgent need to develop efficient heavy metal removal technologies.The adsorption strategy is one of the most famous strategies for the capture of heavy metal ions.In recent years,hyper crosslinked polymers(HCPs),a kind of hyper crosslinked porous material prepared by Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction,have attracted more and more attention because of their advantages of ultra-light framework,wide range of building monomers,easy modification and functionalization.This review focuses on the advances of HCPs in the efficient applications to the removal of heavy metal ions.The fundamentals are presented including physicochemical properties,adsorption mechanism,and preparation strategies.Subsequently,the application and influencing factors of HCPs toward heavy metal ion adsorption are discussed in detail.Furthermore,the opportunities and challenges of HCPs in this promising research field are summarized and anticipated.We are convinced that the advanced HCP-based materials will make further contributions to heavy metal removal in wastewater treatment,further paving the way of advancing researches in this field.展开更多
High-temperature performance of energy storage dielectric polymers is desired for many electronics and electrical applications,but the trade-off between energy density and temperature stability remains fundamentally c...High-temperature performance of energy storage dielectric polymers is desired for many electronics and electrical applications,but the trade-off between energy density and temperature stability remains fundamentally challenging.Here,we report a general material design strategy to enhance energy storage performance at high temperatures by crosslinking a polar polymer and a high glass-transition temperature polymer as a crosslinked binary blend.Such crosslinked binary polymers display a temperature-insensitive and high energy density behavior of about6.2~8.5 J cm^(-3) up to 110℃,showing a significant enhancement in thermal resistant properties and consequently outperforming most of the other ferroelectric polymers.Further microstructural investigations reveal that the improved thermal stability stems from the confinement effect on conformational motion of the crosslinking network,which is evidenced by the increased rigid amorphous fraction and steady intermolecular distance of amorphous regions from temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction results.Our findings provide a general and straightforward strategy to attain temperature-stable,high-energy-density polymer-based dielectrics for energy storage capacitors.展开更多
Corresponding author’s name was incorrectly written as“Dadang Guo”instead of“Dagang Guo”.The correct author name should be“Dagang Guo”.The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
Solid polymer electrolytes(SPEs)have attracted much attention for their safety,ease of packaging,costeffectiveness,excellent flexibility and stability.Poly-dioxolane(PDOL)is one of the most promising matrix materials ...Solid polymer electrolytes(SPEs)have attracted much attention for their safety,ease of packaging,costeffectiveness,excellent flexibility and stability.Poly-dioxolane(PDOL)is one of the most promising matrix materials of SPEs due to its remarkable compatibility with lithium metal anodes(LMAs)and suitability for in-situ polymerization.However,poor thermal stability,insufficient ionic conductivity and narrow electrochemical stability window(ESW)hinder its further application in lithium metal batteries(LMBs).To ameliorate these problems,we have successfully synthesized a polymerized-ionic-liquid(PIL)monomer named DIMTFSI by modifying DOL with imidazolium cation coupled with TFSI^(-)anion,which simultaneously inherits the lipophilicity of DOL,high ionic conductivity of imidazole,and excellent stability of PILs.Then the tridentate crosslinker trimethylolpropane tris[3-(2-methyl-1-aziridine)propionate](TTMAP)was introduced to regulate the excessive Li^(+)-O coordination and prepare a flame-retardant SPE(DT-SPE)with prominent thermal stability,wide ESW,high ionic conductivity and abundant Lit transference numbers(t_(Li+)).As a result,the LiFePO_(4)|DT-SPE|Li cell exhibits a high initial discharge specific capacity of 149.60 mAh g^(-1)at 0.2C and 30℃with a capacity retention rate of 98.68%after 500 cycles.This work provides new insights into the structural design of PIL-based electrolytes for long-cycling LMBs with high safety and stability.展开更多
Xerostomia(dry mouth)is frequently experienced by patients treated with radiotherapy for head and neck cancers or with Sjögren’s syndrome,with no permanent cure existing for this debilitating condition.To this e...Xerostomia(dry mouth)is frequently experienced by patients treated with radiotherapy for head and neck cancers or with Sjögren’s syndrome,with no permanent cure existing for this debilitating condition.To this end,in vitro platforms are needed to test therapies directed at salivary(fluid-secreting)cells.However,since these are highly differentiated secretory cells,the maintenance of their differentiated state while expanding in numbers is challenging.In this study,the efficiency of three reversible thermo-ionically crosslinked gels:(1)alginate–gelatin(AG),(2)collagen-containing AG(AGC),and(3)hyaluronic acid-containing AG(AGHA),to recapitulate a native-like environment for human salivary gland(SG)cell expansion and 3D spheroid formation was compared.Although all gels were of mechanical properties comparable to human SG tissue(~11 kPa)and promoted the formation of 3D spheroids,AGHA gels produced larger(>100 cells/spheroid),viable(>93%),proliferative,and well-organized 3D SG spheroids while spatially and temporally maintaining the high expression of key SG proteins(aquaporin-5,NKCC1,ZO-1,α-amylase)for 14 days in culture.Moreover,the spheroids responded to agonist-induced stimulation by increasingα-amylase secretory granules.Here,we propose alternative lowcost,reproducible,and reversible AG-based 3D hydrogels that allow the facile and rapid retrieval of intact,highly viable 3D-SG spheroids.展开更多
With the growth of global protein demand and the development of plant-based foods,pea protein,as a low-allergenic,nutritionally balanced and environmentally friendly plant protein,has shown great potential in replacin...With the growth of global protein demand and the development of plant-based foods,pea protein,as a low-allergenic,nutritionally balanced and environmentally friendly plant protein,has shown great potential in replacing animal protein.Pea protein is mainly composed of globulin and albumin,with a protein content of 20%to 30%,and has a balanced amino acid composition,as well as being rich in minerals and dietary fiber.It also possesses good foaming,gelling,emulsifying and antioxidant functional properties.However,pea protein also has inherent defects that limit its application in the food industry.This article systematically reviews the extraction techniques,functional properties,modification methods and application fields of pea protein,and focuses on evaluating the effects of different extraction and modification strategies on protein yield and functional properties.Research shows that ultrasonic-assisted alkaline extraction can reduce solvent usage by 55%,shorten extraction time by 50%,and increase extraction rate by 12.51%;under optimized conditions,ultrafiltration membrane technology can achieve a protein purity of 91%.In terms of modification,ultrasonic treatment increases foaming capacity by 37.4%,and phenolic cross-linking increases gel strength from 3.0 kPa to 48 kPa.This article provides data support and theoretical reference for the efficient extraction and functional optimization of pea protein,and has promoting significance for its wide application in plant-based foods.展开更多
Silicon anodes have drawn ever-increasing attention in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) owing to their extremely high theoretical capacity and abundance in the earth. Despite promising advantages, the wide use of silicon a...Silicon anodes have drawn ever-increasing attention in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) owing to their extremely high theoretical capacity and abundance in the earth. Despite promising advantages, the wide use of silicon anodes in LIBs is highly hindered by their fast capacity fading and low Coulombic efficiency arising from their substantial volumetric variation(>300%). Herein, we report a novel aqueous hybrid gel binder for silicon anodes via crosslinking sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(NaCMC) by an inorganic crosslinker-sodium borate. Not only this gel polymer binder can chemically bond to silicon nanoparticle, but also the deformable framework of this crosslinked binder is capable of maintaining electrode integrity, thus buffering dramatic volume change of silicon. Consequently, the silicon anode with this gel binder exhibits good cycle life(1211.5 mAh/g after 600 cycles) and high initial Coulombic efficiency(88.95%).展开更多
The pyromellitic dianhydride（PMDA） crosslinked poly（vinyl alcohol）（PVA） was coated on top of the PAN ultrafiltration membrane to form a PVA/PAN composite PV membranes for wastewater desalination. The composite m...The pyromellitic dianhydride（PMDA） crosslinked poly（vinyl alcohol）（PVA） was coated on top of the PAN ultrafiltration membrane to form a PVA/PAN composite PV membranes for wastewater desalination. The composite membranes have high application value in industrial wastewater treatment. By varying the membrane fabrication parameters including the weight percent（wt%） of the PMDA, the crosslink temperature and duration, membrane with the best desalination performance was obtained. The composite membrane with a 2-lm-thick PVA selective layer containing 20 wt% of PMDA and being crosslinked at 100 °C for 2 h showed the highest Na Cl rejection of 99.98% with a water flux of 32.26 L/（m^2 h）at 70 °C using the 35,000 ppm Na Cl aqueous solution as feed. FTIR spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscope have been used to characterize the structures and properties of both the crosslinked PVA dense films and PVA/PAN composite membranes. The effects of the concentrations of PMDA,the crosslinking time and temperature to the membrane water contact angle, swelling degree, salt rejection and water flux were systematically studied.展开更多
Full polysaccharide crosslinked-chitosan membranes were prepared by crosslinking of chitosan with chitosan dialdehyde followed by reduction with sodium borohydride. Partially oxidized chitosan, generated from periodat...Full polysaccharide crosslinked-chitosan membranes were prepared by crosslinking of chitosan with chitosan dialdehyde followed by reduction with sodium borohydride. Partially oxidized chitosan, generated from periodate oxidation of chitosan, was used as a crosslinker. The modulus values and elongation at break were increased with increasing the crosslinker weight ratio. The rheological measurements showed that depolymerization of chitosan can take place rapidly in the presence of the oxidizing agent. The weight reduction of crosslinked-chitosan membrane after 12 h, at pH = 4 and pH = 2 was found to be 85.0% and 90.0%, respectively. The structure of the crosslinked-chitosan and the silver nanocomposite were confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and thermogravimetric analysis （TGA）. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM） reveals the presence of well-separated Ag nanoparticles with diameters in the range of 4-10 nm. The silver ion loading increases with increasing the silver ion concentration, and decreasing the crosslink density. The MBC/MIC ratio of 2.0, 2.0, and 1.0 was achieved for E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa, respectively.展开更多
Crosslinked chitosan-based nanofibers were successfully prepared via clectrospinning technique with heat mediated chemical crosslinldng followed. The structure, morphology and mechanical property of nanofibers were ch...Crosslinked chitosan-based nanofibers were successfully prepared via clectrospinning technique with heat mediated chemical crosslinldng followed. The structure, morphology and mechanical property of nanofibers were characterized by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （ATR-FTIR）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, Instron rnachine, respectively. The results showed that, nanofibers exhibited a smooth surface and regular morphology, and tensile strength of nanofibers improved with increasing of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate （TEGDMA） content.展开更多
Monodisperse crosslinked poly(chloromethylstyrene-co-divinylbenzene)(poly(CMSt-co-DVB))microsphereswere prepared by distillation-precipitation copolymerization of chloromethylstyrene(CMSt)and divinylbenzene(DVB)inneat...Monodisperse crosslinked poly(chloromethylstyrene-co-divinylbenzene)(poly(CMSt-co-DVB))microsphereswere prepared by distillation-precipitation copolymerization of chloromethylstyrene(CMSt)and divinylbenzene(DVB)inneat acetonitrile.The polymer particles had clean surfaces due to the absence of any added stabilizer.The size of the particlesranges from 2.59 μm to 3.19 μm and with mono-dispersity around 1.002-1.014.The effects of monomer feed incopolymerization on the microsphere formation were described.The polymer microspheres were characterized by SEM andchlorinity elemental analysis.展开更多
AIM：To strengthen the biomechanics of collagen by crosslinking rabbit scleral collagen with genipin to develop a new therapy for preventing myopic progression. METHODS：Ten New Zealand rabbits were treated with 0.5 m...AIM：To strengthen the biomechanics of collagen by crosslinking rabbit scleral collagen with genipin to develop a new therapy for preventing myopic progression. METHODS：Ten New Zealand rabbits were treated with 0.5 mmol/L genipin injected into the sub-Tenon＇s capsule in the right eyes. Untreated contralateral eyes served as the control. The treated area was cut into scleral strips measuring 4.0 mm×10.0 mm for stress-strain measurements（n=5）. The remaining five treated eyes were prepared for histological examination.RESULTS：Compared to the untreated scleral strips,the genipin-crosslinked scleral strips showed that the ultimate stress and Young＇s modulus at 10% strain were increased by the amplitude of 130% and 303% respectively,ultimate strain was decreased by 24%. There had no α-smooth muscle actin（α-SMA）positive cells in control and treated sclera. Histologically,there was no sign of apoptosis in the sclera,choroid,and retina; and no side effects were found in the peripheral cornea and optic nerve adjacent to the treatment area.CONCLUSION：Genipin induced crosslinking of collagen can increase its biomechanical behavior by direct strengthening of the extracellular matrix in rabbit sclera,with no α-SMA expression seen in the myofibroblasts. As there is no evidence of cytotoxicity in the scleral,choroidal,and retinal cells,genipin is likely a promising agent to strengthen the weakened sclera to prevent myopic progression.展开更多
The adsorption properties of the Pb(Ⅱ)-Cd(Ⅱ) double-imprinted electrospun crosslinked chitosan nanofibers(Pd/Cd-DIECCNs) prepared by electropspinning and imprinting process for the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ) from ...The adsorption properties of the Pb(Ⅱ)-Cd(Ⅱ) double-imprinted electrospun crosslinked chitosan nanofibers(Pd/Cd-DIECCNs) prepared by electropspinning and imprinting process for the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions were investigated. The prepared nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM) analysis. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the minimum fiber average diameter was obtained 110 nm. Then the adsorption experiments were carried out to study the effect of different adsorption parameters, such as pH, the ratio between Pb(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ)in the mixed solutions, contact time, the Pd/Cd-DIECCNs dose and temperature in a batch system. The Extended Langmuir model was applied to describe the equilibrium data of Pb(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ). The maximum adsorption capacities of the Pd/Cd-DIECCNs arrived at 567 mg/g for Pb(Ⅱ) and 341 mg/g for Cd(Ⅱ), respectively.展开更多
A novel method to prepare crosslinked polyethyleneimine （CPEI） hollow nanospheres was reported. Uniform silica nanospheres were used as templates, 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane （APS） was immobilized on the surfac...A novel method to prepare crosslinked polyethyleneimine （CPEI） hollow nanospheres was reported. Uniform silica nanospheres were used as templates, 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane （APS） was immobilized on the surface of silica nanospheres as couple agent. Aziridine was initiated ring-opening polymerization with the amino groups in APS to form polyethyleneimine （PEI） shell layer. 1,4-Butanediol diacrylate was utilized to crosslink PEI polymeric shell. The silica nanospheres in core were etched by hydrofluoric acid to obtain hollow CPEI nanospheres. The hollow nanospheres were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and thermogravimetric analysis （TGA）.展开更多
MXene is a novel 2D lamellar material with excellent hydrophilicity and permselectivity.MXene was introduced in the P84 polymer matrix and the matrix was crosslinked with triethylenetetramine(TETA)to improve the perms...MXene is a novel 2D lamellar material with excellent hydrophilicity and permselectivity.MXene was introduced in the P84 polymer matrix and the matrix was crosslinked with triethylenetetramine(TETA)to improve the permselectivity and solvent resistance of the polyimide membrane.The membrane was characterized with SEM,AFM and ATR-FTIR,and effects of MXene content on the membrane morphology and separation performance are investigated.The membrane prepared with 18%P84 and 1%MXene shows high rejection(100%)to gentian violet(408)and high flux(268 L·m^-2·h^-1)at 0.1 MPa and ambient temperature.MXene endows the membrane with much water channel and denser functional layer which improves the membrane performance obviously.The membrane shows excellent solvent resistance to dimethylformamide(DMF),acetone and methanol after crosslinking with TETA during the 18 days of immersion.展开更多
In this study a series of chemically crosslinked chitosan/poly（ethylene glycol） （CS/PEG） composite membranes were prepared with PEG as a crosslinking reagent other than an additional blend. First, carboxyl-eapped ...In this study a series of chemically crosslinked chitosan/poly（ethylene glycol） （CS/PEG） composite membranes were prepared with PEG as a crosslinking reagent other than an additional blend. First, carboxyl-eapped poly（ethylene glycol） （HOOC-PEG-COOH） was synthesized. Dense CS/PEG composite membranes were then prepared by casting/evaporation of CS and HOOC-PEG-COOH mixture in acetic acid solution. Chitosan was chemically crosslinked due to the amidation between the carboxyl in HOOC-PEG-COOH and the amino in chitosan under heating, as confirmed by FTIR analysis. The hydrophilicity, water-resistance and mechanical properties of pure and crosslinked chitosan membranes were characterized, respectively. The results of water contact angle and water absorption showed that the hydrophilicity of chitosan membranes could be significantly improved, while no significant difference of weight loss between pure chitosan membranes and crosslinked ones was detected, indicating that composite membranes with amidation crosslinking possess excellent water resistanance ability. Moreover, the tensile strength of chitosan membranes could be significantly enhanced with the addition of certain amount of HOOC-PEG-COOH crosslinker, while the elongation at break didn＇t degrade at the same time. Additionally, the results of swelling behaviors in water at different pH suggested that the composite membranes were pH sensitive.展开更多
Poor cycling performance caused by the shuttle effect of polysulfides is the main obstacle in the development of advanced lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries.Functional polymer binders with polar groups can effectively adso...Poor cycling performance caused by the shuttle effect of polysulfides is the main obstacle in the development of advanced lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries.Functional polymer binders with polar groups can effectively adsorb polysulfides chemically,thereby suppressing the shuttle effect.Herein,a robust three-dimensional crosslinked polymer network,which demonstrates excellent mechanical property and strong affinity for polysulfides,is prepared by the aldimine condensation and coordination reactions.The crosslinked chitosan sulfate network(CCSN)significantly enhances the cycling performance and rate capability of the sulfur cathode.The CCSN-based sulfur cathode exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 824 m Ah g^(-1) with only 0.082%average capacity loss per cycle at 1 C.At a high rate of 4 C,the cathode exhibits a high capacity retention of 84.8%after 300 cycles.Moreover,the CCSN-based sulfur cathode exhibits an excellent cycling performance at a high sulfur loading of 2.5 mg cm^(-2),which indicates the excellent mechanical strength and binding performance of the CCSN binder for high-energy density Li-S batteries.This study demonstrates a viable approach for developing high-performance Li-S batteries for practical application.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52203135 and 52273206)Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(No.GZC20230372)+4 种基金Huzhou Science and Technology Program Projects(No.2023GZ18)Zhejiang Postdoctoral Research Project(No.ZJ2023133)Science and Technology Cooperation Fund Program of Chengdu-Chinese Academy of ScienceHunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.2021JJ10029)Huxiang High-level Talent Gathering Project(No.2022RC4039)。
文摘Organisms are capable of self-growth through the integration of the nutrients provided by the external environment.This process slows down when they grow.In this study,we mimicked this self-regulated growth via a simple swelling-polymerization strategy in which the stretching polymer chains in the original networks provide entropic elasticity to restrict growth in high growth cycles.Using typical covalently crosslinked polymers,such as acrylamide-based hydrogels and HBA-based elastomers,as examples,we demonstrate that the crosslinked polymers can absorb polymerizable compounds through a swelling-polymerization process to expand their sizes,but the growth extent becomes smaller with increasing growth cycle until reaching a plateau.In addition to their size,these materials become stiffer and exhibit less swelling ability in solvents.Our work not only provides a new growing mode to tune the properties of crosslinked polymers but also discloses the underlying mechanism of crosslinked polymers in multi-cyclic swelling conditions.
基金supported by Innovation Platform(Base)and Talent Special Project,Jilin Provincial Science&Technology Department,China(No.20230508033RC)。
文摘Heavy metal pollution poses serious risks to the human health and the natural environment,and there is an urgent need to develop efficient heavy metal removal technologies.The adsorption strategy is one of the most famous strategies for the capture of heavy metal ions.In recent years,hyper crosslinked polymers(HCPs),a kind of hyper crosslinked porous material prepared by Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction,have attracted more and more attention because of their advantages of ultra-light framework,wide range of building monomers,easy modification and functionalization.This review focuses on the advances of HCPs in the efficient applications to the removal of heavy metal ions.The fundamentals are presented including physicochemical properties,adsorption mechanism,and preparation strategies.Subsequently,the application and influencing factors of HCPs toward heavy metal ion adsorption are discussed in detail.Furthermore,the opportunities and challenges of HCPs in this promising research field are summarized and anticipated.We are convinced that the advanced HCP-based materials will make further contributions to heavy metal removal in wastewater treatment,further paving the way of advancing researches in this field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52207031)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2020YFA0710500)。
文摘High-temperature performance of energy storage dielectric polymers is desired for many electronics and electrical applications,but the trade-off between energy density and temperature stability remains fundamentally challenging.Here,we report a general material design strategy to enhance energy storage performance at high temperatures by crosslinking a polar polymer and a high glass-transition temperature polymer as a crosslinked binary blend.Such crosslinked binary polymers display a temperature-insensitive and high energy density behavior of about6.2~8.5 J cm^(-3) up to 110℃,showing a significant enhancement in thermal resistant properties and consequently outperforming most of the other ferroelectric polymers.Further microstructural investigations reveal that the improved thermal stability stems from the confinement effect on conformational motion of the crosslinking network,which is evidenced by the increased rigid amorphous fraction and steady intermolecular distance of amorphous regions from temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction results.Our findings provide a general and straightforward strategy to attain temperature-stable,high-energy-density polymer-based dielectrics for energy storage capacitors.
文摘Corresponding author’s name was incorrectly written as“Dadang Guo”instead of“Dagang Guo”.The correct author name should be“Dagang Guo”.The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFE0207300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.22179142 and 22075314)+1 种基金Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(Grant No.2024ZB051 and 2023ZB836)the technical support for Nano-X from Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(SINANO).
文摘Solid polymer electrolytes(SPEs)have attracted much attention for their safety,ease of packaging,costeffectiveness,excellent flexibility and stability.Poly-dioxolane(PDOL)is one of the most promising matrix materials of SPEs due to its remarkable compatibility with lithium metal anodes(LMAs)and suitability for in-situ polymerization.However,poor thermal stability,insufficient ionic conductivity and narrow electrochemical stability window(ESW)hinder its further application in lithium metal batteries(LMBs).To ameliorate these problems,we have successfully synthesized a polymerized-ionic-liquid(PIL)monomer named DIMTFSI by modifying DOL with imidazolium cation coupled with TFSI^(-)anion,which simultaneously inherits the lipophilicity of DOL,high ionic conductivity of imidazole,and excellent stability of PILs.Then the tridentate crosslinker trimethylolpropane tris[3-(2-methyl-1-aziridine)propionate](TTMAP)was introduced to regulate the excessive Li^(+)-O coordination and prepare a flame-retardant SPE(DT-SPE)with prominent thermal stability,wide ESW,high ionic conductivity and abundant Lit transference numbers(t_(Li+)).As a result,the LiFePO_(4)|DT-SPE|Li cell exhibits a high initial discharge specific capacity of 149.60 mAh g^(-1)at 0.2C and 30℃with a capacity retention rate of 98.68%after 500 cycles.This work provides new insights into the structural design of PIL-based electrolytes for long-cycling LMBs with high safety and stability.
基金support from Fonds de Recherche du Québec Santé(FRQS,grant no.281271)support from FRQS doctoral award #304367funding from CFI,Rheolution Inc.,and Investissement Québec.
文摘Xerostomia(dry mouth)is frequently experienced by patients treated with radiotherapy for head and neck cancers or with Sjögren’s syndrome,with no permanent cure existing for this debilitating condition.To this end,in vitro platforms are needed to test therapies directed at salivary(fluid-secreting)cells.However,since these are highly differentiated secretory cells,the maintenance of their differentiated state while expanding in numbers is challenging.In this study,the efficiency of three reversible thermo-ionically crosslinked gels:(1)alginate–gelatin(AG),(2)collagen-containing AG(AGC),and(3)hyaluronic acid-containing AG(AGHA),to recapitulate a native-like environment for human salivary gland(SG)cell expansion and 3D spheroid formation was compared.Although all gels were of mechanical properties comparable to human SG tissue(~11 kPa)and promoted the formation of 3D spheroids,AGHA gels produced larger(>100 cells/spheroid),viable(>93%),proliferative,and well-organized 3D SG spheroids while spatially and temporally maintaining the high expression of key SG proteins(aquaporin-5,NKCC1,ZO-1,α-amylase)for 14 days in culture.Moreover,the spheroids responded to agonist-induced stimulation by increasingα-amylase secretory granules.Here,we propose alternative lowcost,reproducible,and reversible AG-based 3D hydrogels that allow the facile and rapid retrieval of intact,highly viable 3D-SG spheroids.
文摘With the growth of global protein demand and the development of plant-based foods,pea protein,as a low-allergenic,nutritionally balanced and environmentally friendly plant protein,has shown great potential in replacing animal protein.Pea protein is mainly composed of globulin and albumin,with a protein content of 20%to 30%,and has a balanced amino acid composition,as well as being rich in minerals and dietary fiber.It also possesses good foaming,gelling,emulsifying and antioxidant functional properties.However,pea protein also has inherent defects that limit its application in the food industry.This article systematically reviews the extraction techniques,functional properties,modification methods and application fields of pea protein,and focuses on evaluating the effects of different extraction and modification strategies on protein yield and functional properties.Research shows that ultrasonic-assisted alkaline extraction can reduce solvent usage by 55%,shorten extraction time by 50%,and increase extraction rate by 12.51%;under optimized conditions,ultrafiltration membrane technology can achieve a protein purity of 91%.In terms of modification,ultrasonic treatment increases foaming capacity by 37.4%,and phenolic cross-linking increases gel strength from 3.0 kPa to 48 kPa.This article provides data support and theoretical reference for the efficient extraction and functional optimization of pea protein,and has promoting significance for its wide application in plant-based foods.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51602250)Thousand Youth Talents Plan Project of China
文摘Silicon anodes have drawn ever-increasing attention in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) owing to their extremely high theoretical capacity and abundance in the earth. Despite promising advantages, the wide use of silicon anodes in LIBs is highly hindered by their fast capacity fading and low Coulombic efficiency arising from their substantial volumetric variation(>300%). Herein, we report a novel aqueous hybrid gel binder for silicon anodes via crosslinking sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(NaCMC) by an inorganic crosslinker-sodium borate. Not only this gel polymer binder can chemically bond to silicon nanoparticle, but also the deformable framework of this crosslinked binder is capable of maintaining electrode integrity, thus buffering dramatic volume change of silicon. Consequently, the silicon anode with this gel binder exhibits good cycle life(1211.5 mAh/g after 600 cycles) and high initial Coulombic efficiency(88.95%).
基金supported by the Higher Education and High-quality and World-class Universities (PY201618)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Contract Grant Number 51373014)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Contract Grant Number 51403012)
文摘The pyromellitic dianhydride（PMDA） crosslinked poly（vinyl alcohol）（PVA） was coated on top of the PAN ultrafiltration membrane to form a PVA/PAN composite PV membranes for wastewater desalination. The composite membranes have high application value in industrial wastewater treatment. By varying the membrane fabrication parameters including the weight percent（wt%） of the PMDA, the crosslink temperature and duration, membrane with the best desalination performance was obtained. The composite membrane with a 2-lm-thick PVA selective layer containing 20 wt% of PMDA and being crosslinked at 100 °C for 2 h showed the highest Na Cl rejection of 99.98% with a water flux of 32.26 L/（m^2 h）at 70 °C using the 35,000 ppm Na Cl aqueous solution as feed. FTIR spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscope have been used to characterize the structures and properties of both the crosslinked PVA dense films and PVA/PAN composite membranes. The effects of the concentrations of PMDA,the crosslinking time and temperature to the membrane water contact angle, swelling degree, salt rejection and water flux were systematically studied.
基金financially supported by the Iran National Science Foundation(INFS)(No.91001106)
文摘Full polysaccharide crosslinked-chitosan membranes were prepared by crosslinking of chitosan with chitosan dialdehyde followed by reduction with sodium borohydride. Partially oxidized chitosan, generated from periodate oxidation of chitosan, was used as a crosslinker. The modulus values and elongation at break were increased with increasing the crosslinker weight ratio. The rheological measurements showed that depolymerization of chitosan can take place rapidly in the presence of the oxidizing agent. The weight reduction of crosslinked-chitosan membrane after 12 h, at pH = 4 and pH = 2 was found to be 85.0% and 90.0%, respectively. The structure of the crosslinked-chitosan and the silver nanocomposite were confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and thermogravimetric analysis （TGA）. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM） reveals the presence of well-separated Ag nanoparticles with diameters in the range of 4-10 nm. The silver ion loading increases with increasing the silver ion concentration, and decreasing the crosslink density. The MBC/MIC ratio of 2.0, 2.0, and 1.0 was achieved for E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa, respectively.
文摘Crosslinked chitosan-based nanofibers were successfully prepared via clectrospinning technique with heat mediated chemical crosslinldng followed. The structure, morphology and mechanical property of nanofibers were characterized by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （ATR-FTIR）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, Instron rnachine, respectively. The results showed that, nanofibers exhibited a smooth surface and regular morphology, and tensile strength of nanofibers improved with increasing of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate （TEGDMA） content.
基金This work was funded by the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.20274018)Nankai University.
文摘Monodisperse crosslinked poly(chloromethylstyrene-co-divinylbenzene)(poly(CMSt-co-DVB))microsphereswere prepared by distillation-precipitation copolymerization of chloromethylstyrene(CMSt)and divinylbenzene(DVB)inneat acetonitrile.The polymer particles had clean surfaces due to the absence of any added stabilizer.The size of the particlesranges from 2.59 μm to 3.19 μm and with mono-dispersity around 1.002-1.014.The effects of monomer feed incopolymerization on the microsphere formation were described.The polymer microspheres were characterized by SEM andchlorinity elemental analysis.
基金Supported by Guangdong Province Science and Technology Projects(No.2007B031002001)
文摘AIM：To strengthen the biomechanics of collagen by crosslinking rabbit scleral collagen with genipin to develop a new therapy for preventing myopic progression. METHODS：Ten New Zealand rabbits were treated with 0.5 mmol/L genipin injected into the sub-Tenon＇s capsule in the right eyes. Untreated contralateral eyes served as the control. The treated area was cut into scleral strips measuring 4.0 mm×10.0 mm for stress-strain measurements（n=5）. The remaining five treated eyes were prepared for histological examination.RESULTS：Compared to the untreated scleral strips,the genipin-crosslinked scleral strips showed that the ultimate stress and Young＇s modulus at 10% strain were increased by the amplitude of 130% and 303% respectively,ultimate strain was decreased by 24%. There had no α-smooth muscle actin（α-SMA）positive cells in control and treated sclera. Histologically,there was no sign of apoptosis in the sclera,choroid,and retina; and no side effects were found in the peripheral cornea and optic nerve adjacent to the treatment area.CONCLUSION：Genipin induced crosslinking of collagen can increase its biomechanical behavior by direct strengthening of the extracellular matrix in rabbit sclera,with no α-SMA expression seen in the myofibroblasts. As there is no evidence of cytotoxicity in the scleral,choroidal,and retinal cells,genipin is likely a promising agent to strengthen the weakened sclera to prevent myopic progression.
基金supported by open project of Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules(No. K2017-8)
文摘The adsorption properties of the Pb(Ⅱ)-Cd(Ⅱ) double-imprinted electrospun crosslinked chitosan nanofibers(Pd/Cd-DIECCNs) prepared by electropspinning and imprinting process for the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions were investigated. The prepared nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM) analysis. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the minimum fiber average diameter was obtained 110 nm. Then the adsorption experiments were carried out to study the effect of different adsorption parameters, such as pH, the ratio between Pb(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ)in the mixed solutions, contact time, the Pd/Cd-DIECCNs dose and temperature in a batch system. The Extended Langmuir model was applied to describe the equilibrium data of Pb(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ). The maximum adsorption capacities of the Pd/Cd-DIECCNs arrived at 567 mg/g for Pb(Ⅱ) and 341 mg/g for Cd(Ⅱ), respectively.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(National 973 program,No.2005 CB623903).
文摘A novel method to prepare crosslinked polyethyleneimine （CPEI） hollow nanospheres was reported. Uniform silica nanospheres were used as templates, 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane （APS） was immobilized on the surface of silica nanospheres as couple agent. Aziridine was initiated ring-opening polymerization with the amino groups in APS to form polyethyleneimine （PEI） shell layer. 1,4-Butanediol diacrylate was utilized to crosslink PEI polymeric shell. The silica nanospheres in core were etched by hydrofluoric acid to obtain hollow CPEI nanospheres. The hollow nanospheres were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and thermogravimetric analysis （TGA）.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(51503089)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(DUT18JC07,DUT18RC(4)061)
文摘MXene is a novel 2D lamellar material with excellent hydrophilicity and permselectivity.MXene was introduced in the P84 polymer matrix and the matrix was crosslinked with triethylenetetramine(TETA)to improve the permselectivity and solvent resistance of the polyimide membrane.The membrane was characterized with SEM,AFM and ATR-FTIR,and effects of MXene content on the membrane morphology and separation performance are investigated.The membrane prepared with 18%P84 and 1%MXene shows high rejection(100%)to gentian violet(408)and high flux(268 L·m^-2·h^-1)at 0.1 MPa and ambient temperature.MXene endows the membrane with much water channel and denser functional layer which improves the membrane performance obviously.The membrane shows excellent solvent resistance to dimethylformamide(DMF),acetone and methanol after crosslinking with TETA during the 18 days of immersion.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51073103,51273125 and 30800223)S&T Pillar Program of Sichuan Province,China(No.2011GZ0109)
文摘In this study a series of chemically crosslinked chitosan/poly（ethylene glycol） （CS/PEG） composite membranes were prepared with PEG as a crosslinking reagent other than an additional blend. First, carboxyl-eapped poly（ethylene glycol） （HOOC-PEG-COOH） was synthesized. Dense CS/PEG composite membranes were then prepared by casting/evaporation of CS and HOOC-PEG-COOH mixture in acetic acid solution. Chitosan was chemically crosslinked due to the amidation between the carboxyl in HOOC-PEG-COOH and the amino in chitosan under heating, as confirmed by FTIR analysis. The hydrophilicity, water-resistance and mechanical properties of pure and crosslinked chitosan membranes were characterized, respectively. The results of water contact angle and water absorption showed that the hydrophilicity of chitosan membranes could be significantly improved, while no significant difference of weight loss between pure chitosan membranes and crosslinked ones was detected, indicating that composite membranes with amidation crosslinking possess excellent water resistanance ability. Moreover, the tensile strength of chitosan membranes could be significantly enhanced with the addition of certain amount of HOOC-PEG-COOH crosslinker, while the elongation at break didn＇t degrade at the same time. Additionally, the results of swelling behaviors in water at different pH suggested that the composite membranes were pH sensitive.
基金financially supported by the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(202002030307)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2019A1515010595 and 2019A1515111030)+1 种基金the International Cooperative Research Program of Shenzhen(GJHZ20180411143536149)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power(2018B030322001)。
文摘Poor cycling performance caused by the shuttle effect of polysulfides is the main obstacle in the development of advanced lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries.Functional polymer binders with polar groups can effectively adsorb polysulfides chemically,thereby suppressing the shuttle effect.Herein,a robust three-dimensional crosslinked polymer network,which demonstrates excellent mechanical property and strong affinity for polysulfides,is prepared by the aldimine condensation and coordination reactions.The crosslinked chitosan sulfate network(CCSN)significantly enhances the cycling performance and rate capability of the sulfur cathode.The CCSN-based sulfur cathode exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 824 m Ah g^(-1) with only 0.082%average capacity loss per cycle at 1 C.At a high rate of 4 C,the cathode exhibits a high capacity retention of 84.8%after 300 cycles.Moreover,the CCSN-based sulfur cathode exhibits an excellent cycling performance at a high sulfur loading of 2.5 mg cm^(-2),which indicates the excellent mechanical strength and binding performance of the CCSN binder for high-energy density Li-S batteries.This study demonstrates a viable approach for developing high-performance Li-S batteries for practical application.
