采用室外定点观察,子实体诱导及r DNA ITS、MS204、tef1-α3种分子标记进行系统发育分析等方法,对板栗褐缘叶枯病Phomopsis castaneae-mollissimae的协同致病菌板栗蛇孢日规壳Ophiognomonia castaneae的生活史进行了研究。结果表明,每年...采用室外定点观察,子实体诱导及r DNA ITS、MS204、tef1-α3种分子标记进行系统发育分析等方法,对板栗褐缘叶枯病Phomopsis castaneae-mollissimae的协同致病菌板栗蛇孢日规壳Ophiognomonia castaneae的生活史进行了研究。结果表明,每年7月下旬至8月初叶片发病初期很少分离到O.castaneae,随着病斑扩大该菌的分离频率逐渐增大,至发病后期其分离频率可高达78.5%,甚至可超过致病菌P.castaneae-mollissimae,10月下旬板栗落叶背面的病斑上开始形成O.castaneae的分生孢子盘,11月下旬开始形成O.castaneae的子囊壳原基,次年5、6月越冬落叶背面的病斑上长出子囊壳;带病斑的叶片经室内外诱导,0–25℃范围均可产生成熟子囊壳;湿度是决定子囊壳能否形成的关键因素,强光照不利于子囊壳的产生;分离物的菌丝体在PDA培养基上培养,易产生分生孢子;将分离物分为两种交配型,相互交配后6个月所有处理均未长出该菌的有性型子实体。室外定点观察及r DNA ITS、MS204、tef1-α3种分子标记表明分离物和病斑上的子囊孢子及其萌发菌丝为O.castaneae的不同生长发育阶段。展开更多
A new method CTAB-silica for DNA extraction and purification from the leaves and buds of Castanea mollissima and Ginkgo biloba was tested. The method is based on the silica-based purification protocol developed by Bo...A new method CTAB-silica for DNA extraction and purification from the leaves and buds of Castanea mollissima and Ginkgo biloba was tested. The method is based on the silica-based purification protocol developed by Boom et al. (1990). By modifying the protocol, plant genome DNA could be extracted easily from dormant buds, mature leaves, and other parts of plant. Our results showed that the purified DNA was of high purity and could be analyzed by PCR. Furthermore, this CTAB-silica method took much less time for a successful DNA purification process compared to the traditional methods (CTAB and SDS). By our method, the suitable DNA can be extracted and purified from over 10 plant samples by one person in an hour.展开更多
A new alkaloid, named 6-（2＇,3＇-dihydroxy-4＇-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-1＇-yl）cyclopentadiene[c]pyrrole-1,3-diol, was isolated from the seeds of Castanea mollissima Blume. The structure was elucidated based o...A new alkaloid, named 6-（2＇,3＇-dihydroxy-4＇-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-1＇-yl）cyclopentadiene[c]pyrrole-1,3-diol, was isolated from the seeds of Castanea mollissima Blume. The structure was elucidated based on spectroscopic evidence including 2D NMR techniques.展开更多
Cottonseed hull substrates blended with different ratios of Castanea mollissima Blume shell were prepared and used for the cultivation of Pleurotus geesteranus. The effects of the chestnut shell content on the mycelia...Cottonseed hull substrates blended with different ratios of Castanea mollissima Blume shell were prepared and used for the cultivation of Pleurotus geesteranus. The effects of the chestnut shell content on the mycelial growth rate, yield, nutritional composition and contents of heavy metals of the cultivated Pleurotus geesteranus were investigated. The results suggest that the Castanea mollissima Blume shell in substrate can increase the mycelial growth rate, yield, biological efficiency and the contents of protein, crude fiber, amino acids and essential amino acids of Pleurotus geesteranus. Further investigation suggests that the tannin and saponin in Castanea mollissima Blume shell and the C/N ratio of substrate significantly influence the mycelial growth rate. The crude fat content of Pleurotus geesteranus decreased, while the contents of heavy metals including mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) increased with the increase of the Castanea mollissima Blume shell content in substrate. Based on these results, the content of Castanea mollissima Blume shell was optimized to be less than 30% for the cultivation of Pleurotus geesteranus.展开更多
Genetic material originating from contrasting European chestnut (Castanea sativa) populations of Greece, Italy and Spain was evaluated in a common garden test situated in Greece. The aim of the study is to device an a...Genetic material originating from contrasting European chestnut (Castanea sativa) populations of Greece, Italy and Spain was evaluated in a common garden test situated in Greece. The aim of the study is to device an appropriate selection strategy by identifying and conserving superior genotypes for current and future use in breeding programs. Breeding material consisted of 143 open-pollinated families growing in a common garden provenance-progeny experimental trial. Growth trait genetic parameters were estimated and response to selection was evaluated using family, within family and combined selection methods. Two models were employed for the estimation of family variance and genetic parameters. The CVA varied between 12.1% and 67% among traits and models, showing an increasing trend with age. Heritability estimates were high;however their variation with age was irregular. Selection of superior families regarding three years of measurement for height, diameter, volume index and number of leaves showed a potential gain of 12% - 25%, 12% - 28%, 33% - 73% and 21% - 49% over the mean of all plants. Genetic gain for volume index was the highest among the traits studied and the joint model used presented a more effective selection strategy. Results indicate that the experimental trial studied presented substantial genetic variation and sufficient genetic gain opportunities for quantitative traits of economic importance. These findings suggest that inferior trees can be rogued from the experimental trial and a seedling seed orchard of Castanea sativa in Greece can be established.展开更多
目的评估原产北京市怀柔区的板栗样品在冷库贮藏期间真菌毒素的污染对北京市消费者的膳食暴露风险。方法分别从怀柔区产量最高的4个乡镇采集板栗样本,在冷库中贮藏1年,每1个月抽样1次,分别对21种真菌毒素含量进行测定。结合2002年北京...目的评估原产北京市怀柔区的板栗样品在冷库贮藏期间真菌毒素的污染对北京市消费者的膳食暴露风险。方法分别从怀柔区产量最高的4个乡镇采集板栗样本,在冷库中贮藏1年,每1个月抽样1次,分别对21种真菌毒素含量进行测定。结合2002年北京市居民膳食消费调查数据,分别使用点估计法、概率法和多种真菌毒素的累积风险评估建模方法评估不同性别食用人群的急、慢性膳食暴露风险。结果部分板栗样本的交链孢酚和交链孢酚单甲醚每日估计摄入量高于2.5 ng·kg^(–1)·bw·d^(-1),所有样本在整个贮藏期间的腾毒素和交链孢菌酮酸每日估计摄入量均没有超过1500 ng·kg^(–1)·bw·d^(-1),雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、伏马菌素B1、伏马菌素总量和玉米赤霉烯酮的每日估计摄入量/每日耐受摄入量均小于100。杂色曲霉素采用限量阈值(margin of exposure,MOE)进行分析,其结果大于10000。板栗样品真菌毒素共污染累积暴露风险评估,部分样本在贮藏到10个月左右时,其MOE低于100。结论所有品种的板栗样本贮藏9个月,真菌毒素对消费者无明显的风险,消费者可以放心食用。板栗贮藏到末期同时检出多种真菌毒素,可能会对人体产生健康风险,为进一步明确其风险,需要更多的毒理学数据。展开更多
锥栗是我国南方重要的木本粮食树种。为探究其响应不同程度干旱胁迫的分子机制,以锥栗幼苗为对象,设置对照组(土壤相对含水量80%~90%)以及干旱胁迫T2(土壤相对含水量40%~50%)和T4(土壤相对含水量20%~30%)两个处理组,采集叶片进行代谢组...锥栗是我国南方重要的木本粮食树种。为探究其响应不同程度干旱胁迫的分子机制,以锥栗幼苗为对象,设置对照组(土壤相对含水量80%~90%)以及干旱胁迫T2(土壤相对含水量40%~50%)和T4(土壤相对含水量20%~30%)两个处理组,采集叶片进行代谢组学分析。结果显示:CK vs T2处理的差异代谢物总数为128个,CK vs T4处理的差异代谢物总数为124个,T2 vs T4处理的差异代谢物总数为164个。在干旱胁迫10 d和20 d条件下共有极显著上调(P<0.01)的差异代谢物为衣康酸,判定其是锥栗抗干旱的关键代谢物质。通过代谢通路的影响因子总共筛选出14条主要通路,其中β-丙氨酸代谢与淀粉和蔗糖代谢是干旱胁迫10 d和20 d条件下共同存在的代谢通路,证明这2条代谢通路与锥栗抗旱性存在密切关联。研究结果可为深入研究锥栗的耐旱机制奠定理论基础。展开更多
为探究不同施肥配比对锥栗产量及果实品质的影响,以‘早香栗’盛产期大树为研究对象,选用复合肥(A)、尿素(B)、过磷酸钙(C)、硫酸钾(D)4种肥料,分别设置1.00 kg A(T1)、1.50 kg A(T2)、2.00 kg A(T3)、1.00 kg A+1.00 kg B(T4)、1.00 kg...为探究不同施肥配比对锥栗产量及果实品质的影响,以‘早香栗’盛产期大树为研究对象,选用复合肥(A)、尿素(B)、过磷酸钙(C)、硫酸钾(D)4种肥料,分别设置1.00 kg A(T1)、1.50 kg A(T2)、2.00 kg A(T3)、1.00 kg A+1.00 kg B(T4)、1.00 kg A+1.00 kg C(T5)、1.00 kg A+1.00 kg D(T6)、1.25 kg B+2.50 kg C+0.75 kg D(T7)、2.00 kg B+4.00 kg C+1.10 kg D(T8)共8种施肥组合,以不施肥作对照(CK),在浙江省庆元县锥栗园区开展施肥试验,并对施肥前后锥栗园区的土壤理化性质、树体生长、产量及果实品质性状进行测定和统计分析,综合评选出最佳施肥组合。结果表明,施肥处理能明显改善土壤板结现象,提升土壤理化性质的综合水平;8种施肥处理下土壤孔隙度为58.98%~65.31%,土壤含水率较CK提升21.73%~83.77%,且土壤有机质、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均高于CK。施肥处理锥栗树体的生长及果实产量明显高于CK,其中,T4和T6处理的胸径较CK分别提高20.41%和24.49%;T8、T4和T6处理的单株产量较CK提升效果尤为显著,分别提高107.21%、76.52%和71.65%。施肥处理果实的淀粉、可溶性糖、钾及钙含量明显高于CK,其中,T6处理果实的淀粉含量较CK提高5.57%;T8处理的可溶性糖含量较CK提高47.09%;T7、T4和T6处理的钾含量较CK分别提高46.81%、49.13%和44.10%;T8和T7处理的钙含量较CK分别提高50.29%和22.13%。采用隶属函数值法计算不同施肥处理的锥栗产量及果实品质的综合得分,结果表明,T4(1.00 kg复合肥+1.00 kg尿素)和T6(1.00 kg复合肥+1.00 kg硫酸钾)处理对锥栗产量及果实品质的提升效果较好,综合表现优良。以上研究结果为锥栗科学施肥和高效生产提供了参考。展开更多
文摘采用室外定点观察,子实体诱导及r DNA ITS、MS204、tef1-α3种分子标记进行系统发育分析等方法,对板栗褐缘叶枯病Phomopsis castaneae-mollissimae的协同致病菌板栗蛇孢日规壳Ophiognomonia castaneae的生活史进行了研究。结果表明,每年7月下旬至8月初叶片发病初期很少分离到O.castaneae,随着病斑扩大该菌的分离频率逐渐增大,至发病后期其分离频率可高达78.5%,甚至可超过致病菌P.castaneae-mollissimae,10月下旬板栗落叶背面的病斑上开始形成O.castaneae的分生孢子盘,11月下旬开始形成O.castaneae的子囊壳原基,次年5、6月越冬落叶背面的病斑上长出子囊壳;带病斑的叶片经室内外诱导,0–25℃范围均可产生成熟子囊壳;湿度是决定子囊壳能否形成的关键因素,强光照不利于子囊壳的产生;分离物的菌丝体在PDA培养基上培养,易产生分生孢子;将分离物分为两种交配型,相互交配后6个月所有处理均未长出该菌的有性型子实体。室外定点观察及r DNA ITS、MS204、tef1-α3种分子标记表明分离物和病斑上的子囊孢子及其萌发菌丝为O.castaneae的不同生长发育阶段。
文摘A new method CTAB-silica for DNA extraction and purification from the leaves and buds of Castanea mollissima and Ginkgo biloba was tested. The method is based on the silica-based purification protocol developed by Boom et al. (1990). By modifying the protocol, plant genome DNA could be extracted easily from dormant buds, mature leaves, and other parts of plant. Our results showed that the purified DNA was of high purity and could be analyzed by PCR. Furthermore, this CTAB-silica method took much less time for a successful DNA purification process compared to the traditional methods (CTAB and SDS). By our method, the suitable DNA can be extracted and purified from over 10 plant samples by one person in an hour.
文摘A new alkaloid, named 6-（2＇,3＇-dihydroxy-4＇-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-1＇-yl）cyclopentadiene[c]pyrrole-1,3-diol, was isolated from the seeds of Castanea mollissima Blume. The structure was elucidated based on spectroscopic evidence including 2D NMR techniques.
文摘Cottonseed hull substrates blended with different ratios of Castanea mollissima Blume shell were prepared and used for the cultivation of Pleurotus geesteranus. The effects of the chestnut shell content on the mycelial growth rate, yield, nutritional composition and contents of heavy metals of the cultivated Pleurotus geesteranus were investigated. The results suggest that the Castanea mollissima Blume shell in substrate can increase the mycelial growth rate, yield, biological efficiency and the contents of protein, crude fiber, amino acids and essential amino acids of Pleurotus geesteranus. Further investigation suggests that the tannin and saponin in Castanea mollissima Blume shell and the C/N ratio of substrate significantly influence the mycelial growth rate. The crude fat content of Pleurotus geesteranus decreased, while the contents of heavy metals including mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) increased with the increase of the Castanea mollissima Blume shell content in substrate. Based on these results, the content of Castanea mollissima Blume shell was optimized to be less than 30% for the cultivation of Pleurotus geesteranus.
文摘Genetic material originating from contrasting European chestnut (Castanea sativa) populations of Greece, Italy and Spain was evaluated in a common garden test situated in Greece. The aim of the study is to device an appropriate selection strategy by identifying and conserving superior genotypes for current and future use in breeding programs. Breeding material consisted of 143 open-pollinated families growing in a common garden provenance-progeny experimental trial. Growth trait genetic parameters were estimated and response to selection was evaluated using family, within family and combined selection methods. Two models were employed for the estimation of family variance and genetic parameters. The CVA varied between 12.1% and 67% among traits and models, showing an increasing trend with age. Heritability estimates were high;however their variation with age was irregular. Selection of superior families regarding three years of measurement for height, diameter, volume index and number of leaves showed a potential gain of 12% - 25%, 12% - 28%, 33% - 73% and 21% - 49% over the mean of all plants. Genetic gain for volume index was the highest among the traits studied and the joint model used presented a more effective selection strategy. Results indicate that the experimental trial studied presented substantial genetic variation and sufficient genetic gain opportunities for quantitative traits of economic importance. These findings suggest that inferior trees can be rogued from the experimental trial and a seedling seed orchard of Castanea sativa in Greece can be established.
文摘目的评估原产北京市怀柔区的板栗样品在冷库贮藏期间真菌毒素的污染对北京市消费者的膳食暴露风险。方法分别从怀柔区产量最高的4个乡镇采集板栗样本,在冷库中贮藏1年,每1个月抽样1次,分别对21种真菌毒素含量进行测定。结合2002年北京市居民膳食消费调查数据,分别使用点估计法、概率法和多种真菌毒素的累积风险评估建模方法评估不同性别食用人群的急、慢性膳食暴露风险。结果部分板栗样本的交链孢酚和交链孢酚单甲醚每日估计摄入量高于2.5 ng·kg^(–1)·bw·d^(-1),所有样本在整个贮藏期间的腾毒素和交链孢菌酮酸每日估计摄入量均没有超过1500 ng·kg^(–1)·bw·d^(-1),雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、伏马菌素B1、伏马菌素总量和玉米赤霉烯酮的每日估计摄入量/每日耐受摄入量均小于100。杂色曲霉素采用限量阈值(margin of exposure,MOE)进行分析,其结果大于10000。板栗样品真菌毒素共污染累积暴露风险评估,部分样本在贮藏到10个月左右时,其MOE低于100。结论所有品种的板栗样本贮藏9个月,真菌毒素对消费者无明显的风险,消费者可以放心食用。板栗贮藏到末期同时检出多种真菌毒素,可能会对人体产生健康风险,为进一步明确其风险,需要更多的毒理学数据。
文摘锥栗是我国南方重要的木本粮食树种。为探究其响应不同程度干旱胁迫的分子机制,以锥栗幼苗为对象,设置对照组(土壤相对含水量80%~90%)以及干旱胁迫T2(土壤相对含水量40%~50%)和T4(土壤相对含水量20%~30%)两个处理组,采集叶片进行代谢组学分析。结果显示:CK vs T2处理的差异代谢物总数为128个,CK vs T4处理的差异代谢物总数为124个,T2 vs T4处理的差异代谢物总数为164个。在干旱胁迫10 d和20 d条件下共有极显著上调(P<0.01)的差异代谢物为衣康酸,判定其是锥栗抗干旱的关键代谢物质。通过代谢通路的影响因子总共筛选出14条主要通路,其中β-丙氨酸代谢与淀粉和蔗糖代谢是干旱胁迫10 d和20 d条件下共同存在的代谢通路,证明这2条代谢通路与锥栗抗旱性存在密切关联。研究结果可为深入研究锥栗的耐旱机制奠定理论基础。
文摘为探究不同施肥配比对锥栗产量及果实品质的影响,以‘早香栗’盛产期大树为研究对象,选用复合肥(A)、尿素(B)、过磷酸钙(C)、硫酸钾(D)4种肥料,分别设置1.00 kg A(T1)、1.50 kg A(T2)、2.00 kg A(T3)、1.00 kg A+1.00 kg B(T4)、1.00 kg A+1.00 kg C(T5)、1.00 kg A+1.00 kg D(T6)、1.25 kg B+2.50 kg C+0.75 kg D(T7)、2.00 kg B+4.00 kg C+1.10 kg D(T8)共8种施肥组合,以不施肥作对照(CK),在浙江省庆元县锥栗园区开展施肥试验,并对施肥前后锥栗园区的土壤理化性质、树体生长、产量及果实品质性状进行测定和统计分析,综合评选出最佳施肥组合。结果表明,施肥处理能明显改善土壤板结现象,提升土壤理化性质的综合水平;8种施肥处理下土壤孔隙度为58.98%~65.31%,土壤含水率较CK提升21.73%~83.77%,且土壤有机质、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均高于CK。施肥处理锥栗树体的生长及果实产量明显高于CK,其中,T4和T6处理的胸径较CK分别提高20.41%和24.49%;T8、T4和T6处理的单株产量较CK提升效果尤为显著,分别提高107.21%、76.52%和71.65%。施肥处理果实的淀粉、可溶性糖、钾及钙含量明显高于CK,其中,T6处理果实的淀粉含量较CK提高5.57%;T8处理的可溶性糖含量较CK提高47.09%;T7、T4和T6处理的钾含量较CK分别提高46.81%、49.13%和44.10%;T8和T7处理的钙含量较CK分别提高50.29%和22.13%。采用隶属函数值法计算不同施肥处理的锥栗产量及果实品质的综合得分,结果表明,T4(1.00 kg复合肥+1.00 kg尿素)和T6(1.00 kg复合肥+1.00 kg硫酸钾)处理对锥栗产量及果实品质的提升效果较好,综合表现优良。以上研究结果为锥栗科学施肥和高效生产提供了参考。
