Apiaceae is one of the most important families in Apiales and includes many economically important vegetables and medicinal plants.The TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR 1/2(TCP)gene family plays ...Apiaceae is one of the most important families in Apiales and includes many economically important vegetables and medicinal plants.The TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR 1/2(TCP)gene family plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development,but it has not been widely studied in Apiaceae.In the present study,we identified 215 TCP family genes in six species of plant,of which 122 genes were present in three Apiaceae including 29 in celery(Apium graveolens),43 in coriander(Coriandrum sativum),and 50 in carrot(Daucus carota).Whole-genome duplication likely contributed to TCP gene family expansion in Apiaceae.There were more paralogs in carrot than in coriander and celery,which was attributable to the greater number of tandem and proximal duplicated genes on chromosome 1.Nine microRNAs were found to regulate 20 TCP genes in the three Apiaceae species,with miR-319 having the most target genes.Several TCP genes showed high expression in the root,petiole and leaf of celery and coriander.These results provide a basis for comparative and functional genomic analyses of TCP genes in Apiaceae and other plants.展开更多
The accumulation of nutrients and flavors are important factors that determine the consumption of tomato fruit.Carotenoids,polyphenol and vitamin C belong to antioxidant molecules and have been proven to regulate seve...The accumulation of nutrients and flavors are important factors that determine the consumption of tomato fruit.Carotenoids,polyphenol and vitamin C belong to antioxidant molecules and have been proven to regulate several biochemical processes and prevent many chronic diseases.In recent years,significant progress has been made in our understanding of the biosynthetic pathway and regulatory networks of these compounds in tomatoes.Numerous genes have been determined which promote the accumulation of these nutrients,such as SlNAC1,SlCCD,SlHY5.Meanwhile,since the mechanisms that control nutrient metabolism during fruit ripening are systematic and sophisticated,there are still many unknown factors that affect their content,which need to be further explored.In addition,not only are nutritional properties important,but flavor profiles play a core role in the market for tomato production.However,it is generally accepted by consumers that many tomato varieties have declined nutrient content and little flavor with people's pursuit of fruit yield and size.Hence,improving their levels are the main objectives of many breeding programs.In order to effectively enhance the nutritional and flavor quality of tomato fruits,we reviewed the critical steps in metabolic pathways of these important nutrients and flavor compounds,summarized key regulators for controlling the accumulation of these compounds,and hope to offer valuable candidate genes for the production of high-quality tomato fruits.展开更多
Chilling stress and continuous cropping obstacles limit sustainable production of watermelons under controlled environments.Grafting of watermelon scions onto resistant rootstocks is an effective strategy currently us...Chilling stress and continuous cropping obstacles limit sustainable production of watermelons under controlled environments.Grafting of watermelon scions onto resistant rootstocks is an effective strategy currently used to overcome these environment limitations.However,currently used commercial rootstocks adversely affect watermelon fruit quality.The chilling tolerance and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum race 1(FON1)resistance of seven Cucurbit germplasms,including four watermelon germplasms(M08,TC,YL,and MY),two muskmelon cultivars(JT1 and JSM),and one commercial Cucurbita rootstock(QZ1)of watermelon,were explored in the current study.The effects of the rootstocks of these germplasms on watermelon resistance to chilling stress and continuous cropping obstacles were evaluated.TC rootstock showed the highest chilling tolerance and increased chilling tolerance of watermelon scion.All Cucurbit germplasms showed higher resistance to FON1 than watermelon cultivar N5(control).Watermelons grafted onto QZ1 showed the lowest wilt incidence and highest fruit yield but had the worst fruit quality after planting on soils continuously cropped for 11 years.Watermelons grafted onto TC showed higher resistance and yield and the best fruit quality.These findings indicate that TC has a large potential for use in grafting watermelon planted in continuously cropped soils(<10 years).TC can also be used as breeding rootstocks to improve watermelon resistance against continuous cropping obstacles without compromising fruit quality.展开更多
The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of leaf shading,fruit shading,and a combination of both,on the accumulation of ascorbic acid(AsA)and the expression levels of AsA biosynthetic genes at the ...The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of leaf shading,fruit shading,and a combination of both,on the accumulation of ascorbic acid(AsA)and the expression levels of AsA biosynthetic genes at the immature green,mature green,breaker,and red ripe stages of Ailsa craig tomato during fruit development.Shading(72%reducing of light intensity)imposed on the leaves significantly reduced AsA content and AsA biosynthetic gene expression in the fruits.Leaf shading,fruit shading,and a combination of both significantly decreased the amount of total AsA and reduced AsA to a range of 18.5%−31.5%at mature green,breaker,and red ripe stages of tomato fruits,with no significant change at the immature green stage of fruits.Moreover,reducing the light intensity in tomato leaves,fruits or both resulted in reduced expression of most AsA biosynthetic genes in the fruits,except for PMM,cAPX,tAPX,and APX7 genes under leaf shading,GPI,PMI,PMM,GP1,GP2,cAPX,and tAPX genes under fruit shading,and PMM,cAPX,APX1,and APX7 genes under both shading.The expression level of GMP,GP1,and GalDH showed an upregulation at the red ripe stage in fruits with leaf shading,and also an up-regulation at the immature green and red ripe stages with both shading.Furthermore,positive correlations between expression of AsA biosynthetic genes and AsA accumulation were recorded under leaf shading,fruit shading,and both types of shading,while a negative correlation was recorded under normal conditions without shading.展开更多
Cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.)is an important vegetable,popular worldwide for its crispy texture and special flavor.Plant hormones such as auxin stand out for its dominating function in morpho-and organogenic processes,...Cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.)is an important vegetable,popular worldwide for its crispy texture and special flavor.Plant hormones such as auxin stand out for its dominating function in morpho-and organogenic processes,formation of organs as well as regulation of tropic responses.These developmental processes are entirely,or partially dependent on auxin biosynthesis,transport,and signal transduction.In cucumber,auxin not only fine-tunes its morphogenesis but also its response to environmental stress.The role of auxin in regulating different organs(root,hypocotyl,shoot,leaf,tendril,flower,and fruit)development in cucumber is reviewed in the present paper.Moreover,the role of auxin in cucumber response to biotic stresses(powdery mildew,downy mildew,and nematode infections)and abiotic stresses(heat,iron,waterlogging,cold,salinity,drought,and heavy metal stresses)is discussed.Finally,we point out the blind spots and future research thoughts to extend our understanding of this myriad molecule in cucumber growth and stress biology.展开更多
Soil salinity is a serious threat to horticultural production.Improving salt tolerance of vegetables by breeding is a difficult task as salt tolerance is a quantitative trait,regulated by a large number of genes.As a ...Soil salinity is a serious threat to horticultural production.Improving salt tolerance of vegetables by breeding is a difficult task as salt tolerance is a quantitative trait,regulated by a large number of genes.As a traditional agronomic method,grafting,which is widely practiced in vegetables,especially among members of Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae,is a useful tool for reducing yield loss caused by salinity.However,the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon remain largely unknown.Numerous studies have been conducted to uncover these mechanisms by which grafting improves salt tolerance in vegetables.This review summarizes the studies that have been conducted on this topic.In this review,the effects of salt stress on vegetable crops were discussed,and the four main mechanisms by which grafting increases the salt resistance of vegetables,namely,restricting the transport of toxic ions,enhancing the antioxidant system,enhancing the stability of the photosynthetic system,and sending root signals,were discussed.This review concludes by identifying several prospects for future research on increasing the adoption of grafting in vegetables under salinity stress.展开更多
Pepper stems exhibit a high level of strength and lignin deposition to support plant growth,which direct the cultivation style without binding sticks or scaffolding.However,regulation of lignin synthesis and accumulat...Pepper stems exhibit a high level of strength and lignin deposition to support plant growth,which direct the cultivation style without binding sticks or scaffolding.However,regulation of lignin synthesis and accumulation in pepper stem has not been extensively studied.Herein,we first investigated the pepper stem developmental process and confirmed that increasing lignin accumulation occurs during stem growth.We then performed genome-wide identification and characterization of xylogen-like arabinogalactan protein(XYLP)family members and obtained 10,22,and 19 XYLPs in pepper,tomato,and potato respectively.Evaluation of the phylogenetic relationship among the identified XYLPs suggested that these proteins are conserved in Solanaceae.Thereafter,we analyzed the 10 CanXYLP genes and observed that these genes exhibit differential expressing patterns at different stages of pepper stem development.Among these genes,two XYLPs,namely CanXYLP1 and CanXYLP2,exhibited an increased expression pattern and a strong correlation with lignin accumulation in pepper stem.We further found that CanXYLP1 and CanXYLP2 play a role in pepper stem lignification by positively regulating the lignin synthesis pathway genes in pepper,and the CanXYLP1/2-silenced plants displayed a blocked lignification phenotype.Finally,we confirmed that CanXYLP1/2 expression is upregulated in response to some abiotic and biotic signals,suggesting that these two genes enhance the tolerance of pepper stem to unfavorable conditions.These results contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanism controlling pepper stem lignification,and the relationship between the lignin content of pepper stem and XYLPs.展开更多
Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)is a commercially farmed vegetable belonging to the Solanaceae family,the third most important vegetable after potato(Solanum tuberosum L.)and onion(Allium cepa L.).It is cultivated for ...Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)is a commercially farmed vegetable belonging to the Solanaceae family,the third most important vegetable after potato(Solanum tuberosum L.)and onion(Allium cepa L.).It is cultivated for its fresh fruits and processed paste,with over 153 million metric tons of global production.However,modern tomato cultivars have limited sugars,acids,and volatiles allelic diversity as flavor has generally been less prioritized in breeding programs.Invertase is an essential regulator of flavor and sugar metabolism in tomato.Genetic control of tomato flavor is still incomplete without a clear understanding of the roles of invertase and sucrose metabolism.This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the invertase mode of action in sucrose metabolism,their evolutionary and functional divergence in the tomato genome,role in stress response,genetic and hormonal control of fruit flavor and quality.We summarized the primary roles of invertase in sugar metabolism and fruit flavor.展开更多
Celery is rich in nutrients and cultivated worldwide.Anthocyanins are natural plant pigments with high antioxidant capabilities in the human diet.The accumulation of anthocyanins in celery results in the purple skin c...Celery is rich in nutrients and cultivated worldwide.Anthocyanins are natural plant pigments with high antioxidant capabilities in the human diet.The accumulation of anthocyanins in celery results in the purple skin color of petioles.Here,an R2R3-MYB transcription factor(TFs),AgMYB1,was cloned from purple-skin celery.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that AgMYB1 belongs to the anthocyanin branch.Sequence alignment showed that AgMYB1 contains multiple anthocyanin-related motifs.Consistent with the activating role in anthocyanin production,AgMYB1 showed higher transcriptions in purple celery compared with non-purple celery.Transient expression of AgMYB1 in tobacco leaves promoted the accumulation of anthocyanins and produced red pigments in leaves.Heterologous expression of AgMYB1 in Arabidopsis activates anthocyanin production and generates dark-purple plants.The enhancement of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes transcripts and glycosylation capacities in transgenic Arabidopsis verified the activating roles of AgMYB1 at the gene and protein level,respectively.The antioxidant capacity of transgenic Arabidopsis was also increased compared to wild type Arabidopsis.Additionally,yeast two-hybrid assay proved that AgMYB1 interacted with bHLH TFs to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis.Our results show that the overexpression of single R2R3-MYB gene,AgMYB1,without coexpression of other TFs,can improve anthocyanin production and antioxidant capacity in transgenic plants.This study presents new information for anthocyanin regulatory mechanisms in purple celery and provides a strategy for cultivating plants with high levels of anthocyanins.展开更多
Plants,as sessile in nature,are constantly confronted with diverse biotic and abiotic stresses throughout their life cycle in the changing environment.As a result,plants evolved root-shoot communications to optimize p...Plants,as sessile in nature,are constantly confronted with diverse biotic and abiotic stresses throughout their life cycle in the changing environment.As a result,plants evolved root-shoot communications to optimize plant growth and development,and regulate responses to environmental stresses.Here,we examined the roles of root-sourced cytokinin(CTK)response to heat stress in grafted cucumber seedlings.Cucumber plants grafted onto cucumber roots and bitter gourd(Momordica charantia)roots were exposed to heat to examine their heat tolerance by assessing the levels of photosynthetic capacity,CTK contents,chlorophyll-a/b-binding protein(Lhcb2),ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(Rubisco)and its activating enzyme(RCA)content,and the enzyme activity of Rubisco.Bitter gourd rootstock enhanced cucumber scions heat stress tolerance.This enhancement was positively correlated with a higher content of CTK in both leaf and root parts,chlorophyll contents,and Rubisco abundance and activity.In addition,the higher level of CTK and Rubisco content in bitter gourd grafted plants shoots than in cucumber self-gafted plants shoots were attributed to an increase in CTK transport from roots in grafted plants under hightemperature conditions.These results indicated that CTK transfer from bitter gourd rootstock to scion and triggered the accumulation of Rubisco in leaf,thus improving the heat resistance of bitter gourd-grafted plants.展开更多
Softening is one of the key fruit quality traits,which results from the selective expression of cell wall metabolism genes during ripening.The identification of transcription factors(TFs)that regulate fruit softening ...Softening is one of the key fruit quality traits,which results from the selective expression of cell wall metabolism genes during ripening.The identification of transcription factors(TFs)that regulate fruit softening is an important field in order to understand and control fruit softening.In tomato,NAC(NAM,ATAF,and CUC)TFs members have been demonstrated to be involved in fruit ripening regulation,including NAC-NOR(nonripening),NOR-like1,SlNAC4,SlNAC1.Here,we generated slnac4 mutant knockout(CR-SlNAC4)tomato plant by a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats genomic targeting system(CRISPR/Cas9)and SlNAC4 overexpressing(OE-SlNAC4)plant.In addition to confirming the previously reported results that SlNAC4 positively regulates fruit ripening,we found that SlNAC4 has a strong effect on tomato fruit softening.Compared with the control fruit,fruit softening was inhibited in slnac4 fruit and conversely was accelerated in OE-SlNAC4 tomato fruit.Through RNA-sequencing(RNA-seq)analysis,we found that expression levels of SlEXP1(expansin)and SlCEL2(endo-β-1,4 glucanase)genes involved in cell wall metabolism were significantly different in WT(wild type)/slnac4 and WT/OE-SlNAC4 fruit.Further study showed that these genes contained a NAC TF binding domain in their promoter regions.In vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assays(EMSA)and dual-luciferase reporter assays(DLR)demonstrated that these two genes were the direct targets of SlNAC4 binding and transactivation.The results enriched the function of SlNAC4 and provided a new dimension in understanding the regulation of tomato fruit softening.展开更多
Spinach(Spinacia oleracea)is a diploid(2n=2x=12),wind-pollinated and highly heterozygous crop.The plants are mostly dioecious,although some monoecious plants exist.Spinach is an economically important cool-season leaf...Spinach(Spinacia oleracea)is a diploid(2n=2x=12),wind-pollinated and highly heterozygous crop.The plants are mostly dioecious,although some monoecious plants exist.Spinach is an economically important cool-season leafy vegetable crop.Demand for spinach is increasing worldwide,particularly due to its high nutritional content.Spinach is a versatile crop eaten raw or cooked and used as salads or mixed with other cuisines.This review article provides an overview of origin and domestication,genetic diversity and population structure,genetic and genomic resources,major diseases threatening spinach production,breeding progress,and synthesizing how these resources can help in spinach improvement.The rapid development of genomic and sequence resources of spinach has increased biological and genetics research and laid the foundation for adopting molecular breeding.Downy mildew is the most serious disease affecting spinach and breeding programs focus on developing cultivars resistant to continually emerging new races of downy mildew pathogens.The use of genomic and molecular resources and approaches offers promises in population improvement and hybrid development to address biotic and abiotic stresses production challenges and provide improved breeding materials and strategies against the rapidly changing pathogen races and climatic conditions.展开更多
Anthocyanins are a group of flavonoids that are found ubiquitously in fruits and vegetables.They act as antioxidants in plants and are considered to have potential benefits to human health.The tomato cultivar'Indi...Anthocyanins are a group of flavonoids that are found ubiquitously in fruits and vegetables.They act as antioxidants in plants and are considered to have potential benefits to human health.The tomato cultivar'Indigo Rose'produces purple-skinned fruits that are rich in anthocyanins in fruit peel.The current study focussed on the detection of anthocyanins and examined the expression profiling of anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes in Indigo Rose fruits grown under semi-closed greenhouse and fully controlled growth chamber conditions.The anthocyanin content in Indigo Rose fruits grown under growth chamber conditions with a long-day photoperiod and ambient temperature was higher than those grown in the greenhouse with a short-day photoperiod and high temperature.Under indoor growth conditions,moderate to high intensity of artificial light(160−240μmol m^(−2) s^(−1))and relatively low temperature(20−25℃)promoted anthocyanin production and accumulation in Indigo Rose fruits.The comparative studies on gene expression under different growth conditions also demonstrate that the expression levels of the structural and regulatory genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway have a positive correlation with the anthocyanin content in the fruit peel.The growth conditions identified in this study could be used to grow Indigo Rose in indoor farming in Singapore,where the tropical climate makes it challenging to set up a tomato plantation in an open field or greenhouse.展开更多
Soil salinization is a major threat to cucumbers grown under protected cultivation.Under stressful environments,calcineurin B-like proteins(CBLs)can sense and bind Ca2+signals and regulate CBL-interacting protein kina...Soil salinization is a major threat to cucumbers grown under protected cultivation.Under stressful environments,calcineurin B-like proteins(CBLs)can sense and bind Ca2+signals and regulate CBL-interacting protein kinases(CIPKs)to transmit signals and induce cellular responses.Although CBL-CIPK modules play central roles in plant development and response to various abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis,little is known about their functions in cucumber.In this study,we demonstrate that CsCBL4 interacts with CsCIPK6,which exhibited similar responses to salt stress in cucumber.Furthermore,salt stress resulted in greater accumulation of CsCBL4 and CsCIPK6.Comprehensive phenotype analysis demonstrated that silencing CsCBL4 or CsCIPK6 reduced the salt tolerance of cucumber,and overexpression of CsCBL4 increased the salt tolerance of Arabidopsis.Collectively,these results indicate that the CsCBL4-CsCIPK6 module plays an important role in the resistance of cucumber to salt stress.The information provides insights for the genetic breeding of salt tolerance in cucumber in the future.展开更多
With the advances in genomics and bioinformatics,particularly the extensive application of high-throughput sequencing technology,a large number of non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs)have been discovered,of which long ncRNAs(lncRN...With the advances in genomics and bioinformatics,particularly the extensive application of high-throughput sequencing technology,a large number of non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs)have been discovered,of which long ncRNAs(lncRNAs)refer to a class of transcripts that are more than 200 nucleotides in length.Accumulating evidence demonstrates that lncRNAs play significant roles in a wide range of biological processes,including regulating plant growth and development as well as modulating biotic and abiotic stress responses.Although the study of lncRNAs has been a hotspot of biological research in recent years,the functional characteristics of plant lncRNAs are still in their initial phase and face great challenges.Here,we summarize the characteristics and screening methods of lncRNAs and highlight their biological functions in major vegetable crops,including tomato,Brassica genus crops,cucumber,pepper,carrot,radish,potato,and spinach,which are implicated in the interaction of lncRNAs and miRNAs.This review enhances the understanding of lncRNAs'roles and can guide crop improvement programs in the future.展开更多
Biostimulants are shown to increase crop production.This study was conducted to investigate the effects of individual biostimulants on tomato('Phoenix')growth and yield.Five biostimulants:CP_(1),CP_(2),BS,CP_(...Biostimulants are shown to increase crop production.This study was conducted to investigate the effects of individual biostimulants on tomato('Phoenix')growth and yield.Five biostimulants:CP_(1),CP_(2),BS,CP_(2)+BS,Competitor,and Water(control)were foliar applied at three different stages:pre-blooming,fruit setting,and color changing.The concentration of calcium(Ca),potassium(K),magnesium(Mg),and phosphorus(P)in leaves and roots were also determined.The results showed that plants treated with biostimulants had greater concentrations of Ca,K,Mg,and P compared to those treated with water only.Competitor and CP_(2)+BS significantly increased yield,plant height,and stem diameter by 76%and 41%,42%and 34%,and 29%and 24%.Likewise,leaf greenness,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),relative water content(RWC),nitrate level in petiole sap,and fruit quality(citric acid,malic acid,tartaric acid,soluble solid concentration,and fruit firmness)were also improved by Competitor.In addition,enzymatic activities of nitrate reductase(NR)and nitrite reductase(NiR)were significantly increased by biostimulants compared to the control.Statistically,Competitor and CP_(2)+BS showed the greatest augmentation in plant height,stem diameter,leaf greenness,PN,RWC,nitrate level in petiole sap,and fruit yield and quality.Similarly,Competitor-treated plants also increased NR,NiR,leaf Ca,leaf K,leaf Mg,and leaf P by 34%,70%,22%,26%,27%,and 45%,respectively.Based on the findings of this study,application of Competitor or CP2+BS showed promising results and may be used as a BMP tool for tomato production in Florida.展开更多
The clustered,regularly interspaced,short palindromic repeat associated endonuclease 9(CRISPR/Cas9)system has emerged as a powerful approach for precision breeding to create plants with desirable traits.However,the CR...The clustered,regularly interspaced,short palindromic repeat associated endonuclease 9(CRISPR/Cas9)system has emerged as a powerful approach for precision breeding to create plants with desirable traits.However,the CRISPR/Cas9 system relies heavily on an efficient plant transformation system that is usually time-consuming and costly.Here,we have constructed a CRISPR-Cas9 vector with neomycin phosphotransferase II and green fluorescent protein(eGFP-NPTII),where the high expression of GFP during plant regeneration allowed us to minimize the positional effect on T-DNA expression and facilitate screening T-DNA-free mutants.Successful gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 has been illustrated in different plant species,but an important aesthetic characteristic of leaf variegation remained unexplored.With the newly designed construct,we have targeted the variegation gene LsVAR2 in lettuce.Our results indicated that LsVAR2 is closely related to both AtFtsH2 and AtFtsH8,in which homozygous mutations lead to an albino phenotype while a variegated phenotype was induced by CRISPR/Cas9 de novo gene editing.In conclusion,the unique design of our CRISPR/Cas9 construct could efficiently edit the target gene and ease the screening of non-TDNA mutants through detecting GFP signals during plant regeneration and progeny segregation.Additionally,the success of gene-editing of LsVAR2 in lettuce demonstrates proof in this method to develop novel plant breeding materials for valuable horticultural plant species.展开更多
In flowering plants,bolting signals the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth,and it is consequently an important agronomic trait for the stalk-use Chinese cabbage Baicaitai.There is an urgent need to crea...In flowering plants,bolting signals the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth,and it is consequently an important agronomic trait for the stalk-use Chinese cabbage Baicaitai.There is an urgent need to create germplasm resources for Chinese cabbage that have easy bolting characteristics.In this investigation,early bolting mutant 6(ebm6)was created by treating Chinese cabbage double haploid(DH)'FT'seeds with an ethyl methanesulfonate(EMS)solution.Phenotypic analysis showed that the mutant ebm6 flowered remarkably earlier than the wild-type'FT'.Genetic analysis indicated that this early bolting trait was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene.In mutant ebm6,the causal gene BraA02g003340.3C(BrFLC2)was predicted using MutMap and Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR genotyping(KASP),as the gene encodes a MADSbox transcription factor.The 3259-bp BrFLC2 gene possessed seven exons and six introns,and in the first exon,a single nucleotide C-to-T substitution in the highly conserved MADS-box domain resulted in the premature termination of translation of the BrFLC2 protein sequence.This research supported a critical role of BrFLC2 in controlling flowering time in B.rapa.The early flowering ebm6 mutant could also be a useful material in Baicaitai breeding.展开更多
Jasmonate ZIM Domain proteins(JAZs)provide a response to multiple abiotic stresses by critically regulating the JA signaling pathway.In this study,a total of 11 CsJAZ genes were identified in the cucumber genome datab...Jasmonate ZIM Domain proteins(JAZs)provide a response to multiple abiotic stresses by critically regulating the JA signaling pathway.In this study,a total of 11 CsJAZ genes were identified in the cucumber genome database.In silico analysis revealed the presence of different cis-acting regulatory elements related to growth,stress and hormonal responsiveness in the upstream region of CsJAZ genes.The transcriptional expression pattern analysis showed that all CsJAZ genes were expressed in the tissues tested and all CsJAZ genes responded to plant hormone GA,suggesting they may participate in complex hormone signaling networks.An expression analysis based on qRT-PCR,indicated that cucumber CsJAZ8 was decreased significantly by waterlogging treatment but induced by exogenous methyl jasmonate application.Therefore,we speculate that CsJAZ8 could be a potential regulator of the response of cucumber to waterlogging stress.Additionally,transient expression assay showed that the CsJAZ8 protein is localized in the nucleus and could be involved in the regulation of various biological and cellular processes.Furthermore,Y2H assay revealed that cucumber CsJAZ proteins exhibit homologous and heterologous interactions.Subsequently,this research will contribute to the understanding of the CsJAZ gene family in Cucumis sativus.It also provides further insight into the role of CsJAZ proteins in waterlogging stress and may provide a new frontier in cucumber breeding for waterlogging tolerance.展开更多
The fruit yield of cucumber are associated with high input of nitrogen,which poses a risk of pollution to the environment.The EU-Rotate_N model has been used widely for its high performance in the simulation of vegeta...The fruit yield of cucumber are associated with high input of nitrogen,which poses a risk of pollution to the environment.The EU-Rotate_N model has been used widely for its high performance in the simulation of vegetable growth,water and nitrogen dynamics.However,whether the underground water level affects the performance of the EU-Rotate_N model is unclear.In this study,we modified the groundwater level algorithms to the original model and named the modified model'the HG EU-Rotate_N model'.Experiments over two years on greenhouse cucumber with four different nitrogen(N)treatments(N1-N4)were conducted in Jiangsu Province,China,which has a high groundwater level(area_(HG)).Both original and modified models were used to simulate cucumber growth,water movement and N fate.For the soil water content,the measured values were significantly larger than the simulated values of the original model(value_(O))and closer to those of the HG model(value_(HG));for the soil available nitrogen concentration(SNC),the measured values were significantly higher and lower than value_(O) in 0−10 cm and 10−30 cm soil layers,respectively,and were also closer to those of the values_(HG).The higher SNC in the 0-10 cm soil layer indicated that a high groundwater level might increase the upwards movement of water and nitrogen in the 0-30 cm soil layer.The root mean square error,Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency and difference values show that the HG model was more applicable for areaHG than the original model.In this study,the nitrogen dosage of the N3 treatment was sufficient to meet the requirements of cucumber growth,indicating that the fertilization recommendation according to nitrogen nutrient balance was applicable in this area.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31801856)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M673188)+1 种基金Hebei Province Higher Education Youth Talents Program (BJ2018016)Key Science Research and Development Program of Tangshan (19150206E).
文摘Apiaceae is one of the most important families in Apiales and includes many economically important vegetables and medicinal plants.The TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR 1/2(TCP)gene family plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development,but it has not been widely studied in Apiaceae.In the present study,we identified 215 TCP family genes in six species of plant,of which 122 genes were present in three Apiaceae including 29 in celery(Apium graveolens),43 in coriander(Coriandrum sativum),and 50 in carrot(Daucus carota).Whole-genome duplication likely contributed to TCP gene family expansion in Apiaceae.There were more paralogs in carrot than in coriander and celery,which was attributable to the greater number of tandem and proximal duplicated genes on chromosome 1.Nine microRNAs were found to regulate 20 TCP genes in the three Apiaceae species,with miR-319 having the most target genes.Several TCP genes showed high expression in the root,petiole and leaf of celery and coriander.These results provide a basis for comparative and functional genomic analyses of TCP genes in Apiaceae and other plants.
文摘The accumulation of nutrients and flavors are important factors that determine the consumption of tomato fruit.Carotenoids,polyphenol and vitamin C belong to antioxidant molecules and have been proven to regulate several biochemical processes and prevent many chronic diseases.In recent years,significant progress has been made in our understanding of the biosynthetic pathway and regulatory networks of these compounds in tomatoes.Numerous genes have been determined which promote the accumulation of these nutrients,such as SlNAC1,SlCCD,SlHY5.Meanwhile,since the mechanisms that control nutrient metabolism during fruit ripening are systematic and sophisticated,there are still many unknown factors that affect their content,which need to be further explored.In addition,not only are nutritional properties important,but flavor profiles play a core role in the market for tomato production.However,it is generally accepted by consumers that many tomato varieties have declined nutrient content and little flavor with people's pursuit of fruit yield and size.Hence,improving their levels are the main objectives of many breeding programs.In order to effectively enhance the nutritional and flavor quality of tomato fruits,we reviewed the critical steps in metabolic pathways of these important nutrients and flavor compounds,summarized key regulators for controlling the accumulation of these compounds,and hope to offer valuable candidate genes for the production of high-quality tomato fruits.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFD1000800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31972479)+2 种基金the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-25)the Science and Technology Innovation Team of Shaanxi (2021TD-32)the Tang Scholar of Northwest A&F University.
文摘Chilling stress and continuous cropping obstacles limit sustainable production of watermelons under controlled environments.Grafting of watermelon scions onto resistant rootstocks is an effective strategy currently used to overcome these environment limitations.However,currently used commercial rootstocks adversely affect watermelon fruit quality.The chilling tolerance and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum race 1(FON1)resistance of seven Cucurbit germplasms,including four watermelon germplasms(M08,TC,YL,and MY),two muskmelon cultivars(JT1 and JSM),and one commercial Cucurbita rootstock(QZ1)of watermelon,were explored in the current study.The effects of the rootstocks of these germplasms on watermelon resistance to chilling stress and continuous cropping obstacles were evaluated.TC rootstock showed the highest chilling tolerance and increased chilling tolerance of watermelon scion.All Cucurbit germplasms showed higher resistance to FON1 than watermelon cultivar N5(control).Watermelons grafted onto QZ1 showed the lowest wilt incidence and highest fruit yield but had the worst fruit quality after planting on soils continuously cropped for 11 years.Watermelons grafted onto TC showed higher resistance and yield and the best fruit quality.These findings indicate that TC has a large potential for use in grafting watermelon planted in continuously cropped soils(<10 years).TC can also be used as breeding rootstocks to improve watermelon resistance against continuous cropping obstacles without compromising fruit quality.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research&Development Plan (2021YFD1200201,2018YFD1000800)National Natural Science Foundation of China (31991182,31972426)+1 种基金International Cooperation Promotion Plan of Shihezi University (GJHZ202104)Key Project of Hubei Hongshan Laboratory (2021hszd007).
文摘The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of leaf shading,fruit shading,and a combination of both,on the accumulation of ascorbic acid(AsA)and the expression levels of AsA biosynthetic genes at the immature green,mature green,breaker,and red ripe stages of Ailsa craig tomato during fruit development.Shading(72%reducing of light intensity)imposed on the leaves significantly reduced AsA content and AsA biosynthetic gene expression in the fruits.Leaf shading,fruit shading,and a combination of both significantly decreased the amount of total AsA and reduced AsA to a range of 18.5%−31.5%at mature green,breaker,and red ripe stages of tomato fruits,with no significant change at the immature green stage of fruits.Moreover,reducing the light intensity in tomato leaves,fruits or both resulted in reduced expression of most AsA biosynthetic genes in the fruits,except for PMM,cAPX,tAPX,and APX7 genes under leaf shading,GPI,PMI,PMM,GP1,GP2,cAPX,and tAPX genes under fruit shading,and PMM,cAPX,APX1,and APX7 genes under both shading.The expression level of GMP,GP1,and GalDH showed an upregulation at the red ripe stage in fruits with leaf shading,and also an up-regulation at the immature green and red ripe stages with both shading.Furthermore,positive correlations between expression of AsA biosynthetic genes and AsA accumulation were recorded under leaf shading,fruit shading,and both types of shading,while a negative correlation was recorded under normal conditions without shading.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:31972422,32272739.
文摘Cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.)is an important vegetable,popular worldwide for its crispy texture and special flavor.Plant hormones such as auxin stand out for its dominating function in morpho-and organogenic processes,formation of organs as well as regulation of tropic responses.These developmental processes are entirely,or partially dependent on auxin biosynthesis,transport,and signal transduction.In cucumber,auxin not only fine-tunes its morphogenesis but also its response to environmental stress.The role of auxin in regulating different organs(root,hypocotyl,shoot,leaf,tendril,flower,and fruit)development in cucumber is reviewed in the present paper.Moreover,the role of auxin in cucumber response to biotic stresses(powdery mildew,downy mildew,and nematode infections)and abiotic stresses(heat,iron,waterlogging,cold,salinity,drought,and heavy metal stresses)is discussed.Finally,we point out the blind spots and future research thoughts to extend our understanding of this myriad molecule in cucumber growth and stress biology.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31772357,32072653,32002112)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2019CFA017).
文摘Soil salinity is a serious threat to horticultural production.Improving salt tolerance of vegetables by breeding is a difficult task as salt tolerance is a quantitative trait,regulated by a large number of genes.As a traditional agronomic method,grafting,which is widely practiced in vegetables,especially among members of Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae,is a useful tool for reducing yield loss caused by salinity.However,the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon remain largely unknown.Numerous studies have been conducted to uncover these mechanisms by which grafting improves salt tolerance in vegetables.This review summarizes the studies that have been conducted on this topic.In this review,the effects of salt stress on vegetable crops were discussed,and the four main mechanisms by which grafting increases the salt resistance of vegetables,namely,restricting the transport of toxic ions,enhancing the antioxidant system,enhancing the stability of the photosynthetic system,and sending root signals,were discussed.This review concludes by identifying several prospects for future research on increasing the adoption of grafting in vegetables under salinity stress.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFD1000301)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32172600,31972420)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2662018QD020).
文摘Pepper stems exhibit a high level of strength and lignin deposition to support plant growth,which direct the cultivation style without binding sticks or scaffolding.However,regulation of lignin synthesis and accumulation in pepper stem has not been extensively studied.Herein,we first investigated the pepper stem developmental process and confirmed that increasing lignin accumulation occurs during stem growth.We then performed genome-wide identification and characterization of xylogen-like arabinogalactan protein(XYLP)family members and obtained 10,22,and 19 XYLPs in pepper,tomato,and potato respectively.Evaluation of the phylogenetic relationship among the identified XYLPs suggested that these proteins are conserved in Solanaceae.Thereafter,we analyzed the 10 CanXYLP genes and observed that these genes exhibit differential expressing patterns at different stages of pepper stem development.Among these genes,two XYLPs,namely CanXYLP1 and CanXYLP2,exhibited an increased expression pattern and a strong correlation with lignin accumulation in pepper stem.We further found that CanXYLP1 and CanXYLP2 play a role in pepper stem lignification by positively regulating the lignin synthesis pathway genes in pepper,and the CanXYLP1/2-silenced plants displayed a blocked lignification phenotype.Finally,we confirmed that CanXYLP1/2 expression is upregulated in response to some abiotic and biotic signals,suggesting that these two genes enhance the tolerance of pepper stem to unfavorable conditions.These results contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanism controlling pepper stem lignification,and the relationship between the lignin content of pepper stem and XYLPs.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Plan of China (2018YFD1000800)National Natural Science Foundation of China (31991182,31972426)+1 种基金Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Project (2021hszd 007)Wuhan Frontier Projects for Applied Foundation (2019020701011492).
文摘Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)is a commercially farmed vegetable belonging to the Solanaceae family,the third most important vegetable after potato(Solanum tuberosum L.)and onion(Allium cepa L.).It is cultivated for its fresh fruits and processed paste,with over 153 million metric tons of global production.However,modern tomato cultivars have limited sugars,acids,and volatiles allelic diversity as flavor has generally been less prioritized in breeding programs.Invertase is an essential regulator of flavor and sugar metabolism in tomato.Genetic control of tomato flavor is still incomplete without a clear understanding of the roles of invertase and sucrose metabolism.This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the invertase mode of action in sucrose metabolism,their evolutionary and functional divergence in the tomato genome,role in stress response,genetic and hormonal control of fruit flavor and quality.We summarized the primary roles of invertase in sugar metabolism and fruit flavor.
基金supported by the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund [CX (2018) 2007],Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (KYCX18_0692).
文摘Celery is rich in nutrients and cultivated worldwide.Anthocyanins are natural plant pigments with high antioxidant capabilities in the human diet.The accumulation of anthocyanins in celery results in the purple skin color of petioles.Here,an R2R3-MYB transcription factor(TFs),AgMYB1,was cloned from purple-skin celery.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that AgMYB1 belongs to the anthocyanin branch.Sequence alignment showed that AgMYB1 contains multiple anthocyanin-related motifs.Consistent with the activating role in anthocyanin production,AgMYB1 showed higher transcriptions in purple celery compared with non-purple celery.Transient expression of AgMYB1 in tobacco leaves promoted the accumulation of anthocyanins and produced red pigments in leaves.Heterologous expression of AgMYB1 in Arabidopsis activates anthocyanin production and generates dark-purple plants.The enhancement of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes transcripts and glycosylation capacities in transgenic Arabidopsis verified the activating roles of AgMYB1 at the gene and protein level,respectively.The antioxidant capacity of transgenic Arabidopsis was also increased compared to wild type Arabidopsis.Additionally,yeast two-hybrid assay proved that AgMYB1 interacted with bHLH TFs to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis.Our results show that the overexpression of single R2R3-MYB gene,AgMYB1,without coexpression of other TFs,can improve anthocyanin production and antioxidant capacity in transgenic plants.This study presents new information for anthocyanin regulatory mechanisms in purple celery and provides a strategy for cultivating plants with high levels of anthocyanins.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-23-B12).
文摘Plants,as sessile in nature,are constantly confronted with diverse biotic and abiotic stresses throughout their life cycle in the changing environment.As a result,plants evolved root-shoot communications to optimize plant growth and development,and regulate responses to environmental stresses.Here,we examined the roles of root-sourced cytokinin(CTK)response to heat stress in grafted cucumber seedlings.Cucumber plants grafted onto cucumber roots and bitter gourd(Momordica charantia)roots were exposed to heat to examine their heat tolerance by assessing the levels of photosynthetic capacity,CTK contents,chlorophyll-a/b-binding protein(Lhcb2),ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(Rubisco)and its activating enzyme(RCA)content,and the enzyme activity of Rubisco.Bitter gourd rootstock enhanced cucumber scions heat stress tolerance.This enhancement was positively correlated with a higher content of CTK in both leaf and root parts,chlorophyll contents,and Rubisco abundance and activity.In addition,the higher level of CTK and Rubisco content in bitter gourd grafted plants shoots than in cucumber self-gafted plants shoots were attributed to an increase in CTK transport from roots in grafted plants under hightemperature conditions.These results indicated that CTK transfer from bitter gourd rootstock to scion and triggered the accumulation of Rubisco in leaf,thus improving the heat resistance of bitter gourd-grafted plants.
文摘Softening is one of the key fruit quality traits,which results from the selective expression of cell wall metabolism genes during ripening.The identification of transcription factors(TFs)that regulate fruit softening is an important field in order to understand and control fruit softening.In tomato,NAC(NAM,ATAF,and CUC)TFs members have been demonstrated to be involved in fruit ripening regulation,including NAC-NOR(nonripening),NOR-like1,SlNAC4,SlNAC1.Here,we generated slnac4 mutant knockout(CR-SlNAC4)tomato plant by a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats genomic targeting system(CRISPR/Cas9)and SlNAC4 overexpressing(OE-SlNAC4)plant.In addition to confirming the previously reported results that SlNAC4 positively regulates fruit ripening,we found that SlNAC4 has a strong effect on tomato fruit softening.Compared with the control fruit,fruit softening was inhibited in slnac4 fruit and conversely was accelerated in OE-SlNAC4 tomato fruit.Through RNA-sequencing(RNA-seq)analysis,we found that expression levels of SlEXP1(expansin)and SlCEL2(endo-β-1,4 glucanase)genes involved in cell wall metabolism were significantly different in WT(wild type)/slnac4 and WT/OE-SlNAC4 fruit.Further study showed that these genes contained a NAC TF binding domain in their promoter regions.In vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assays(EMSA)and dual-luciferase reporter assays(DLR)demonstrated that these two genes were the direct targets of SlNAC4 binding and transactivation.The results enriched the function of SlNAC4 and provided a new dimension in understanding the regulation of tomato fruit softening.
基金the USDA Speciality Crops Research Initiative (SCRI)Grant (2017-51181-26830)USDA-AMS Speciality Crop Multi-State Program (SCMP) Grant (16SCCMAR0001)USDA-CGC (5030-21000-064-009-S and 5030-21000-064-006-S) for the funding support to perform spinach genetics,genomics,and breeding research in our lab.
文摘Spinach(Spinacia oleracea)is a diploid(2n=2x=12),wind-pollinated and highly heterozygous crop.The plants are mostly dioecious,although some monoecious plants exist.Spinach is an economically important cool-season leafy vegetable crop.Demand for spinach is increasing worldwide,particularly due to its high nutritional content.Spinach is a versatile crop eaten raw or cooked and used as salads or mixed with other cuisines.This review article provides an overview of origin and domestication,genetic diversity and population structure,genetic and genomic resources,major diseases threatening spinach production,breeding progress,and synthesizing how these resources can help in spinach improvement.The rapid development of genomic and sequence resources of spinach has increased biological and genetics research and laid the foundation for adopting molecular breeding.Downy mildew is the most serious disease affecting spinach and breeding programs focus on developing cultivars resistant to continually emerging new races of downy mildew pathogens.The use of genomic and molecular resources and approaches offers promises in population improvement and hybrid development to address biotic and abiotic stresses production challenges and provide improved breeding materials and strategies against the rapidly changing pathogen races and climatic conditions.
基金supported by the Agency for Science,Technology and Research (A*STAR)of the Ministry of Trade and Industry of Singapore under its Industry Alignment Fund Prepositioning (IAF-PP)with Grant No.A19E4a0101.
文摘Anthocyanins are a group of flavonoids that are found ubiquitously in fruits and vegetables.They act as antioxidants in plants and are considered to have potential benefits to human health.The tomato cultivar'Indigo Rose'produces purple-skinned fruits that are rich in anthocyanins in fruit peel.The current study focussed on the detection of anthocyanins and examined the expression profiling of anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes in Indigo Rose fruits grown under semi-closed greenhouse and fully controlled growth chamber conditions.The anthocyanin content in Indigo Rose fruits grown under growth chamber conditions with a long-day photoperiod and ambient temperature was higher than those grown in the greenhouse with a short-day photoperiod and high temperature.Under indoor growth conditions,moderate to high intensity of artificial light(160−240μmol m^(−2) s^(−1))and relatively low temperature(20−25℃)promoted anthocyanin production and accumulation in Indigo Rose fruits.The comparative studies on gene expression under different growth conditions also demonstrate that the expression levels of the structural and regulatory genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway have a positive correlation with the anthocyanin content in the fruit peel.The growth conditions identified in this study could be used to grow Indigo Rose in indoor farming in Singapore,where the tropical climate makes it challenging to set up a tomato plantation in an open field or greenhouse.
基金supported by the Hainan Provincial Joint project of Sanya Yazhou Bay science and technology city (320LH042)Sanya institute of China Agricultural University (SYND-2021-18,SYND-2022-20)the Construction of Beijing Science and Technology Innovation and Service Capacity in Top Subjects (CEFF-PXM2019_014207_000032).
文摘Soil salinization is a major threat to cucumbers grown under protected cultivation.Under stressful environments,calcineurin B-like proteins(CBLs)can sense and bind Ca2+signals and regulate CBL-interacting protein kinases(CIPKs)to transmit signals and induce cellular responses.Although CBL-CIPK modules play central roles in plant development and response to various abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis,little is known about their functions in cucumber.In this study,we demonstrate that CsCBL4 interacts with CsCIPK6,which exhibited similar responses to salt stress in cucumber.Furthermore,salt stress resulted in greater accumulation of CsCBL4 and CsCIPK6.Comprehensive phenotype analysis demonstrated that silencing CsCBL4 or CsCIPK6 reduced the salt tolerance of cucumber,and overexpression of CsCBL4 increased the salt tolerance of Arabidopsis.Collectively,these results indicate that the CsCBL4-CsCIPK6 module plays an important role in the resistance of cucumber to salt stress.The information provides insights for the genetic breeding of salt tolerance in cucumber in the future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32172583)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei (C2021209005,C2021209019)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M673188,2021T140097).
文摘With the advances in genomics and bioinformatics,particularly the extensive application of high-throughput sequencing technology,a large number of non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs)have been discovered,of which long ncRNAs(lncRNAs)refer to a class of transcripts that are more than 200 nucleotides in length.Accumulating evidence demonstrates that lncRNAs play significant roles in a wide range of biological processes,including regulating plant growth and development as well as modulating biotic and abiotic stress responses.Although the study of lncRNAs has been a hotspot of biological research in recent years,the functional characteristics of plant lncRNAs are still in their initial phase and face great challenges.Here,we summarize the characteristics and screening methods of lncRNAs and highlight their biological functions in major vegetable crops,including tomato,Brassica genus crops,cucumber,pepper,carrot,radish,potato,and spinach,which are implicated in the interaction of lncRNAs and miRNAs.This review enhances the understanding of lncRNAs'roles and can guide crop improvement programs in the future.
文摘Biostimulants are shown to increase crop production.This study was conducted to investigate the effects of individual biostimulants on tomato('Phoenix')growth and yield.Five biostimulants:CP_(1),CP_(2),BS,CP_(2)+BS,Competitor,and Water(control)were foliar applied at three different stages:pre-blooming,fruit setting,and color changing.The concentration of calcium(Ca),potassium(K),magnesium(Mg),and phosphorus(P)in leaves and roots were also determined.The results showed that plants treated with biostimulants had greater concentrations of Ca,K,Mg,and P compared to those treated with water only.Competitor and CP_(2)+BS significantly increased yield,plant height,and stem diameter by 76%and 41%,42%and 34%,and 29%and 24%.Likewise,leaf greenness,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),relative water content(RWC),nitrate level in petiole sap,and fruit quality(citric acid,malic acid,tartaric acid,soluble solid concentration,and fruit firmness)were also improved by Competitor.In addition,enzymatic activities of nitrate reductase(NR)and nitrite reductase(NiR)were significantly increased by biostimulants compared to the control.Statistically,Competitor and CP_(2)+BS showed the greatest augmentation in plant height,stem diameter,leaf greenness,PN,RWC,nitrate level in petiole sap,and fruit yield and quality.Similarly,Competitor-treated plants also increased NR,NiR,leaf Ca,leaf K,leaf Mg,and leaf P by 34%,70%,22%,26%,27%,and 45%,respectively.Based on the findings of this study,application of Competitor or CP2+BS showed promising results and may be used as a BMP tool for tomato production in Florida.
基金This project has been sponsored by the USDA-NIFA GRANT12683186。
文摘The clustered,regularly interspaced,short palindromic repeat associated endonuclease 9(CRISPR/Cas9)system has emerged as a powerful approach for precision breeding to create plants with desirable traits.However,the CRISPR/Cas9 system relies heavily on an efficient plant transformation system that is usually time-consuming and costly.Here,we have constructed a CRISPR-Cas9 vector with neomycin phosphotransferase II and green fluorescent protein(eGFP-NPTII),where the high expression of GFP during plant regeneration allowed us to minimize the positional effect on T-DNA expression and facilitate screening T-DNA-free mutants.Successful gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 has been illustrated in different plant species,but an important aesthetic characteristic of leaf variegation remained unexplored.With the newly designed construct,we have targeted the variegation gene LsVAR2 in lettuce.Our results indicated that LsVAR2 is closely related to both AtFtsH2 and AtFtsH8,in which homozygous mutations lead to an albino phenotype while a variegated phenotype was induced by CRISPR/Cas9 de novo gene editing.In conclusion,the unique design of our CRISPR/Cas9 construct could efficiently edit the target gene and ease the screening of non-TDNA mutants through detecting GFP signals during plant regeneration and progeny segregation.Additionally,the success of gene-editing of LsVAR2 in lettuce demonstrates proof in this method to develop novel plant breeding materials for valuable horticultural plant species.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.31730082).
文摘In flowering plants,bolting signals the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth,and it is consequently an important agronomic trait for the stalk-use Chinese cabbage Baicaitai.There is an urgent need to create germplasm resources for Chinese cabbage that have easy bolting characteristics.In this investigation,early bolting mutant 6(ebm6)was created by treating Chinese cabbage double haploid(DH)'FT'seeds with an ethyl methanesulfonate(EMS)solution.Phenotypic analysis showed that the mutant ebm6 flowered remarkably earlier than the wild-type'FT'.Genetic analysis indicated that this early bolting trait was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene.In mutant ebm6,the causal gene BraA02g003340.3C(BrFLC2)was predicted using MutMap and Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR genotyping(KASP),as the gene encodes a MADSbox transcription factor.The 3259-bp BrFLC2 gene possessed seven exons and six introns,and in the first exon,a single nucleotide C-to-T substitution in the highly conserved MADS-box domain resulted in the premature termination of translation of the BrFLC2 protein sequence.This research supported a critical role of BrFLC2 in controlling flowering time in B.rapa.The early flowering ebm6 mutant could also be a useful material in Baicaitai breeding.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos.32030093 and 31801883)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20180913).
文摘Jasmonate ZIM Domain proteins(JAZs)provide a response to multiple abiotic stresses by critically regulating the JA signaling pathway.In this study,a total of 11 CsJAZ genes were identified in the cucumber genome database.In silico analysis revealed the presence of different cis-acting regulatory elements related to growth,stress and hormonal responsiveness in the upstream region of CsJAZ genes.The transcriptional expression pattern analysis showed that all CsJAZ genes were expressed in the tissues tested and all CsJAZ genes responded to plant hormone GA,suggesting they may participate in complex hormone signaling networks.An expression analysis based on qRT-PCR,indicated that cucumber CsJAZ8 was decreased significantly by waterlogging treatment but induced by exogenous methyl jasmonate application.Therefore,we speculate that CsJAZ8 could be a potential regulator of the response of cucumber to waterlogging stress.Additionally,transient expression assay showed that the CsJAZ8 protein is localized in the nucleus and could be involved in the regulation of various biological and cellular processes.Furthermore,Y2H assay revealed that cucumber CsJAZ proteins exhibit homologous and heterologous interactions.Subsequently,this research will contribute to the understanding of the CsJAZ gene family in Cucumis sativus.It also provides further insight into the role of CsJAZ proteins in waterlogging stress and may provide a new frontier in cucumber breeding for waterlogging tolerance.
基金supported by the Special Funds for Scientific and Technological Innovation of Jiangsu province,China (BE2022425)Project of Jiangsu Province Science and Technology (BE2017380)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program (2018YFD1000800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32072579,31672160 and 30871721).
文摘The fruit yield of cucumber are associated with high input of nitrogen,which poses a risk of pollution to the environment.The EU-Rotate_N model has been used widely for its high performance in the simulation of vegetable growth,water and nitrogen dynamics.However,whether the underground water level affects the performance of the EU-Rotate_N model is unclear.In this study,we modified the groundwater level algorithms to the original model and named the modified model'the HG EU-Rotate_N model'.Experiments over two years on greenhouse cucumber with four different nitrogen(N)treatments(N1-N4)were conducted in Jiangsu Province,China,which has a high groundwater level(area_(HG)).Both original and modified models were used to simulate cucumber growth,water movement and N fate.For the soil water content,the measured values were significantly larger than the simulated values of the original model(value_(O))and closer to those of the HG model(value_(HG));for the soil available nitrogen concentration(SNC),the measured values were significantly higher and lower than value_(O) in 0−10 cm and 10−30 cm soil layers,respectively,and were also closer to those of the values_(HG).The higher SNC in the 0-10 cm soil layer indicated that a high groundwater level might increase the upwards movement of water and nitrogen in the 0-30 cm soil layer.The root mean square error,Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency and difference values show that the HG model was more applicable for areaHG than the original model.In this study,the nitrogen dosage of the N3 treatment was sufficient to meet the requirements of cucumber growth,indicating that the fertilization recommendation according to nitrogen nutrient balance was applicable in this area.
