This review considers the modern industrial applications of augmented reality headsets.It draws upon a synthesis of information from open sources and press releases of companies,as well as the first-hand experiences o...This review considers the modern industrial applications of augmented reality headsets.It draws upon a synthesis of information from open sources and press releases of companies,as well as the first-hand experiences of industry representatives.Furthermore,the research incorporates insights from both profile events and in-depth discussions with skilled professionals.A specific focus is placed on the ergonomic characteristics of headsets:image quality,user-friendliness,etc.To provide an objective evaluation of the various headsets,a metric has been proposed which is dependent on the specific application case.This enables a comprehensive comparison of the various devices in terms of their quantitative characteristics,which is of particular importance for the formation of a rapidly developing industry.展开更多
In photonic crystal slab(PCS)structures,the bound states in the continuum(BICs)and circularly polarised states(dubbed C-points)are critical topological polarisation singularities in momentum space that have garnered s...In photonic crystal slab(PCS)structures,the bound states in the continuum(BICs)and circularly polarised states(dubbed C-points)are critical topological polarisation singularities in momentum space that have garnered significant attention owing to their novel topological and optical properties.In this study,we engineered a novel PCS imager featuring two C-points with opposite chirality through symmetry breaking,resulting in maximal asymmetric transmission responses characterised by near-unity circular dichroism(CD)values.By harnessing the chiral selectivity of the C-points,a high-CD PCS imager can provide two sets of optical transfer functions(OTFs)to facilitate both edge detection and bright-field imaging.Notably,one set of OTFs was finely tuned to a Lorentzian line shape to achieve perfect edge detection.We developed a multifunctional imaging system by integrating a PCS imager into a traditional optical system.Both theoretical and experimental demonstrations confirmed that this system provides bright-field and edge-enhanced images with micrometer-scale resolution.Furthermore,these two independent functions can be easily switched by altering the circular polarisation state of the light source.展开更多
This study proposes a novel heterodyne grating interferometer designed to meet the multi-dimensional atomiclevel measurement demands of next-generation lithography systems and large-scale atomic-level manufacturing.By...This study proposes a novel heterodyne grating interferometer designed to meet the multi-dimensional atomiclevel measurement demands of next-generation lithography systems and large-scale atomic-level manufacturing.By utilizing a dual-frequency laser source,the interferometer enables simultaneous three-degree-of-freedom(3-DOF)displacement measurements.Key innovations include a compact,zero dead-zone optical path architecture,which enhances measurement robustness by minimizing sensitivity to laser source instabilities and atmospheric refractive index fluctuations.In addition,we present a systematic crosstalk error analysis,coupled with a corresponding compensation algorithm,effectively reducing crosstalk-induced errors to below 5%.Experimental evaluation of the 90×90×40 mm^(3) prototype demonstrates outstanding performance metrics:sub-nanometer resolutions(0.25 nm for X/Y-axes,0.3 nm for Z-axis),superior linearity coefficients(6.9×10^(−5),8.1×10^(−5),16.2×10^(−5) for X-,Y-,and Z-axes,respectively),high repeatability(0.8 nm@1000 nm for all axes),exceptional long-term stability(20 nm XY-plane drift,60 nm Z-axis drift over 1000 s),and practical measurement ranges exceeding 10 mm inplane and 2 mm axially.Comparative analysis with state-of-the-art sensors demonstrates significant advantages in measurement precision,system integration,and multi-axis capability.This advancement highlights excellent potential for applications in integrated circuit fabrication,atomic-scale manufacturing,and ultra-precision metrology for aerospace systems.展开更多
Complex field modulation(CFM)has found a plethora of applications in physics,biomedicine,and instrumentation.Among existing methods,superpixel-based CFM has been increasingly featured because of its advantages in high...Complex field modulation(CFM)has found a plethora of applications in physics,biomedicine,and instrumentation.Among existing methods,superpixel-based CFM has been increasingly featured because of its advantages in high modulation accuracy and its compatibility with high-speed spatial light modulators(SLMs).Nonetheless,the mainstream approach based on binary-amplitude modulation confronts limitations in optical efficiency and dynamic range.To surmount these challenges,we develop binary phase-engraved(BiPE)superpixel-based CFM and implement it using the phase light modulator(PLM)—a new micro-electromechanical system-based SLM undergoing development by Texas Instruments in recent years.Using BiPE superpixels,we demonstrate highaccuracy spatial amplitude and phase modulation at up to 1.44 kHz.To showcase its broad utility,we apply BiPEsuperpixel-based CFM to beam shaping,high-speed projection,and augmented-reality display.展开更多
Femtosecond laser pulses can be employed to directly form periodic nanostructures on solid surfaces,including hard materials such as diamond and sapphire,via ablation.Thus,this technique is promising for industrial na...Femtosecond laser pulses can be employed to directly form periodic nanostructures on solid surfaces,including hard materials such as diamond and sapphire,via ablation.Thus,this technique is promising for industrial nanofabrication applications.However,the stable formation of uniform nanostructures is challenging because of their high sensitivity to changes in processing conditions,such as the surface roughness of materials and laser power.Herein,we report a real-time monitoring and control approach for fabricating high-quality nanostructures on glass surfaces.We measured the reflectance and transmittance of a laser-irradiated surface simultaneously and determined their specific values corresponding to the formation of a uniform nanostructure with a period of 200 nm and depth of 1μm.By utilising these values as feedback signals in a proportional-integral-derivative control system,we adjusted the laser power during irradiation to form a uniform nanostructure.This approach led to a significant reduction in the defect ratio of the nanostructure(~2.4%),which represents a 10-fold reduction compared with uncontrolled processing.Our results demonstrate the potential for the stable and direct fabrication of high-quality nanostructures on solids and offer a valuable method for the quality assurance of nanostructures for various applications.展开更多
Monolithic multi-freeform optical structures play significant roles in advanced optical systems by simplifying system structures and enhancing optoelectronic performance.However,manufacturing and measurement present s...Monolithic multi-freeform optical structures play significant roles in advanced optical systems by simplifying system structures and enhancing optoelectronic performance.However,manufacturing and measurement present significant challenges,which require the simultaneous assurance of form quality and relative positioning of multiple functional surfaces.Consequently,a deterministic form-position deflectometric measuring method is proposed based on Bayesian multisensor fusion,which effectively overcomes the inherent limitation of deflectometry in absolute positioning.Calibration priors were marginalised in the measurement model to improve fidelity,and a fully probabilistic measurement framework was proposed to eliminate numerical bias in conventional sequential optimisation approaches.Finally,a geometric-constraint-based registration method was developed to evaluate the form-position quality of freeform surfaces.The experimental results demonstrated the measurement accuracy could achieve a level of one hundred nanometres for surface forms and a few microns for surface positions.展开更多
Although terahertz(THz)spectroscopy and imaging offer a variety of applications in medical diagnosis of malignant and benign neoplasms,their translation into clinical practice is hampered by the absence of endoscopic ...Although terahertz(THz)spectroscopy and imaging offer a variety of applications in medical diagnosis of malignant and benign neoplasms,their translation into clinical practice is hampered by the absence of endoscopic systems capable of sensing the THz optical properties of the hard-to-access tissues.In this review,we focus on recent attempts to address this challenge.To better highlight the need for THz endoscopes,we start with a brief overview of THz medical applications,with an emphasis on neoplasms diagnosis.We then consider the two existing principles of THz endoscopy.The first uses the fiber-coupled THz photoconductive antennas(PCAs)for the THz generation and detection in close proximity to a hard-to-access object,where optical fibers are applied to flexibly deliver the laser pump and probe beams to the THz emitter and detector.The key technology of the second approach is the THz optical fibers capable of delivering the THz waves to an analyte and then detecting the reflected and back-propagated THz signal.Despite this approach still lacking the efficient commercially available THz fiber optics,most recent developments pave the way to solve these problems.In this review,several notable examples of THz endoscopic systems based on different guiding mechanisms,material platform,and manufacturing strategies are discussed.展开更多
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy(FLIM)has emerged as a transformative imaging technique in cancer research,offering quantitative insights into cellular metabolism,tumor microenvironments,and therapeutic respon...Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy(FLIM)has emerged as a transformative imaging technique in cancer research,offering quantitative insights into cellular metabolism,tumor microenvironments,and therapeutic responses.By measuring the fluorescence lifetimes of metabolic cofactors such as NADH and FAD,FLIM facilitates the analysis of cancer-specific metabolic reprogramming and heterogeneity.Integration with deep learning further enhances FLIM’s diagnostic and therapeutic potential,enabling high-resolution imaging,automated data analysis,and biomarker identification.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the principles and technological advancements of FLIM,highlighting its applications in cancer diagnostics,drug delivery,and therapy,as well as its integration with deep learning to increase imaging precision and data interpretation.Challenges such as high costs,high computational complexity,and the need for standardized imaging protocols are also addressed.By bridging FLIM with cutting-edge computational techniques,this review highlights its potential to revolutionize cancer research,paving the way for early diagnosis,personalized therapies,and deeper insights into tumor biology.展开更多
Light-based additive manufacturing holds great potential in the field of bioprinting due to its exceptional spatial resolution,enabling the reconstruction of intricate tissue structures.However,printing through biolog...Light-based additive manufacturing holds great potential in the field of bioprinting due to its exceptional spatial resolution,enabling the reconstruction of intricate tissue structures.However,printing through biological tissues is severely limited due to the strong optical scattering within the tissues.The propagation of light is scrambled to form random speckle patterns,making it impossible to print features at the diffraction-limited size with conventional printing approaches.The poor tissue penetration depth of ultra-violet or blue light,which is commonly used to trigger photopolymerization,further limits the fabrication of high cell-density tissue constructs.Recently,several strategies based on wavefront shaping have been developed to manipulate the light and refocus it inside scattering media to a diffraction-limited spot.In this study,we present a high-resolution additive manufacturing technique using upconversion nanoparticles and a wavefront shaping method that does not require measurement from an invasive detector,i.e.,it is a non-invasive technique.Upconversion nanoparticles convert near-infrared light to ultraviolet and visible light.The ultraviolet light serves as a light source for photopolymerization and the visible light as a guide star for digital light shaping.The incident light pattern is manipulated using the feedback information of the guide star to focus light through the tissue.In this way,we experimentally demonstrate that near-infrared light can be non-invasively focused through a strongly scattering medium.By exploiting the optical memory effect,we further demonstrate micro-meter resolution additive manufacturing through highly scattering media such as a 300-μm-thick chicken breast.This study provides a concept of high-resolution additive manufacturing through turbid media with potential application in tissue engineering.展开更多
Advancements in additive manufacturing(AM)are revolutionizing 3D part production,making 3D printing crucial for creating optical devices like lenses and waveguides.This study employs vat photopolymerization(VPP)to fab...Advancements in additive manufacturing(AM)are revolutionizing 3D part production,making 3D printing crucial for creating optical devices like lenses and waveguides.This study employs vat photopolymerization(VPP)to fabricate adaptive 4D printed smart Fresnel lenses with photochromic properties using digital light processing(DLP).These lenses are fabricated with precise optical performance and geometric dimensions.Photochromic powders enable dynamic color changes upon UV exposure.The lenses were optically evaluated in both inactive and active states,demonstrating excellent UV and blue light blocking when inactive.Upon UV activation,the lenses darken and absorb parts of the visible light spectrum,with the degree of absorption and color change dependent on the photochromic material and its concentration.The lenses show minimal focal length errors,maintaining high precision and UV responsiveness even at low concentrations.This research highlights the lenses’precision,UV responsiveness,blue light filtering capabilities,and stability after multiple UV exposure cycles.These findings underscore the potential of 4D printing in developing smart optical devices tailored for applications that demand dynamic light modulation and UV filtering,highlighting a combination of innovative manufacturing techniques and functional optics.展开更多
A universal method of micro-patterning thin quantum dot films is highly desired by industry to enable the integration of quantum dot materials with optoelectronic devices.Many of the methods reported so far,including ...A universal method of micro-patterning thin quantum dot films is highly desired by industry to enable the integration of quantum dot materials with optoelectronic devices.Many of the methods reported so far,including specially engineered photoresist or ink-jet printing,are either of poor yield,resolution limited,difficult to scale for mass production,overly expensive,or sacrificing some optical quality of the quantum dots.In our previous work,we presented a dry photolithographic lift-off method for pixelization of solution-processed materials and demonstrated its application in patterning perovskite quantum dot pixels,10μm in diameter,to construct a static micro-display.This report presents further development of this method and demonstrates high-resolution patterning(~1μm diameter),full-scale processing on a 100 mm wafer,and multi-color integration of two different varieties of quantum dots.Perovskite and cadmium-selenide quantum dots were adopted for the experimentation,but the method can be applied to other types of solution-processed materials.We also demonstrate the viability of this method for constructing high-resolution micro-arrays of quantum dot color-convertors by fabricating patterned films directly on top of a blue gallium-nitride LED substrate.The green perovskite quantum dots used for fabrication were synthesized via the room-temperature ligand-assisted reprecipitation method developed by our research group,yielding a photoluminescent quantum yield of 93.6%and full-width half-maximum emission linewidth less than 20 nm.Our results demonstrate the viability of this method for use in scalable manufacturing of high-resolution micro-displays paving the way for improved optoelectronic applications.展开更多
In this paper,we experimentally demonstrate a non-volatile switchable infrared stealth metafilm based on high temperature resistant metal Molybdenum(Mo)and phase change material Ge2Sb2Te5(GST).By controlling the phase...In this paper,we experimentally demonstrate a non-volatile switchable infrared stealth metafilm based on high temperature resistant metal Molybdenum(Mo)and phase change material Ge2Sb2Te5(GST).By controlling the phase state of GST,the switch between the infrared stealth and the non-stealth states can be realized.Specifically,when the GST is in the amorphous state,the emissivity of the film in the 3-5μm and 8-14μm atmospheric window band is suppressed and can realize infrared stealth,together with a high absorption peak of 94%at 6.08μm,which enables radiative heat dissipation;While for the crystalline state of the GST,the average emissivity is more than 0.7 in the band of 8-14μm,and the infrared stealth function cannot be realized.When the background temperature is 100°C,the temperature difference between the two samples reaches as high as 28°C under an infrared thermal imager.Therefore,our proposed metafilm can flexibly regulate the infrared thermal radiation of the target so as to realize the switch between the infrared stealth and non-stealth state.We have fabricated the metafilm on both hard and flexible substrates.Our work holds profound significance for the study of dynamic thermal radiation control and it is set to pave the way for the practical implementation of intelligent infrared stealth technology.展开更多
ZnO nanomaterials have become appealing for next-generation micro/nanodevices owing to their remarkable functionality and outstanding performance.However,in-situ,one-step,patterned synthesis of ZnO nanomaterials with ...ZnO nanomaterials have become appealing for next-generation micro/nanodevices owing to their remarkable functionality and outstanding performance.However,in-situ,one-step,patterned synthesis of ZnO nanomaterials with small grain sizes and high specific surface areas remains challenging.While breakthroughs in laser-based synthesis techniques have enabled simultaneous growth and patterning of these materials,device integration restrictions owing to pre-prepared laser-absorbing layers remain a severe issue.Herein,we report a single-step femtosecond laser direct writing(FsLDW)method for fabricating ZnO nanomaterial micropatterns with a minimum linewidth of less than 1μm without requiring laser-absorbing layers.Furthermore,utilizing the grain-size modulation effect of glycerol,we successfully reduced the grain size and addressed the challenges of discontinuity and non-uniform product formation during FsLDW.Using this technique,we successfully fabricated a series of 2 micro-photodetectors with exceptional performance,a switching ratio of 105,and a responsivity of 10 A/W.Notably,the devices exhibited an ultralow dark current of less than 10 pA,more than one order of magnitude lower than the dark current of ZnO photodetectors under the same bias voltage—crucial for enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio and reducing the power consumption of photodetectors.The proposed method could be extended to preparing other metal-oxide nanomaterials and devices,thus providing new opportunities for developing customized,miniaturized,and integrated functional devices.展开更多
Detecting electrolyte leakage is an effective early warning approach for abnormal faults in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and can help mitigate safety risks such as fires and explosions.However,detecting electrolyte leak...Detecting electrolyte leakage is an effective early warning approach for abnormal faults in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and can help mitigate safety risks such as fires and explosions.However,detecting electrolyte leakage in the early stages of LIB faults presents a significant challenge,as leaks in LIBs produce volatile organic compounds(VOCs)at parts per million levels that are difficult to detect using conventional VOC sensors.Here,an effective LIB VOC sensor using micro-nano optical fibres(MNFs)has been developed for the first time,coated with an in situ self-assembled zeolitic imidazolate framework-8(ZIF-8)membrane as an electrolyte-sensitive layer.The abundance of pores in ZIF-8 is excellent for adsorbing a variety of VOCs,including diethyl carbonate,ethyl methyl carbonate,dimethyl carbonate,and propylene carbonate.The MNFs possess high refractive index sensitivity,enhancing the online monitoring of electrolytes.MNFs with a diameter of approximately 7μm were assembled with four-cycle ZIF-8 of approximately 500 nm thickness,as the fabricated sensor.Through wavelength demodulation,the LIB sensor demonstrated high sensitivity,detecting 43.6 pm/ppm of VOCs and exhibiting rapid response and recovery times of typically within 10 min and 23 s,respectively,as well as a low theoretical detection limit of 2.65 ppm for dimethyl carbonate vapor with excellent reversibility.The first on-site verification of online LIB leakage monitoring demonstrated that the sensor achieved a 35 h early warning prior to full-load leakage,thus exhibiting promising prospects for applications in scenarios such as car batteries.展开更多
Assembling metal nanoparticles into a well-defined array and constructing strongly coupled hybrid systems enable high-quality resonances with narrow linewidths,which offer new opportunities to circumvent the hurdle of...Assembling metal nanoparticles into a well-defined array and constructing strongly coupled hybrid systems enable high-quality resonances with narrow linewidths,which offer new opportunities to circumvent the hurdle of plasmonic losses.Herein,we propose a light-driven approach for generating plasmonic arrays by leveraging the self-organized patterns of tightly confined surface plasmon polaritons in single metal nanowires,which exhibit optimized unit structures,tunable interparticle spacings with supra-wavelength or sub-wavelength periods beyond the diffraction limit,and flexible alignment directions.We theoretically and experimentally show the mechanism of generating field patterns via the interplay of a standing wave and optical beating,followed by the formation of periodic geometries under a spatially modulated temperature distribution.We also fabricate plasmonic arrays on microfibres with diameters down to~1.4μm and thereby construct a series of hybrid plasmonic-photonic resonators with narrow-band resonances(~3.9 nm linewidth)as well as a barcode system with high multiplexing capacity.Our results show the potential of simple,low-cost,and high-efficiency fabrication of plasmonic arrays and hybrids that may find applications in plasmonic array lasers,information encryption,and high-resolution distributed sensing.展开更多
Mimicking animal skin is an effective strategy for enhancing the performance of artificial skin.Inspired by a chameleon’s iridophore and a spider’s slit organ,a novel photonic-electronic skin(PE-skin)with excellent ...Mimicking animal skin is an effective strategy for enhancing the performance of artificial skin.Inspired by a chameleon’s iridophore and a spider’s slit organ,a novel photonic-electronic skin(PE-skin)with excellent optical/electrical dual-sensing performance was developed by integrating a photonic crystal(PC)with a conductive MXene/silver nanowire(AgNW)composite into adhesive polydimethylsiloxane.The PC layer containing in-plane-spaced and interplane-packed nanoparticle arrays was fabricated via a fast,facile,combined method of“Marangoni self-assembly”,“plasma etching”,and“adhesive PDMS transfer”.Notably,the PC exhibited a red-shift mechanochromic response through in-plane stretching,which is the first report of sharing the same mechanochromic behavior as a chameleon iridophore.The underlying MXene layer formed slit-organ-like cracks that provided high sensitivity,whereas the AgNWs maintained their conductivity under large strains.The resultant PE-skin exhibited a high mechanochromic sensitivity(2.57 nm%−1)and a high electrical gauge factor of 2600 in a large strain-sensing range(up to 85%).These advantages have been confirmed in the detection of full-range human motions,such as speech recognition,using a deep neural network algorithm.The red-shift stretchable PC demonstrates a new paradigm for artificial chameleon skins,and the bionic PC crack bilayer structure extends the design concept for visually interactive e-skins.展开更多
Femtosecond 3D-printing offers tantalizing avenues for miniaturization and integration of micro optical systems.Available photoresists,however,restrain their utility in liquid immersion,especially in media with refrac...Femtosecond 3D-printing offers tantalizing avenues for miniaturization and integration of micro optical systems.Available photoresists,however,restrain their utility in liquid immersion,especially in media with refractive indices larger than n=1.33,such as glues or biomedical fluids.We present monolithic 3D-printed immersion optics,equipped with compact microfluidic sealing to protect the micro optical device from intrusion of liquid immersion media.We experimentally demonstrate diffraction limited performance in water,silicone-,and immersion oil,for a tailored aspherical-spherical doublet with a numerical aperture of NA=0.625 and a footprint as small as a single mode optical fiber.Such compact monolithic immersion micro optics yield high potential to advance miniaturization for in situ biomedical sensing and robust coupling between fibers and photonic integrated circuits.展开更多
The real-time measurements of surface physiological parameters,such as body temperature,cardiorespiratory rates,and sweat,is of increasing importance in healthcare.Optical fibres can offer an effective solution for co...The real-time measurements of surface physiological parameters,such as body temperature,cardiorespiratory rates,and sweat,is of increasing importance in healthcare.Optical fibres can offer an effective solution for contact sensing,as they enable multi-parameter and multi-point sensing while maintaining a compact form factor.Recent advances using chalcogenide and other specialty fibres represent a substantial step towards all-fibre wearable devices.展开更多
Defect inspection is critical in semiconductor manufacturing for product quality improvement at reduced production costs.A whole new manufacturing process is often associated with a new set of defects that can cause s...Defect inspection is critical in semiconductor manufacturing for product quality improvement at reduced production costs.A whole new manufacturing process is often associated with a new set of defects that can cause serious damage to the manufacturing system.Therefore,classifying existing defects and new defects provides crucial clues to fix the issue in the newly introduced manufacturing process.We present a multi-task hybrid transformer(MT-former)that distinguishes novel defects from the known defects in electron microscope images of semiconductors.MT-former consists of upstream and downstream training stages.In the upstream stage,an encoder of a hybrid transformer is trained by solving both classification and reconstruction tasks for the existing defects.In the downstream stage,the shared encoder is fine-tuned by simultaneously learning the classification as well as a deep support vector domain description(Deep-SVDD)to detect the new defects among the existing ones.With focal loss,we also design a hybrid-transformer using convolutional and an efficient self-attention module.Our model is evaluated on real-world data from SK Hynix and on publicly available data from magnetic tile defects and HAM10000.For SK Hynix data,MT-former achieved higher AUC as compared with a Deep-SVDD model,by 8.19%for anomaly detection and by 9.59%for classifying the existing classes.Furthermore,the best AUC(magnetic tile defect 67.9%,HAM1000070.73%)on the public dataset achieved with the proposed model implies that MT-former would be a useful model for classifying the new types of defects from the existing ones.展开更多
We experimentally demonstrate ultrafast laser-writing wide-gamut structural colors on TiAlN thin film that is coated on TiN substrate via laser-induced surface oxidation.The experiments involve thorough control over l...We experimentally demonstrate ultrafast laser-writing wide-gamut structural colors on TiAlN thin film that is coated on TiN substrate via laser-induced surface oxidation.The experiments involve thorough control over laser parameters,including powers,scanning speeds and pulse durations,to investigate the interplay between these variables and the resulting structural colors.Surface characterization techniques,such as scanning electron microscopy,energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy,are employed to analyze the properties of laser-induced oxide layers and their chromatic responses.Our findings indicate that while laser powers and scanning speeds are critical in determining the irradiated dose and the subsequent coloring effects,the pulse duration exerts a distinct influence,particularly at low laser powers as well as slow scanning speeds.Longer pulse durations are found to produce a more significant coloring change despite exhibiting lower oxygen content.This is attributed to the increased surface roughness and deeper oxidation layer achieved with prolonged pulses.We propose two oxidation mechanisms–photo-oxidation and thermal-oxidation–to elucidate the influence of pulse duration on laser coloring effects.These findings not only refine existing paradigms in laser-induced surface coloration but also stimulate further exploration of structural colors’multifaceted applications across diverse technological contexts.展开更多
基金support of“Priority 2030”program at the Bauman Moscow State Technical University.O.L.A.and M.V.S.acknowledge the financial support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation grant(Agreement dated 06.03.2024 number 075-02-2024-1519)for the experimental research,carried out using the infrastructure of the Educational Design Center for Opto-and Microelectronics of the Bauman Moscow State Technical Universitysupport of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation(Passport No.2019-0903).
文摘This review considers the modern industrial applications of augmented reality headsets.It draws upon a synthesis of information from open sources and press releases of companies,as well as the first-hand experiences of industry representatives.Furthermore,the research incorporates insights from both profile events and in-depth discussions with skilled professionals.A specific focus is placed on the ergonomic characteristics of headsets:image quality,user-friendliness,etc.To provide an objective evaluation of the various headsets,a metric has been proposed which is dependent on the specific application case.This enables a comprehensive comparison of the various devices in terms of their quantitative characteristics,which is of particular importance for the formation of a rapidly developing industry.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2022YFA1405000in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province through Major Project under Grant BK20243067+3 种基金in part by the Leading-Edge Technology Program of Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation under Grant BK20232001in part by the National Natural Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars(Overseas)in part by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesin part by Nanjing University Integrated Research Platform of the Ministry of Education-Top Talents Program.
文摘In photonic crystal slab(PCS)structures,the bound states in the continuum(BICs)and circularly polarised states(dubbed C-points)are critical topological polarisation singularities in momentum space that have garnered significant attention owing to their novel topological and optical properties.In this study,we engineered a novel PCS imager featuring two C-points with opposite chirality through symmetry breaking,resulting in maximal asymmetric transmission responses characterised by near-unity circular dichroism(CD)values.By harnessing the chiral selectivity of the C-points,a high-CD PCS imager can provide two sets of optical transfer functions(OTFs)to facilitate both edge detection and bright-field imaging.Notably,one set of OTFs was finely tuned to a Lorentzian line shape to achieve perfect edge detection.We developed a multifunctional imaging system by integrating a PCS imager into a traditional optical system.Both theoretical and experimental demonstrations confirmed that this system provides bright-field and edge-enhanced images with micrometer-scale resolution.Furthermore,these two independent functions can be easily switched by altering the circular polarisation state of the light source.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NO.62275142)Shenzhen Stability Support Program Project(NO.WDZC 20231124201906001)Guangdong Basic and Applied Research Fund(NO.2021B1515120007).
文摘This study proposes a novel heterodyne grating interferometer designed to meet the multi-dimensional atomiclevel measurement demands of next-generation lithography systems and large-scale atomic-level manufacturing.By utilizing a dual-frequency laser source,the interferometer enables simultaneous three-degree-of-freedom(3-DOF)displacement measurements.Key innovations include a compact,zero dead-zone optical path architecture,which enhances measurement robustness by minimizing sensitivity to laser source instabilities and atmospheric refractive index fluctuations.In addition,we present a systematic crosstalk error analysis,coupled with a corresponding compensation algorithm,effectively reducing crosstalk-induced errors to below 5%.Experimental evaluation of the 90×90×40 mm^(3) prototype demonstrates outstanding performance metrics:sub-nanometer resolutions(0.25 nm for X/Y-axes,0.3 nm for Z-axis),superior linearity coefficients(6.9×10^(−5),8.1×10^(−5),16.2×10^(−5) for X-,Y-,and Z-axes,respectively),high repeatability(0.8 nm@1000 nm for all axes),exceptional long-term stability(20 nm XY-plane drift,60 nm Z-axis drift over 1000 s),and practical measurement ranges exceeding 10 mm inplane and 2 mm axially.Comparative analysis with state-of-the-art sensors demonstrates significant advantages in measurement precision,system integration,and multi-axis capability.This advancement highlights excellent potential for applications in integrated circuit fabrication,atomic-scale manufacturing,and ultra-precision metrology for aerospace systems.
基金supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(Grant Nos.RGPIN-2024-05551,ALLRP 592389-23)the Canada Research Chairs Program(Grant No.CRC-2022-00119)the Fonds de Recherche du Québec–Nature et Technologies(Grant Nos.203345–Centre d’Optique,Photonique,et Lasers).
文摘Complex field modulation(CFM)has found a plethora of applications in physics,biomedicine,and instrumentation.Among existing methods,superpixel-based CFM has been increasingly featured because of its advantages in high modulation accuracy and its compatibility with high-speed spatial light modulators(SLMs).Nonetheless,the mainstream approach based on binary-amplitude modulation confronts limitations in optical efficiency and dynamic range.To surmount these challenges,we develop binary phase-engraved(BiPE)superpixel-based CFM and implement it using the phase light modulator(PLM)—a new micro-electromechanical system-based SLM undergoing development by Texas Instruments in recent years.Using BiPE superpixels,we demonstrate highaccuracy spatial amplitude and phase modulation at up to 1.44 kHz.To showcase its broad utility,we apply BiPEsuperpixel-based CFM to beam shaping,high-speed projection,and augmented-reality display.
基金supported by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization(NEDO),Japan.
文摘Femtosecond laser pulses can be employed to directly form periodic nanostructures on solid surfaces,including hard materials such as diamond and sapphire,via ablation.Thus,this technique is promising for industrial nanofabrication applications.However,the stable formation of uniform nanostructures is challenging because of their high sensitivity to changes in processing conditions,such as the surface roughness of materials and laser power.Herein,we report a real-time monitoring and control approach for fabricating high-quality nanostructures on glass surfaces.We measured the reflectance and transmittance of a laser-irradiated surface simultaneously and determined their specific values corresponding to the formation of a uniform nanostructure with a period of 200 nm and depth of 1μm.By utilising these values as feedback signals in a proportional-integral-derivative control system,we adjusted the laser power during irradiation to form a uniform nanostructure.This approach led to a significant reduction in the defect ratio of the nanostructure(~2.4%),which represents a 10-fold reduction compared with uncontrolled processing.Our results demonstrate the potential for the stable and direct fabrication of high-quality nanostructures on solids and offer a valuable method for the quality assurance of nanostructures for various applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52475551)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(24ZR1406800)the Dreams Foundation of Jianghuai Advanced Technology Center(2023-ZM01C008).
文摘Monolithic multi-freeform optical structures play significant roles in advanced optical systems by simplifying system structures and enhancing optoelectronic performance.However,manufacturing and measurement present significant challenges,which require the simultaneous assurance of form quality and relative positioning of multiple functional surfaces.Consequently,a deterministic form-position deflectometric measuring method is proposed based on Bayesian multisensor fusion,which effectively overcomes the inherent limitation of deflectometry in absolute positioning.Calibration priors were marginalised in the measurement model to improve fidelity,and a fully probabilistic measurement framework was proposed to eliminate numerical bias in conventional sequential optimisation approaches.Finally,a geometric-constraint-based registration method was developed to evaluate the form-position quality of freeform surfaces.The experimental results demonstrated the measurement accuracy could achieve a level of one hundred nanometres for surface forms and a few microns for surface positions.
基金supported by the Russian Science Foundation,Project#25-79-30006,while the work of D.S.P.on Sec.3,was supported by the state assignment of the NRC“Kurchatov Institute”。
文摘Although terahertz(THz)spectroscopy and imaging offer a variety of applications in medical diagnosis of malignant and benign neoplasms,their translation into clinical practice is hampered by the absence of endoscopic systems capable of sensing the THz optical properties of the hard-to-access tissues.In this review,we focus on recent attempts to address this challenge.To better highlight the need for THz endoscopes,we start with a brief overview of THz medical applications,with an emphasis on neoplasms diagnosis.We then consider the two existing principles of THz endoscopy.The first uses the fiber-coupled THz photoconductive antennas(PCAs)for the THz generation and detection in close proximity to a hard-to-access object,where optical fibers are applied to flexibly deliver the laser pump and probe beams to the THz emitter and detector.The key technology of the second approach is the THz optical fibers capable of delivering the THz waves to an analyte and then detecting the reflected and back-propagated THz signal.Despite this approach still lacking the efficient commercially available THz fiber optics,most recent developments pave the way to solve these problems.In this review,several notable examples of THz endoscopic systems based on different guiding mechanisms,material platform,and manufacturing strategies are discussed.
基金Indian Council of Medical Research(ITR/Ad-hoc/43/2020-21,ID No.2020-3286)Department of Science and Technology,(GITA/DST/TWN/P-95/2021)Government of India,India for financial support.
文摘Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy(FLIM)has emerged as a transformative imaging technique in cancer research,offering quantitative insights into cellular metabolism,tumor microenvironments,and therapeutic responses.By measuring the fluorescence lifetimes of metabolic cofactors such as NADH and FAD,FLIM facilitates the analysis of cancer-specific metabolic reprogramming and heterogeneity.Integration with deep learning further enhances FLIM’s diagnostic and therapeutic potential,enabling high-resolution imaging,automated data analysis,and biomarker identification.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the principles and technological advancements of FLIM,highlighting its applications in cancer diagnostics,drug delivery,and therapy,as well as its integration with deep learning to increase imaging precision and data interpretation.Challenges such as high costs,high computational complexity,and the need for standardized imaging protocols are also addressed.By bridging FLIM with cutting-edge computational techniques,this review highlights its potential to revolutionize cancer research,paving the way for early diagnosis,personalized therapies,and deeper insights into tumor biology.
基金funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation under project number 196971-“Light based Volumetric printing in scattering resins.”。
文摘Light-based additive manufacturing holds great potential in the field of bioprinting due to its exceptional spatial resolution,enabling the reconstruction of intricate tissue structures.However,printing through biological tissues is severely limited due to the strong optical scattering within the tissues.The propagation of light is scrambled to form random speckle patterns,making it impossible to print features at the diffraction-limited size with conventional printing approaches.The poor tissue penetration depth of ultra-violet or blue light,which is commonly used to trigger photopolymerization,further limits the fabrication of high cell-density tissue constructs.Recently,several strategies based on wavefront shaping have been developed to manipulate the light and refocus it inside scattering media to a diffraction-limited spot.In this study,we present a high-resolution additive manufacturing technique using upconversion nanoparticles and a wavefront shaping method that does not require measurement from an invasive detector,i.e.,it is a non-invasive technique.Upconversion nanoparticles convert near-infrared light to ultraviolet and visible light.The ultraviolet light serves as a light source for photopolymerization and the visible light as a guide star for digital light shaping.The incident light pattern is manipulated using the feedback information of the guide star to focus light through the tissue.In this way,we experimentally demonstrate that near-infrared light can be non-invasively focused through a strongly scattering medium.By exploiting the optical memory effect,we further demonstrate micro-meter resolution additive manufacturing through highly scattering media such as a 300-μm-thick chicken breast.This study provides a concept of high-resolution additive manufacturing through turbid media with potential application in tissue engineering.
基金We acknowledge Khalifa University for the research funding,in the form of Advanced Digital&Additive Manufacturing(ADAM)Group(Award No.RCII-2019-003),in support of this research.
文摘Advancements in additive manufacturing(AM)are revolutionizing 3D part production,making 3D printing crucial for creating optical devices like lenses and waveguides.This study employs vat photopolymerization(VPP)to fabricate adaptive 4D printed smart Fresnel lenses with photochromic properties using digital light processing(DLP).These lenses are fabricated with precise optical performance and geometric dimensions.Photochromic powders enable dynamic color changes upon UV exposure.The lenses were optically evaluated in both inactive and active states,demonstrating excellent UV and blue light blocking when inactive.Upon UV activation,the lenses darken and absorb parts of the visible light spectrum,with the degree of absorption and color change dependent on the photochromic material and its concentration.The lenses show minimal focal length errors,maintaining high precision and UV responsiveness even at low concentrations.This research highlights the lenses’precision,UV responsiveness,blue light filtering capabilities,and stability after multiple UV exposure cycles.These findings underscore the potential of 4D printing in developing smart optical devices tailored for applications that demand dynamic light modulation and UV filtering,highlighting a combination of innovative manufacturing techniques and functional optics.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation(Award No.IIP-2140788)the University of Washington CoMotion Innovation Gap Fund,and the Washington Research Foundation+3 种基金supported by the National Science Foundation through Award No.CMMI-2227285the Science and Technology Center(STC)for Integration of Modern Optoelectronic Materials on Demand(IMOD)under Award No.DMR-2019444supported by the National Science Foundation(NSF)(grant NNCI-1542101)supported by NNCI-2025489 and NNCI-1542101.
文摘A universal method of micro-patterning thin quantum dot films is highly desired by industry to enable the integration of quantum dot materials with optoelectronic devices.Many of the methods reported so far,including specially engineered photoresist or ink-jet printing,are either of poor yield,resolution limited,difficult to scale for mass production,overly expensive,or sacrificing some optical quality of the quantum dots.In our previous work,we presented a dry photolithographic lift-off method for pixelization of solution-processed materials and demonstrated its application in patterning perovskite quantum dot pixels,10μm in diameter,to construct a static micro-display.This report presents further development of this method and demonstrates high-resolution patterning(~1μm diameter),full-scale processing on a 100 mm wafer,and multi-color integration of two different varieties of quantum dots.Perovskite and cadmium-selenide quantum dots were adopted for the experimentation,but the method can be applied to other types of solution-processed materials.We also demonstrate the viability of this method for constructing high-resolution micro-arrays of quantum dot color-convertors by fabricating patterned films directly on top of a blue gallium-nitride LED substrate.The green perovskite quantum dots used for fabrication were synthesized via the room-temperature ligand-assisted reprecipitation method developed by our research group,yielding a photoluminescent quantum yield of 93.6%and full-width half-maximum emission linewidth less than 20 nm.Our results demonstrate the viability of this method for use in scalable manufacturing of high-resolution micro-displays paving the way for improved optoelectronic applications.
基金supported by Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department(2017RS3039,2018JJ1033)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11674396)National University of Defense Technology(ZDJC19-03).
文摘In this paper,we experimentally demonstrate a non-volatile switchable infrared stealth metafilm based on high temperature resistant metal Molybdenum(Mo)and phase change material Ge2Sb2Te5(GST).By controlling the phase state of GST,the switch between the infrared stealth and the non-stealth states can be realized.Specifically,when the GST is in the amorphous state,the emissivity of the film in the 3-5μm and 8-14μm atmospheric window band is suppressed and can realize infrared stealth,together with a high absorption peak of 94%at 6.08μm,which enables radiative heat dissipation;While for the crystalline state of the GST,the average emissivity is more than 0.7 in the band of 8-14μm,and the infrared stealth function cannot be realized.When the background temperature is 100°C,the temperature difference between the two samples reaches as high as 28°C under an infrared thermal imager.Therefore,our proposed metafilm can flexibly regulate the infrared thermal radiation of the target so as to realize the switch between the infrared stealth and non-stealth state.We have fabricated the metafilm on both hard and flexible substrates.Our work holds profound significance for the study of dynamic thermal radiation control and it is set to pave the way for the practical implementation of intelligent infrared stealth technology.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant numbers 52275429 and 62205117)。
文摘ZnO nanomaterials have become appealing for next-generation micro/nanodevices owing to their remarkable functionality and outstanding performance.However,in-situ,one-step,patterned synthesis of ZnO nanomaterials with small grain sizes and high specific surface areas remains challenging.While breakthroughs in laser-based synthesis techniques have enabled simultaneous growth and patterning of these materials,device integration restrictions owing to pre-prepared laser-absorbing layers remain a severe issue.Herein,we report a single-step femtosecond laser direct writing(FsLDW)method for fabricating ZnO nanomaterial micropatterns with a minimum linewidth of less than 1μm without requiring laser-absorbing layers.Furthermore,utilizing the grain-size modulation effect of glycerol,we successfully reduced the grain size and addressed the challenges of discontinuity and non-uniform product formation during FsLDW.Using this technique,we successfully fabricated a series of 2 micro-photodetectors with exceptional performance,a switching ratio of 105,and a responsivity of 10 A/W.Notably,the devices exhibited an ultralow dark current of less than 10 pA,more than one order of magnitude lower than the dark current of ZnO photodetectors under the same bias voltage—crucial for enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio and reducing the power consumption of photodetectors.The proposed method could be extended to preparing other metal-oxide nanomaterials and devices,thus providing new opportunities for developing customized,miniaturized,and integrated functional devices.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A20206,62305124,61922033)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M731188)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZB20230237).
文摘Detecting electrolyte leakage is an effective early warning approach for abnormal faults in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and can help mitigate safety risks such as fires and explosions.However,detecting electrolyte leakage in the early stages of LIB faults presents a significant challenge,as leaks in LIBs produce volatile organic compounds(VOCs)at parts per million levels that are difficult to detect using conventional VOC sensors.Here,an effective LIB VOC sensor using micro-nano optical fibres(MNFs)has been developed for the first time,coated with an in situ self-assembled zeolitic imidazolate framework-8(ZIF-8)membrane as an electrolyte-sensitive layer.The abundance of pores in ZIF-8 is excellent for adsorbing a variety of VOCs,including diethyl carbonate,ethyl methyl carbonate,dimethyl carbonate,and propylene carbonate.The MNFs possess high refractive index sensitivity,enhancing the online monitoring of electrolytes.MNFs with a diameter of approximately 7μm were assembled with four-cycle ZIF-8 of approximately 500 nm thickness,as the fabricated sensor.Through wavelength demodulation,the LIB sensor demonstrated high sensitivity,detecting 43.6 pm/ppm of VOCs and exhibiting rapid response and recovery times of typically within 10 min and 23 s,respectively,as well as a low theoretical detection limit of 2.65 ppm for dimethyl carbonate vapor with excellent reversibility.The first on-site verification of online LIB leakage monitoring demonstrated that the sensor achieved a 35 h early warning prior to full-load leakage,thus exhibiting promising prospects for applications in scenarios such as car batteries.
基金supported by the Chongqing Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX1083 and 1076)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2024CDJXY008)+1 种基金National Foreign Experts Program(No.DL2023165003L)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62005032 and 62005031).
文摘Assembling metal nanoparticles into a well-defined array and constructing strongly coupled hybrid systems enable high-quality resonances with narrow linewidths,which offer new opportunities to circumvent the hurdle of plasmonic losses.Herein,we propose a light-driven approach for generating plasmonic arrays by leveraging the self-organized patterns of tightly confined surface plasmon polaritons in single metal nanowires,which exhibit optimized unit structures,tunable interparticle spacings with supra-wavelength or sub-wavelength periods beyond the diffraction limit,and flexible alignment directions.We theoretically and experimentally show the mechanism of generating field patterns via the interplay of a standing wave and optical beating,followed by the formation of periodic geometries under a spatially modulated temperature distribution.We also fabricate plasmonic arrays on microfibres with diameters down to~1.4μm and thereby construct a series of hybrid plasmonic-photonic resonators with narrow-band resonances(~3.9 nm linewidth)as well as a barcode system with high multiplexing capacity.Our results show the potential of simple,low-cost,and high-efficiency fabrication of plasmonic arrays and hybrids that may find applications in plasmonic array lasers,information encryption,and high-resolution distributed sensing.
基金supported by the Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong province(2024A1515030155,2022A1515010272,2024A1515012609,2022A1515140055,2023A1515011459,2022A1515011671,2022A1515140055)Natural Science Foundation of China(61904067,62475101,62175094,62275109)+1 种基金Knowledge Innovation Program of Wuhan-Basi Research(2023020201010183)Guangzhou-Jinan University Municipal and University Joint Funding Programs(202201020045).
文摘Mimicking animal skin is an effective strategy for enhancing the performance of artificial skin.Inspired by a chameleon’s iridophore and a spider’s slit organ,a novel photonic-electronic skin(PE-skin)with excellent optical/electrical dual-sensing performance was developed by integrating a photonic crystal(PC)with a conductive MXene/silver nanowire(AgNW)composite into adhesive polydimethylsiloxane.The PC layer containing in-plane-spaced and interplane-packed nanoparticle arrays was fabricated via a fast,facile,combined method of“Marangoni self-assembly”,“plasma etching”,and“adhesive PDMS transfer”.Notably,the PC exhibited a red-shift mechanochromic response through in-plane stretching,which is the first report of sharing the same mechanochromic behavior as a chameleon iridophore.The underlying MXene layer formed slit-organ-like cracks that provided high sensitivity,whereas the AgNWs maintained their conductivity under large strains.The resultant PE-skin exhibited a high mechanochromic sensitivity(2.57 nm%−1)and a high electrical gauge factor of 2600 in a large strain-sensing range(up to 85%).These advantages have been confirmed in the detection of full-range human motions,such as speech recognition,using a deep neural network algorithm.The red-shift stretchable PC demonstrates a new paradigm for artificial chameleon skins,and the bionic PC crack bilayer structure extends the design concept for visually interactive e-skins.
基金Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung(EndoPrint3D)University of Stuttgart(RiSC)+2 种基金Federal Ministry of Education and Research(GeDeSens2Virus,Project 16ME0374)The Baden-Württemberg Stiftung(Elite Programme for Postdocs)supported by a Joachim Herz Foundation Add-on Fellowship.
文摘Femtosecond 3D-printing offers tantalizing avenues for miniaturization and integration of micro optical systems.Available photoresists,however,restrain their utility in liquid immersion,especially in media with refractive indices larger than n=1.33,such as glues or biomedical fluids.We present monolithic 3D-printed immersion optics,equipped with compact microfluidic sealing to protect the micro optical device from intrusion of liquid immersion media.We experimentally demonstrate diffraction limited performance in water,silicone-,and immersion oil,for a tailored aspherical-spherical doublet with a numerical aperture of NA=0.625 and a footprint as small as a single mode optical fiber.Such compact monolithic immersion micro optics yield high potential to advance miniaturization for in situ biomedical sensing and robust coupling between fibers and photonic integrated circuits.
文摘The real-time measurements of surface physiological parameters,such as body temperature,cardiorespiratory rates,and sweat,is of increasing importance in healthcare.Optical fibres can offer an effective solution for contact sensing,as they enable multi-parameter and multi-point sensing while maintaining a compact form factor.Recent advances using chalcogenide and other specialty fibres represent a substantial step towards all-fibre wearable devices.
基金supported by SK Hynix AICC(P23.03)by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(2023R1A2C3004880)+4 种基金the Ministry of Education(2020R1A6A1A03047902 and 2022R1A6A1A03052954)by Basic Science Research Program through the NRF funded by the Ministry of Education(RS-2024-00415450)by Institute of Information&communications Technology Planning&Evaluation(IITP)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.RS-2019-II191906,Artificial Intelligence Graduate School Program(POSTECH))by the BK21 FOUR projectby Glocal University 30 projects.
文摘Defect inspection is critical in semiconductor manufacturing for product quality improvement at reduced production costs.A whole new manufacturing process is often associated with a new set of defects that can cause serious damage to the manufacturing system.Therefore,classifying existing defects and new defects provides crucial clues to fix the issue in the newly introduced manufacturing process.We present a multi-task hybrid transformer(MT-former)that distinguishes novel defects from the known defects in electron microscope images of semiconductors.MT-former consists of upstream and downstream training stages.In the upstream stage,an encoder of a hybrid transformer is trained by solving both classification and reconstruction tasks for the existing defects.In the downstream stage,the shared encoder is fine-tuned by simultaneously learning the classification as well as a deep support vector domain description(Deep-SVDD)to detect the new defects among the existing ones.With focal loss,we also design a hybrid-transformer using convolutional and an efficient self-attention module.Our model is evaluated on real-world data from SK Hynix and on publicly available data from magnetic tile defects and HAM10000.For SK Hynix data,MT-former achieved higher AUC as compared with a Deep-SVDD model,by 8.19%for anomaly detection and by 9.59%for classifying the existing classes.Furthermore,the best AUC(magnetic tile defect 67.9%,HAM1000070.73%)on the public dataset achieved with the proposed model implies that MT-former would be a useful model for classifying the new types of defects from the existing ones.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12474317 and 62105269)。
文摘We experimentally demonstrate ultrafast laser-writing wide-gamut structural colors on TiAlN thin film that is coated on TiN substrate via laser-induced surface oxidation.The experiments involve thorough control over laser parameters,including powers,scanning speeds and pulse durations,to investigate the interplay between these variables and the resulting structural colors.Surface characterization techniques,such as scanning electron microscopy,energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy,are employed to analyze the properties of laser-induced oxide layers and their chromatic responses.Our findings indicate that while laser powers and scanning speeds are critical in determining the irradiated dose and the subsequent coloring effects,the pulse duration exerts a distinct influence,particularly at low laser powers as well as slow scanning speeds.Longer pulse durations are found to produce a more significant coloring change despite exhibiting lower oxygen content.This is attributed to the increased surface roughness and deeper oxidation layer achieved with prolonged pulses.We propose two oxidation mechanisms–photo-oxidation and thermal-oxidation–to elucidate the influence of pulse duration on laser coloring effects.These findings not only refine existing paradigms in laser-induced surface coloration but also stimulate further exploration of structural colors’multifaceted applications across diverse technological contexts.
