Movement disorder management and therapy are rapidly evolving,owing to an ever-deeper understanding of disease biology and the discovery of new tools for diagnosis and treatment.With this narrative review,we aim to ex...Movement disorder management and therapy are rapidly evolving,owing to an ever-deeper understanding of disease biology and the discovery of new tools for diagnosis and treatment.With this narrative review,we aim to explore emerging therapeutic approaches for movement disorders,with a focus on Parkinson's disease(PD)and other movement-related pathological conditions,including Huntington's disease(HD),essential tremor(ET),and dystonia.This review encompasses preclinical research and human trials,providing a comprehensive overview of the current landscape.Several promising therapeutic strategies have emerged,particularly in the realm of precision medicine for PD associated with GBA and LRRK2 gene mutations.Additionally,innovative immunotherapies and drugs targeting misfoldedα-synuclein are under investigation.These approaches have the potential to influence disease progression and improve patient outcomes.The landscape of pharmacological treatments for movement disorders is both complex and diverse,with substantial progress made over the years.While current treatments effectively manage motor symptoms,they fall short of providing a definitive cure and are limited by nonmotor symptoms and potential side effects.Novel techniques,such as gene therapy,stem cell therapy,and infusion therapies,offer promising avenues for future research.展开更多
Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a critical issue that affects both the quality of life of families and public health.Despite years of research,single-target therapies for AD remain limited.This is primarily because of t...Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a critical issue that affects both the quality of life of families and public health.Despite years of research,single-target therapies for AD remain limited.This is primarily because of the complex and multifaceted pathological mechanisms underlying AD.Recent findings of the involvement of gut microbiome dysbiosis in AD pathogenesis have offered novel insights,emphasizing the need for holistic approaches.As AD progresses,gut microbiota alterations contribute to metabolic and immune imbalances,sparking peripheral inflammation.Consequently,there is heightened infiltration of immune cells into the brain,thus exacerbating neuroinflammation and cognitive decline.Notably,drug developments targeting this mechanism have witnessed substantial advancements,presenting novel systematic treatment approaches for AD patients.Furthermore,the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in many other diseases and their associated cognitive impairments.The gut-brain axis,a bidirectional communication network,therefore holds significant promise for AD treatment as well as broader cognitive impairment solutions,beyond those based on the amyloid-beta and tau theories.展开更多
Schizophrenia includes positive,negative,and cognitive symptoms.Negative and cognitive symptoms do not benefit from current treatments and currently are the main determinants of functional outcome.In the European Unio...Schizophrenia includes positive,negative,and cognitive symptoms.Negative and cognitive symptoms do not benefit from current treatments and currently are the main determinants of functional outcome.In the European Union,where healthcare is widely accessible,80%-90%of patients with schizophrenia are unemployed,while 10%of them die by suicide.Currently,it is believed that psychosis and schizophrenia's positive symptoms stem from excessive dopamine D2 activity in the striatum,leading to'hyper-salience'followed by delusions,and in the sensory cortex leading to'self-generated sensory activity'followed by hallucinations.The reviewed evidence in this article suggests open potassium and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated(HCN)channels leading to prefrontal cortex(PFC)dysfunction followed by'cognitive impairment'/loss of insight'/lack of deliberate reasoning'/lack of reality monitoring'to also be a contributing factor in psychosis and schizophrenia.This could explain how kappa-opioid agonists and potassium channel openers induce psychosis while lowering dopamine but opening potassium channels;how nicotine improves certain schizophrenia symptoms while increasing dopamine but closing potassium/HCN channels;how insightfulness is maintained with 5HT2A psychedelics which increase dopamine but close potassium channels;why guanfacine which closes potassium/HCN channels is the best treatment in delirium psychosis which is characterized by prominent cognitive dysfunction;and why clozapine which closes potassium/HCN channels is superior to other antipsychotics.This article concludes that having a cognitive deficit in the first place may make someone more susceptible to developing all schizophrenia symptoms and that potassium/HCN channel blockers would improve that.They would especially ameliorate the neglected cognitive and negative symptoms.This article also notes the importance of norepinephrine and NMDA.Lastly,it proposes treatment perspectives,summarizes the reviewed findings in Table 1,and presents theorized pathways behind schizophrenia and psychosis in Figure 1.展开更多
Objective:Amyloid-β(Aβ)positron emission tomography(PET)imaging is essential for diagnosing and monitoring Alzheimer's disease(AD).The Centiloid(CL)scale standardizes Aβquantification across centers and tracers...Objective:Amyloid-β(Aβ)positron emission tomography(PET)imaging is essential for diagnosing and monitoring Alzheimer's disease(AD).The Centiloid(CL)scale standardizes Aβquantification across centers and tracers,but its limitations include calibration requirements and the inability to capture regional Aβheterogeneity.Methods:The ComBat-Centiloid method harmonizes AβPET data without calibration by combining a 11C-Pittsburgh Compound B standard reference database with the ComBat algorithm and CL framework to generate harmonized CL(HCL)and harmonized regional CL(HRCL)values.Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between HCL and CL values within the same tracer/protocol combinations.Paired t-tests were used to assess differences in HCL and CL values between two same-subject scans using different tracers taken within 1 year.Multicenter analyses were performed with combined datasets with different tracer/protocols to compare the consistency of HRCL,regional CL(RCL),and SUVR for differentiating patients with AD from cognitively normal(CN)individuals.Results:HCL values strongly correlated with CL across all tracer/protocol combinations and effectively eliminated inter-tracer biases,showing no significant differences in paired tests.In multicenter analyses,HCL values outperformed SUVR and RCL,demonstrating superior consistency for distinguishing patients with AD from CN individuals.Conclusion:The ComBat-Centiloid method eliminates calibration requirements and supports robust harmonized assessments in multicenter multitracer studies.展开更多
Driven by the development of evidence-based medicine,cohort studies provide reliable and scientific evidence for brain health and neurological disorders.This review provides a concise introduction to several internati...Driven by the development of evidence-based medicine,cohort studies provide reliable and scientific evidence for brain health and neurological disorders.This review provides a concise introduction to several internationally renowned classical cohorts,highlighting their notable contributions to brain health research.Additionally,it provides a brief introduction to disease-specific cohorts in the field of brain science along with their research outcomes.Moreover,the review examines Chinese cohorts related to brain health and discusses the significant findings from the related studies.Increased interdisciplinary cooperation and cohort data sharing are expected to generate new ideas and scientific standards for the early diagnosis of neurological diseases and personalized prevention and treatment strategies in the future,thereby effectively improving brain health.展开更多
Background:Aluminium-induced neurotoxicity has become a subject of substantial concern because of its consequential effects,including its potential role in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis.It is thought to occur...Background:Aluminium-induced neurotoxicity has become a subject of substantial concern because of its consequential effects,including its potential role in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis.It is thought to occur through multiple mechanisms including the generation of reactive oxygen species and the disruption of cellular homeostasis leading to neuronal damage and dysfunction.However,despite growing evidence of aluminium-induced neurotoxicity,the precise mechanisms underlying its effects and potential therapeutic strategies remain incompletely understood.Its manifestations therefore need to be explored so that its adverse effects can be attenuated.Methods:In the present study,we investigated the neurotoxic effects of aluminium chloride(AlCl_(3))in relation to neurobehavioural changes and oxidative damage.We also assessed the therapeutic role and protective effects of aqueous extract of Phoenix dactylifera L.fruit(AEPDLF)on antioxidant levels(catalase and superoxide dismutase)and neurobehavioural patterns in adult female Wistar rats.Results:Thirty adult female Wistar rats were divided into five groups(N=30,each group n=6).Control group(A)rats received 2 mL/kg body weight/day(bw/d)of distilled water,and rats in the other four groups(B,C,D,and E)received 200 mg/kg bw/d of AlCl_(3) for 28 days.In addition,the treated groups(C,D,and E)received 250,500,and 1000 mg/kg bw/d,respectively,of AEPDLF for 28 days.On the last day of administration,neurobehavioural assessments were performed.Rats were then sacrificed and brains were harvested and homogenised for biochemical assays.With AlCl,treatment,body weight decreased more than brain weight.There was also significantly reduced locomotion with AlCl.treatment;however,dose-dependent amelioration was observed with AEPDLF.Although group B had significantly fewer entries into baited arms,and more entries into non-baited arms than group A in the radial arm maze,these changes were ameliorated in groups C,D,and E in an AEPDLF dose-dependent manner.Furthermore,AICl_(3) treatment lowered catalase and superoxide dismutase levels,and these changes were mitigated by AEPDLF in a dose-dependent fashion.Conclusion:The protective capacity of AEPDLF in female rats most efficiently combatted neurotoxicity at 1000 mg/kg bw/d in response to chronic(28 d)AlCl_(3) exposure.展开更多
The emerging field of affective computing focuses on enhancing computers’ability to understand and appropriately respond to people’s affective states in human-computer interactions,and has revealed significant poten...The emerging field of affective computing focuses on enhancing computers’ability to understand and appropriately respond to people’s affective states in human-computer interactions,and has revealed significant potential for a wide spectrum of applications.Recently,the electroencephalography(EEG)based affective computing has gained increasing interest for its good balance between mechanistic exploration and real-world practical application.The present work reviewed ten theoretical and operational challenges for the existing affective computing researches from an interdisciplinary perspective of information technology,psychology,and neuroscience.On the theoretical side,we suggest that researchers should be well aware of the limitations of the commonly used emotion models,and be cautious about the widely accepted assumptions on EEG-emotion relationships as well as the transferability of findings based on different research paradigms.On the practical side,we propose several operational recommendations for the challenges about data collection,feature extraction,model implementation,online system design,as well as the potential ethical issues.The present review is expected to contribute to an improved understanding of EEG-based affective computing and promote further applications.展开更多
Lycium barbarum polysaccharides(LBPs)are the major polysaccharides extracted from L.barbarum,which is used in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for treating diseases.Studies have shown that LBPs have important biologic...Lycium barbarum polysaccharides(LBPs)are the major polysaccharides extracted from L.barbarum,which is used in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for treating diseases.Studies have shown that LBPs have important biological activities,such as antioxidation,anti-aging,neuroprotection,immune regulation.LBPs inhibit oxidative stress,improve neurodegeneration and stroke-induced neural injury,increase proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cell,and promote neural regeneration.Here we have reviewed latest advances in the biomedical activities of LBPs and improved methods for the isolation,extraction,and purification of LBPs.Then,new discoveries to decrease oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis,inhibit aging progress,and improve neural repair in neurodegeneration and ischemic brain injury have been discussed in detail through in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal studies.Importantly,the molecular mechanisms of LBPs in playing neuroprotective roles are further explored.Lastly,we discuss the perspective of LBPs as biomedical compounds in TCM and modern medicine and provide the experimental and theoretical evidence to use LBPs for the treatment of aging-related neurological diseases and stroke-induced neural injuries.展开更多
Recently,steady-state visual evoked potential(SSVEP)has become one of the most popular electroencephalography paradigms due to its high information transfer rate.Several approaches have been proposed to improve the pe...Recently,steady-state visual evoked potential(SSVEP)has become one of the most popular electroencephalography paradigms due to its high information transfer rate.Several approaches have been proposed to improve the performance of SSVEP.The calibration-free scenario is significant in SSVEP-based brain-computer interface systems,where the subject is the first time to use the system.The participating teams proposed several effective calibration-free algorithm frameworks in the SSVEP competition(calibration-free)of the BCI Controlled Robot Contest in World Robot Contest 2021.This paper introduces the approaches used in the algorithms of the top five teams in the final.The results of the five subjects in the final proved the effectiveness of the approaches.This paper discusses the effectiveness of each approach in improving the system performance in the calibration-free scenario and gives suggestions on how to use these approaches in a real-world system.展开更多
The advancement in neuroscience and computer science promotes the ability of the human brain to communicate and interact with the environment,making brain–computer interface(BCI)top interdisciplinary research.Further...The advancement in neuroscience and computer science promotes the ability of the human brain to communicate and interact with the environment,making brain–computer interface(BCI)top interdisciplinary research.Furthermore,with the modern technology advancement in artificial intelligence(AI),including machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL)methods,there is vast growing interest in the electroencephalogram(EEG)-based BCIs for AI-related visual,literal,and motion applications.In this review study,the literature on mainstreams of AI for the EEG-based BCI applications is investigated to fill gaps in the interdisciplinary BCI field.Specifically,the EEG signals and their main applications in BCI are first briefly introduced.Next,the latest AI technologies,including the ML and DL models,are presented to monitor and feedback human cognitive states.Finally,some BCI-inspired AI applications,including computer vision,natural language processing,and robotic control applications,are presented.The future research directions of the EEG-based BCI are highlighted in line with the AI technologies and applications.展开更多
The brain-computer interface(BCI)technology has received lots of attention in the field of scientific research because it can help disabled people improve their quality of life.Steady-state visual evoked potential(SSV...The brain-computer interface(BCI)technology has received lots of attention in the field of scientific research because it can help disabled people improve their quality of life.Steady-state visual evoked potential(SSVEP)is the most researched BCI experimental paradigm,which offers the advantages of high signal-to-noise ratio and short training-time requirement by users.In a complete BCI system,the two most critical components are the experimental paradigm and decoding algorithm.However,a systematic combination of the SSVEP experimental paradigm and decoding algorithms is missing in existing studies.In the present study,the transient visual evoked potential,SSVEP,and various improved SSVEP paradigms are compared and analyzed,and the problems and development bottlenecks in the experimental paradigm are finally pointed out.Subsequently,the canonical correlation analysis and various improved decoding algorithms are introduced,and the opportunities and challenges of the SSVEP decoding algorithm are discussed.展开更多
Various living creatures exhibit embodiment intelligence,which is reflected by a collaborative interaction of the brain,body,and environment.The actual behavior of embodiment intelligence is generated by a continuous ...Various living creatures exhibit embodiment intelligence,which is reflected by a collaborative interaction of the brain,body,and environment.The actual behavior of embodiment intelligence is generated by a continuous and dynamic interaction between a subject and the environment through information perception and physical manipulation.The physical interaction between a robot and the environment is the basis for realizing embodied perception and learning.Tactile information plays a critical role in this physical interaction process.It can be used to ensure safety,stability,and compliance,and can provide unique information that is difficult to capture using other perception modalities.However,due to the limitations of existing sensors and perception and learning methods,the development of robotic tactile research lags significantly behind other sensing modalities,such as vision and hearing,thereby seriously restricting the development of robotic embodiment intelligence.This paper presents the current challenges related to robotic tactile embodiment intelligence and reviews the theory and methods of robotic embodied tactile intelligence.Tactile perception and learning methods for embodiment intelligence can be designed based on the development of new large-scale tactile array sensing devices,with the aim to make breakthroughs in the neuromorphic computing technology of tactile intelligence.展开更多
Genetics is one of the various approaches adopted to understand and control mammalian sleep.Reverse genetics,which is usually applied to analyze sleep in gene-deficient mice,has been the mainstream field of genetic st...Genetics is one of the various approaches adopted to understand and control mammalian sleep.Reverse genetics,which is usually applied to analyze sleep in gene-deficient mice,has been the mainstream field of genetic studies on sleep for the past three decades and has revealed that various molecules,including orexin,are involved in sleep regulation.Recently,forward genetic studies in humans and mice have identified gene mutations responsible for heritable sleep abnormalities,such as SIK3,NALCN,DEC2,the neuropeptide S receptor,andβ1 adrenergic receptor.Furthermore,the protein kinase A-SIK3 pathway was shown to represent the intracellular neural signaling for sleep need.Large-scale genome-wide analyses of human sleep have been conducted,and many gene loci associated with individual differences in sleep have been found.The development of genome-editing technology and gene transfer by an adeno-associated virus has updated and expanded the genetic studies on mammals.These efforts are expected to elucidate the mechanisms of sleep–wake regulation and develop new therapeutic interventions for sleep disorders.展开更多
The year ahead marks the 50th anniversary of the first publication on the brain-computer interface(BCI)proposed by Vidal in 1973.Over the past decades,continuous progress has been made in designing and optimizing the ...The year ahead marks the 50th anniversary of the first publication on the brain-computer interface(BCI)proposed by Vidal in 1973.Over the past decades,continuous progress has been made in designing and optimizing the BCI system toward a high-performance,robust and ease-of-use“mind reading”.The nascent field of BCI has brought together scientists from neuroscience,computer science as well as engineers and clinicians worldwide to address the highly challenging problem.展开更多
The development of adaptive emotion regulation(ER)plays a pivotal role in adolescent mental health and socio-emotional adaptation.Dispositional optimism,as an important protective factor for adolescent adjustment,may ...The development of adaptive emotion regulation(ER)plays a pivotal role in adolescent mental health and socio-emotional adaptation.Dispositional optimism,as an important protective factor for adolescent adjustment,may affect adolescent ER and subsequently influence adaptive outcomes.In this review,the changes and challenges,the role of ER in socio-emotional adjustment,and the developmental characteristics of implicit and explicit ER during adolescence are described.Subsequently,by employing the top-down model of personality,coping,and emotion,how dispositional optimism may affect psychological adjustment from the perspective of ER is analyzed.Furthermore,how the differences in adolescents’dispositional optimism may be reflected by the differences in implicit ER is discussed.Finally,recommendations for future research are outlined.展开更多
Alzheimer’s disease(AD),the foremost variant of dementia,has been associated with a menagerie of risk factors,many of which are considered to be modifiable.Among these modifiable risk factors is circadian rhythm,the ...Alzheimer’s disease(AD),the foremost variant of dementia,has been associated with a menagerie of risk factors,many of which are considered to be modifiable.Among these modifiable risk factors is circadian rhythm,the chronobiological system that regulates sleep-wake cycles,food consumption timing,hydration timing,and immune responses amongst many other necessary physiological processes.Circadian rhythm at the level of the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN),is tightly regulated in the human body by a host of biomolecular substances,principally the hormones melatonin,cortisol,and serotonin.In addition,photic information projected along afferent pathways to the SCN and peripheral oscillators regulates the synthesis of these hormones and mediates the manner in which they act on the SCN and its substructures.Dysregulation of this cycle,whether induced by environmental changes involving irregular exposure to light,or through endogenous pathology,will have a negative impact on immune system optimization and will heighten the deposition of Aβand the hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein.Given these correlations,it appears that there is a physiologic association between circadian rhythm dysregulation and AD.This review will explore the physiology of circadian dysregulation in the AD brain,and will propose a basic model for its role in AD-typical pathology,derived from the literature compiled and referenced throughout.展开更多
As a new type of brain-computer interface(BCI),the rapid serial visual presentation(RSVP)paradigm has attracted significant attention.The mechanism of RSVP is detecting the P300 component corresponding to the target i...As a new type of brain-computer interface(BCI),the rapid serial visual presentation(RSVP)paradigm has attracted significant attention.The mechanism of RSVP is detecting the P300 component corresponding to the target image to realize fast and correct recognition.This paper proposed an improved EEGNet model to achieve good performance in offline and online data.Specifically,the data were filtered by xDAWN to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the electroencephalogram(EEG)signals.The focal loss function was used instead of the cross-entropy loss function to solve the classification problems of unbalanced samples.Additionally,the subject-specific data were fed to the improved EEGNet model to obtain a subject-specific model.We applied the proposed model at the BCI Controlled Robot Contest in World Robot Contest 2021 and won the second place.The average recall rate of the four participants reached 51.56%in triple classification.In the offline data benchmark dataset(64 subjects-RSVP tasks),the average recall rates of groups A and B reached 76.07%and 78.11%,respectively.We provided an alternative method to identify targets based on the RSVP paradigm.展开更多
Affective disorders are often accompanied by circadian rhythm disruption and the major symptoms of mental illness occur in a rhythmic manner.Chronotype,also known as circadian preference for rest or activity,is believ...Affective disorders are often accompanied by circadian rhythm disruption and the major symptoms of mental illness occur in a rhythmic manner.Chronotype,also known as circadian preference for rest or activity,is believed to exert a substantial influence on mental health.Here,we review the connection between chronotypes and affective disorders,and discuss the potential underlying mechanisms between these two phenomena.展开更多
Anxiety is a common psychiatric symptom with unsatisfactory treatment.Scalp acupuncture is a new type of acupuncture based on the functions of different brain regions.However,recent brain neuroimaging findings have no...Anxiety is a common psychiatric symptom with unsatisfactory treatment.Scalp acupuncture is a new type of acupuncture based on the functions of different brain regions.However,recent brain neuroimaging findings have not been well-integrated into scalp acupuncture practice and research since it was developed.In parallel,recently developed brain stimulation methods have also been applied to treat anxiety.In this study,we integrated meta-analysis(using Neurosynth),resting-state functional connectivity,and diffusion tensor imaging(using the amygdala as the region of interest)to identify potential locations of scalp acupuncture/neuromodulation for anxiety.We found that the superior/middle frontal gyrus,middle/superior temporal gyrus,precentral gyrus,supplementary motor area,supramarginal gyrus,angular gyrus,and superior/inferior occipital gyrus are involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety,and,thus,may be used as the target areas of scalp stimulation for alleviating anxiety.Integrating multidisciplinary brain methods to identify key surface cortical areas associated with a certain disorder may shed light on the development of scalp acupuncture/neuromodulation,particularly in the domain of identifying stimulation locations.展开更多
Background:Acupuncture has become an important alternative clinical treatment for Parkinson’s disease(PD),but its efficacy and the underlying mechanisms remain debatable.Using a newly developed magnetic resonance ang...Background:Acupuncture has become an important alternative clinical treatment for Parkinson’s disease(PD),but its efficacy and the underlying mechanisms remain debatable.Using a newly developed magnetic resonance angiography(MRA)method that has higher sensitivity for smaller and distal vessels and a novel tool that can trace vessels and extract vascular features,the immediate effects of acupuncture on intracranial vessels and blood flow in patients with PD as well as correlations with clinical outcomes were quantitatively evaluated.Methods:Fifteen PD patients received acupuncture at the Dazhui and Fengchi acupoint positions.MRA was performed before and after 30 min of treatment.The cerebral blood flow(CBF)and the length,volume,diameter,and signal intensity of the intracranial internal carotid artery(ICA)and middle cerebral artery(MCA)were measured.The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale partⅢ(UPDRS-Ⅲ)and Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)were used to evaluate the motor symptoms and the subjective feelings of discomfort.Results:Acupuncture significantly reduced UPDRS-Ⅲand VAS scores.No significant changes were noted in the overall CBF before and after treatment.However,there was a significant extension effect on the length of the intracranial ICA and MCA and the distal MCA,and a significant increase in the number of branches of the MCA was found.Although acupuncture tended to increase the total volume of the intracranial ICA and the volume of the MCA,no statistical significance was reached.The total intensity was not altered,but the intensity and diameter of the M1 segment were significantly increased,whereas the intensity of the MCA was decreased.A positive correlation between M1 intensity changes and UPDRS-Ⅲchanges was found.Conclusions:Angiographic evaluation suggested that acupuncture had a significant effect on intracranial blood vessels,which is one possible mechanism for acupuncture improving the motor symptoms of PD.展开更多
文摘Movement disorder management and therapy are rapidly evolving,owing to an ever-deeper understanding of disease biology and the discovery of new tools for diagnosis and treatment.With this narrative review,we aim to explore emerging therapeutic approaches for movement disorders,with a focus on Parkinson's disease(PD)and other movement-related pathological conditions,including Huntington's disease(HD),essential tremor(ET),and dystonia.This review encompasses preclinical research and human trials,providing a comprehensive overview of the current landscape.Several promising therapeutic strategies have emerged,particularly in the realm of precision medicine for PD associated with GBA and LRRK2 gene mutations.Additionally,innovative immunotherapies and drugs targeting misfoldedα-synuclein are under investigation.These approaches have the potential to influence disease progression and improve patient outcomes.The landscape of pharmacological treatments for movement disorders is both complex and diverse,with substantial progress made over the years.While current treatments effectively manage motor symptoms,they fall short of providing a definitive cure and are limited by nonmotor symptoms and potential side effects.Novel techniques,such as gene therapy,stem cell therapy,and infusion therapies,offer promising avenues for future research.
文摘Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a critical issue that affects both the quality of life of families and public health.Despite years of research,single-target therapies for AD remain limited.This is primarily because of the complex and multifaceted pathological mechanisms underlying AD.Recent findings of the involvement of gut microbiome dysbiosis in AD pathogenesis have offered novel insights,emphasizing the need for holistic approaches.As AD progresses,gut microbiota alterations contribute to metabolic and immune imbalances,sparking peripheral inflammation.Consequently,there is heightened infiltration of immune cells into the brain,thus exacerbating neuroinflammation and cognitive decline.Notably,drug developments targeting this mechanism have witnessed substantial advancements,presenting novel systematic treatment approaches for AD patients.Furthermore,the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in many other diseases and their associated cognitive impairments.The gut-brain axis,a bidirectional communication network,therefore holds significant promise for AD treatment as well as broader cognitive impairment solutions,beyond those based on the amyloid-beta and tau theories.
文摘Schizophrenia includes positive,negative,and cognitive symptoms.Negative and cognitive symptoms do not benefit from current treatments and currently are the main determinants of functional outcome.In the European Union,where healthcare is widely accessible,80%-90%of patients with schizophrenia are unemployed,while 10%of them die by suicide.Currently,it is believed that psychosis and schizophrenia's positive symptoms stem from excessive dopamine D2 activity in the striatum,leading to'hyper-salience'followed by delusions,and in the sensory cortex leading to'self-generated sensory activity'followed by hallucinations.The reviewed evidence in this article suggests open potassium and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated(HCN)channels leading to prefrontal cortex(PFC)dysfunction followed by'cognitive impairment'/loss of insight'/lack of deliberate reasoning'/lack of reality monitoring'to also be a contributing factor in psychosis and schizophrenia.This could explain how kappa-opioid agonists and potassium channel openers induce psychosis while lowering dopamine but opening potassium channels;how nicotine improves certain schizophrenia symptoms while increasing dopamine but closing potassium/HCN channels;how insightfulness is maintained with 5HT2A psychedelics which increase dopamine but close potassium channels;why guanfacine which closes potassium/HCN channels is the best treatment in delirium psychosis which is characterized by prominent cognitive dysfunction;and why clozapine which closes potassium/HCN channels is superior to other antipsychotics.This article concludes that having a cognitive deficit in the first place may make someone more susceptible to developing all schizophrenia symptoms and that potassium/HCN channel blockers would improve that.They would especially ameliorate the neglected cognitive and negative symptoms.This article also notes the importance of norepinephrine and NMDA.Lastly,it proposes treatment perspectives,summarizes the reviewed findings in Table 1,and presents theorized pathways behind schizophrenia and psychosis in Figure 1.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12205329,12175268)Ye Ming Han Fund(2024):X21520603the Innovation Fund of the Institute of High Energy Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(2024):E4545AU210.
文摘Objective:Amyloid-β(Aβ)positron emission tomography(PET)imaging is essential for diagnosing and monitoring Alzheimer's disease(AD).The Centiloid(CL)scale standardizes Aβquantification across centers and tracers,but its limitations include calibration requirements and the inability to capture regional Aβheterogeneity.Methods:The ComBat-Centiloid method harmonizes AβPET data without calibration by combining a 11C-Pittsburgh Compound B standard reference database with the ComBat algorithm and CL framework to generate harmonized CL(HCL)and harmonized regional CL(HRCL)values.Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between HCL and CL values within the same tracer/protocol combinations.Paired t-tests were used to assess differences in HCL and CL values between two same-subject scans using different tracers taken within 1 year.Multicenter analyses were performed with combined datasets with different tracer/protocols to compare the consistency of HRCL,regional CL(RCL),and SUVR for differentiating patients with AD from cognitively normal(CN)individuals.Results:HCL values strongly correlated with CL across all tracer/protocol combinations and effectively eliminated inter-tracer biases,showing no significant differences in paired tests.In multicenter analyses,HCL values outperformed SUVR and RCL,demonstrating superior consistency for distinguishing patients with AD from CN individuals.Conclusion:The ComBat-Centiloid method eliminates calibration requirements and supports robust harmonized assessments in multicenter multitracer studies.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(82273678).
文摘Driven by the development of evidence-based medicine,cohort studies provide reliable and scientific evidence for brain health and neurological disorders.This review provides a concise introduction to several internationally renowned classical cohorts,highlighting their notable contributions to brain health research.Additionally,it provides a brief introduction to disease-specific cohorts in the field of brain science along with their research outcomes.Moreover,the review examines Chinese cohorts related to brain health and discusses the significant findings from the related studies.Increased interdisciplinary cooperation and cohort data sharing are expected to generate new ideas and scientific standards for the early diagnosis of neurological diseases and personalized prevention and treatment strategies in the future,thereby effectively improving brain health.
文摘Background:Aluminium-induced neurotoxicity has become a subject of substantial concern because of its consequential effects,including its potential role in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis.It is thought to occur through multiple mechanisms including the generation of reactive oxygen species and the disruption of cellular homeostasis leading to neuronal damage and dysfunction.However,despite growing evidence of aluminium-induced neurotoxicity,the precise mechanisms underlying its effects and potential therapeutic strategies remain incompletely understood.Its manifestations therefore need to be explored so that its adverse effects can be attenuated.Methods:In the present study,we investigated the neurotoxic effects of aluminium chloride(AlCl_(3))in relation to neurobehavioural changes and oxidative damage.We also assessed the therapeutic role and protective effects of aqueous extract of Phoenix dactylifera L.fruit(AEPDLF)on antioxidant levels(catalase and superoxide dismutase)and neurobehavioural patterns in adult female Wistar rats.Results:Thirty adult female Wistar rats were divided into five groups(N=30,each group n=6).Control group(A)rats received 2 mL/kg body weight/day(bw/d)of distilled water,and rats in the other four groups(B,C,D,and E)received 200 mg/kg bw/d of AlCl_(3) for 28 days.In addition,the treated groups(C,D,and E)received 250,500,and 1000 mg/kg bw/d,respectively,of AEPDLF for 28 days.On the last day of administration,neurobehavioural assessments were performed.Rats were then sacrificed and brains were harvested and homogenised for biochemical assays.With AlCl,treatment,body weight decreased more than brain weight.There was also significantly reduced locomotion with AlCl.treatment;however,dose-dependent amelioration was observed with AEPDLF.Although group B had significantly fewer entries into baited arms,and more entries into non-baited arms than group A in the radial arm maze,these changes were ameliorated in groups C,D,and E in an AEPDLF dose-dependent manner.Furthermore,AICl_(3) treatment lowered catalase and superoxide dismutase levels,and these changes were mitigated by AEPDLF in a dose-dependent fashion.Conclusion:The protective capacity of AEPDLF in female rats most efficiently combatted neurotoxicity at 1000 mg/kg bw/d in response to chronic(28 d)AlCl_(3) exposure.
基金supported by National Science Foundation of China under Grant U1736220MOE(Ministry of Education China)Project of Humanities and Social Sciences(17YJA190017)+1 种基金National Social Science Foundation of China under Grant 17ZDA323National Key Research and Development Plan under Grant 2016YFB1001200.
文摘The emerging field of affective computing focuses on enhancing computers’ability to understand and appropriately respond to people’s affective states in human-computer interactions,and has revealed significant potential for a wide spectrum of applications.Recently,the electroencephalography(EEG)based affective computing has gained increasing interest for its good balance between mechanistic exploration and real-world practical application.The present work reviewed ten theoretical and operational challenges for the existing affective computing researches from an interdisciplinary perspective of information technology,psychology,and neuroscience.On the theoretical side,we suggest that researchers should be well aware of the limitations of the commonly used emotion models,and be cautious about the widely accepted assumptions on EEG-emotion relationships as well as the transferability of findings based on different research paradigms.On the practical side,we propose several operational recommendations for the challenges about data collection,feature extraction,model implementation,online system design,as well as the potential ethical issues.The present review is expected to contribute to an improved understanding of EEG-based affective computing and promote further applications.
文摘Lycium barbarum polysaccharides(LBPs)are the major polysaccharides extracted from L.barbarum,which is used in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for treating diseases.Studies have shown that LBPs have important biological activities,such as antioxidation,anti-aging,neuroprotection,immune regulation.LBPs inhibit oxidative stress,improve neurodegeneration and stroke-induced neural injury,increase proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cell,and promote neural regeneration.Here we have reviewed latest advances in the biomedical activities of LBPs and improved methods for the isolation,extraction,and purification of LBPs.Then,new discoveries to decrease oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis,inhibit aging progress,and improve neural repair in neurodegeneration and ischemic brain injury have been discussed in detail through in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal studies.Importantly,the molecular mechanisms of LBPs in playing neuroprotective roles are further explored.Lastly,we discuss the perspective of LBPs as biomedical compounds in TCM and modern medicine and provide the experimental and theoretical evidence to use LBPs for the treatment of aging-related neurological diseases and stroke-induced neural injuries.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2021ZD0201303)the Technology Innovation Project of Hubei Province of China (Grant No. 2019AEA171)the Hubei Province Funds for Distinguished Young Scholars (Grant No. 2020CFA050)
文摘Recently,steady-state visual evoked potential(SSVEP)has become one of the most popular electroencephalography paradigms due to its high information transfer rate.Several approaches have been proposed to improve the performance of SSVEP.The calibration-free scenario is significant in SSVEP-based brain-computer interface systems,where the subject is the first time to use the system.The participating teams proposed several effective calibration-free algorithm frameworks in the SSVEP competition(calibration-free)of the BCI Controlled Robot Contest in World Robot Contest 2021.This paper introduces the approaches used in the algorithms of the top five teams in the final.The results of the five subjects in the final proved the effectiveness of the approaches.This paper discusses the effectiveness of each approach in improving the system performance in the calibration-free scenario and gives suggestions on how to use these approaches in a real-world system.
文摘The advancement in neuroscience and computer science promotes the ability of the human brain to communicate and interact with the environment,making brain–computer interface(BCI)top interdisciplinary research.Furthermore,with the modern technology advancement in artificial intelligence(AI),including machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL)methods,there is vast growing interest in the electroencephalogram(EEG)-based BCIs for AI-related visual,literal,and motion applications.In this review study,the literature on mainstreams of AI for the EEG-based BCI applications is investigated to fill gaps in the interdisciplinary BCI field.Specifically,the EEG signals and their main applications in BCI are first briefly introduced.Next,the latest AI technologies,including the ML and DL models,are presented to monitor and feedback human cognitive states.Finally,some BCI-inspired AI applications,including computer vision,natural language processing,and robotic control applications,are presented.The future research directions of the EEG-based BCI are highlighted in line with the AI technologies and applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U20A20191,61727807,82071912,12104049)the Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(Grant No.Z201100007720009)+4 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2021CX11011)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2020TQ0040)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2020YFC2007305)the BIT Research and Innovation Promoting Project(Grant No.2022YCXZ026)the Ensan Foundation(Grant No.2022026)。
文摘The brain-computer interface(BCI)technology has received lots of attention in the field of scientific research because it can help disabled people improve their quality of life.Steady-state visual evoked potential(SSVEP)is the most researched BCI experimental paradigm,which offers the advantages of high signal-to-noise ratio and short training-time requirement by users.In a complete BCI system,the two most critical components are the experimental paradigm and decoding algorithm.However,a systematic combination of the SSVEP experimental paradigm and decoding algorithms is missing in existing studies.In the present study,the transient visual evoked potential,SSVEP,and various improved SSVEP paradigms are compared and analyzed,and the problems and development bottlenecks in the experimental paradigm are finally pointed out.Subsequently,the canonical correlation analysis and various improved decoding algorithms are introduced,and the opportunities and challenges of the SSVEP decoding algorithm are discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61703284 and Grant No.61673238
文摘Various living creatures exhibit embodiment intelligence,which is reflected by a collaborative interaction of the brain,body,and environment.The actual behavior of embodiment intelligence is generated by a continuous and dynamic interaction between a subject and the environment through information perception and physical manipulation.The physical interaction between a robot and the environment is the basis for realizing embodied perception and learning.Tactile information plays a critical role in this physical interaction process.It can be used to ensure safety,stability,and compliance,and can provide unique information that is difficult to capture using other perception modalities.However,due to the limitations of existing sensors and perception and learning methods,the development of robotic tactile research lags significantly behind other sensing modalities,such as vision and hearing,thereby seriously restricting the development of robotic embodiment intelligence.This paper presents the current challenges related to robotic tactile embodiment intelligence and reviews the theory and methods of robotic embodied tactile intelligence.Tactile perception and learning methods for embodiment intelligence can be designed based on the development of new large-scale tactile array sensing devices,with the aim to make breakthroughs in the neuromorphic computing technology of tactile intelligence.
基金supported by the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology World Premier International Research Center Initiative to M.Y.Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI(Grant Nos.17H06095 and 22H04918 to M.Y.and H.F.+1 种基金Grant Nos.17H04023,17H05583,and 20H00567 to H.F.)AMED(Grant No.JP21zf0127005 to M.Y.)。
文摘Genetics is one of the various approaches adopted to understand and control mammalian sleep.Reverse genetics,which is usually applied to analyze sleep in gene-deficient mice,has been the mainstream field of genetic studies on sleep for the past three decades and has revealed that various molecules,including orexin,are involved in sleep regulation.Recently,forward genetic studies in humans and mice have identified gene mutations responsible for heritable sleep abnormalities,such as SIK3,NALCN,DEC2,the neuropeptide S receptor,andβ1 adrenergic receptor.Furthermore,the protein kinase A-SIK3 pathway was shown to represent the intracellular neural signaling for sleep need.Large-scale genome-wide analyses of human sleep have been conducted,and many gene loci associated with individual differences in sleep have been found.The development of genome-editing technology and gene transfer by an adeno-associated virus has updated and expanded the genetic studies on mammals.These efforts are expected to elucidate the mechanisms of sleep–wake regulation and develop new therapeutic interventions for sleep disorders.
基金The authors would like to thank H.Wu for his coordination in organizing the research topic.
文摘The year ahead marks the 50th anniversary of the first publication on the brain-computer interface(BCI)proposed by Vidal in 1973.Over the past decades,continuous progress has been made in designing and optimizing the BCI system toward a high-performance,robust and ease-of-use“mind reading”.The nascent field of BCI has brought together scientists from neuroscience,computer science as well as engineers and clinicians worldwide to address the highly challenging problem.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31971018)Institute of Psychology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.GJ202001)+2 种基金Educational Science Planning Project of Hubei Province(Grant No.2020GB056)the Research Fund Project(Grant No.2021Z01)the East Lake Scholar Program of Wuhan Sports University,China(Period:July 2017-July 2022)
文摘The development of adaptive emotion regulation(ER)plays a pivotal role in adolescent mental health and socio-emotional adaptation.Dispositional optimism,as an important protective factor for adolescent adjustment,may affect adolescent ER and subsequently influence adaptive outcomes.In this review,the changes and challenges,the role of ER in socio-emotional adjustment,and the developmental characteristics of implicit and explicit ER during adolescence are described.Subsequently,by employing the top-down model of personality,coping,and emotion,how dispositional optimism may affect psychological adjustment from the perspective of ER is analyzed.Furthermore,how the differences in adolescents’dispositional optimism may be reflected by the differences in implicit ER is discussed.Finally,recommendations for future research are outlined.
文摘Alzheimer’s disease(AD),the foremost variant of dementia,has been associated with a menagerie of risk factors,many of which are considered to be modifiable.Among these modifiable risk factors is circadian rhythm,the chronobiological system that regulates sleep-wake cycles,food consumption timing,hydration timing,and immune responses amongst many other necessary physiological processes.Circadian rhythm at the level of the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN),is tightly regulated in the human body by a host of biomolecular substances,principally the hormones melatonin,cortisol,and serotonin.In addition,photic information projected along afferent pathways to the SCN and peripheral oscillators regulates the synthesis of these hormones and mediates the manner in which they act on the SCN and its substructures.Dysregulation of this cycle,whether induced by environmental changes involving irregular exposure to light,or through endogenous pathology,will have a negative impact on immune system optimization and will heighten the deposition of Aβand the hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein.Given these correlations,it appears that there is a physiologic association between circadian rhythm dysregulation and AD.This review will explore the physiology of circadian dysregulation in the AD brain,and will propose a basic model for its role in AD-typical pathology,derived from the literature compiled and referenced throughout.
基金This work is granted by the Special Projects in Key Fields Supported by the Technology Development Project of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2020ZDZX3018)the Special Fund for Science and Technology of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2020182)+2 种基金the Wuyi University and Hong Kong&Macao Joint Research Project(Grant No.2019WGALH16)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2020A1515111154)the Characteristic Innovation Projects of Ordinary Universities in Guangdong Province(Grant No.2021KTSCX136).
文摘As a new type of brain-computer interface(BCI),the rapid serial visual presentation(RSVP)paradigm has attracted significant attention.The mechanism of RSVP is detecting the P300 component corresponding to the target image to realize fast and correct recognition.This paper proposed an improved EEGNet model to achieve good performance in offline and online data.Specifically,the data were filtered by xDAWN to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the electroencephalogram(EEG)signals.The focal loss function was used instead of the cross-entropy loss function to solve the classification problems of unbalanced samples.Additionally,the subject-specific data were fed to the improved EEGNet model to obtain a subject-specific model.We applied the proposed model at the BCI Controlled Robot Contest in World Robot Contest 2021 and won the second place.The average recall rate of the four participants reached 51.56%in triple classification.In the offline data benchmark dataset(64 subjects-RSVP tasks),the average recall rates of groups A and B reached 76.07%and 78.11%,respectively.We provided an alternative method to identify targets based on the RSVP paradigm.
基金supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31930021,No.31671360)to Luoying ZhangChina Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2018M632826)to Qiang Gao.
文摘Affective disorders are often accompanied by circadian rhythm disruption and the major symptoms of mental illness occur in a rhythmic manner.Chronotype,also known as circadian preference for rest or activity,is believed to exert a substantial influence on mental health.Here,we review the connection between chronotypes and affective disorders,and discuss the potential underlying mechanisms between these two phenomena.
基金supported by R01 AT008563,R33 AT009310,R33 AT009341,R34 DA046635(through the NIH HEAL Initiative),and R01 AG063975 from National Institutes of Health(NIH)granted to Jian kong
文摘Anxiety is a common psychiatric symptom with unsatisfactory treatment.Scalp acupuncture is a new type of acupuncture based on the functions of different brain regions.However,recent brain neuroimaging findings have not been well-integrated into scalp acupuncture practice and research since it was developed.In parallel,recently developed brain stimulation methods have also been applied to treat anxiety.In this study,we integrated meta-analysis(using Neurosynth),resting-state functional connectivity,and diffusion tensor imaging(using the amygdala as the region of interest)to identify potential locations of scalp acupuncture/neuromodulation for anxiety.We found that the superior/middle frontal gyrus,middle/superior temporal gyrus,precentral gyrus,supplementary motor area,supramarginal gyrus,angular gyrus,and superior/inferior occipital gyrus are involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety,and,thus,may be used as the target areas of scalp stimulation for alleviating anxiety.Integrating multidisciplinary brain methods to identify key surface cortical areas associated with a certain disorder may shed light on the development of scalp acupuncture/neuromodulation,particularly in the domain of identifying stimulation locations.
文摘Background:Acupuncture has become an important alternative clinical treatment for Parkinson’s disease(PD),but its efficacy and the underlying mechanisms remain debatable.Using a newly developed magnetic resonance angiography(MRA)method that has higher sensitivity for smaller and distal vessels and a novel tool that can trace vessels and extract vascular features,the immediate effects of acupuncture on intracranial vessels and blood flow in patients with PD as well as correlations with clinical outcomes were quantitatively evaluated.Methods:Fifteen PD patients received acupuncture at the Dazhui and Fengchi acupoint positions.MRA was performed before and after 30 min of treatment.The cerebral blood flow(CBF)and the length,volume,diameter,and signal intensity of the intracranial internal carotid artery(ICA)and middle cerebral artery(MCA)were measured.The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale partⅢ(UPDRS-Ⅲ)and Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)were used to evaluate the motor symptoms and the subjective feelings of discomfort.Results:Acupuncture significantly reduced UPDRS-Ⅲand VAS scores.No significant changes were noted in the overall CBF before and after treatment.However,there was a significant extension effect on the length of the intracranial ICA and MCA and the distal MCA,and a significant increase in the number of branches of the MCA was found.Although acupuncture tended to increase the total volume of the intracranial ICA and the volume of the MCA,no statistical significance was reached.The total intensity was not altered,but the intensity and diameter of the M1 segment were significantly increased,whereas the intensity of the MCA was decreased.A positive correlation between M1 intensity changes and UPDRS-Ⅲchanges was found.Conclusions:Angiographic evaluation suggested that acupuncture had a significant effect on intracranial blood vessels,which is one possible mechanism for acupuncture improving the motor symptoms of PD.
