In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,ornithology,based on shooting and skin collection,was regarded as an unsuitable pursuit for women.Simultaneously,colonial expansion was a dominantly masculine enterprise.From...In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,ornithology,based on shooting and skin collection,was regarded as an unsuitable pursuit for women.Simultaneously,colonial expansion was a dominantly masculine enterprise.From postcolonial and gendered perspectives,we can rediscover severely marginalized and overshadowed roles of women within the network of colonial ornithology,a particularly masculine and patriarchal branch of imperial science.This paper highlights the contributions of three skilled women artists:Sarah Stone,Elizabeth Gwillim,and Elizabeth Gould.As embodiments of the Victorian ideal of the"angel in the house",these women also functioned as metaphorical angels within colonial ornithology.They provided unwavering support to the male-dominated scientific and imperial endeavors,which,in turn,enabled their travel to colonial territories and access to exotic avifauna.Their work holds enduring value in both scientific and artistic contexts,while simultaneously revealing women's entanglement in and contribution to the imperial agenda.Beyond illustration,women also engaged in observation,documentation,collection,and trade of birds in colonial contexts,with some even commemorated in bird nomenclature.展开更多
The imbalanced allocation of maternal resources to eggs and nestlings may significantly impact the phenotype and fitness of offspring.Moreover,anthropogenic metal pollution has been reported to exert adverse effects o...The imbalanced allocation of maternal resources to eggs and nestlings may significantly impact the phenotype and fitness of offspring.Moreover,anthropogenic metal pollution has been reported to exert adverse effects on avian offspring.Therefore,we herein evaluated the relationships among offspring characteristics,asymmetric sibling rivalry,and the resulting offspring phenotype in a small passerine bird,Tree Sparrow(Passer montanus),at a polluted site(Baiyin,BY)and a relatively unpolluted site(Liujiaxia,LJX).By initiating incubation before the completion of clutch,asymmetric sibling rivalry might create a core and marginal offspring within the brood.In this study,lower egg mass,fewer core offspring,and more marginal offspring were found at the polluted site.Although eggshell speckling and coloration were relatively similar between the two sites,higher eggshell spotting coverage ratio and lower eggshell lightness(L*)and hue(h°)were observed in core eggs than in marginal eggs at the unpolluted site.The clutch size had a positive relationship with egg mass at the polluted site and with brood size at hatching at the unpolluted site.The differences in egg measurements across the laying orders in the samples were relatively large for larger clutch sizes.The core and marginal egg masses had a significant positive effect on the size of early core nestlings and late marginal nestlings at the unpolluted site.Fledgling rate was significantly positively related to the incubation period and nestling period,while negative relationship with mean spotting coverage ratio was found at the polluted site.Marginal nestlings at the polluted site showed a higher mortality rate.Overall,although asymmetric sibling competition strongly determines the variation of marginal offspring size,the effect is less dramatic in metal-polluted environments,providing some respite to wild birds that survive pollution-induced stress.展开更多
在鄱阳湖典型人控湖汊芳兰湖湿地选取人类活动差异性较大的两个区域分别设置鸟类声音监测点,利用声音采集仪器Song Meter SM4收集长时间序列的鸟类声音数据,基于声音处理程序包将声音数据转化为具有生态学信息的声学指标,用以表征鸟类...在鄱阳湖典型人控湖汊芳兰湖湿地选取人类活动差异性较大的两个区域分别设置鸟类声音监测点,利用声音采集仪器Song Meter SM4收集长时间序列的鸟类声音数据,基于声音处理程序包将声音数据转化为具有生态学信息的声学指标,用以表征鸟类多样性特征,并定量分析鸟类多样性与人类活动之间的关联性程度。结果表明:鸟类声音数据为WAV格式的音频文件,文件名称由仪器编号、监测日期和监测时间组成。在监测期间同一时间监测点1(人类活动较弱区域)对应的声学指标ACI、ADI、AEI和NP的指数值均高于监测点2(人类活动较强区域)对应的声学指标值。监测点1的NDSI与ACI、ADI呈极显著正相关,与AEI、NP呈极显著负相关;监测点2的NDSI与ACI呈极显著正相关,与AEI、NP呈极显著负相关。展开更多
文摘In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,ornithology,based on shooting and skin collection,was regarded as an unsuitable pursuit for women.Simultaneously,colonial expansion was a dominantly masculine enterprise.From postcolonial and gendered perspectives,we can rediscover severely marginalized and overshadowed roles of women within the network of colonial ornithology,a particularly masculine and patriarchal branch of imperial science.This paper highlights the contributions of three skilled women artists:Sarah Stone,Elizabeth Gwillim,and Elizabeth Gould.As embodiments of the Victorian ideal of the"angel in the house",these women also functioned as metaphorical angels within colonial ornithology.They provided unwavering support to the male-dominated scientific and imperial endeavors,which,in turn,enabled their travel to colonial territories and access to exotic avifauna.Their work holds enduring value in both scientific and artistic contexts,while simultaneously revealing women's entanglement in and contribution to the imperial agenda.Beyond illustration,women also engaged in observation,documentation,collection,and trade of birds in colonial contexts,with some even commemorated in bird nomenclature.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.32370508 and 32201266)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.GZC20230731)。
文摘The imbalanced allocation of maternal resources to eggs and nestlings may significantly impact the phenotype and fitness of offspring.Moreover,anthropogenic metal pollution has been reported to exert adverse effects on avian offspring.Therefore,we herein evaluated the relationships among offspring characteristics,asymmetric sibling rivalry,and the resulting offspring phenotype in a small passerine bird,Tree Sparrow(Passer montanus),at a polluted site(Baiyin,BY)and a relatively unpolluted site(Liujiaxia,LJX).By initiating incubation before the completion of clutch,asymmetric sibling rivalry might create a core and marginal offspring within the brood.In this study,lower egg mass,fewer core offspring,and more marginal offspring were found at the polluted site.Although eggshell speckling and coloration were relatively similar between the two sites,higher eggshell spotting coverage ratio and lower eggshell lightness(L*)and hue(h°)were observed in core eggs than in marginal eggs at the unpolluted site.The clutch size had a positive relationship with egg mass at the polluted site and with brood size at hatching at the unpolluted site.The differences in egg measurements across the laying orders in the samples were relatively large for larger clutch sizes.The core and marginal egg masses had a significant positive effect on the size of early core nestlings and late marginal nestlings at the unpolluted site.Fledgling rate was significantly positively related to the incubation period and nestling period,while negative relationship with mean spotting coverage ratio was found at the polluted site.Marginal nestlings at the polluted site showed a higher mortality rate.Overall,although asymmetric sibling competition strongly determines the variation of marginal offspring size,the effect is less dramatic in metal-polluted environments,providing some respite to wild birds that survive pollution-induced stress.
文摘在鄱阳湖典型人控湖汊芳兰湖湿地选取人类活动差异性较大的两个区域分别设置鸟类声音监测点,利用声音采集仪器Song Meter SM4收集长时间序列的鸟类声音数据,基于声音处理程序包将声音数据转化为具有生态学信息的声学指标,用以表征鸟类多样性特征,并定量分析鸟类多样性与人类活动之间的关联性程度。结果表明:鸟类声音数据为WAV格式的音频文件,文件名称由仪器编号、监测日期和监测时间组成。在监测期间同一时间监测点1(人类活动较弱区域)对应的声学指标ACI、ADI、AEI和NP的指数值均高于监测点2(人类活动较强区域)对应的声学指标值。监测点1的NDSI与ACI、ADI呈极显著正相关,与AEI、NP呈极显著负相关;监测点2的NDSI与ACI呈极显著正相关,与AEI、NP呈极显著负相关。
