Additive manufacturing(AM),with its high flexibility,cost-effectiveness,and customization,significantly accelerates the advancement of nanogenerators,contributing to sustainable energy solutions and the Internet of Th...Additive manufacturing(AM),with its high flexibility,cost-effectiveness,and customization,significantly accelerates the advancement of nanogenerators,contributing to sustainable energy solutions and the Internet of Things.In this review,an in-depth analysis of AM for piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators is presented from the perspectives of fundamental mechanisms,recent advancements,and future prospects.It highlights AM-enabled advantages of versatility across materials,structural topology optimization,microstructure design,and integrated printing,which enhance critical performance indicators of nanogenerators,such as surface charge density and piezoelectric constant,thereby improving device performance compared to conventional fabrication.Common AM techniques for nanogenerators,including fused deposition modeling,direct ink writing,stereolithography,and digital light processing,are systematically examined in terms of their working principles,improved metrics(output voltage/current,power density),theoretical explanation,and application scopes.Hierarchical relationships connecting AM technologies with performance optimization and applications of nanogenerators are elucidated,providing a solid foundation for advancements in energy harvesting,self-powered sensors,wearable devices,and human-machine interaction.Furthermore,the challenges related to fabrication quality,cross-scale manufacturing,processing efficiency,and industrial deployment are critically discussed.Finally,the future prospects of AM for nanogenerators are explored,aiming to foster continuous progress and innovation in this field.展开更多
3D printing,as a versatile additive manufacturing technique,offers high design flexibility,rapid prototyping,minimal material waste,and the capability to fabricate complex,customized geometries.These attributes make i...3D printing,as a versatile additive manufacturing technique,offers high design flexibility,rapid prototyping,minimal material waste,and the capability to fabricate complex,customized geometries.These attributes make it particularly well-suited for low-temperature hydrogen electrochemical conversion devices—specifically,proton exchange membrane fuel cells,proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells,anion exchange membrane electrolyzer cells,and alkaline electrolyzers—which demand finely structured components such as catalyst layers,gas diffusion layers,electrodes,porous transport layers,and bipolar plates.This review provides a focused and critical summary of the current progress in applying 3D printing technologies to these key components.It begins with a concise introduction to the principles and classifications of mainstream 3D printing methods relevant to the hydrogen energy sector and proceeds to analyze their specific applications and performance impacts across different device architectures.Finally,the review identifies existing technical challenges and outlines future research directions to accelerate the integration of 3D printing in nextgeneration low-temperature hydrogen energy systems.展开更多
基金support from the Research Committee of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University(Project codes:RMJK and 4-ZZSJ)supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China(Project No.PolyU15212523).
文摘Additive manufacturing(AM),with its high flexibility,cost-effectiveness,and customization,significantly accelerates the advancement of nanogenerators,contributing to sustainable energy solutions and the Internet of Things.In this review,an in-depth analysis of AM for piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators is presented from the perspectives of fundamental mechanisms,recent advancements,and future prospects.It highlights AM-enabled advantages of versatility across materials,structural topology optimization,microstructure design,and integrated printing,which enhance critical performance indicators of nanogenerators,such as surface charge density and piezoelectric constant,thereby improving device performance compared to conventional fabrication.Common AM techniques for nanogenerators,including fused deposition modeling,direct ink writing,stereolithography,and digital light processing,are systematically examined in terms of their working principles,improved metrics(output voltage/current,power density),theoretical explanation,and application scopes.Hierarchical relationships connecting AM technologies with performance optimization and applications of nanogenerators are elucidated,providing a solid foundation for advancements in energy harvesting,self-powered sensors,wearable devices,and human-machine interaction.Furthermore,the challenges related to fabrication quality,cross-scale manufacturing,processing efficiency,and industrial deployment are critically discussed.Finally,the future prospects of AM for nanogenerators are explored,aiming to foster continuous progress and innovation in this field.
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22208376,UA22A20429)the Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory Open Project(QNESL OP 202303)+3 种基金Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Nos.ZR2024QB175,ZR2023LFG005)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.25CX07002A)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Z202401390008)The Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2025JJ60301)。
文摘3D printing,as a versatile additive manufacturing technique,offers high design flexibility,rapid prototyping,minimal material waste,and the capability to fabricate complex,customized geometries.These attributes make it particularly well-suited for low-temperature hydrogen electrochemical conversion devices—specifically,proton exchange membrane fuel cells,proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells,anion exchange membrane electrolyzer cells,and alkaline electrolyzers—which demand finely structured components such as catalyst layers,gas diffusion layers,electrodes,porous transport layers,and bipolar plates.This review provides a focused and critical summary of the current progress in applying 3D printing technologies to these key components.It begins with a concise introduction to the principles and classifications of mainstream 3D printing methods relevant to the hydrogen energy sector and proceeds to analyze their specific applications and performance impacts across different device architectures.Finally,the review identifies existing technical challenges and outlines future research directions to accelerate the integration of 3D printing in nextgeneration low-temperature hydrogen energy systems.
