3D printing,as a versatile additive manufacturing technique,offers high design flexibility,rapid prototyping,minimal material waste,and the capability to fabricate complex,customized geometries.These attributes make i...3D printing,as a versatile additive manufacturing technique,offers high design flexibility,rapid prototyping,minimal material waste,and the capability to fabricate complex,customized geometries.These attributes make it particularly well-suited for low-temperature hydrogen electrochemical conversion devices—specifically,proton exchange membrane fuel cells,proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells,anion exchange membrane electrolyzer cells,and alkaline electrolyzers—which demand finely structured components such as catalyst layers,gas diffusion layers,electrodes,porous transport layers,and bipolar plates.This review provides a focused and critical summary of the current progress in applying 3D printing technologies to these key components.It begins with a concise introduction to the principles and classifications of mainstream 3D printing methods relevant to the hydrogen energy sector and proceeds to analyze their specific applications and performance impacts across different device architectures.Finally,the review identifies existing technical challenges and outlines future research directions to accelerate the integration of 3D printing in nextgeneration low-temperature hydrogen energy systems.展开更多
文摘针对质子交换膜燃料电池(proton exchange membrane fuel cell, PEMFC)系统的空气进气子系统,研究其阴极进气流量和阴极压力的非线性解耦及跟踪控制。分析空气进气子系统中,控制变量(空压机角速度、背压阀开度)与输出变量(阴极进气流量、电堆阴极压力)的非线性和强耦合动态特性,建立面向控制的四阶非线性动态模型。基于微分几何输入输出解耦理论,对输入变量和输出变量进行解耦,获得对应的线性化标称模型。利用极点配置方法,分别设计进气流量与阴极压力的PID跟踪控制器。基于STM32微控制器,开发具有自主知识产权的燃料电池控制器(fuel-cell control unit, FCU),并搭建相应的硬件在环(hardware in loop, HiL)验证系统,对所开发的FCU控制器和算法进行性能验证。
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22208376,UA22A20429)the Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory Open Project(QNESL OP 202303)+3 种基金Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Nos.ZR2024QB175,ZR2023LFG005)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.25CX07002A)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Z202401390008)The Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2025JJ60301)。
文摘3D printing,as a versatile additive manufacturing technique,offers high design flexibility,rapid prototyping,minimal material waste,and the capability to fabricate complex,customized geometries.These attributes make it particularly well-suited for low-temperature hydrogen electrochemical conversion devices—specifically,proton exchange membrane fuel cells,proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells,anion exchange membrane electrolyzer cells,and alkaline electrolyzers—which demand finely structured components such as catalyst layers,gas diffusion layers,electrodes,porous transport layers,and bipolar plates.This review provides a focused and critical summary of the current progress in applying 3D printing technologies to these key components.It begins with a concise introduction to the principles and classifications of mainstream 3D printing methods relevant to the hydrogen energy sector and proceeds to analyze their specific applications and performance impacts across different device architectures.Finally,the review identifies existing technical challenges and outlines future research directions to accelerate the integration of 3D printing in nextgeneration low-temperature hydrogen energy systems.
