The Baltic Sea is a brackish, mediterranean sea located in the middle latitudes of Europe. It is seasonally covered with ice. The ice covered areas during a typical winter are the Bothnian Bay, the Gulf of Finnland an...The Baltic Sea is a brackish, mediterranean sea located in the middle latitudes of Europe. It is seasonally covered with ice. The ice covered areas during a typical winter are the Bothnian Bay, the Gulf of Finnland and the Gulf of Riga. Sea ice plays an important role in dynamic and thermodynamic processes and also has a strong impact on the heat budget of the sea. Also a large part of transport goes by sea, and there is a need to create ice charts to make the marine transport safe. Because of high cloudiness in winter season and small amount of light in the northern part of the Baltic Sea, radar data are the most important remote sensing source of sea ice information. The main goal of the following studies is classification of the Baltic sea ice cover using radar data. The ENVISAT ASAR （Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar） acquires data in five different modes. In the following studies ASAR Wide Swath Mode data were used. The Wide Swath Mode, using the ScanSAR technique provides medium resolution images （150 m） over a swath of 405 kin, at HH or VV polarization. In following work data from February 13th, February 24th and April 6th, 2011, representing three different sea ice situations were chosen. OBIA （object-based image analysis） methods and texture parameters were used to create sea ice extent and sea ice concentration charts. Based on object-based methods, it can separate single sea ice floes within the ice pack and calculate more accurately sea ice concentration.展开更多
This pilot study intended to investigate the application of Mixing Zone Guidelines in northern Sweden. The EC （European Commission）-Mixing Zone Guidelines were applied to seven effluent discharges. The effluents wer...This pilot study intended to investigate the application of Mixing Zone Guidelines in northern Sweden. The EC （European Commission）-Mixing Zone Guidelines were applied to seven effluent discharges. The effluents were from industrial processes used in the Ronnskar smelter, in northern Sweden. Each outlet in the smelter area discharges water into the Bothnian bay of the Baltic Sea. Cadmium （Cd）, mercury （Hg）, nickel （Ni） and lead （Pb） were the primary substances present in the effluents. A ＂Tiered Approach＂ was followed for mixing zone assessments in each of the discharge points. Discharge Test was used at Tier 2 and CORMIX （Cornell Mixing Zone Expert System model）, version 7, at Tier 3. At each discharge point, the AA-EQS （annual average-environmental quality standard） for each metal was met within a distance of 500 m from the outfalls. This distance was exceeded to meet the MAC-EQS （maximum allowable concentration-environmental quality standard） criteria at points 1 and 3 for total Hg concentrations. However, for the proper application of Mixing Zone Guidelines, a version of the Discharge Test for coastal waters should be developed and used. The decision at which tier the dissolved metal concentration should be compared with EQS values could depend on the effluent characteristics. For Swedish coastal waters, some consideration should be given to the background concentration of metals.展开更多
This paper presents underwater relict forest fossil and ancient coast formation exploration results in the eastern Baltic Sea. Tree fossils and sediment layers discovered in the sea-bed were dated with 14^C along with...This paper presents underwater relict forest fossil and ancient coast formation exploration results in the eastern Baltic Sea. Tree fossils and sediment layers discovered in the sea-bed were dated with 14^C along with palynological and dendrological analysis. Based on the obtained data, a fragment of submerged early Holocene landscape, coastline of the Yoldia Sea and Ancylus Lake has been reconstructed. The research data determine that vegetation and natural conditions of the Yoldia Sea coastal were favourable for Early Mesolithic communities. Well-preserved relict pine forest dates are also crucial to Baltic Sea water level dynamics analysis during the period： end of Yoldia Sea-Ancylus Lake.展开更多
Both winter DJF （December, January, February） months and DJF season means long-term data series of 50 regulated rivers discharges rates and the NAO indices were analyzed for different spans. This study is dictated ...Both winter DJF （December, January, February） months and DJF season means long-term data series of 50 regulated rivers discharges rates and the NAO indices were analyzed for different spans. This study is dictated for： （1） detecting the exclusive impacts of the positive phases of NAO indices on rivers discharges rates by estimating the Linear Correlation Coefficient; （2） modeling the interrelations between the discharges rates and NAO indices by estimating the Linear Regression Models, both for manifesting the impact of the positive phase of NAO index; （3） estimating the Linear Trend Coefficient in the discharge series, for manifesting the contribution of the positive phase of NAO index. Discharge rates are mainly influenced by the two mechanisms： the positive phase of NAO index and the environmental conditions in specific catchments, that is where, the positive phase of the NAO index manifest its impact on the related rivers discharges and its contribution in the related configured trends. The discharges fluctuations patterns show some increase in the discharges values have been occurred in regions around the Northern Baltic Proper as well as in Southern Finland and Sweden. The rivers such as Lagan, Nissan, Helgean, Venta, Pamu, Porvoonjoki, Lapuanjoki, Oulujoki, Kyronjoki, Wisla, Eurajoki, Odra, Lielupe, Gota alv, Motala strom, Nykopingsan, Vuoksi, Kalajoki and Simojoki haven not linear discharges changes registered depending on the specificity of the environmental conditions at the catchments areas for those rivers. The positive phase of NAO index has a linear relation with impacted river discharge.展开更多
文摘The Baltic Sea is a brackish, mediterranean sea located in the middle latitudes of Europe. It is seasonally covered with ice. The ice covered areas during a typical winter are the Bothnian Bay, the Gulf of Finnland and the Gulf of Riga. Sea ice plays an important role in dynamic and thermodynamic processes and also has a strong impact on the heat budget of the sea. Also a large part of transport goes by sea, and there is a need to create ice charts to make the marine transport safe. Because of high cloudiness in winter season and small amount of light in the northern part of the Baltic Sea, radar data are the most important remote sensing source of sea ice information. The main goal of the following studies is classification of the Baltic sea ice cover using radar data. The ENVISAT ASAR （Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar） acquires data in five different modes. In the following studies ASAR Wide Swath Mode data were used. The Wide Swath Mode, using the ScanSAR technique provides medium resolution images （150 m） over a swath of 405 kin, at HH or VV polarization. In following work data from February 13th, February 24th and April 6th, 2011, representing three different sea ice situations were chosen. OBIA （object-based image analysis） methods and texture parameters were used to create sea ice extent and sea ice concentration charts. Based on object-based methods, it can separate single sea ice floes within the ice pack and calculate more accurately sea ice concentration.
文摘This pilot study intended to investigate the application of Mixing Zone Guidelines in northern Sweden. The EC （European Commission）-Mixing Zone Guidelines were applied to seven effluent discharges. The effluents were from industrial processes used in the Ronnskar smelter, in northern Sweden. Each outlet in the smelter area discharges water into the Bothnian bay of the Baltic Sea. Cadmium （Cd）, mercury （Hg）, nickel （Ni） and lead （Pb） were the primary substances present in the effluents. A ＂Tiered Approach＂ was followed for mixing zone assessments in each of the discharge points. Discharge Test was used at Tier 2 and CORMIX （Cornell Mixing Zone Expert System model）, version 7, at Tier 3. At each discharge point, the AA-EQS （annual average-environmental quality standard） for each metal was met within a distance of 500 m from the outfalls. This distance was exceeded to meet the MAC-EQS （maximum allowable concentration-environmental quality standard） criteria at points 1 and 3 for total Hg concentrations. However, for the proper application of Mixing Zone Guidelines, a version of the Discharge Test for coastal waters should be developed and used. The decision at which tier the dissolved metal concentration should be compared with EQS values could depend on the effluent characteristics. For Swedish coastal waters, some consideration should be given to the background concentration of metals.
文摘This paper presents underwater relict forest fossil and ancient coast formation exploration results in the eastern Baltic Sea. Tree fossils and sediment layers discovered in the sea-bed were dated with 14^C along with palynological and dendrological analysis. Based on the obtained data, a fragment of submerged early Holocene landscape, coastline of the Yoldia Sea and Ancylus Lake has been reconstructed. The research data determine that vegetation and natural conditions of the Yoldia Sea coastal were favourable for Early Mesolithic communities. Well-preserved relict pine forest dates are also crucial to Baltic Sea water level dynamics analysis during the period： end of Yoldia Sea-Ancylus Lake.
文摘Both winter DJF （December, January, February） months and DJF season means long-term data series of 50 regulated rivers discharges rates and the NAO indices were analyzed for different spans. This study is dictated for： （1） detecting the exclusive impacts of the positive phases of NAO indices on rivers discharges rates by estimating the Linear Correlation Coefficient; （2） modeling the interrelations between the discharges rates and NAO indices by estimating the Linear Regression Models, both for manifesting the impact of the positive phase of NAO index; （3） estimating the Linear Trend Coefficient in the discharge series, for manifesting the contribution of the positive phase of NAO index. Discharge rates are mainly influenced by the two mechanisms： the positive phase of NAO index and the environmental conditions in specific catchments, that is where, the positive phase of the NAO index manifest its impact on the related rivers discharges and its contribution in the related configured trends. The discharges fluctuations patterns show some increase in the discharges values have been occurred in regions around the Northern Baltic Proper as well as in Southern Finland and Sweden. The rivers such as Lagan, Nissan, Helgean, Venta, Pamu, Porvoonjoki, Lapuanjoki, Oulujoki, Kyronjoki, Wisla, Eurajoki, Odra, Lielupe, Gota alv, Motala strom, Nykopingsan, Vuoksi, Kalajoki and Simojoki haven not linear discharges changes registered depending on the specificity of the environmental conditions at the catchments areas for those rivers. The positive phase of NAO index has a linear relation with impacted river discharge.
