[目的]文章旨在全面系统地探讨熔盐反应堆(Molten Salt Reactor,MSR)技术的发展现状,明确MSR作为第四代核电技术的优势,并分析其商业化应用面临的主要挑战。通过分析MSR技术的发展历程、技术分类及各国研发进展,为MSR技术的未来发展提...[目的]文章旨在全面系统地探讨熔盐反应堆(Molten Salt Reactor,MSR)技术的发展现状,明确MSR作为第四代核电技术的优势,并分析其商业化应用面临的主要挑战。通过分析MSR技术的发展历程、技术分类及各国研发进展,为MSR技术的未来发展提供有价值的参考。[方法]采用文献综述和比较分析的研究方法,梳理了MSR技术的发展历程,详细分类了MSR技术的不同类型,并深入分析了美国、中国、俄罗斯、法国、加拿大等国在MSR技术研发方面的最新进展;同时,结合MSRE(Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment)实验堆和TMSR(Thorium Molten Salt Reactor Nuclear Energy System)项目等实际案例,探讨了MSR技术的关键技术进展及面临的主要挑战;此外,还分析了国际合作和技术创新对MSR技术发展的影响。[结果]研究发现,MSR技术因其安全性高、燃料利用率高的优势,受到了全球广泛关注。美国通过熔盐堆实验(MSRE)验证了MSR的工程可行性,中国在钍基熔盐堆核能系统(TMSR)研究项目中取得了熔盐制备和纯化方面的重要进展。俄罗斯、法国、加拿大等国也在MSR技术领域取得了显著成就。然而,MSR技术的商业化应用仍面临诸多挑战,包括供应链建设、燃料供应、监管框架适应、废料处理、安全保障措施以及复杂的维护和运营等。[结论]尽管MSR技术面临诸多挑战,但其在安全性、燃料利用率和设计灵活性等方面的优势,使其拥有广阔的发展前景。国际合作和技术创新是推动MSR技术进步的关键因素。随着相关技术的不断进步,这些挑战正在逐步得到解决。未来,MSR技术有望成为全球能源结构转型的重要支撑,在提高燃料利用率、降低核废料产生和提升反应堆安全性等方面发挥重要作用。随着研究的深入和技术的成熟,MSR技术有望实现商业化应用,为全球清洁能源转型贡献力量。展开更多
This paper takes global manufacturing listed companies from 2010 to 2022 as samples and uses the difference-in-differences(DID)method to empirically examine the impact of the internationalization of ESG standards on t...This paper takes global manufacturing listed companies from 2010 to 2022 as samples and uses the difference-in-differences(DID)method to empirically examine the impact of the internationalization of ESG standards on the trade competitiveness of multinational enterprises and their mechanisms.The research finds that the internationalization of ESG standards significantly enhances the trade competitiveness of multinational manufacturing enterprises,and this effect is dynamic and sustainable.The mechanism analysis indicates that the internationalization of ESG standards exerts its influence through three pathways:reducing enterprise financing costs,promoting technological innovation,and enhancing brand reputation.The heterogeneity analysis shows that this effect is more significant in enterprises from developed countries,high-pollution industries,and larger enterprises.This paper provides micro-level evidence for understanding the economic consequences of the internationalization of ESG standards and offers policy implications for multinational enterprises to cope with the global ESG rule changes and enhance their trade competitiveness.展开更多
文摘[目的]文章旨在全面系统地探讨熔盐反应堆(Molten Salt Reactor,MSR)技术的发展现状,明确MSR作为第四代核电技术的优势,并分析其商业化应用面临的主要挑战。通过分析MSR技术的发展历程、技术分类及各国研发进展,为MSR技术的未来发展提供有价值的参考。[方法]采用文献综述和比较分析的研究方法,梳理了MSR技术的发展历程,详细分类了MSR技术的不同类型,并深入分析了美国、中国、俄罗斯、法国、加拿大等国在MSR技术研发方面的最新进展;同时,结合MSRE(Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment)实验堆和TMSR(Thorium Molten Salt Reactor Nuclear Energy System)项目等实际案例,探讨了MSR技术的关键技术进展及面临的主要挑战;此外,还分析了国际合作和技术创新对MSR技术发展的影响。[结果]研究发现,MSR技术因其安全性高、燃料利用率高的优势,受到了全球广泛关注。美国通过熔盐堆实验(MSRE)验证了MSR的工程可行性,中国在钍基熔盐堆核能系统(TMSR)研究项目中取得了熔盐制备和纯化方面的重要进展。俄罗斯、法国、加拿大等国也在MSR技术领域取得了显著成就。然而,MSR技术的商业化应用仍面临诸多挑战,包括供应链建设、燃料供应、监管框架适应、废料处理、安全保障措施以及复杂的维护和运营等。[结论]尽管MSR技术面临诸多挑战,但其在安全性、燃料利用率和设计灵活性等方面的优势,使其拥有广阔的发展前景。国际合作和技术创新是推动MSR技术进步的关键因素。随着相关技术的不断进步,这些挑战正在逐步得到解决。未来,MSR技术有望成为全球能源结构转型的重要支撑,在提高燃料利用率、降低核废料产生和提升反应堆安全性等方面发挥重要作用。随着研究的深入和技术的成熟,MSR技术有望实现商业化应用,为全球清洁能源转型贡献力量。
文摘This paper takes global manufacturing listed companies from 2010 to 2022 as samples and uses the difference-in-differences(DID)method to empirically examine the impact of the internationalization of ESG standards on the trade competitiveness of multinational enterprises and their mechanisms.The research finds that the internationalization of ESG standards significantly enhances the trade competitiveness of multinational manufacturing enterprises,and this effect is dynamic and sustainable.The mechanism analysis indicates that the internationalization of ESG standards exerts its influence through three pathways:reducing enterprise financing costs,promoting technological innovation,and enhancing brand reputation.The heterogeneity analysis shows that this effect is more significant in enterprises from developed countries,high-pollution industries,and larger enterprises.This paper provides micro-level evidence for understanding the economic consequences of the internationalization of ESG standards and offers policy implications for multinational enterprises to cope with the global ESG rule changes and enhance their trade competitiveness.
